Exhibition by Sam Wu

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By Banksy in New York

By Pejak in Santander

By JULY i. in Toronto

By Shepard Fairey

By Banksy in London

In Paris

By Banksy in Fitzrovia, London

By Sam Wu in Los Angeles

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28 i dh an G n . at a ol Jr am m Linc g La ah in M lai am -Un r K a h e g D ra on uth a J L Ab ar v m tin ue er Ki n ar G itl te M he lf H ins C o tE Ad ber Al

MAHAMAT GANDHI

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, more commonly known as ‘Mahatma’ (meaning ‘Great Soul’) was born in Porbandar, Gujarat, in North West India, on 2nd October 1869, into a Hindu Modh family. His father was the Chief Minister of Porbandar, and his mother’s religious devotion meant that his upbringing was infused with the Jain pacifist teachings of mutual tolerance, non-injury to living beings and vegetarianism. Born into a privileged caste, Gandhi was fortunate to receive a comprehensive education, but proved a mediocre student. In May 1883, aged 13, Gandhi was married to Kasturba Makhanji, a girl also aged 13, through the arrangement of their respective parents, as is customary in India. Following his entry into Samaldas College, at the University of Bombay, she bore him 16

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the first of four sons, in 1888. Gandhi was unhappy at college, following his parent’s wishes to take the bar, and when he was offered the opportunity of furthering his studies overseas, at University College London, aged 18, he accepted with alacrity, starting there in September 1888. Determined to adhere to Hindu principles, which included vegetarianism as well as alcohol and sexual abstinence, he found London restrictive initially, but once he had found kindred spirits he flourished, and pursued the philosophical study of religions, including Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism and others, having professed no particular interest in religion up until then. Following admission to the English Bar, and his return to India, he found work difficult to come by and, in 1893, accepted a

year’s contract to work for an Indian firm in Natal, South Africa. Although not yet enshrined in law, the system of ‘apartheid’ was very much in evidence in South Africa at the turn of the 20th century. Despite arriving on a year’s contract, Gandhi spent the next 21 years living in South Africa, and railed against the injustice of racial segregation. On one occasion he was thrown from a first class train carriage, despite being in possession of a valid ticket. Witnessing the racial bias experienced by his countrymen served as a catalyst for his later activism, and he attempted to fight segregation at all levels. He founded a political movement, known as the Natal Indian Congress, and developed his theoretical belief in non-violent civil protest into a tangible political stance, when he opposed

the introduction of registration for all Indians, within South Africa, via noncooperation with the relevant civic authorities. On his return to India in 1916, Gandhi developed his practice of non-violent civic disobedience still further, raising awareness of oppressive practices in Bihar, in 1918, which saw the local populace oppressed by their largely British masters. He also encouraged oppressed villagers to improve their own circumstances, leading peaceful strikes and protests. His fame spread, and he became widely referred to as ‘Mahatma’ or ‘Great Soul’. As his fame spread, so his political influence increased: by 1921 he was leading the Indian National Congress, and reorganising the party’s constitution around the principle of ‘Swaraj’,

or complete political independence from the British. He also instigated a boycott of British goods and institutions, and his encouragement of mass civil disobedience led to his arrest, on 10th March 1922, and trial on sedition charges, for which he served 2 years, of a 6-year prison sentence. The Indian National Congress began to splinter during his incarceration, and he remained largely out of the public eye following his release from prison in February 1924, returning four years later, in 1928, to campaign for the granting of ‘dominion status’ to India by the British. When the British introduced a tax on salt in 1930, he famously led a 250-mile march to the sea to collect his own salt. Recognising his political influence nationally, the British authorities were forced to negotiate various

settlements with Gandhi over the following years, which resulted in the alleviation of poverty, granted status to the ‘untouchables’, enshrined rights for women, and led inexorably to Gandhi’s goal of ‘Swaraj’: political independence from Britain. Gandhi suffered six known assassination attempts during the course of his life. The first attempt came on 25th June 1934, when he was in Pune delivering a speech, together with his wife, Kasturba. Travelling in a motorcade of two cars, they were in the second car, which was delayed by the appearance of a train at a railway level crossing, causing the two vehicles to separate. When the first vehicle arrived at the speech venue, a bomb was thrown at the car, which exploded and injured several people. No investigations were mahamat gandhi

carried out at the time, and no arrests were made, although many attribute the attack to Nathuram Godse, a Hindu fundamentalist implacably opposed to Gandhi’s non-violent acceptance and tolerance of all religions, which he felt compromised the supremacy of the Hindu religion. Godse was the person responsible for the eventual assassination of Gandhi in January 1948, 14 years later. During the first years of the Second World War, Gandhi’s mission to achieve independence from Britain reached its zenith: he saw no reason why Indians should fight for British sovereignty, in other parts of the world, when they were subjugated at home, which led to the worst instances of civil uprising under his direction, through his ‘Quit India’ movement. As a result, 18

EXHIBITION

he was arrested on 9th August 1942, and held for two years at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. In February 1944, 3 months before his release, his wife Kasturbai died in the same prison. May 1944, the time of his release from prison, saw the second attempt made on his life, this time certainly led by Nathuram Godse, although the attempt was fairly half-hearted. When word reached Godse that Gandhi was staying in a hill station near Pune, recovering from his prison ordeal, he organised a group of like-minded individuals who descended on the area, and mounted a vocal anti-Gandhi protest. When invited to speak to Gandhi, Godse declined, but he attended a prayer meeting later that day, where he rushed towards Gandhi, brandishing a dagger and shouting anti-Gandhi slo-

gans. He was overpowered swiftly by fellow worshippers, and came nowhere near achieving his goal. Godse was not prosecuted at the time. Four months later, in September 1944, Godse led a group of Hindu activist demonstrators who accosted Gandhi at a train station, on his return from political talks. Godse was again found to be in possession of a dagger that, although not drawn, was assumed to be the means by which he would again seek to assassinate Gandhi. It was officially regarded as the third assassination attempt, by the commission set up to investigate Gandhi’s death in 1948. The British plan to partition what had been British-ruled India, into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India, was vehemently opposed by Gandhi,

mahamat gandhi

“LIVE AS IF YOU WERE TO DIE TOMORROW. LEARN AS IF YOU WER “A man is but a product of his thoughts. What he thinks h “Be the change that you want to see in the world.” “Be t “The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is an attribut “I will not let anyone walk through my mind with their “Strength does not come from physical capacity. It come “An ounce of patience is worth more than a tonne of pre “Change yourself – you are in control.” “Change yourse “See the good in people and help them.” “See the good in “Without action, you aren’t going anywhere.” “Without a “Take care of this moment.” “Take care of this moment.” “Be congruent, be authentic, be your true self.” “Be cong “Continue to grow and evolve.” “Continue to grow and ev “A no uttered from the deepest conviction is better than “Glory lies in the attempt to reach one’s goal and not in “An eye for an eye will make the whole world blind.” “An “Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and wh “A coward is incapable of exhibiting love; it is the prero “Nobody can hurt me without my permission.” “Nobody c “In a gentle way, you can shake the world.” “In a gentle 20

h c e h t u e B at yo h t e in t e

EXHIBITION

e g n o a t h ant . d w l u wor e h t

ERE TO LIVE FOREVER.” “LIVE AS IF YOU WERE TO DIE TOMORROW s he becomes.” “A man is but a product of his thoughts. Wh the change that you want to see in the world.” ute of the strong.” “The weak can never forgive. Forgiven r dirty feet.” “I will not let anyone walk through my min mes from an indomitable will.” “Strength does not come f reaching.” “An ounce of patience is worth more than a ton self – you are in control.” “Change yourself – you are in in people and help them.” “See the good in people and help t action, you aren’t going anywhere.” “Without action, yo ” “Take care of this moment.” “Take care of this moment.” ngruent, be authentic, be your true self.” “Be congruent, evolve.” “Continue to grow and evolve.” “Continue to gro an a ‘Yes’ uttered merely to please, or worse, to avoid tr in reaching it.” “Glory lies in the attempt to reach one’s g An eye for an eye will make the whole world blind.” “An e what you do are in harmony.” “Happiness is when what you rogative of the brave.” “A coward is incapable of exhibitin can hurt me without my permission.” “Nobody can hurt m e way, you can shake the world.” “In a gentle way, you can mahamat gandhi

110

DALAI LAMA

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, describes himself as a simple Buddhist monk. He is the spiritual leader of Tibet. He was born on 6 July 1935, to a farming family, in a small hamlet located in Taktser, Amdo, northeastern Tibet. At the very young age of two, the child who was named Lhamo Dhondup at that time, was recognized as the reincarnation of the previous 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso. The Dalai Lamas are believed to be manifestations of Avalokiteshvara or Chenrezig, the Bodhisattva of Compassion and the patron saint of Tibet. Bodhisattvas are believed to be enlightened beings who have postponed their own nirvana and chosen to take rebirth in order to serve humanity. His Holiness began his monastic education at the age of six. The cur22

EXHIBITION

riculum consisted of five major and five minor subjects. The major subjects were logic, Tibetan art and culture, Sanskrit, medicine, and Buddhist philosophy which was further divided into a further five categories: Prajnaparimita, the perfection of wisdom; Madhyamika, the philosophy of the middle Way; Vinaya, the canon of monastic discipline; Abidharma, metaphysics; and Pramana, logic and epistemology. The five minor subjects were poetry, music and drama, astrology, composition and phrasing, and synonyms. At 23, His Holiness sat for his final examination in Lhasa’s Jokhang Temple, during the annual Monlam (prayer) Festival in 1959. He passed with honors and was awarded the Geshe Lharampa degree, the highest-level degree, equivalent to a doctorate of Buddhist philosophy.

