CONTENTS (I.) Declaration (II.) Certificate (III.) Acknowledgement
1. Detailed Synopsis
2. Introduction 2.1. Background 2.2. Problem Analysis 2.3. Spatial Methods 2.4. Non-Spatial Methods
3. History and Historic Fabric 3.1. Historical Timeline of Maheshwar 3.2. The Rulers of Maheshwar 3.3. River Narmada and its history 3.4. Myths and Beliefs 3.5. Architecture
4. Documentation and Demographics 4.1. Geography
4.1.1. Location 4.1.2. Approaches and Linkages 4.1.3. Context and Surroundings 4.2. Topography 4.3. Climate 4.4. Population 4.5. Administration 4.6. Industries 4.7. Business and Commerce 4.8. Tourism 4.9. Town Planning 4.10. Architecture
6. Constituents 6.1. Structural Elements 6.2. Major Landmarks + Land Use 6.3. Built Mass 6.4. Configuration 6.4.1. Built center 6.4.2. Orientation of built form towards the river 6.5. Topography and its influence on built form 6.5.1. Role of topography
6.5.2. Topography and built mass 6.5.3. Topography and The Fort
7. Detailed Analysis - Non Spatial Methods 7.1. Culture 7.2. Art 7.3. Religion 7.4. Social Life 7.5. Vernacular Architecture 7.6. Heritage 7.7. People
8. Detailed Analysis - Semi Spatial Methods 8.1. Streets 8.1.1. Overall street structure (Approach, Network, Organization) 8.1.2. Primary Street 8.1.3. Secondary Streets 8.1.4. Tertiary Streets 8.2. Nodes 8.2.1. Primary Nodes 8.2.2. Secondary Nodes
9. Detailed Analysis - Spatial Methods 9.1. Introduction to space syntax method 9.2. Relevance to the problem 9.3. Application and Methodology 9.4. Maps and Data 9.5. Observation Charts
10. Observations and Inferences Conclusions Bibliography
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1 - View of the M.G. Road at the Jaistambh Chowk, depicting the developed shops, not supporting the context. Figure 2 - Difference in the context, ladies under the influence of culture, while a tall, insensible building trying to fit into the modernized context. Figure 3- The Front View of the Ram Mandir in the Fort Campus towards the ghats of Namada. Figure 4- View of the holy river of Narmada from the Ahilya Ghat, viewing the Peshwa Ghat Figure 5- View of the Peshwa Ghat Figure 6- Origin and destination of the river Narmada from Amarkantak (right) to Bharuch (Left) Figure 7 - Distribution of the river of Narmada in the country, pie chart depicting the state wise content Figure 8- Types of areas and land created by the River Narmada Figure 9- Perspective View of the Ram Mandir with the holy Naramda in the backdrop Figure 10- The entrance to the ghats, a view from the Ahilya Fort Figure 11- Plan depicting the Ahilya Fort Campus Figure 12- Location of the state of Madhya Pradesh and Maheshwar in India Figure 13- Location of Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh Figure 14- Approach towards the town of Maheshwar from the nearby towns of the state Figure 15- Contour Map of Maheshwar Figure 16- Isometric Contour Graph of the town, showing gradients Figure 17- Gradient Contour Map of Maheshwar Figure 18- Contour Isometric of Maheshwar Figure 19- Annual Temperature and Rainfall Bar Figure 20- Annual Temperature Range Graph Figure 21- Gender Data and approximation and Increase Rate Figure 22- Ward Wise Family Size Data Figure 23- Population Density Data Figure 24- Literacy Rates of the town, compared to the district Figure 25- Category Data for the town Figure 26- Number of workers in the town
Figure 27- Juice stall inside the Fort Campus, near the Rehwa Society Figure 28-Business Infrastructure Data in the town of Maheshwar Figure 29- Town Plan of Maheshwar - 2002 Figure 30- Town Plan of Maheshwar - 2009 Figure 31-Town Plan of Maheshwar - 2011 Figure 32-Town Plan of Maheshwar - 2013 Figure 33- Description on the structure of the town - 2016 Figure 34-Major Landmarks of the town - 2016 Figure 35-Land Use Map of Maheshwar - 2016 - Existing Figure 36- Cluster Pattern Typologies in the suburbs Figure 37-Typical Cluster Locations of the peripheral areas of Maheshwar Figure 38- Elevation of the Ahilya Fort from the Narmada River Figure 39-Developments on the cliff of the Fort campus Figure 40 -Orientation of the built masses , towards the Ahilya Fort, justifying the contours Figure 41-A bangle store on the M. G. Road Figure 42-Small Scale Juice Shops in the Fort Junctions owned by local residents Figure 43-A Sweets' shop towards the town centre Figure 44-Mela Ground near the town periphery towards Dhamnod Figure 45-A pottery shop owned by a local artist Figure 46-Street Hawkers selling special stones in the Ahilya Fort Figure 47- A contrasting dialogue, a small roadside temple Figure 48-The historic social systems in India Figure 49-Development of the North-West segment of Maheshwar Figure 50- Development of the North-East segment of Maheshwar Figure 51- Development of the South-East segment of Maheshwar Figure 52- Development of the South-West segment of Maheshwar Figure 53-An example of the vernacular architecture in Maheshwar Figure 54-A tea stall outside the Fort Entrance, owned by local residents Figure 55- The street network of Maheshwar
Figure 56-Built Mass density along the primary street Figure 57-Built Mass density near the nodes Figure 58-Built Mass density near the city gate Figure 59-Condition of the primary street with respect to the built masses Figure 60- Condition of the nodal streets with respect to the built Figure 61-Ironic State of the Tertiary Peripheral Streets Figure 62-Density Structure of the streets Figure 63-The view of a narrow tertiary street Figure 64-The node towards the Northern Wing of the town Figure 65-The node of the town centre Figure 66- The Town Centre, Jaistambh Chowk Figure 67-Major Nodes in the hierarchy in the town of Maheshwar Figure 68-The node that conducts the bazaar weekly or even daily Figure 69-The node with the temple of a Hindu goddess Figure 70 - The node closet to the Fort Wall Figure 71 - Axial Map Analysis Figure 72- Choice Analysis Figure73 -Integration Analysis Figure 74 - Angular Connectivity Analysis Figure 75- Segment Map - Connectivity Analysis
D S
Chapter 1
etailed
ynopsis
1. Introduction 2. Aim 3. Objectives 4. Need 5. Scope 6. Limitations 7. Methodology 8. Conclusion 9. References
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
1
DETAILED SYNOPSIS Heritage and Towns: Understanding the influence of monumental architecture on the spatial configuration of Maheshwar. Introduction Towns have always had remarkable impacts on the foundations of traditions and cultures in the Indian subcontinent. But amidst half-hearted development schemes and the unforced yet impactful western inclinations into these growing regimes, where does the glorious past lie? Urban Contemporaries deals with the impact of heritage on towns in the urban definition. The bisection of the word itself explains the recent or the contemporary relation of holistic urban spaces, spanning a larger context with origin as the existing heritage. Maheshwar is one of the few pilgrimage towns in the state of Madhya Pradesh. In addition to its well established status as pilgrimage town, rich cultural and built heritage with glorious past only increases its pride as a tourist town. This holy town is situated on north bank of sacred river Narmada and has direct easy access to Agra�Mumbai National Highway (NH�3) at Dhamnod through good road thereby connecting all major tourist circuits in the state. Maheshwar handloom products, particularly Maheshwari saris as its brand name, are internationally renowned. Tourism is one of the major economic activities in Maheshwar which is supported by its built heritage including various religious structures, holy Narmada, handloom and other cultural heritages including various festivals.
(i.)The Divine Light by Artist D.J. Joshi showing the waterfront palace of Maheshwar. (Oil on canvas)
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
2
(ii.) 'Maheshwar Temple' by Artist Vikrant Shitole. (Watercolor on paper)] Aim The aim is to study the spatial structure of Maheshwar taking to the heritage as the epicenter and to understand the role of its constituent elements. Objectives 1. To understand the history and the historic fabric of the built heritage within the town. 2.To analyse the existing typology of architecture along with street patterns and proximity details. 3.To understand the physical, psychological and the urban impact of heritage on the settlement and development patterns. 4. To understand the town elements in terms of spatial quality, character of spaces and organization patterns and activities that take place in these spaces/areas. 5. Importance of heritage conservation and possibilities in contemporary successes.