In 1950 His Holiness was called upon to assume full political power after China’s invasion of Tibet in 1949/50. In 1954, he went to Beijing for peace talks with Mao Zedong and other Chinese leaders, including Deng Xiaoping and Chou Enlai. But finally, in 1959, with the brutal suppression of the Tibetan national uprising in Lhasa by Chinese troops, His Holiness was forced to escape into exile. Since then he has been living in Dharamsala, northern India. Since the Chinese invasion, the Central Tibetan Administration led by His Holiness appealed to the United Nations on the question of Tibet. The General Assembly adopted three resolutions on Tibet in 1959, 1961 and 1965. In 1963, His Holiness presented a draft democratic constitution for Tibet

that was followed by a number of reforms to democratize the Tibetan administrative set-up. The new democratic constitution promulgated as a result of this reform was named “The Charter of Tibetans in Exile”. The charter enshrines freedom of speech, belief, assembly and movement. It also provides detailed guidelines on the functioning of the Tibetan Administration with respect to those living in exile. In 1992, the Central Tibetan Administration issued guidelines for the constitution of a future, free Tibet. The guidelines outlined that when Tibet became free the immediate task would be to set up an interim government whose first responsibility will be to elect a constitutional assembly to frame and adopt Tibet’s democratic constitution. His Holiness also stated that he

hoped that Tibet, comprising of the three traditional provinces of U-Tsang, Amdo and Kham, would be federal and democratic. In May 1990, the reforms called for by His Holiness saw the realization of a truly democratic administration in exile for the Tibetan community. The Tibetan Cabinet (Kashag), which till then had been appointed by His Holiness, was dissolved along with the Tenth Assembly of the Tibetan People’s Deputies (Tibetan parliament in exile). In the same year, exile Tibetans on the Indian sub-continent and in more than 33 other countries elected 46 members to the expanded Eleventh Tibetan Assembly on a one-man one-vote basis. The Assembly, in its turn, elected the new members of the cabinet. In September 2001, a further major

step in democratization was taken when the Tibetan electorate directly elected the Kalon Tripa, the senior-most minister of the Cabinet. The Kalon Tripa in turn appointed his own cabinet who had to be approved by the Tibetan Assembly. In Tibet’s long history, this was the first time that the people elected the political leadership of Tibet. Since the direct election of the Kalon Tripa, the system of the institution of Gaden Phodrang of the Dalai Lama as both the spiritual and temporal authority ended. Since then, His Holiness described himself as being semi-retired. On 21 September 1987 in his address to members of the United States Congress in Washington, DC, His Holiness proposed a Five-Point Peace Plan for Tibet as the first step towards a peaceful solution to the worsendalai lama

ing situation in Tibet. The peace plan contained five basic components: 1. Transformation of the whole of Tibet into a zone of peace.2. Abandonment of China’s population transfer policy that threatens the very existence of the Tibetans as a people. 3. Respect for the Tibetan people’s fundamental human rights and democratic freedoms. 4. Restoration and protection of Tibet’s natural environment and the abandonment of China’s use of Tibet for the production of nuclear weapons and dumping of nuclear waste. 5. Commencement of earnest negotiations on the future status of Tibet and of relations between the Tibetan and Chinese peoples. On 15 June 1988 in an address to members of the European Parliament in Strasbourg, His Holiness made another 24

EXHIBITION

detailed proposal elaborating on the last point of the Five-Point Peace Plan. He proposed talks between the Chinese and Tibetans leading to a self-governing democratic political entity for all three provinces of Tibet. This entity would be in association with the People’s Republic of China and the Chinese Government would continue to remain responsible for Tibet’s foreign policy and defence. His Holiness the Dalai Lama is a man of peace. In 1989 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his non-violent struggle for the liberation of Tibet. He has consistently advocated policies of non-violence, even in the face of extreme aggression. He also became the first Nobel Laureate to be recognized for his concern for global environmental problems.

peace plz

dalai lama

TEN THINGS YOU DIDN’T KNOW ABOUT DALAI LAMA 26

EXHIBITION

THE DALAI LAMA, TENZIN GYATSO, WAS BORN LHAMO DHONDUP ON JULY 6, 1935 TO PEASANTS IN TAKTSER, A VILLAGE IN NORTHEASTERN TIBET. HE WAS ONE OF FIVE CHILDREN IN THE FAMILY.

HE WAS FOUND BY TIBETAN MONKS WHEN HE WAS 2 YEARS OLD. THE MONKS TESTED THE BOY TO SEE IF HE WAS THE REINCARNATION OF THE 13TH DALAI LAMA. HE PASSED THE TESTS AND HAD PHYSICAL TRAITS THAT THE MONKS WERE LOOKING FOR SUCH AS MOLES IN CERTAIN PLACES AND LONG EARS. AT 2, HE WAS RENAMED TENZIN GYATSO, TOOK THE THRONE AT AGE 4 AND BECAME A MONK AT AGE 6.

THE DALAI LAMA GREW UP IN TIBET’S THOUSAND-YEAR-OLD POTALA PALACE IN LHASA. BUT HE HAS LIVED IN EXILE IN INDIA SINCE THE CHINESE ARMY CRUSHED AN UPRISING IN HIS HOMELAND IN 1959.

IN 1989, THE DALAI LAMA WAS AWARDED THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE, FOR HIS WORK ADVOCATING NONVIOLENT.

HIS HOLINESS’S HOBBIES INCLUDE MEDITATING, GARDENING, AND REPAIRING WATCHES.

THE DALAI LAMA FIRST VISITED THE UNITED STATES IN 1979. HE TOURED FOR SEVEN WEEKS, DURING WHICH HE SPOKE AT A NUMBER OF UNIVERSITIES INCLUDING UCLA, GEORGETOWN, AND HARVARD. A SERVICE IN HIS HONOR WAS HELD AT ST. PATRICK’S CATHEDRAL IN NEW YORK CITY.

IT WAS A LONG-TIME DREAM OF THE DALAI LAMA TO VISIT THE JOHNSON SPACE CENTER IN HOUSTON. DURING HIS 1979 VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES HE WAS SCHEDULED TO TOUR THE SPACE CENTER, BUT THE TOUR WAS CANCELLED AT THE LAST MINUTE.

PRESIDENT BUSH IN OCTOBER 2007 JOINED WITH CONGRESSIONAL LEADERS IN A CEREMONY IN THE CAPITOL ROTUNDA TO PRESENT THE CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL TO THE DALAI LAMA IN RECOGNITION OF HIS HUMAN-

RIGHTS WORK. IN DOING SO, THE WHITE HOUSE SAID, BUSH BECAME THE FIRST SITTING U.S. PRESIDENT TO MEET THE DALAI LAMA IN PUBLIC. PREVIOUS MEETINGS WITH BUSH AND HIS PREDECESSORS HAVE BEEN SO-CALLED PRIVATE MEETINGS, A DIPLOMATIC CHARADE INTENDED TO AVOID ANGERING CHINESE LEADERS WHO SEEK TO DENY INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF THE DALAI LAMA.

THE DALAI LAMA IS EXTREMELY INTERESTED IN SCIENCE AND HAS FOR MANY YEARS BEEN INVOLVED WITH RESEARCH LOOKING INTO HOW MEDITATION AFFECTS THE BRAIN. DERSTANDING REALITY.”