Need With the advancement of architecture and urban planning as a vital element of development and growth in our country, the need for development of semi-rural towns has to be addressed in a sense that it contributes towards the rate of growth. Such an example, the town of Maheshwar has had potential since the ancient times and hence is taken into consideration for further studies.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
3
Scope The entire research work would include a detailed study on the town of Maheshwar, Madhya Pradesh, its existing heritage - The Ahilya Fort, the Narmada Riverfront and the inclusive Rehwa Society and concluding with micro level interventions. Limitations The study would be limited to the town of Maheshwar, the streets, roads, built masses and the impact of the heritage on the town and not holistically the surroundings. The interventions would include solutions keeping only the fort in context and other micro level needs with relevance to the town only. Methodology The data collection about the history and the historic fabric would be done through various sources of literature and stories from the local residents of the town. More emphasis would be laid on first hand observations done on the site, with the aid of measured drawings, sketches, photographs and computational mapping tools, for both observations and analysis. Due to lack of resources about the towns mapping and survey, most of the data would be developed with the aid of proportionate drawings and photographs. Conclusion The research project would conclude in a format that would be multi-faceted. The constituents would include observations specifically on the street networks, cluster masses, water edge developments, nodes, ghats and the palace. References Town Planning - Rangwala Urban Regeneration Cultural Landscapes of Orchha - Reclaiming the Lost Heritage | Amita Sinha City as an Organism | ISUF Rome
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
4
Chapter 2
ntroduction
2.1. Background 2.2. Problem Analysis 2.3. Method of Study 2.4. Non - spatial and Semi - Spatial Methods 2.5. Spatial Methods
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
5
1.1. Background For a country that has a history as long as
is a need to understand built environments in
75000 years, the thought of historic centers as
the traditional urban cores as a “system of
institutions and epicenters of evolution and
spaces” with its topology and embedded logic
development
about its human aspects.
remains
constant
in
most
settlements. As Sir Winston Churchill quotes, "We shape our buildings and thereafter they shape us." Historic centers have been constant sources of development and progression for the country.
For planners, such built environments with an organic spatial organization are usually chaotic due to obvious geometric irregularity which is considered as “disorder”. The patterns of new spatial configuration, based
With the course of time and the ascend in
on the “urban rationality” of the modern
fabrics of urbanization, habitats have evolved
planning practices, are being grossly applied
into towns, cities and countries with most of
to the existing built environments or the
them gaining influence from nature, people
developing new built environments in India;
and heritage. Amidst modern changes, these
without
centers become identities for smaller towns
appropriateness to the Indian situations. Do
with their deep rooted stories of culture and
the culturally significant historic centers have
faith to convey.
the
Since these centers become more than just buildings or monuments, they impose a profound
impact
on
the
socio-cultural
activities and features of such towns. Most of such historic towns usually have a traditional settlement as an urban core, developed in the
actually
potential
to
understanding
sustain
in
the
its
rapid
urbanization? This does not mean that these growing medium size towns should not develop. However, there is a need to understand user preferences and to deal with the
emerging
urban
built
environments
appropriately.
medieval period with an organic pattern and
The research is intended with the objective of
almost
understanding the
frozen
in
time,
protecting
its
parameters
that
have
labyrinthine qualities, till the 19th century.
resulted in the expansion of such towns as
The spatial configuration seems quite in
well as understanding the influence of
harmony with the users of that environment
heritage centers on the spatial configuration of
there. But this harmony is getting lost in the
the same.
emerging urban environments . Hence, there
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
6
Maheshwar is one of the few pilgrimage
dynasty. The land has a singular configuration
towns in the state of Madhya Pradesh. In
and a culturally diverse population . The town
addition to its well established status as
is located on the banks of the holy river of
pilgrimage town, rich cultural and built
Narmada on the south with the tributary river
heritage with glorious past only increases its
of
pride as a tourist town. This holy town is
Maheshwar, due to its topography and an
situated on north bank of sacred river
optimized location, became the capital of the
Narmada and has direct easy access to
Holkar dynasty of Central India, and hence
Agra�Mumbai National Highway (NH�3) at
developed culturally and historically with
Dhamnod
thereby
wide ranging arts and crafts in the making.
connecting all major tourist circuits in the
This advent of art in combination with the
state.
products,
textiles of nearby areas, resulted in the
particularly Maheshwari saris as its brand
development of Maheshwar as a centre of
name, are internationally renowned. Tourism
handicrafts and artistic textiles, especially
is one of the major economic activities in
Maheshwari Sarees. The myth of the ancient
Maheshwar which is supported by its built
town of Mahismati and its mention in
heritage including various religious structures,
important texts like the Mahabharata and the
holy Narmada, handloom and other cultural
Ramayana is considered to be the point of
heritages including various festivals.
influx for the town . The view points are the
through
Maheshwar
good
road
handloom
It is important to understand the various components parts of the town and their relationship to the heritage building of the Maheshwar Fort , also the study seeks to understand the relationship of built form with the complex geography of the region. The study also tries to look at the micro level key aspects of urban regeneration. 1.2. Problem Analysis
Maheshwari
on
the
opposite
side.
development layers of the City, the cultural and religious nodes, the paths and its formations over the years ,its close nit relation to the culture and religion, Its transformation till
date
without
changing
its
cultural
significance, the built forms and urban blocks which goes hand in hand with culture and religion. But since the last decade or more, the layers of culture and context are getting lost due to
The town of Maheshwar is amongst the few
the rapid urbanization surrounding the town.
pilgrimage centers of the state and is highly
This growth in the region is not only resulting
acclaimed as the iconic capital of the Holkar
in mixed and non-contextual interventions but
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
7
also in the neglect of the culture and architecture. The case does not only limit to the town, but is an error that spreads its roots in all the major centers of the Holkar dynasty specifically. The influences of the current growth areas are fetched from the western approaches of architecture and design, resulting in a completely disordered fashion making the
Figure 2 - The Modern Indifference
place lose its charm, both culturally and
Some
historically.
industrialization of the peripheral boundaries,
To establish a system of spaces at an optimum
major
issues
also
involve
the
leading to the disconnection from the town.
level of development in the town planning
Also, programs led by the local municipal
sector, the understanding of the all the
corporation do not flourish because of
important factors is a vital factor. The data
economic draughts while the stakeholders
generated from any followed schema can
continue to migrate to the nearby cities for
further be developed to provide solutions for
their growth opportunities.
not only this specific project, but for all similar towns of the same scale.
1.3. Method of Study Literature regarding the information about history,
myths,
religious
backgrounds,
demographics and heritage data are collected from various print media, libraries and web sites which are the secondary sources of data. The primary emphasis is laid on first hand Figure 1 - A Commercial Street (Maheshwar)
observations made on site, employing the use of measured drawings, sketch drawings, photographs and various mapping tools of activities, as tools for representing these
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
8
observations as well as for critical analysis.
data for the mapping of the town. No attempt
Drawings are made through proportional
is made to apply any existing model theory
sketches and photographs for analysis and
apart from the 'Space Syntax' theory for
specially the basic mapping of the town
spatial
configuration
mapping.
because of no availability of such primary
Methodology
Documentation
Demographics 1. Location and Related Features
Aspects of Town Planning
Architecture
Spatial Modes
1. Heritage
Space Syntax Method
1. Master Plans 2. Town's Profile
2. Population 3.Administration
2. Current Profile 3.Land Use
4. Community Organization
4. Roads Networks
5. The Urban Poor
5. Topography
6. Heritage and Environment
6. Trade Activities
Analysis
3. Current Vernacular Profile
Semi-Spatial Methods
Non-Spatial Methods
1. Streets
1. Culture
2. Nodes
2.Religion
3. Ghats
3. Heritage 4. Vernacular
Comparisons
7. Water Supply 8. Storm Water Management
Conclusions
9. Waste Management
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
9
1.4. Non- Spatial Modes All methods that comprise of techniques and
2. Culture: can be defined in numerous ways.
methods that combine of all the 'sub-
In the words of anthropologist E.B. Tylor, it is
conscious' aspects that relate to architecture
"that
and evolution are known as non-spatial
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom
methods.
and any other capabilities and habits acquired
Also, because they do not directly connect to spaces, or are derived from them, they are termed as non-spatial. The very idea of elements of physical consciousness and key considerations of architecture makes it a field that highly relates to the end user. This relation with the end user is in itself a complex idea, due to the various elements that constitute public or people.
by
complex
man
whole
as
which
a
includes
member
of
society." Alternatively, in a contemporary variant, "Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses, and material
expressions,
which, over
time,
express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common. 3.Religion:
It
is
a cultural
system of behaviors and practices, world views, sacred texts, holy
places,
Some finite yet non-measurable elements that
and societal
organization that
fall under the category are-
relate humanity to what an anthropologist has
user preferences
culture
religion
vernacular architecture
heritage
1. User Preferences: Someone or something so chosen or preferred. In relation with towns and town planning, the importance of user preferences is a vital factor in assessing the choices of the people and their specific reason for it. Preferences vary with people, gender, age and function typically.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
ethics,
called "an order of existence". Different religions may or may not contain various elements, ranging from the "divine", "sacred things", "faith", a "supernatural being or supernatural beings" or "some sort of ultimacy and transcendence that will provide norms and power for the rest of life." 4.
Vernacular
Architecture
:
An architectural style that is designed based on local needs, availability of construction materials and reflecting local traditions. At least originally, vernacular architecture did not use formally-schooled architects, but
10
relied on the design skills and tradition of
by
local builders. However, since the late 19th
colleagues at The Bartlett, University College
century many professional architects have
London in the late 1970s to early 1980s as a
worked in versions of this style. It tends
tool to help urban planners simulate the likely
to evolve over
social effects of their designs.
time
to
reflect
the environmental, cultural, technological,
architecture
still
this
plays
kind a
of role
in architecture and design, especially in local
the
research,
these
elements
and integration of those spaces. It rests on three basic conceptions of space:
particular point
planning for Maheshwar.
and possible path
elements, no confinement in terms of their
space
axial space (idea popularized by Bill Hillier at UCL), a straight sight-line
Because of the non-technicality of these
mensuration can be done. Since this is the
an isovist a view shed or visibility polygon, the field of view from any
are
completely interpreted in terms of town
case, analysis in terms of various
and
graphs that describe the relative connectivity
branches. For
Hanson
of choices, then represented as maps and
with regulatory and popular demands of the mentioned,
Julienne
down into components, analyzed as networks
exists. While often difficult to reconcile
factors
Hillier,
The general idea is that spaces can be broken
economic, and historical context in which it
five
Bill
convex space (popularized by John Peponis and his collaborators
at
related theories become the only source of
Georgia Tech), an occupiable void
observation supply.
where, if imagined as a wireframe
Theories from Kevin Lynch, Rob Krier, Christopher Kohl, Stanford Anderson and a few ideas from Le Corbusier and Charles Correa add to the formation of observations.
diagram, no line between two of its points goes outside its perimeter: all points within the polygon are visible to all other points within the polygon. The three most popular ways of analyzing a
1.5. Spatial Methods The term space syntax encompasses a set of
street network are Integration, Choice and Depth Distance.
theories and techniques for the analysis of spatial configurations. It was conceived
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
11
Integration measures how many turns
typically be segmented into individual straight
have to be made from a street segment
segments, not counted as a single line, which
to reach all other street segments in
makes curvy streets appear less integrated in
the network, using shortest paths. If
the analysis.
the number of turns required for reaching all segments in the graph is analyzed, the analysis is said to measure integration at radius 'n'. The first intersecting segment requires only one turn, the second two turns and so on. The street segments that require the fewest turns to reach all other
streets
are
called
'most
integrated' and are usually represented with hotter colors, such as red or yellow.
Integration
can
also
be
analyzed in local scale instead of the scale of the whole network. In the case of radius 4, for instance, only four turns are counted departing from each street segment.
The Choice measure is easiest to understand as a 'water-flow' in the street network. Imagine that
each
street segment is given an initial load of one unit of water, which then starts pours from the starting street segment to all segments that successively connect to it. Each time an intersection appears, the remaining value of flow is divided equally amongst the splitting streets, until all the other street segments in the graph are reached. For instance, at the first intersection with a single other street, the initial value of one is split into two remaining values of one half, and allocated to the two intersecting street segments. Moving
Theoretically, the integration measure shows
further down, the remaining one half
the cognitive complexity of reaching a street,
value is
and is often argued to 'predict' the pedestrian
intersecting streets and so on. When
use of a street: the easier it is to reach a street,
the
the more popular it should be. While there is
conducted using each segment as a
some evidence of this being true, the method
starting point for the initial value of
is biased towards long, straight streets that
one, a graph of final values appears.
intersect with lots of other streets. Such
The streets with the highest total
streets, as Oxford Street in London, come out
values of accumulated flow are said to
as especially strongly integrated. However, a
have the highest choice values.
same
again
split
procedure
among
has
the
been
slightly curvy street of the same length would
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
12
Like Integration, Choice analysis can be
urban design applications, transport and
restricted to limited local radii, for instance
interior
400m, 800m, 1600m. Interpreting Choice
interior design. In general, the analysis uses
analysis is trickier than Integration. Space
one of many software programs that allow
syntax argues that these values often predict
researchers to analyze graphs of one (or more)
the car traffic flow of streets, but, strictly
of the primary spatial components.
speaking, Choice analysis can also be thought to represent the number of intersections that need to be crossed to reach a street. However, since flow values are divided (not subtracted) at each intersection, the output shows an exponential distribution. It is considered best to take a log of base two of the final values in order to get a more accurate picture. 
design,
planning,
transport
Over the past decade, Space
syntax
techniques have been used for research in archaeology, information urban
and
technology, human geography,
and anthropology. Since 1997, the Space syntax
community
has
held
biennial
conferences, and many journal papers have been published on the subject,
Depth Distance is the most intuitive
and
chiefly
in Environment and Planning.
of the analysis methods. It explains the linear distance from the center point of each street segment to the center points of all the other segments. If every segment is successively chosen as a starting point, a graph of accumulative final values is achieved. The
streets
with
lowest
Depth
Distance values are said to be nearest to all the other streets. Again, the search radius can be limited to any distance.ď€
Applications From these components it is thought to be possible to quantify and describe how easily navigable any space is, useful for the design of museums, airports, hospitals, and other settings where way finding is a significant issue. Space syntax has also been applied to predict the correlation between spatial layouts and social effects such as crime, traffic flow, and sales per unit area.
History Space syntax has grown to become a tool used around the world in a variety of research areas and design applications in architecture,
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
13
Chapter 3
H
istory and
H
istoric
F
abric
3.1. The Historical Timeline of Maheshwar 3.2. Myths and Beliefs 3.3. River Narmada 3.4. Architecture
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
14
3.1. The Historic Timeline of Maheshwar The historical timeline of Maheshwar has
for its spiritual, religious, administrative, literary and cultural activities.
gone through various layers of influences like
This data identifies Maheshwar as the historic
almost all the towns of the Third World
and cultural centre of the region.
nations. The three distinct stages that are identified are-
3.1.2. Medieval Period The town of Maheshwar was an integral part
3.1.1. Ancient Period
of the Nimad region of central India in the
The history of Maheshwar can be traced from
medieval
the prehistoric times dating from 5500 B.C.,
dynasties and their influences.
through various scripts and traces of life. Though, there has always been an argument on
the
towns
of
Maheshwar
and
Omkareshwar about their mention in ancient Hindu texts.
period where it
saw
various
In accordance with the political centre of the ancient Malava kingdom , the medieval rulers were the Mauryas, Malavas, Guptas, the Paramaras, the Malwa Sultans, the Mughals and then the Marathas.
The town of Maheshwar, is said to acquire its name from the ancient town of Mahishmati, which was known for its folk art and cultural heritage. It is said to be established by King Mahishman from the Soma dynasty. The description of this ancient town has found mention in various historical texts as well as is known for its mention in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana specifically.