THE DALAI LAMA HAS AN INTEREST IN MACHINES, WHICH HE DEVELOPED AS A YOUNG BOY. AS A TEENAGER HE REPAIRED A MOVIE PROJECTOR BY HIMSELF, WITHOUT ITS GUIDE OR ANY INSTRUCTIONS. HE HAS BEEN KNOWN TO SAY THAT HE WOULD HAVE BECOME AN ENGINEER IF HE HADN’T BEEN A MONK.

dalai lama

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

Abraham Lincoln is famous for the Gettysburg Address, abolishing slavery and being one of the four presidents who have been assassinated. Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Thomas was a strong and determined pioneer who found a moderate level of prosperity and was well respected in the community. The couple had two other children: Abraham’s older sister Sarah and younger brother Thomas, who died in infancy. Due to a land dispute, the Lincolns were forced to move from Kentucky to Perry County, Indiana in 1817, where the family “squatted” on public land to scrap out a living in a crude shelter, hunting game and farming a small plot. Thomas was eventually able to buy the land. 28

EXHIBITION

When young Abraham was 9 years old his mother died of tremetol (milk sickness) at age 34 and the event was devastating on him. The 9-yearold Abraham grew more alienated from his father and quietly resented the hard work placed on him at an early age. A few months after Nancy’s death, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a Kentucky widow with three children of her own. She was a strong and affectionate woman with whom Abraham quickly bonded. Though both his parents were most likely illiterate, Sarah encouraged Abraham to read. It was while growing into manhood that he received his formal education—an estimated total of 18 months—a few days or weeks at a time. Reading material was in short supply in the Indiana wilderness. Neighbors recalled how

Abraham would walk for miles to borrow a book. He undoubtedly read the family Bible and probably other popular books at that time such as Robinson Crusoe, Pilgrims Progress and Aesop’s Fables. Abraham’s father remarried and, as the frontier expanded and became more populated, so the quality of life increased. Lincoln soon broke out on his own and moved to New Salem. Here he was successful, and he managed a mill store. When the Black Hawk War broke out, the volunteers elected Lincoln to be their captain. After the war, Lincoln announced his intention to stand for the Illinois Legislature. He was not elected, but had pockets of high popular support. In 1834, he tried again, and this time was successful. Lincoln

served four terms in the legislature, becoming floor leader of his party. At the same time, Lincoln was studying law, taking and passing the bar in 1836. He became engaged to Mary Owens from Kentucky after meeting in the early 1830s but on 16 August 1837, he wrote her a letter suggesting he would not blame her for ending the relationship as they had both had second thoughts. She never replied. In 1842, Lincoln married Mary Todd, and their relationship, as well as the part she played in his subsequent career, remain a matter of some debate. The pair met in 1839 and were engaged in December 1840 but they called off a wedding scheduled for 1 January 1841 at Lincoln’s initiative. However, after meeting again they finally married on 8 November 1842.

In 1844, they bought a house in Springfield near Lincoln’s law firm and she took care of the house diligently on a limited budget. They had four sons including Robert Todd Lincoln, who was born in 1843 and was their only child to reach adulthood. Edward, who was born in 1846 died of tuberculosis in 1850, ‘Willie’ was born in 1850 and died in 1862, while son Tad was born in 1853 and died of heart failure at the age of 18 in 1871. In 1846, Lincoln was elected to the U.S. Congress. His career got off to a stormy start, as he was not a staunch supporter of the war with Mexico, and he believed that slavery should be abolished. Both of these beliefs

were not popular in his district of Illinois, and he was not re-elected. Over the next 12 years, Lincoln practiced law and built up his firm. In 1854, the contentious issue of slavery erupted, with a bill brought by Stephen Douglas to organise the Kansas-Nebraska Territory. This bill so incensed Lincoln that he re-entered the political fray. However, Lincoln failed to receive the nomination for senator in 1855 and, convinced his former party, the Whigs, were essentially dead, he joined the new Republicans, becoming a prominent figure in the party. When Douglas returned to Illinois to fight for re-election to the Senate, Lincoln pressed Douglas for a discussion on the issue of slavery. These discussions became the abraham lincoln

famous Lincoln-Douglas debates and, although Douglas was re-elected, Lincoln had gained national recognition. In 1860, Lincoln was elected presidential candidate for the Republican Party, although it was not an easy election. He was elected president but, as a result, seven Southern states seceded from the Union. In Lincoln’s inauguration speech, he said that secession was anarchic and illegal. He told The Union that while he would not interfere with slavery, he would hold or repossess all Federal property. Civil war broke out soon after. It was a difficult time for Lincoln, but his tactics began to prevail. In his Gettysburg address, after a great victory for the North, Lincoln proclaimed that the end of the civil war stood for freedom and equality for all. 30

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However, the war dragged on, and critics began to question Lincoln’s strategy and his chances for reelection. Following victory in the war, Lincoln was re-elected. In his second inaugural address, Lincoln urged the North and South to come together and bury past differences, “With malice toward none; and charity for all”. Lincoln never had an opportunity to govern outside war time as, on 14 April 1865, an assassin killed him. He was shot while watching the play ‘Our American Cousins’ at the Ford Theatre by well-known actor and Confederate spy John Wilkes-Booth. Booth originally planned to kidnap the president but Lincoln made a speech on 11 April about voting rights for black people, angering Booth. After being in a coma for nine hours, Lincoln died

on 15 April. His body lay in state until 21 April and was taken on a tour of the north by train for three weeks, with thousands attending memorial services for him.

abraham lincoln

ABRAHAM LINCOLN IS THE TALLEST PRESI WHEN HE WORE HIS STOVEPIPE HAT, HE S

EXHIBITION

DENT THE UNITED STATES HAS EVER HAD. TOOD NEARLY 7 FEET TALL.

abraham lincoln

KIM JONG UN

Kim Jong-un, the youngest son of previous leader Kim Jong-il, succeeded his father on the latter’s death from a heart attack in December 2011. In 2010 he had already been unveiled as Kim Jong-il’s heir apparent, and was made a four-star general despite lacking any military experience. Soon after the death of his father, North Korean state media lauded Kim Jong-un, the newly-appointed army supreme commander, as “a great person born of heaven” and anointed him the “Great Successor” of the philosophy of juche (self-reliance), signalling a continuation of the personality cult of the Kim family into a third generation. In April 2012 he formally took over as leader of the ruling Workers Party, with 34

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the new title of First Secretary, as his late father became “Eternal General Secretary”. He also became First Chairman of the highly-important National Defence Commission, with his late father promoted to “eternal chairman”. His grandfather Kim Il-sung, who died in 1994, is the country’s “Eternal President”. He ousted army chief Ri Yong-ho, who had overseen his smooth succession to power, in July 2012 and took the title of “marshal” for himself, marking the full consolidation of his political and military power. It is widely believed that the task of guiding and mentoring Kim Jong-un when he assumed power was entrusted to his aunt Kim Kyung-hee and her husband Chang Song-thaek. Mr Chang had been seen as close to Kim Jong-il and was thought to

enjoy considerable influence over Kim Jong-un, but in late 2013 he was found guilty of attempting to overthrow the state and was summarily executed. His spectacular fall from grace was seen by analysts as the biggest upheaval in the North Korean leadership since the death of Kim Jong-il. Details of Kim Jong-un’s early life are scant. Born in 1983 or early 1984, he is reported to have gone to school in Switzerland and later studied at Kim Il-sung University in North Korea. After becoming leader he began to display a more informal style in public appearances, although the official media swiftly quashed any hopes that this might mean a relaxation in totalitarian controls. Under Kim Jong-un, North Korea has continued its policy of promoting the

I AM

G N I H WATC

YOU

military at home while sending mixed signals to the rest of the world about its nuclear programme. The launch of a satellite in 2012, using rocket technology banned under UN ballistic missile sanctions on North Korea, boosted Kim’s standing in the ruling elite while angering his neighbours, including sole ally China. North Korea’s defiant third nuclear test in February 2013 earned it another escalation of UN Security Council sanctions, approved by China. North Korea in turn stepped up its bellicose rhetoric and announced it would restart all facilities at its main Yongbyon nuclear complex, including a reactor mothballed in 2007. The challenges the country faces under Kim Jong-un are the same as those it had to cope with during his

father’s reign - a moribund economy, international isolation and widespread poverty. On 7 March 2013, North Korea threatened the United States with a ‘pre-emptive nuclear attack’, and Kim Jong-un issued a detailed threat to “wipe out” Baengnyeong Island, the scene of previous naval clashes. North Korea has revealed its plans for conducting nuclear strikes on U.S. cities, including Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C. At a plenary meeting of the WPK Central Committee held on 31 March 2013 in the wake of war threats with South Korea, Kim Jong-un announced that North Korea will adopt “a new strategic line on carrying out economic construction and building nuclear armed forces simultaneously”. Kenji Fujimoto, a Japanese chef who used to work as Kim Jong-il’s personal

cook, described Kim Jong-un as “a chip off the old block, a spitting image of his father in terms of face, body shape, and personality”. The Washington Post reported in 2009 that Kim Jong-un’s school friends recalled he “spent hours doing meticulous pencil drawings of Chicago Bulls superstar Michael Jordan.” He was obsessed with basketball and computer games. On 26 February 2013, Kim Jong-un met ex-NBA star Dennis Rodman, leading many reporters to speculate that Rodman was the first American that Kim had met. Rodman described his trip to Kim Jong-un’s private island, “It’s like Hawaii or Ibiza, but he’s the only one that lives there.” Kim Jong-un is reportedly a fan of Eric Clapton. In a 2012 news story, Business Inkim jong un

sider reported, “Signs of a rise in luxury goods have been creeping out of North Korea since Kim Jong-un took over as last year. Just recently, Kim’s wife Ri Sol-Ju was photographed holding what appeared to be an expensive Dior handbag, worth almost $1,594 – an average year’s salary in North Korea.” According to diplomatic sources, “Kim Jong-un likes to drink and party all night like his father and ordered the [imported sauna] equipment to help him beat hangovers and fatigue.” During Dennis Rodman’s 26 February 2013 trip to North Korea, Vice Media correspondent Ryan Duffy observed that “the leader was “socially awkward” and didn’t make eye contact when shaking hands”. In 2013, it was rumored that Kim Jong-un had received plastic surgery in 36