The regions surrounding Maheshwar were ruled by the vast kingdoms of the Malwa Paramara dynasty from 975 to 1295 A.D., formerly known as the kings of Avanti, the contemporary Ujjain. The old inscriptions engraved in the slab records concessions and subsidies by the kings to the bramhins of the village. These tiles, dated 1274 found in the temple Mamleshwar have retained names of
Back then, it was the capital state of the South
Jayasimhadeva (1055 to 1060 A.D.) and
Indian reign of Avanti or Nimad. The town of
Devapaladeva (1218 to 1232 A.D.) who
Mahishmati was very prosperous and had a
belonged to the Parmara dynasty.
well established system with other historic towns of Avantika, Patliputra,
Paithan,
Kashi, Bhadauch, Kutch etc,. Not only amidst its proximities, but the town was itself known
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
In 1165, Bharatsingh Prithviraj, one of the kings of the Rajput dynasty of Rajasthan came to conquer these regions.
15
Some instaces of conquest also mention the invasions of the a few Muslim conquerors, Chauhans of Rajasthan, Gonds of the valley and the impact of the Tughlaq dynasty
3.2. Myths and Beliefs 3.2.1.
Myths about Somvanshya and
Ravana Another stories that come up, include the
towards the 15th century.
details that say that the town is believed to be 3.1.3. Mughals to British
built on the site of the ancient city of
In the mid 16th century, the great Mughal
Somvanshya Shastrarjun Kshatriya, and was
Emperor Humayun having conquered the
the capital of king Kartavirya Arjuna, (Shree
states of Gujarat and the Narmada regions
Shastrarjun). According to a popular legend,
from Khandwa to Mandu in order to control
one day the King Sahasrarjun and his 500
the Deccan Central India. The great Mughal
wives went to the river for a picnic. When the
ruler Akbar, included this region in his empire
wives wanted a vast play area, the King
in the late 17th century. The emperor
stopped the mighty river Narmada with his
Aurangzeb dominated the region in the
1000 arms. While they were all enjoying
second half of the 17th Century (1656-1707),
themselves, Ravana flew by in his Pushpak
while troops of the great Maratha
King
Vimana. Downstream, when he saw the dry
Shivaji began to move north. Before this, the
river bed, he thought it was an ideal place to
iconic Maheshwar Fort was commenced
pray to Lord Shiva. He made a shivalinga out
during the reign of the Mughal emperor
of
Akbar who were dethroned by the Peshwas
Sahasrajuna’s wives were done playing and
and then became the capital of the Holkar
they stepped out of the river bed, he let the
dynasty by Rani Ahilyabai Holkar in 1767
waters flow. The voluminous river flowed
that lasted till 1795.
down sweeping Ravana’s shivalinga along,
sand
and
began
to
pray.
When
messing up his prayers. Furious, Ravana tracked Sahasrajuna and challenged him. Armed to the hilt the mighty Ravana was in for a huge surprise. The mighty Sahasrarjuna with the 1000 arms pinned Ravana to the ground. Then he placed 10 lamps on his heads and one on his hand. After tying up Ravana, Sahasrarjuna dragged him home and tied him Figure 3 - The Ram Mandir (Front)
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
16
up to the cradle pole of his son. A humiliated
King hails Lord Agni and says he cannot
Ravana stayed prisoner until his release was
punish a god who is responsible for the origin
secured. Jamadagni rishi, Renuka Devi and
of Vedas, source of all Knowledge and
Lord Parashurama with whom Kartavirya
Dharma. Pacified Agni then grants a boon to
Arjuna's story is closely associated also lived
Nishada, and the King requests for the
nearby.
protection of his kingdom from any invasions.
2.2 Mahabharatha and Lord Agni
Agni swears to protect his kingdom on the condition that the king should sanctify
In Mahabharata, there is a narration of an
pleasure out of pure love a legitimate action
unusual tradition where in marriage as a civil
in his kingdom. Liberated from the orthodoxy
institution was not universal in Mahishmati
of marriage as a prelude, women of
unlike in rest of Aryavarta, which is also
Mahishmati enjoyed freedom that was then
narrated in the Telugu-language Andhra
unheard off elsewhere in aryavarta.
Mahabharata in ‘Sabha parva’.
Years later, after
the
epic
war
the
As per the legend, there was a nishada king
victorious Yudhishthira plans on conducting
named Nila who ruled over Mahishmati. King
an Yagna by winning over everyone else on
Nila had a daughter who was exceedingly
Earth. Sahadeva, the youngest of Pandavas
beautiful. So much so that Agni (lord of fire)
knowing that Lord Agni was protecting the
fell in love with her which was reciprocated.
Nishada kingdom, prays to Lord Agni
The princess always used to stay near the
successfully
sacred fire of her father, causing it to blaze up
to Saurashtra kingdom.
with vigor. And king Nila's sacred fire, even if fanned, would not blaze until agitated by the gentle breath of her lips. Agni, assuming the form of a Brahman starts courting with the princess for long. But, one day the couple was discovered by the king, who became furious. Nila thereupon ordered the Brahman to be punished according to law. At this the
and
there
upon
moves
Of note, even to this day, the Sahasrarjun temple at Maheshwar lights 11 lamps in honor of
Lord
Agni
blessing
the
Kingdom.
Alternatively, this tradition is attributed to Sahasrarjun queens humiliating captive tenheaded Ravana by lighting up candles on his foreheads.
illustrious deity flamed up in wrath and beholding the terrible flame, the king felt terrified and bent his head low on the ground.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
17
2.3
.c. Myths on the Narmada River
Rivers in the Hindu mythology attain the godly personification
of
'mother',
often
associated with the female divinities in India. In all the holy places that succeed on the shores of the River Narmada, it gains the term of 'Mata Narmada.' Figure 5 - The Ghats of Maheshwar According to local legend, the divine power is said to visit the river in the form of a black cow bathing in the Narmada. Then it returns to its home in the valley in the form of a white cow, with a cleansed aura from its sins. As one can notice, the water of this holy river is Figure 4 -The Holy Narmada Water has a important role in the performance
touched through the articulation of ground which is called the Ghat.
of religious rituals such as bathing in the holy waters in the Hindu religion, and is believed to purify the soul and the body of all its sins. The Matsya Purana quotes, "All sins are cleansed by seven times in the river Yamuna, once in the river Ganges, but the mere sight of the Narmada River is sufficient to absolve his sins, once and for all." The river is considered to be one of the most sacred rivers in India, because having a Darshan to be purified is the special fact.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
18
3.3 River Narmada The Narmada, also called the Rewa, is a river in central India and the fifth longest river in the Indian subcontinent. It is also known as "Life Line of Madhya Pradesh" for its huge contribution to the state of Madhya Pradesh in many ways. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km before draining
through
the Gulf
of
Cambay into the Arabian Sea, 30 km west of
Figure 6 - The Narmada River
Bharuch city of Gujarat. The Narmada Basin It is one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift
valley,
flowing
the Satpura and Vindhya through
the
west ranges.
states
Pradesh(1,077 km),
between It
flows
and Maharashtra,
between Madhya Pradesh
and Maharashtra
(39 km
border
then
the
and Satpura ranges, extends over an area of 98,796 km2 and lies between east longitudes
of Madhya
(74 km),(39 km) (actually along the border
and
The Narmada basin, hemmed between Vindya
between
Maharastra and Gujarat (74) and in Gujarat
72 degrees 32' to
81 degrees 45' and north
latitudes 21 degrees 20' to 23 degrees 45' lying on the northern extremity of the Deccan Plateau. In the
river course of 1,312 km
(815.2 mi) explained above, there are 41 tributaries, out of which 22 are from the
(161 km).
Satpura range and the rest on the right bank River Regime
are
The source of the Narmada is a small bowl, known as the Narmada
Kund, located at
from
the
Vindhya
range. Dhupgarh (1,350m), near Pachmarhi is the highest point of the Narmada basin.
Amarkantak on the Amarkantak hill in the Anuppur District zone of the Shahdol of eastern Madhya Pradesh.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
19
vegetation in the lower region is testimony to this feature. Geology The Narmada Valley is a graben. The Narmada's watershed includes the northern slopes of the Satpuras, and the steep southern
Gujara t Chattisgar h
Madhya Pradesh Maharashtr a
slope
of
the
Vindhyas,
but
not
the
Vindhyan tableland, the streams from which Figure 7 - Distribution of Narmada in states
flow
into
the Ganges and Yamuna.