EXHIBITION

order to modify his facial appearance. Many reports indicate that the human rights violations under the leadership of Kim Jong-ill are continuing under Kim Jong-un. Such violations include ordering the killing of defectors, conducting public executions and sending people to political prison camps. It is assumed that Kim Jong-un was involved in the Cheonan sinking and the bombardment of Yeonpyeong[136] to strengthen his military credentials and facilitate a successful transition of power from his father. The 2013 report on the situation of human rights in North Korea by United Nations Special Rapporteur Marzuki Darusman proposed a United Nations commission of inquiry to document the accountability of Kim Jong-un and other individuals in the North Korean

government for alleged crimes against humanity.

kim jong un

AN INTERVIEW WITH THE WORLD’S GREATEST KIM JONG-UN IMPERSONATOR BY JAMIE FULLERTON THEY SAY IMITATION IS THE HIGHEST FORM OF FLATTERY. IF THAT’S TRUE, THE ANTICS OF ONE HONG KONG RESIDENT SHOULD BE MAKING NORTH KOREA’S BABYFACED SUPREME LEADER’S HEAD SWELL EVEN WIDER THAN ITS DEFAULT BULBOUS SIZE. SINCE LANDING A DEAL TO STAR AS KIM JONG-UN IN AN ADVERT FOR ISRAELI HAMBURGER CHAIN BURGER RANCH EARLIER THIS YEAR, A HONG KONG-BORN AUSTRALIAN NAMED HOWARD HAS BEEN CARVING OUT A SIDE CAREER AS A PROFESSIONAL KIM LOOKALIKE. HOWARD – WHO, BY DAY, IS A JOBBING MUSIC PRODUCER AND BAND BOOKER – DOESN’T GIVE HIS SURNAME PUBLICLY. WHICH IS PROBABLY WISE, CONSIDERING NORTH KOREA HISTORICALLY HAS A BIT OF A PENCHANT FOR ABDUCTING FOREIGN NATIONALS WHO’VE WRONGED THEM IN SOME WAY, BEFORE TRAPPING THEM THERE INDEFINITELY. BUT AFTER GETTING HIS BREAK IN THE BURGER ADVERT – IN WHICH HE LAUNCHES A NUKE AT WASHINGTON DC TO SHOW HIS DISDAIN FOR MCDONALD’S, BEFORE EATING AN ISRAELI BURGER RANCH PATTY AND DECLARING: “HOW CAN I SEND THE ISRAELIS TO HELL WITH SUCH A TASTE FROM HEAVEN?” – GLOBAL INTERVIEW REQUESTS HAVE BEEN POURING IN.

“

VICE

HOWARD

HI HOWARD. WHEN DID YOU FIRST REALISE YOU STRONGLY RESEMBLED ONE OF THE WORLD’S MOST FAMOUS TYRANTS?

WHEN HE FIRST CAME ON THE SCENE, JUST BEFORE HIS DAD KIM JONG-IL INTRODUCED HIM AND PROMOTED HIM TO THE HEAD OF THE ARMY OR SOMETHING. I THOUGHT, ‘MAN, THAT’S MY FACE.’ APART FROM THAT, I DIDN’T THINK TOO MUCH ABOUT IT. THEN A FEW PEOPLE POINTED IT OUT AND I THOUGHT ABOUT IMPERSONATORS ELSEWHERE MAKING CASH, AND REALISED I COULD DO THAT, TOO.

kim jong un

“ “ HOW DID YOU MAKE THE WORLD AWARE OF YOUR UNCANNY SIMILARITY?

I GOT THAT STUPID HAIRCUT – IT’S FUCK-

ING HORRIBLE – AND I ALREADY OWNED

ONE OF THOSE MAO SUITS. BACK IN 1997, I

WORE IT FOR THE HONG KONG HANDOVER PARTIES. ALSO, I’VE GOT HIS BODY SHAPE AND I EAT A LOT SO I’VE GOT A DOUBLE

CHIN – NO NEED FOR PROPS. I TOOK SOME PHOTOS, UPLOADED THEM TO FACEBOOK AND AN ISRAELI PRODUCTION HOUSE

FOUND ME. THEY WERE PRODUCING A

COMMERCIAL FOR THE COMPETITOR OF MCDONALD’S, BURGER RANCH.

“

I’VE SEEN THE ADVERT ON YOUTUBE – IT’S A

FINE DEBUT PERFORMANCE. CAN YOU EXPLAIN

YOUR PART FOR PEOPLE WHO AREN’T FAMILIAR WITH IT?

THEY SPECIALISE IN KOSHER BURGERS FOR ORTHODOX JEWS WHO DON’T EAT MEAT WITH CHEESE. THE NIGHT BEFORE MY SHOOT, THEY HIRED THE BEST BARACK OBAMA IMPERSONATOR, CALLED REGGIE BROWN, [WHO MADE ANOTHER VIDEO IN THE SERIES ABOUT] HOW THE PRESIDENT HAS ONE OF MCDONALD’S “BIG AMERICA” BURGERS, WHICH IS A ONE-INCH-THICK MEAT PATTY. MY ROLE WAS TO SAY, “FUCK YOU, OBAMA, WE’VE GOT THE BETTER BURGERS AT BURGER RANCH.” AND I BLOW HIM UP.

kim jong un

“ “ HOW DO YOU FOLLOW THAT PERFORMANCE?

I GOT OFFERED TO GO TO LA AND SHOOT

A COMMERCIAL SELLING PISTACHIOS WITH

DENNIS RODMAN. THEY SAID THEY NEEDED ME THERE IN TWO WEEKS, BUT COULDN’T SORT A US VISA. IN THE END, THEY HIRED SOME RANDOM GUY WHO LOOKS NOTH-

ING LIKE KIM JONG-UN. HE’S GOT NO CHARISMA. BUT WHY GET DEPRESSED OVER THINGS OUT OF YOUR CONTROL, EH?

“

DO YOU HAVE TO GO TO A SPECIALIST FOR THAT HAIRCUT?

MY HAIRDRESSER HAS DONE A FEW OF THESE – HE KNOWS WHAT I WANT. I TAKE IN A COUPLE OF PICTURES AND SAY, “I WANT TO LOOK LIKE HIM.” BUT EVERY TIME I GO OUT, I WEAR A HAT. MY GIRLFRIEND HATES IT. IT’S NOT THE SEXIEST LOOK.

kim jong un

“ “ WHAT DO YOU THINK OF KIM JONG-UN ?

HE’S A PUPPET. HE’S BEEN PUT THERE BY HIS AUNTS AND UNCLES – THE PEOPLE

REALLY IN CHARGE OF THE COUNTRY. HE GETS TO LIVE LIKE AN EMPEROR – WHY

NOT? BUT THE REGIME HE REPRESENTS IS HORRIBLE, THERE’S NO JOKE THERE.

THE PROPAGANDA… I REMEMBER GOING TO THE SHANGHAI EXPO IN 2010. I WENT

TO THE NORTH KOREAN PAVILION – THERE

WAS IRAQ, NORTH KOREA AND IRAN RIGHT NEXT TO EACH OTHER. THE FIRST THING

YOU SEE ON THE NORTH KOREA BOARD IS A SIGN SAYING, “WE’RE THE BEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD.”

“

DOES IT WORRY YOU THAT YOU’RE MAKING A

PUBLIC MOCKERY OF ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS PEOPLE ON EARTH?

NO, BECAUSE I’M IN HONG KONG AND HE’S IN NORTH KOREA. WHAT’S HE GOING TO DO – SEND HIS SPIES TO KILL A CHINESE CITIZEN? IT’D BE PRETTY UNREALISTIC. THEY’VE GOT BIGGER THINGS TO WORRY ABOUT.

kim jong un

“ “ FINALLY, DICTATORS ALWAYS LOVE HAVING

BODY DOUBLES. ARE YOU TEMPTED TO APPLY TO BE KIM’S OFFICIAL LOOKALIKE?