The
Narmada valley is considered extremely important for paleontological studies in India. Several dinosaur fossils have been found in the area including Titanosaurus indicus found in 1877 by Richard Lydekker and the recently discovered Rajasaurus narmadensis. Religious Significance To Hindus the Narmada is one of the seven holy
rivers
of
India;
the
other
six
Figure 8 - Type of areas that the river
being Ganges, Yamuna, Godavari, Saraswati,
generates
Sindhu, and Kaveri. It is believed that a dip in
The valley experiences
extremes of hydro
meteorological and climatic conditions the
upper
catchment
having
with an
annual precipitation in the range of 1,000 mm (3.3 ft) to 1,850 mm (6.1 ft) and with half or even less than half in
its lower regions
(650 mm (2.1 ft)– 750 mm (2.5 ft)); the diversity of vegetation from lush green in the upper region to dry deciduous teak forest
any of these seven rivers washes one's sins away. According
to a legend, the river
Ganges, polluted by millions of people bathing in it, assumes the form of a black cow and comes to the Narmada to bathe and cleanse itself in its holy waters. Legends also claim that the Narmada River is older than the river Ganges. Legends also say that for Lord Shiva, the Hindu God, the river is especially sacred
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
20
on account of its origin, and it is often called
to comprehensively list and publish lost sites
Shankari, i.e., daughter of Shankar (Lord
has been undertaken by Jürgen Neuss.
Shiva). All the pebbles rolling on its bed are said to take the shape of his emblem with the saying, "Narmada Ke Kanker utte Sankar" (a popular saying in the Hindi belt of India), which means that 'pebble stones of Narmada get a personified form of Shiva'. Anthropological and Archeological Sites The sprawling caves of Bhimbetka located in a dyke of the Narmada valley at about 45 km (28.0 mi) northeast of Bhopal (between Bhopal and Hoshangabad highway) depicts pre–historic rock shelter paintings (considered an invaluable chronicle in the history of man) which are sculpted on the crest of the Vindhyan heights. The Bhimbetka rock shelters, discovered in 1957–58 is a natural art gallery and an archaeological treasure considered as one of the oldest human habitation in India where the caves house rock paintings, created by man from as early as about 15,000 years ago in vivid and panoramic detail. The development of the Narmada river has led to the inundation of some archaeological and architectural sites. The Department of Archaeology,
Museums
and
Archives,
Government of Madhya Pradesh, undertook rescue
excavations
in
response,
and
transplanted a number of temples. An attempt
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
21
3.4 Architecture Being a pilgrimage and a heritage center, the town
of
Maheshwar
limits
its
iconic
architecture to temples and ghats, along the Ahilya Fort. Thought the evolution of the architectural styles evolved with time, the shift in their genre cannot be differentiated. Even if these places of importance were already impactful on the town, the nature the
Figure
9
-
The
Ram
Mandir
(Side
Perspective)
vernacular architecture remains generic. Due to the miniature scale of these temples, Hence, the historical context of the town buildings except these places of importance is not a fact to notice.
spaces of temple architecture do not gain much identity. Many elements of temple architecture can still be noticed which include
Following are the some examples of the
monolith columns, mandapas, sculptures,
architectural features and their usage sites-
monoliths.
1. The Temples
2. The Ghats
Jaleshwar
Temple
,
Kashi
Temple,
Rajarajeshwar
Vishwanath
Ahilya Ghat, Narmada Ghat, Nav Ghat,
and
Peshwa Ghat, Imli Ghat, Kaleshwar Ghat,
Pandrinath Temple are the prominent temples
Rajeshwar Ghat, Kashi Vishweshwar Ghat,
located along river Narmada, set within the
Mantangeshwar Ghat are the main ghats of
fort's range. These temples are typically
the town that are prominent riverfront ghats of
developed on the Nagara style of architecture
the town and the fort of Maheshwar.
Temple
with typical elements that form the North Indian temple complex.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
22
3. The Ahilya Fort The most iconic masterpiece of the Holkar dynasty is the Ahilya Fort in
Maheshwar.
This fort has been a witness to the various rulers and their reigns. The fort is said to be built under the rule of the great Mughal Emperor Akbar, after which the Maratha rule of Chhatrapati Shahu Figure 10 - The Ghats on Narmada The Ghats of Maheshwar have typically evolved with the course of time and the
designated this land to the Holkar Rulers, that caused the maximum influence on the fort as well as the town.
change in the water flow in the river. This has
The Ahilya Fort is named after the most
also affected the various activities that change
popular ruler of the Holkar reign, Devi
with these constraints.
Ahilyabai Holkar who was commissioned the
The activities of Ghats define their function on the ground level. Where most of the Ghats are built in stone, mostly monolithic, other newer Ghats are detailed with features for
various temples in the campus of the fort along with a palace for herself when the capital of this princely state was shifted to the city of Maheshwar.
aesthetics. While majority of the Ghats enable
The fort comprises of the various styles of
practice of rituals and bathing practices, a few
architecture that majorly include the Mughal
of them are used for commercial activities
and the Rajputana style. All the temples in the
like boating and others act as crematorium
complex, belong to the North Indian or the
ghats.
Nagara style of temple architecture gaining
These ghats were the historical ports for trade and business during the various dynasties that
influence from the rulers that invaded from the north Indian states.
ruled in the nearby regions, but with
The Ahilya Fort comprises of various mixed
increasing road networks and the lack of
use infrastructures that include residences,
resources for water transport, these docks
schools, community areas, temples, offices
became centres of recreation, pilgrimage,
etc,. relating to its importance in the town.
tourism and commercial activities.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
23
In the last decade, the fort has been exposed
inclusion of a three star resort named after the
to some commercial activities with the
Holkar queen.
Figure 11 - Plan : The Fort Campus
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
24
D
Chapter 4
ocumentation and
D
emographics
4.1. Geography 4.2. Topography 4.3. Climate 4.4. Population 4.5. Administration 4.6. Industries 4.7. Business and Commerce 4.8. Tourism 4.9. Town Planning 4.10. Architecture
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
25
4.1. Geography 4.1.1. Location Longitude: 75.35° N Latitude : 22.11 ° E
Figure 14 - Approach and Linakges
whereas 91 kilometres from the commercial capital of the state- Indore. The absence of a railway track makes it accessible from State Highway 38 , National Figure 12 (above) , Figure 13 (below)
Highway 3 and connects to Indore from State
Maheshwar is located in the North Western
Highway 27 adjoining Barwah - the nearest
region of the district of Khargone in Madhya
railway station from Maheshwar.
Pradesh and is 13 kilometres North from
4.1.2. Approaches and Linkages
National Highway 3, Maheshwar is well connected to all the nearby cities within the range of 100 kilometres like
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
26
Indore, Mandu, Khargone and Khandwa. The
summers begin in March and last till mid-
town is also connected to nearby villages by
June whereas the South Eastern monsoons
road networks. The town is also connected to
begin in the month of September.
the various tourist towns of Madhya Pradesh, like Ujjain, Indore, Mandu and Omkareshwar. The state transport system is well connected to the town from NH-3 and SH - 28.
The town being surrounded by the Naramda river in the south and the Maheshwari river in the north, has a flat nature holistically, but being a river basin, gains undulations during the movement towards the river belt. The soil
4.1.3. Context and Surroundings The town is set up between the two rivers being Narmada and Maheshwari, making it a riverside town. The town is set up between
type is black and alluvial, with adequate fertilization properties suitable for farming in the nearby regions.
the Satpura and the Vindhya ranges that span across Central India. The town is said to acquire its name from the ancient town of Mahishmati which is believed to have an important place in Hindu mythology. The Narmada River flows from east to west from which the Maheshwari River is said to originate. The South East segment of the river is the point of influx of this local river. Ahilyabai
Holkar
is
said
o
have
commissioned all the temples on the ghats.
4.2. Topography
Figure 15 - Contour Map of Maheshwar
The town of Maheshwar is situated on the Northern end of the river Narmada. Apart from the Ahilya Fort and the riverfront, the
The district lies entirely along the Narmada
entire town develops a natural catchment
River Basin with the Vindhyanchal Mountain
towards the southern sides where the rivers of
Range in the North and the Satpura Range in
Maheshwari
the South. The seasonal outline is divided into
Maheshwari river in the south and meets the
four parts with the winters beginning in
Narmada. A series of small islands were
December and lasting till February. The
generated by the flow of the Narmada river in
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
and
Narmada
flow.