WHO KNOWS? MAYBE HE’LL CONSIDER IT. BUT I DON’T SPEAK KOREAN AND I’D HAVE TO MAKE SPEECHES, SO I GUESS I’M NOT

ELIGIBLE. I COULD JUST POINT AND WAVE AND INSPECT FACTORIES, OR WHATEVER.

“

“HOW CAN I SEND THE ISRAELIS TO HELL WITH SUCH A TASTE FROM HEAVEN?”

kim jong un

I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t see any burger

kim jong un

MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.

Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. King, both a Baptist minister and civilrights activist, had a seismic impact on race relations in the United States, beginning in the mid-1950s. Among many efforts, King headed the SCLC. Through his activism, he played a pivotal role in ending the legal segregation of African-American citizens in the South and other areas of the nation, as well as the creation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. King received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, among several other honors. King was assassinated in April 1968, and continues to be remembered as one of the most lauded African-American leaders in history, often referenced by his 1963 speech, “I Have a Dream.” 50

EXHIBITION

Born as Michael King Jr. on January 15, 1929, Martin Luther King Jr. was the middle child of Michael King Sr. and Alberta Williams King. The King and Williams families were rooted in rural Georgia. Martin Jr.’s grandfather, A.D. Williams, was a rural minister for years and then moved to Atlanta in 1893. He took over the small, struggling Ebenezer Baptist church with around 13 members and made it into a forceful congregation. He married Jennie Celeste Parks and they had one child that survived, Alberta. Michael King Sr. came from a sharecropper family in a poor farming community. He married Alberta in 1926 after an eight-year courtship. The newlyweds moved to A.D. Williams home in Atlanta. Michael King Sr. stepped in as pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church upon

the death of his father-in-law in 1931. He too became a successful minister, and adopted the name Martin Luther King Sr. in honor of the German Protestant religious leader Martin Luther. In due time, Michael Jr. would follow his father’s lead and adopt the name himself. Growing up in Atlanta, Georgia, Martin Luther King Jr. entered public school at age 5. In May, 1936 he was baptized, but the event made little impression on him. In May, 1941, Martin was 12 years old when is grandmother, Jennie, died of a heart attack. The event was traumatic for Martin, more so because he was out watching a parade against his parents’ wishes when she died. Distraught at the news, young Martin jumped from a second story window at the family home, allegedly

attempting suicide. In 1948, he graduated from Morehouse with a degree in sociology, and enrolled in Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, and graduated with a Bachelor of Divinity degree in 1951. King also received a PhD in systematic theology at Boston University. In Boston he met and married Coretta Scott. Two sons and two daughters were born into the family. In 1954, Martin Luther King accepted the pastorale of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. Always a supporter for civil rights for members of his race, Dr. King was a pivotal figure in the Civil Rights Movement and became leader of the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People - the organisation

responsible for the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott. The boycott came about in 1955 after Rosa Parks, a middle-aged tailor’s assistant, who was tired after a hard day’s work, refused to give up her seat to a white man on a segregated bus in the southern town. She was promptly arrested for her actions. As a result King and his friends helped to organise protests against bus segregation. It was decided that black people in Montgomery would refuse to use the buses until passengers were completely integrated. King was arrested and his house was fire-bombed for his actions. For the next thirteen months the black people in Montgomery walked to work or obtained lifts from the small car-owning black population of the city. Eventually,

the loss of revenue and a decision by the U.S. Supreme Court forced the Montgomery Bus Company to accept integration. The boycott came to an end on 20th December, 1956. Dr. King was also a founder and president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, formed co-ordinate protests against discrimination. His numerous lectures and remarks, and the movements and marches he led, brought significant changes in the direction of thirteen years of civil rights activities; his charismatic leadership inspired men and women, young and old, within the nation and abroad. His philosophy was non-violent direct action; although this stance was controversial within the Civil Rights movement, it was often successful. The Voting Rights Act of 1965, for example, martin luther king, jr.

separate

went to Congress as a result of the Selma to Montgomery march. Dr. King always stressed the importance of the ballot. He argued that once all African Americans had the vote they would become an important political force. In 1963, King led mass protests against discriminatory practices in Birmingham, Alabama where the white population were violently resisting desegregation. The city was dubbed ‘Bombingham’ as attacks against civil rights protesters increased, and King was arrested and jailed for his part in the protests. After his release, King participated in the enormous civil rights march on Washington in August 1963, and delivered his famous ‘I have a dream’ speech, predicting a day when the promise of freedom and equality for all 52

EXHIBITION

equal

would become a reality in America. Dr. King’s speech at the Washington march, his acceptance speech of the Nobel Peace Prize (he was the youngest ever recipient), his last sermon at Ebenezer Baptist Church, and his final speech in Memphis (“I’ve Been to the Mountaintop...”) are among his most famous utterances. His letter from Birmingham Jail ranks among the most important American documents. The FBI had actually started wiretapping King in 1961, fearing that Communists spies were trying to infiltrate the Civil Rights Movement, but when no such evidence emerged, the bureau used the incidental details caught on tape over six years in attempts to force King out of the preeminent leadership position. Dr. King was shot in April 1968, at a

motel where he was trying to mediate a garbage workers’ strike. James Earl Ray was convicted of the murder, but he has always declared his innocence, suggesting a conspiracy and government cover-up.

martin luther king, jr.

I traveled more than 6,000,000 miles and spoke at more than 2,500 events between 1957 and 1968. I was arrested 30 times and was awarded at least 50 honorary degrees from colleges and universities. There are more than 900 streets named after me, and the number continues to grow. I am the only non-president to have a national holiday in my name. “I Have a Dream” speech was unscripted. I was the ‘Man of the Year’ on Time Magazine in 1963.

EXHIBITION

King deserves it.

martin luther king, jr.

CHE GUEVARA

Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, known as Che Guevara, was born on 14 June 1928 in Rosario, Argentina into a middle-class family. He studied medicine at Buenos Aires University and during this time travelled widely in South and Central America. The widespread poverty and oppression he witnessed, fused with his interest in Marxism, convinced him that the only solution to South and Central America’s problems was armed revolution. In 1947 Ernesto moved to Buenos Aires to care for his elderly grandmother. She died shortly thereafter and he began medical school: some believe that he was driven to study medicine because of his inability to save his grandmother. He was a believer in the human side of medicine: that a patient’s state of mind is as important 56

EXHIBITION

as the medicine he or she is given. He remained very close to his mother and stayed fit through exercise, although his asthma continued to plague him. He decided to take a vacation and put his studies on hold. At the end of 1951, Ernesto set off with his good friend Alberto Granado on a trip north through South America. For the first part of the trip, they had a Norton motorcycle, but it was in poor repair and had to be abandoned in Santiago. They traveled through Chile, Peru, Colombia and Venezuela, where they parted ways. Ernesto continued to Miami and returned to Argentina from there. Ernesto kept notes during his trip, which he subsequently made into a book named The Motorcycle Diaries. It was made into an award-winning movie in 2004. The trip showed him

the poverty and misery all throughout Latin America and he wanted to do something about it, even if he did not know what. Ernesto returned to Argentina in 1953 and finished medical school. He left again almost immediately, however, heading up the western Andes and traveling through Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia before reaching Central America. He eventually settled for a while in Guatemala, at the time experimenting with significant land reform under President Jacobo Arbenz. It was about this time that he acquired his nickname “Che,” an Argentine expression meaning (more or less) “hey there.” When the CIA overthrew Arbenz, Che tried to join a brigade and fight, but it was over too quickly. Che took refuge in the Argentine Embassy before secur-

ing a safe passage to Mexico. In 1954 he went to Mexico and the following year he met Cuban revolutionary leader Fidel Castro. Guevara joined Castro’s ‘26th July Movement’ and played a key role in the eventual success of its guerrilla war against Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. In the summer of 1958, Batista decided to try and stomp out the revolution once and for all. He sent large forces of soldiers into the mountains, seeking to round up and destroy the rebels once and for all. This strategy was a huge mistake, and it backfired badly. The rebels knew the mountains well and ran circles around the army. Many of the soldiers, demoralized, deserted or even switched sides. At the end of 1958, Castro decided it was time for the knockout punch, and he

sent three columns, one of which was Che’s, into the heart of the country. Castro overthrew Batista in 1959 and took power in Cuba. From 19591961, Guevara was president of the National Bank of Cuba, and then minister of industry. In this position, he travelled the world as an ambassador for Cuba. At home, he carried out plans for and redistribution and the nationalisation of industry. A strong opponent of the United States, he guided the Castro regime towards alignment with the Soviet Union. The Cuban economy faltered as a result of American trade sanctions and unsuccessful reforms. During this difficult time Guevara began to fall out with the other Cuban leaders. He later expressed his desire to spread revolution in other parts of the developing

world, and in 1965 Castro announced that Guevara had left Cuba. Guevara then spent several months in Africa, particularly the Congo, attempting to train rebel forces in guerrilla warfare. When Che had left, Fidel read a letter to all of Cuba in which Che declared his intention to spread revolution, fighting imperialism wherever he could find it. Despite Che’s revolutionary credentials and idealism, the Congo venture was a total fiasco. Kabila proved unreliable, Che and the other Cubans failed to duplicate the conditions of the Cuban Revolution, and a massive mercenary force led by South African “Mad” Mike Hoare was sent to root them out. Che wanted to remain and die fighting as a martyr, but his Cuban companions convinced him to escape. All in all, Che was in che guevara

Congo for about nine months and he considered it one of his greatest failures. His efforts failed and in 1966 he secretly returned to Cuba. From Cuba he travelled to Bolivia to lead forces rebelling against the government of René Barrientos Ortuño. Back in Cuba, Che wanted to try again for another communist revolution, this time in Argentina. Fidel and the others convinced him that he was more likely to succeed in Bolivia. Che went to Bolivia in 1966. From the start, this effort, too, was a fiasco. Che and the 50 or so Cubans who accompanied him were supposed to get support from clandestine communists in Bolivia, but they proved unreliable and possibly were the ones who betrayed him. With US assistance, the Bolivian army captured Guevara and his remaining fighters. He was 58

EXHIBITION

executed on 9 October 1967 in the Bolivian village of La Higuera and his body was buried in a secret location. In 1997 his remains were discovered, exhumed and returned to Cuba, where he was reburied. Che Guevara had a huge impact on his world, not only as a major player in the Cuban Revolution, but also afterwards, when he tried to export the revolution to other nations. He achieved the martyrdom that he so desired, and in doing so became a larger-thanlife figure. Che is one of the most controversial figures of the 20th century. Many revere him, especially in Cuba, where his face is on the 3-peso note and ev-

ery day schoolchildren vow to “be like Che” as part of a daily chant. Around the world, people wear t-shirts with his image on them, usually a famous photo taken of Che in Cuba by photographer Alberto Korda (more than one person has noted the irony of hundreds of capitalists making money selling a famous image of a communist). His fans believe that he stood for freedom from imperialism, idealism and a love for the common man, and that he died for his beliefs.

che guevara

CERTAINLY. LET US BEGIN AT THE TIME

A NEW OLD I JOINED THE 26TH OF JULY MOVEMENT INTERVIEW IN MEXICO. BEFORE THE DANGEROUS ERNESTO CROSSING ON THE GRANMA THE VIEWS CHE WILL YOUOFPLEASE ON SOCIETY THE MEMBERS OF THIS GUEVARA ORGANISATION WERE VERY DIFFERENT.

TELL US HOW CUBA I REMEMBER, IN A FRANK DISCUSSION 04/ 18/ 1959

WITHIN OUR FAMILY IN MEXICO, I SUG-

ACHIEVED HER REVOGESTED WE OUGHT TO PROPOSE A REVOLUTIONARY PROGRAM TO THE CU-

LUTIONARY VICTORY? BAN PEOPLE. I HAVE NEVER FORGOTTEN HOW ONE OF THE PARTICIPANTS IN THE ATTACK ON THE MONCADA ARMY CAMP RESPONDED AT THAT TIME. HE SAID TO ME: “OUR ACTION IS VERY SIMPLE. WHAT

K’UNG MAI PING AN

WE WANT TO DO IS TO INITIATE A COUP D ‘ETAT. BATISTA PULLED OFF A COUP AND IN ONLY ONE MORNING TOOK OVER THE GOVERNMENT. WE MUST MAKE ANOTHER COUP AND EXPEL HIM FROM POWER… BATISTA HAS MADE A HUNDRED CONCESSIONS TO THE AMERICANS, AND WE WILL MAKE ONE HUNDRED AND ONE.” AT THAT TIME I ARGUED

EXHIBITION

WITH HIM, SAYING THAT WE HAD TO MAKE A COUP ON THE BASIS OF PRINCIPLE AND YET AT THE SAME TIME UNDERSTAND CLEARLY WHAT WE WOULD DO AFTER TAKING OVER THE GOVERNMENT. THAT WAS THE THINKING OF A MEMBER OF THE FIRST STAGE OF THE 26TH OF JULY MOVEMENT. THOSE WHO HELD THE SAME VIEW AND DID NOT CHANGE LEFT OUR REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT LATER AND ADOPTED ANOTHER PATH. FROM THAT TIME ON, THE SMALL ORGANISATION THAT LATER MADE THE CROSSING ON THE GRANMA ENCOUNTERED REPEATED DIFFICULTIES. BESIDES THE NEVER-ENDING SUPPRESSION BY THE MEXICAN AUTHORITIES, THERE WAS ALSO A SERIES OF INTERNAL PROBLEMS, LIKE THOSE PEOPLE WHO WERE ADVENTUROUS IN THE BEGINNING BUT LATER USED THIS PRETEXT AND THAT TO BREAK AWAY FROM THE MILITARY EXPEDITION. FINALLY AT THE che guevara

TIME OF THE CROSSING ON THE GRANMA THERE REMAINED ONLY EIGHTY-TWO MEN IN THE ORGANISATION. THE ADVENTUROUS THOUGHT OF THAT TIME WAS THE FIRST AND ONLY CATASTROPHE ENCOUNTERED WITHIN THE ORGANISATION DURING THE PROCESS OF STARTING THE UPRISING. WE SUFFERED FROM THE BLOW. BUT WE GATHERED TOGETHER AGAIN IN THE SIERRA MAESTRA. FOR MANY MONTHS THE MANNER OF OUR LIFE IN THE MOUNTAINS WAS MOST IRREGULAR. WE CLIMBED FROM ONE MOUNTAIN PEAK TO ANOTHER, IN A DROUGHT, WITHOUT A DROP OF WATER. MERELY TO SURVIVE WAS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT. THE PEASANTS WHO HAD TO ENDURE THE PERSECUTION OF BATISTA’S MILITARY UNITS GRADUALLY BEGAN TO CHANGE THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARD US. THEY FLED TO US FOR REFUGE TO PARTICIPATE IN OUR GUERRILLA 62

EXHIBITION

UNITS. IN THIS WAY OUR RANK AND FILE CHANGED FROM CITY PEOPLE TO PEASANTS. AT THAT SAME TIME, AS THE PEASANTS BEGAN TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ARMED STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM OF RIGHTS AND SOCIAL JUSTICE, WE PUT FORTH A CORRECT SLOGAN -LAND REFORM. THIS SLOGAN MOBILISED THE OPPRESSED CUBAN MASSES TO COME FORWARD AND FIGHT TO SEIZE THE LAND. FROM THIS TIME ON THE FIRST GREAT SOCIAL PLAN WAS DETERMINED, AND IT LATER BECAME THE BANNER AND PRIMARY SPEARHEAD OF OUR MOVEMENT. IT WAS AT JUST THIS TIME THAT A TRAGEDY OCCURRED IN SANTIAGO DE CUBA; OUR COMRADE FRANK PA?S WAS KILLED. THIS PRODUCED A TURNING POINT IN OUR REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT. THE ENRAGED PEOPLE OF SANTIAGO ON THEIR OWN POURED INTO THE STREETS AND CALLED FOR che guevara

THE FIRST POLITICALLY ORIENTED GENERAL STRIKE. EVEN THOUGH THE STRIKE DID NOT HAVE A LEADER , IT PARALYSED THE WHOLE OF ORIENTE PROVINCE. THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT SUPPRESSED THE INCIDENT. THIS MOVEMENT, HOWEVER, CAUSED US TO UNDERSTAND THAT WORKING CLASS PARTICIPATION IN THE STRUGGLE TO ACHIEVE FREEDOM WAS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL! WE THEN BEGAN TO CARRY OUT SECRET WORK AMONG THE WORKERS, IN PREPARATION FOR ANOTHER GENERAL STRIKE, TO HELP THE REBEL ARMY SEIZE THE GOVERNMENT. THE VICTORIOUS AND BOLD SECRET ACTIVITIES OF THE REBEL ARMY SHOOK THE WHOLE COUNTRY; ALL OF THE PEOPLE WERE STIRRED UP, LEADING TO THE GENERAL STRIKE ON APRIL 9 LAST YEAR. BUT THE STRIKE FAILED BECAUSE OF A LACK OF CONTACT BETWEEN THE LEADERS AND THE WORKING MASSES. 64