The
27
the Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh with
town of Maheshwar is now expanding
Maheshwar being one of them, limiting the
towards the Barwah-Dhamnod axis.
scope of settlement. By the Narmada in the south and the Maheshwari in the north, the
Figure 16 - Gradient Iso.
Figure 17 - Gradient Map
4.3. Climate
Figure 18 - Contour Iso.
with the seasons. In the summers, Maheshwar experiences very high temperatures with the
The town of Maheshwar falls under the category of 'moderate' rainfall areas where the average rainfall amount in nearly 980 mm. The weather conditions continuously vary
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
average temperatures falling within the range of 35° C to 40° C. In the winter months of November to February, the temperature goes down to a minimum value of 3° C. From the
28
months of July to September, the south
up to 37° C in the month of May while to a
western monsoons result in moderate rainfall
lower limit of 18° C in the month of
values in the town.
December.
Figure 19 - Annual Temperature and Rainfall Bar
Almost no rainfall is observed in the month of February and very little is observed in March and April.
4.4. Population The town of Maheshwar, administratively named as the Maheshwar Nagar Panchayat is spread in an area of 1247 hectares and has a population count of 19649 according to the India Census of 2001. The Bhagat Singh Ward no. 3 has the maximum population count of 951 while the Indira Gandhi Ward no. 4 with the least count of 180. The approximate population density is summed to 346 persons/hectare.
The gender ratio according to the Indian Census of 2001 was calculated Figure 20 - Annual Temperature Range Graph
As explained, the climatic data explains us that the average summer temperatures reach
to be 947 women per 1000 men, turning out to be more than the state stat of 919 and similar to the district figure of 949.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
29
Figure 21 - Gender Data and Approximation(Left)
Year
Population
Increase Rate
1901
7042
1911
9599
36.31
1921
6788
-29.28
1931
6399
-5.73
1941
6946
8.55
1951
7525
8.34
1961
8089
7.50
1971
9831
21.54
1981
11566
17.65
1991
15345
32.67
2001
19649
28.03
Ward
Population
No.
The increase in the population happened due
No.
of Size of
Families
families
1
1234
268
4.6
2
1281
258
5.0
3
1346
229
5.9
4
1318
273
4.8
5
999
186
5.4
6
842
163
5.2
7
1408
253
5.6
8
1076
204
5.3
9
2221
431
5.2
10
923
186
5.0
11
1475
273
5.4
12
1299
216
6.0
13
1252
228
5.5
to evolutionary reasons, but the decrease in
14
1360
232
5.9
the population from 1911 to 1931, was due to
15
1615
278
5.8
the plague that took over these regions
Total
19649
3678
5.3
resulting in this pattern.
Figure 22 - Family Size Data (Ward Wise)
Distribution of Population and Size of Households
Population Density
According to the Indian Census 2001, the
The Maheshwar Nagar Panchayat is broadly
town of Maheshwar was identified as 19649,
divided into 15 parts or wards. The layout of
divided into 15 wards.
the wards is described as:
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
30
It can be observed from Figure 22 that the
2.
average population density per hectare is 346,
Wards - 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 12 , 14
Figure 23 - Population Density data
3. High - >500 Wards - 3 and ll
Ward
Name
Population
Total
No.
Moderate
Area
(Hectares)
-
300
and
500
Residential Area
Density
(Hectares)
(Population / Hectare)
1
Ahilyabai Ward
1349
40
3.3
409
2
Tilak Ward
1403
35
3.9
360
3
Bhagat Singh Ward
1474
2.6
1.55
951
4
Indira Gandhi Ward
1443
698.45
8.0
180
5
Mahatma Gandhi Ward
1094
4.0
2.8
391
6
Jawaharlal Ward
921
4.52
3.0
307
7
Nageshwar Ward
1541
11.42
4.45
346
8
Ambedkar Ward
1177
9.58
4.3
274
9
Chandrashekhar Wd.
2429
317.0
6.2
392
10
Mahavir Ward
1010
6.58
4.0
253
11
Sahastraarjun Wd.
1612
3.2
1.9
848
12
Shivaji Ward
1420
7.02
4.0
355
13
Maulana Azad Wd.
1371
49
4.64
295
14
Rajiv Gandhi Wd.
1489
9.46
4.1
363
15
Sanjay Gandhi Wd.
1767
49.17
6.0
295
Total
21500
1247
62.14
346
with the maximum in the Bhagat Singh Ward, i.e. 951 persons per hectare while 180 persons per hectare is the lowest belonging to the Indira Gandhi Ward.
Gender Ratio Gender Ratio is considered as an important alarm for the health and social status of women in the society. According to
According to this data, the population density
census
has been classified in three types:
Maheshwar was 947 women per 1000 men,
1.
Lower
-
Wards - 4 , 8 , 10 , 13 , 15
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
<300
of
2001,
the
gender
the
ratio
of
similar to the statistic of 949 of the district and greater than 919 of the state. This is a symbol of a better societal status of women.
31
The gender ratio of the age group of 0-6 is
4.5. Administration
911. Administration Literacy
and
Functioning-
Rate
The percentage of working citizens for
The literacy rate is considered a symbol of the
Maheshwar is estimated to be 35.2% more
social and economical standard of a place.
than the district percentage of 30. Out of total
Region
Numbe r
Men
of
Wome
Tota
n
l
68.2%
78%
6992 working citizens, the division of the primary earners is evaluated as-
literates Maheshwa
13085
r
87.5
780796
86.9
of
Workers
%
Khargone
Class
68.7%
number
Figure 24 - Literacy Rates
Percentage of
Workers
78%
%
Total
Farmers
375
6.0
Farmers
- 741
11.9
839
13.5
Labours
The average literacy rate for Maheshwar is
Household
78%. Male literacy is 87.5% and female
Workers
literacy rate is 68.2%. The literacy rate of
Others
4273
68.6
Maheshwar is similar to that of the district of
Total number
6228
100
Khargone.
of workers
Social
Structure
The entire population of the town has a population belonging Scheduled Castes (SC)
Figure 26 - Workers in the town.
Maheshwar is one of the very few pilgrimage towns of Madhya Pradesh. As a pilgrim and
and Scheduled Tribes (ST) with a percentage
heritage centre, the condition which is
of 11.9% and 9.6% respectively, in the
established here is enhanced because of the
population.
liking and the prosperity of the town. This
Social
Population
Percentage
spiritual town is observed to be organised towards the North face of the Narmada River
Structure SC
2321
11.8
ST
1879
9.6
General
15449
78.8
Total
19649
100
with well linkages to the A.B.Road or NH-3.
Figure 25 - Category Data
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
32
promote the skill of handicrafts and sewing,
4.6 Industries
the Rehwa Society was established as an Non Maheshwar houses a classical method of
- Profit Organisation with the objectives of:
hand-woven sarees, peculiarly known as Maheshwari Sarees. The handloom cottage
1. To maintain the art of hand weaving in
industry of Maheshwar forms the basis of
Maheshwar
business in the town. Handloom societies include the Rehwa Society, the Mominpura
2. Empowerment of women with provisions of employment and economic support
Weaver Governmental Society and others. is
3. To provide health, education, residential
contributed from the saree production which
and livelihood facilities to the weavers'
is about 70 of the total. The Handloom
families.
The
maximum
handloom
production
Industry has been active since 1956 for training and earning purposes of the residents. The NGO named 'Rehwa' has been working for the welfare, education, livelihood, health and residential facilities for the crafters and maintainers of this heritage based art of hand weaving. The growth of these industries is the current
Figure 27 - A juice stall outside the Rehwa Society
largest development in the industrial scenario of the town. Also, because of co-operatives and semi-government initiatives, the number
4.7. Business and Commerce
of artists have exponentially increased to 1555.
According to the census of 2001, more than tow third of the masses are involved in
The Rehwa Society The members of the royal family, Richard and Selvy Holkars were the ones who established
tertiary activities . Out of the 6228 working citizens, 980 citizens are involved in business and commerce.
the Rehwa Society in 1978 which has now
Because Maheshwar is a small town, the
become a major contributor in the industrial
sustainability of large scale businesses is a
and the financial growth of the town. To
large leap to cross. Hence, the entire
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
33
concentration of business remains in the retail
With increase in the population, the need for
industry.