EXHIBITION

EXPERIENCE TAUGHT THE LEADERS OF THE 26TH OF .JULY MOVEMENT A VALUABLE TRUTH: THE REVOLUTION MUST NOT BELONG TO THIS OR THAT SPECIFIC CLIQUE, IT MUST BE THE UNDERTAKING OF THE WHOLE BODY OF THE CUBAN PEOPLE. THIS CONCLUSION INSPIRED THE MEMBERS OF THE MOVEMENT TO WORK THEIR HARDEST, BOTH ON THE PLAINS AND IN THE MOUNTAINS. AT THIS TIME WE BEGAN TO EDUCATE OUR FORCES IN REVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND DOCTRINE. THIS ALL SHOWED THAT THE REBEL MOVEMENT HAD ALREADY GROWN AND WAS EVEN BEGINNING TO ACHIEVE POLITICAL MATURITY.... EVERY PERSON IN THE REBEL ARMY REMEMBERED HIS BASIC DUTIES IN THE SIERRA MAESTRA AND OTHER AREAS: TO IMPROVE THE STATUS OF THE PEASANTS, TO PARTICIPATE IN THE STRUGGLE TO SEIZE LAND, AND TO BUILD SCHOOLS. AGRARIAN LAW WAS TRIED che guevara

FOR THE FIRST TIME; USING REVOLUTIONARY METHODS WE CONFISCATED THE EXTENSIVE POSSESSIONS OF THE OFFICIALS OF THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT AND DISTRIBUTED TO THE PEASANTS ALL OF THE STATE-HELD LAND IN THE AREA. AT THIS TIME THERE ROSE UP A PEASANT MOVEMENT, CLOSELY CONNECTED TO THE LAND, WITH LAND REFORM AS ITS BANNER.... TO CARRY OUT THOROUGHLY THE LAW PROVIDING FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE LATIFUNDIA SYSTEM WILL BE THE CONCERN OF THE PEASANT MASSES THEMSELVES. THE PRESENT STATE CONSTITUTION PROVIDES FOR MANDATORY MONETARY COMPENSATION WHENEVER LAND IS TAKEN AWAY, AND LAND REFORM UNDER IT WILL BE BOTH SLUGGISH AND DIFFICULT. NOW AFTER THE VICTORY OF THE REVOLUTION, THE PEASANTS WHO HAVE ACHIEVED THEIR FREEDOM MUST RISE UP IN COLLECTIVE 66

EXHIBITION

ACTION AND DEMOCRATICALLY DEMAND THE ABOLITION OF THE LATIFUNDIA SYSTEM AND THE CARRYING OUT OF A TRUE AND EXTENSIVE LAND REFORM.

THE FIRST DIFFICULTY IS THAT OUR NEW ACTIONS MUST BE ENGAGED IN ON THE OLD FOUNDATIONS. CUBA’S ANTIPEOPLE

WHAT REGIMEPROBLEMS AND ARMY ARE ALREADY DE-

STROYED, BUT THE DICTATORIAL SOCIAL

DOES CUBAN SYSTEMTHE AND ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS HAVE NOT YET BEEN ABOLISHED. SOME

REVOLUTION NOW OF THE OLD PEOPLE ARE STILL WORK-

ING WITHIN THE NATIONAL STRUCTURE.

FACE, AND WHAT ARE IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE FRUITS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY VICTORY AND

ITSTOCURRENT REENABLE THE UNENDING DEVELOPMENT OF THE REVOLUTION WE NEED TO

SPONSIBILITIES? TAKE ANOTHER STEP FORWARD IN OUR WORK TO RECTIFY AND STRENGTHEN

THE GOVERNMENT. SECOND, WHAT THE NEW GOVERNMENT TOOK OVER WAS A RUNDOWN MESS. WHEN BATISTA FLED che guevara

HE CLEANED OUT THE NATIONAL TREASURY, LEAVING SERIOUS DIFFICULTIES IN THE NATIONAL FINANCES.... THIRD, CUBA’S LAND SYSTEM IS ONE IN WHICH LATIFUNDISTAS HOLD LARGE AMOUNTS OF LAND, WHILE AT THE SAME TIME MANY PEOPLE ARE UNEMPLOYED.... FOURTH, THERE IS STILL RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN OUR SOCIETY WHICH IS NOT BENEFICIAL TO EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE THE INTERNAL UNIFICATION OF THE PEOPLE. FIFTH, OUR HOUSE RENTS ARE THE HIGHEST IN THE WORLD; A FAMILY FREQUENTLY HAS TO PAY OVER A THIRD OF ITS INCOME FOR RENT. TO SUM UP, THE REFORM OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE ECONOMY OF THE CUBAN SOCIETY IS VERY DIFFICULT AND WILL TAKE A LONG TIME. IN ESTABLISHING THE ORDER OF SOCIETY AND IN DEMOCRATISING THE NATIONAL LIFE, THE NEW GOVERNMENT HAS ADOPTED MANY POSITIVE MEA68

EXHIBITION

SURES. WE HAVE EXERTED GREAT EFFORT TO RESTORE THE NATIONAL ECONOMY. FOR EXAMPLE, THE GOVERNMENT HAS PASSED A LAW LOWERING RENTS BY FIFTY PERCENT. YESTERDAY A LAW REGULATING BEACHES WAS PASSED TO CANCEL THE PRIVILEGES OF A SMALL NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO OCCUPY THE LAND AND THE SEASHORES.... MOST IMPORTANT IS THE LAND REFORM LAW, WHICH WILL SOON BE PROMULGATED. MOREOVER. WE WILL FOUND A NATIONAL LAND REFORM INSTITUTE. OUR LAND REFORM HERE IS NOT YET VERY PENETRATING; IT IS NOT AS THOROUGH AS THE ONE IN CHINA. YET IT MUST BE CONSIDERED THE MOST PROGRESSIVE IN LATIN AMERICA....

THE CUBAN REVOLUTION IS NOT A CLASS REVOLUTION, BUT A LIBERATION

HOW WILL MOVEMENT THAT CUBA HAS OVERTHROWN STRUGGLE AGAINST

che guevara

DOMESTIC AND FORA DICTATORIAL, TYRANNICAL GOVERN-

EIGN MENT. REACTIONARY THE PEOPLE DETESTED THE

AMERICAN-SUPPORTED BATISTA DICTA-

ENEMIES? WHAT ARE TORIAL GOVERNMENT FROM THE BOTTOMS OF THEIR HEARTS AND SO ROSE

THE PROSPECTS OF UP AND OVERTHREW IT. THE REVOLU-

TIONARY GOVERNMENT HAS RECEIVED

THE ? THE REVOLUTION BROAD SUPPORT OF ALL STRATA OF PEOPLE BECAUSE ITS ECONOMIC

MEASURES HAVE TAKEN CARE OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF ALL AND HAVE GRADUALLY IMPROVED THE LIVELIHOOD OF THE PEOPLE. THE ONLY ENEMIES REMAINING IN THE COUNTRY ARE THE LATIFUNDISTAS AND THE REACTIONARY BOURGEOISIE. THEY OPPOSE THE LAND REFORM THAT GOES AGAINST THEIR OWN INTERESTS. THESE INTERNAL REACTIONARY FORCES MAY GET IN LEAGUE WITH THE DEVELOPING PROVOCATION’S OF THE FOREIGN REACTIONARY FORCES AND ATTACK THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT.

EXHIBITION

THE ONLY FOREIGN ENEMIES WHO OPPOSE THE CUBAN REVOLUTION ARE THE PEOPLE WHO MONOPOLISE CAPITAL AND WHO HAVE REPRESENTATIVES IN THE UNITED STATES STATE DEPARTMENT. THE VICTORY AND CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENT OF THE CUBAN REVOLUTION HAS CAUSED THESE PEOPLE TO PANIC. THEY DO NOT WILLINGLY ACCEPT DEFEAT AND ARE DOING EVERYTHING POSSIBLE TO MAINTAIN THEIR CONTROL OVER THE CUBAN GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMY AND TO BLOCK THE GREAT INFLUENCE OF THE CUBAN REVOLUTION ON THE PEOPLE’S STRUGGLES IN THE OTHER LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES.... OUR REVOLUTION HAS SET AN EXAMPLE FOR EVERY OTHER COUNTRY IN LATIN AMERICA. THE EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS OF OUR REVOLUTION HAVE CAUSED THE MERE TALK OF THE COFFEE HOUSES TO BE DISPERSED LIKE SMOKE. WE HAVE PROVED THAT AN UPRISING che guevara

CAN BEGIN EVEN WHEN THERE IS ONLY A SMALL GROUP OF FEARLESS MEN WITH A RESOLUTE WILL; THAT IT IS ONLY NECESSARY TO GAIN THE SUPPORT OF THE PEOPLE WHO CAN THEN COMPETE WITH, AND IN THE END DEFEAT, THE REGULAR DISCIPLINED ARMY OF THE GOVERNMENT. IT IS ALSO NECESSARY TO CARRY OUT A LAND REFORM. THIS IS ANOTHER EXPERIENCE THAT OUR LATIN AMERICAN BROTHERS OUGHT TO ABSORB. ON THE ECONOMIC FRONT AND IN AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE THEY ARE AT THE SAME STAGE AS WE ARE. THE PRESENT INDICATIONS ARE VERY CLEAR THAT THEY ARE NOW PREPARING TO INTERVENE IN CUBA AND DESTROY THE CUBAN REVOLUTION. THE EVIL FOREIGN ENEMIES HAVE AN OLD METHOD. FIRST THEY BEGIN A POLITICAL OFFENSIVE, PROPAGANDISING WIDELY AND SAYING THAT THE CUBAN PEOPLE OPPOSE COMMUNISM. THESE FALSE 72

EXHIBITION

DEMOCRATIC LEADERS SAY THAT THE UNITED STATES CANNOT ALLOW A COMMUNIST COUNTRY ON ITS COASTLINE. AT THE SAME TIME THEY INTENSIFY THEIR ECONOMIC ATTACK AND CAUSE CUBA TO FALL INTO ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES. LATER THEY WILL LOOK FOR A PRETEXT TO CREATE SOME KIND OF DISPUTE AND THEN UTILISE CERTAIN INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS THEY CONTROL TO CARRY OUT INTERVENTION AGAINST THE CUBAN PEOPLE. WE DO NOT HAVE TO FEAR AN ATTACK FROM SOME SMALL NEIGHBOURING DICTATORIAL COUNTRY, BUT FROM A CERTAIN LARGE COUNTRY, USING CERTAIN INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND A CERTAIN KIND OF PRETEXT IN ORDER TO INTERVENE AND UNDERMINE THE CUBAN REVOLUTION....

che guevara

ADOLF HITLER

Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in the small Austrian town of Braunau to Alois Hitler who later became a senior customs official and his wife Klara, who was from a poor peasant family. At primary school, Hitler showed great intellectual potential and was extremely popular with fellow pupils as well as being admired for his leadership qualities. However, competition at secondary school was tougher and Hitler stopped trying as a result. He also lost his popularity among his fellow students and instead preferred to re-enact battles from the Boer war with younger children. At the age of 15, he failed his exams and was told to repeat the year but he left without a formal education instead. At the age of 18, he moved to Vienna with money inherited after his father’s 74

EXHIBITION

death in 1903, in order to pursue a career in art, as this was his best subject at school. However his applications for both the Vienna Academy of Art and the School of Architecture were rejected. It was supposedly at this time that Hitler first became interested in politics and how the masses could be made to respond to certain themes. He was particularly impressed with the antiSemitic, nationalist Christian-Socialist party. During the First World War he volunteered to fight for the German Army and gained the rank of corporal, earning accolades as a dispatch-runner. He won several awards for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class. In October 1918, he was blinded in a mustard gas attack. Germany surrendered while Hitler was in hospital and

he went into a state of great depression, spending lots of time in tears. After the war ended, Hitler’s future seemed uncertain. In 1919, Hitler attended his first meeting of the German Workers’ party, an anti-Semitic, nationalist group as a spy for the German Army. However, he found he agreed with Anton Drexler’s German nationalism and anti-Semitism. He disagreed with how they were organised leading him to make a passionate speech. Hitler quickly cemented his reputation as an engaging orator through his passion about the injustices faced by Germany as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. It soon became clear that people were joining the party just to see Hitler make his speeches, which would leave the audience in a state of near

hysteria and willing to do whatever he suggested. He quickly rose through the ranks and, by 1921, was the leader of the re-named National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi). With terrible economic conditions and rapid inflation, support for Hitler’s party grew. By 1923, the Nazi’s had 56,000 members and many more supporters. On 8 and 9 November 1923, Hitler staged the Nazi Beer Hall Putsch. He hoped to force the Bavarian government to work with the Nazis and march together on Berlin. The attempt failed but, although Hitler was tried for treason, the judge gave him a very light sentence. While in prison, Hitler wrote ‘Mein Kampf’, which formulated his political

ideas. He reorganised his party on his release from jail, but it was not until the world depression hit Germany that the Nazis were able to attract significant followers. By 1930, the Nazis were polling around 6.5 million votes. In the presidential elections of 1932, Hitler came second. On 30 January 1933, President Hindenburg was forced to appoint Hitler as Chancellor, given his popular support. In office, Hitler set about consolidating his power, appointing Nazis to government and gaining control of emergency powers. He eliminated all opposition, in the name of emergency control and, with the death of Hindenburg in 1934, Hitler’s power was secured. Hitler put Germany’s unemployed

to work on a massive rearmament programme, using propaganda and manufacturing enemies, such as the Jews, to prepare the country for war. Initially, Hitler’s actions were ignored by his powerful neighbours, as they believed appeasement was the only way to avoid a war. In 1936, Hitler invaded the Rhineland, which had been demilitarised at Versailles. He then proceeded to annex Austria and parts of Czechoslovakia. Under the Munich Agreement of 1938, the West accepted this. In 1939, Hitler made an alliance with Russia (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) and with Italy (Pact of Steel). On 1 September 1939, Hitler invaded Poland and the Second World War began as a result. In April 1940, Denmark and Norway were also taken. France adolf hitler

EXHIBITION

adolf hitler

quickly followed. Hitler had conquered much of Western Europe, now he turned his sights East. In 1941, despite the alliance, Germany invaded Russia under Operation Barbarossa. It was one of his greatest mistakes. With the German advance slowed by the Russians ‘scorched earth’ policy, the German army found themselves in the Russian winter without an adequate supply line. In 1943, they started their long retreat. At the same time, the Western Allies were pushing hard, and began to advance on Germany. In response, Hitler withdrew almost entirely. It was reported he was increasingly erratic and out-of-touch. In 1944, there was an unsuccessful assassination attempt and, in response, Hitler stepped up the atmosphere of 78

EXHIBITION

suspicion and terror. Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945, with his long term girlfriend Eva Braun, who he is thought to have perhaps married at the last minute. Germany’s surrender followed soon after.

great

intellectual

potential and was extremely popular with fellow pupils as well as being admired for his leadership qualities. However, competition at secondary school was tougher and Hitler stopped trying as a result. He also lost his popularity among his fellow students and instead preferred to reenact battles from the Boer war with younger children. At the age of 15, he failed his exams and was told to repeat the year but he left without a formal education instead. At the age of 18, he moved to Vienna with money inherited after his fatherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s death in 1903, in order to pursue a career in art, as this was his best subject at school. However his applications for both the Vienna Academy of Art and the School of Architecture were rejected. It was supposedly at this time that Hitler first became interested in politics and how the masses could be made to respond to certain themes. He was particularly impressed with the anti-Semitic, nationalist Christian-Socialist party. During the First World War

he volunteered to fight for the German Army and gained the rank of corporal, earning accolades as a dispatch-runner. He won several awards for bravery, including the Iron Cross First Class. In October 1918, he was blinded in a mustard gas attack. Germany surrendered while Hitler was in hospital and he went into a state of great depression, spending

adolf hitler

ALBERT EINSTEIN

Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor’s degree. During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in 80

EXHIBITION

Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945. After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr.

Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance. At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules.

He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the special theory of relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics. In the 1920’s, Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, and he persevered with this work in America. He contributed to statistical mechanics by his development of the quantum theory

of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology. After his retirement he continued to work towards the unification of the basic concepts of physics, taking the opposite approach, geometrisation, to the majority of physicists. Einstein’s researches are, of course, well chronicled and his more important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works, About Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1934), and Out of My Later Years (1950) are perhaps the

most important. Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920’s he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East, and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935. Einstein’s gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for relaxation, music played an important part in his life. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage albert einstein

was dissolved in 1919 and in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa Lรถwenthal, who died in 1936. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey.

EXHIBITION

e=mc

Albert Einstein was born to a middle-class German Jewish family. His parents were concerned that he scarcely talked until the age of three, but he was not so much a backward as a quiet child. He would build tall houses of cards and hated playing soldier. At the age of twelve he was fascinated by a geometry book.

albert einstein

EXHIBITION

albert einstein

Gandhi with his favorite Charka.

The Dalai Lama, Jawaharlal Nehru and Zhou Enlai during Zhou;s visit to India in December 1956 by Homai Vyarawalla.

Fidel Castro lays a wreath at the Lincoln Memorial.

Kim Family, 1946.

Martin Luther King, Jr removes a burned cross from his yard in 1960. The boy is his son.

Chill Time.

Adolf Hitlerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pants after the failed assasination attempt at Woldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lair in 1944.

Albert Einsteinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s office, photographed on the day of his death.