M.G.Road,
business also increases with demand, catered
Bhavani Mata Road, Peshwa Road are
by increase in the number of shops and stores.
established for the daily needs of the citizens.
Also, in a few places, illegal shops result in
Unlike other larger cities, the town does not
traffic commotion and pedestrian movements.
Small
markets
on
have provisions of wholesale markets.
4.8. Tourism All the retail activities are located around the main spline of the town, i.e. the M.G. Road which spans from the Jaystambha Chowk to the Narmada River. Apart from the BarwahDhamnod road and the M.G.Road, a few activities are observed around the bus stand
The tourist outline of the state, finds Maheshwar as a notable place in the entire frame. It is one of the five religious locations of the state - Omkareshwar, Maheshwar, Ujjain, Amarkantak and Chitrakoot. The capital of the then ruler, Rani Ahilyabai
area.
Holkar commissioned the construction of Year
Shops
Hotels
Total
1998-
416
21
437
Pilgrim Locations - Kalyanrudra Tirth,
1999 1999-
430
23
453
435
25
460
449
29
478
2001 2001-
Temples and Cenotaphs - Rajrajeshwar Temple, Akhileshwar Temple, Bhavani Mata Temple, Kaleshwar Shivalaya, Jaleshwar
2002 2002-
Swarnadeep Tirth, Angirarudra Tirth, Triveni Tirth, Sahastradhara Tirth
2000 2000-
many temples and ghats.
454
32
486
Temple, Matangehswar Temple, the cenotaph
2003 2005-
Shivalaya, Baneshwar Temple, Pandrinath
721
2006 Figure 28 - Business Infrastructure Data
of Bithobaji, Other Pavilions Ghats - Ahilya Ghat, Narmada Ghat, Nav Ghat, Peshwa Ghat, Imli Ghat, Kaleshwar
Table 27 precisely concludes that the growth
Ghat, Rajeshwar Ghat, Kashi Vishweshwar
of business was minimal from 1998 to 2003,
Ghat, Mantangeshwar Ghat
but the rate increased drastically in the next couple of years.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
34
Other interests - Ahilya Fort, Rajgaddi,
of
Deva Pooja, Rajwada, Bharthari Kho, Rehwa
happening in the same area. This road begins
Society
from the Jaistambh Chowk and terminates at
The outline of tourists: Various tourists all across the year are observed due to cultural and pilgrimage purposes. The number of tourists that are observed on a daily basis are 150-200
whereas the annual statistic being 75000.
the
town,
with
multiple
activities
the Fort Wall. All major functions of the town are set up between these two locations while other activities are observes to diffuse from this road. This observation is supported by the land use map which further supplies data for the industrial and the agricultural activities that take place around the town periphery.
4.9. Town Planning
The pattern of the town planning can be understood as a linear pattern evolving into
The town planning scheme of Maheshwar is
classical method of road network systems, the
based on the fact of growth patterns that seem
type of spread falls into ribbon development.
to evolve from the heritage centre. This makes us understand the importance of this very monument. The main spline road of the town, namely the M. G. Road is observed as the growth centre
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
35
Figure 29 - Town Plan (2002)
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
36
Figure30 -Town Plan (2009)
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
37
Figure 31 - Town Plan (2011)
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
38
Figure 32 - Town Plan (2013)
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
39
Chapter 6
C
onstituents
6.1. Structure of the Town 6.2. Major Landmarks + Land Use 6.3. Built Mass 6.4. Configuration
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
40
6.1. Structure of the Town
Figure 33 - Structure of the Town
Also because the river had been a mode of The town of Maheshwar, as discussed, is
transport during the ancient times, many older
observed to be developed on the basis of
buildings reside in proximity to the Ahilya
ribbon development in the urban shift that has
Fort and the ghats of Maheshwar.
been noticed. Unlike many such towns, Maheshwar has a Apart from the current structure of the town,
unified structure which is not divided into
the ancient configuration would not have been
segments or parts on any level.
like the one we see today. This pattern has been prominent due to the construction and
Like many towns of ancient importance, the
usage of State Highway 38 that led to this
town of Maheshwar does not develop from a
grown pattern.
town centre or an ancient town, thus the dominance of architecture in the town centre is missing.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
41
Though, the dwellers residing along the M.G. Road quote to have been living for more than about 80 years, each with their own stories in accordance with the Holkar dynasty. A peculiar notable fact about such towns having some association with kings and dynasties is that the people of these various settlements still seem to have a certain sense of respect and loyalty towards the ones who had ruled them once.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
42
6.2. Major Landmarks and Land Use
etc,. Mostly all of these landmarks
are
located on the southern bank of the River Since the town of Maheshwar is one of the very few pilgrimage towns of Madhya Pradesh, majority of its landmarks are temples. Due to this, the dominance
of
various other society related areas reduces. Other landmarks are all the common spaces
Narmada and also that these are the only recreation areas for the local residents of the town. Unlike other examples that fall into the urban fabric that have buildings and squares as their landmarks, Maheshwar stays only to all its public buildings only.
such as bus stations, police station, school,
Figure 34 - Major Landmarks of Maheshwar
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
43
Land Use The major land use of Maheshwar is defined
The commercial facilities begin just as we
by residential, commercial, agricultural and
enter the town and stretches along the M.G.
public activities. The distribution of all these
Road. The street edge of the primary street
functions are clearly defined and have
leading to the Ahilya Fort is densely occupied
adopted
with various functions that are commercial,
specific
locations
within
the
settlements. As one can notice, all the temples and religious as well as heritage buildings are present along the Narmada River edge. All the commercial activities take place on the major road with distribution of all other
like restaurants, sweet shops, sari stores, etc,. Open spaces that mainly include the ghats are typically occupied by commercial activities of temporary nature.
residential activities along the streets.
Figure 35 - Land Use Map of Maheshwar
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
44
These clusters are developed on the basis of
6.3. Built Mass
functions The structure of the town of Maheshwar is scattered and spontaneous in growth. Here one can easily observe that the major built
and
various
other
associated
facilities that allow the development of settlement formations in and around them. These factors or points of influence are:
density is concentrated on the road towards the Ahilya Fort. The built mass then gradually gets dispersed as the distance increases.
1. Religious Buildings 2. Public Infrastructure
The southern end of the town is observed to
3. Educational Buildings
be the location where we can find the best options of accommodation for tourists and hence an increase in the built density is
4. Industries 5. Agriculture
observed. However, it is noticed that the development is haphazard. The newer segment of the town is observed to be towards the North. Though the development is happening, the basis of it is again the extension of the main
spline,
leading towards ribbon development. Figure 36- Cluster Patterns
The overall form of the town is very fragmented in nature and the establishment of
The patterns of these various clusters is
clusters reveals the error in linkages and other
difficult to be realised due to the various
topographical problems. The masses are
factors that influence it. These clusters are
concentrated
sometimes self-functioning as well, but
to
all
those
areas
where
topography is favourable.
primarily are spaces that are inter dependent with other such clusters.
The topography of the town of Maheshwar is not an extraordinary factor, but it differs as
The ones that are self - functioning are
we move towards the water edge. This
majorly all the temples and some akhadas that
topography influences the built forms of these
are considered as sacred areas of saints or
dwelling areas in terms of plinths, roof forms
religious
practitioners.
and built forms.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
45
Figure 37 - Typical Clusters
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
46
6.4. Configuration 6.4.1. Built Edge on the Southern Face
Figure 38 - The Maheshwar Fort on the Southern Bank
The southern bank of the town is distinct in its
campus. This also has a school, a restaurant, and an akhada.
architecture and design, mainly due to the undulating topography approaching the river in the end. The nature of the buildings is restricted to only heritage, extending to the very end of the town. The fort is located on the topmost point of the town's topography and gradually merges with the river's level.
Figure 39 - View of the Fort Cliff
The topmost point of the town that can be
The fort cliff area consists various handloom
interpreted as the Fort's campus encompasses
showrooms as well. The cliff accommodates
the residences of the people associated with
one of the most important aspect of the town,
the fort as well as the temples in the fort
The Rehwa Society. Both the workshop and
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
47
the sale counters are located here along with
and there is no residual spaces that can be
provisions of residences and community areas
observed between these buildings. As we
for the working staff.
move along the fort, a shift from generic
All the buildings that do not fall into the fort's campus are observed to be located on levels of varying altitude. This enables them to approach for interventions that are beyond basic architectural solutions.
commerce
gets
converted
into
cultural
commercial practices. 6.4.2. Orientation towards the River The southern tip of the town accommodates the fort as well as the river. The town does not
These dwellings include either retaining
typically reflect a certain trend of building
walls, attic areas, basements and varying
orientation because of two reasons.
orientations.
1.
Organic
Development-
Due
to
the
While most of them do not typically have
haphazard pattern of development that took
variations in roof forms, the older ones have
place during the initial times, the orientation
sloping roofs to prevent issues of rain water.
became a factor of self choice for the people, and hence it grew automatically without any restriction.
The Access way to the Cliff
2.
Southern End- The presence of the
The primary street acts as the main access
riverfront towards the south became an
route to the Ahilya Fort. With varying values
important
of densities, the low density is seen near to
orientation of buildings of the nearby regions.
the approach of the town where all the
Also because the alignment of the contour
activities start happening. The buildings are
lines
independent and residual spaces can be seen
constructing in the perpendicular line along
between two buildings. The middle density is
the level lines became an easy affair.
was
factor
that
observed
to
influenced
be
the
East-West,
clearly evident in the segments of the primary street that do not have commercial functions involved. The high density areas occur near the town centre and near the Fort. Here, buildings are much bigger than those observed in the starting of the primary street
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
48
Figure 40 - Orientation of the built masses.
This orientation goes against the generic thought of an East- West orientation specially existing in Hindu influential towns in India.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
49
Chapter 7
Detailed Analysis -
N S on
patial
Methods 7.1. Culture 7.2. Art 7.3. Religion 7.4. Social Life 7.5. Vernacular Architecture 7.6. Heritage 7.7. People
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
50
In the context of this town, the cultural
7.1. Culture We can call culture as an amalgamation of all the elements that constitute into the ideas,
centres are observed as ghats, the town centre and the various mela grounds.
customs and behaviour of a particular society
Apart from these, the strongest cultural units
or people. In the Indian context, culture has
are the handloom and textile shops that are
an importance that goes beyond ideas and
widespread across the entire town as they
behaviour as it defines the way of life of
have a great role to play in binding the culture
many people or communities.
of the town.
All buildings that fall into the context of culture involve all the historic centres and public spaces, either old or new. They promote culture in any manner that anable features like social life and harmony amongst the masses. Architecture gains its inspiration from culture in many aspects and hence architecture can
Figure 41 - A store on M.G. Road
reflect the lifestyle and thought development The centers of culture in the town are
of the natives.
discussed as follows: In aspects of town planning, culture
can
1. Retail Shops - These stores are spread
result in what enables user preferences.
across the complete town where tourists as
Cultural Centres develop patterns of growth,
well as residents come in demand of special
also forming clusters sometimes.
Maheshwari Sarees.
The town of Maheshwar being a fine example
In the early days of this trend, protection and
of rich heritage and culture, binds together
proclamation of culture must not have been
strong examples of cultural centres that have
the premier motive of the residents and
influenced the towns demography, economy,
businessmen of the town, but as the town
population as well as key aspects like
grew, it became a symbol of culture, and now
architecture, dwelling type, configuration,
people especially visit the town in search of
land use and orientation.
these saris. This demand and growth further allowed in the increase in the number of these
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
51
shops and their sizes. Looking at this, the
expansion in the commercial activities around
development of the primary street took place
them, inviting temporary spaces for business
gradually.
around them as well as activities like boating
This development further helped in the advent
grew.
of various cotton industries as well as the
And like the chain continues, the growth of
establishment of various handloom and textile
many relatable factors was observed with
based organizations to provide employment to
time.
the local residents. This provision of employment invited more people to the town which allowed the expansion of the town due to the increase in the need of dwelling areas. Gradually, this process continued and resulted in what we observe today in the town of Maheshwar. Figure 42 - Commercial Activities inside the Fort campus.
2. Ghats - The development of ghats in the town of Maheshwar is something that can be
The activities that take place around these
observed from the very beginning of the days
ghats influence the people living around these
of Maheshwar. This was due to the likeness of
areas. Also the people involved in these
the waterfront as well as the holiness of the
activities tend to find their dwelling areas
Narmada River.
nearby for comfort, which further affects the
Since these ghats were located at the very end
population density and land distribution.
of the town, proper means of access were generated with time which needed further
3. Town Centre- Although Maheshwar does
infrastructural solutions.
not dominantly have a town centre like many
Ghats were developed first and then the
similar nearby towns, the Jaistambh Chowk,
adaptive use of these ghats converted them
the northern node of the M.G.Road can be
into cultural centers. These ghats involved
considered a town centre because of its
activities like boating, sightseeing and visiting
proximity with various other public services.
which is something that can be observed even
It can officially be said as the point of entry
today. These development of ghats allowed
into the town.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
52
4. Mela Grounds - A mela is termed as a Sanskrit word meaning 'gathering' or 'to meet' or a 'fair'. It is used in the Indian subcontinent for all sizes of gatherings and can be religious, commercial, cultural or sportrelated. In rural traditions melas or village fairs were (and in some cases still are) of Figure 43 - A shop at the town centre.
great importance. The most important being the Ahilya Utsav named after the Holkar
The town centre was developed after the
queen, Rani Ahilyabai Holkar.
growth of the M.G. Road. Due to this declaration of the town centre, all the public facilities were brought to this location. These public facilities included bus stations, shops, police booths, temple, mosques, way finding areas and various other needful businesses. This
town
centre
further
allowed
These mela grounds are the temporary cultural spaces that tend to change with every time of the year. They become active in the time of the fairs, specially the sawan mela. These fairs involve setting up shops for
the
extension of the M.G. Road towards the northern direction. This resulted in growth in
recreational activities in which the residents from all the nearby towns gather to one place for celebration.
the very direction again enabling various houses to be constructed and then in addition to them, the various needs of the people, developing other facilities for them. As the facilities began to develop in the town centre, local residents further developed a preference to move towards the town centre, but due to high density of built masses, this
In terms of town planning and its relatable aspects, these gatherings require some areas that are established temporarily each year, this allows people to move towards areas that are reserved for these gatherings. Proper access networks get automatically generated
for
them developing permanent roads and streets.
could not be achieved. This resulted in development of the same spaces of need in the other distant areas of the town, forming clusters which now turn out to be self dependent.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
53
pottery, the art of handicrafts, embroidery, crafts, murals, artifacts, etc,. In a town like Maheshwar which equally combines the essence of both heritage and pilgrimage, the dominance in the field of art remains with the history and heritage of the place and the rulers.
An abstract element like art influences Figure 44 - One of the mela grounds on the outskirts.
something as rigid and large scaled as town The development of these permanent roads
planning in a very miniature scale. Also, due
for these melas develop temporary patterns of
to the limiting aspects that relate to art, no
settlements of people involved in these
clear dominance on the town is observed.
gatherings. The presence of art or artistic activities can be Also, the impact of larger gatherings like
understood by the two areas of study, which
those of the Simhasth or the Kumbh, are
include:
reflected on these towns. There were wide
1. The Primary Street (M.G.Road)
roads that were constructed on the town
The primary street known as the M.G. Road is
periphery to carry the high density traffic
like the artery of the town, without which
moving towards Ujjain, the most important
there is nothing that can function.
pilgrimage city of the state.
This road runs throughout the entire town and then terminates at the Ahilya Fort. Due to
7.2. Art
such an influence on the termination end,
In modern times, to confine something like art
segments of the street include commercial
into a singular definition is a tough aspect.
activities that are art based which shops of
This
notion gives us
the freedom
to
understand and interpret art in any manner of our choice. In the context of the Indian society, small
pottery, handicrafts, etc,. The only impact on the town planning that is observed is probably the development of other tourist interest spaces that might go hand in hand with such
scale artistic practices include the art of
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
54
art
spaces.
Figure 46 -Struggle of the hawkers
Figure 45 - A scene from the primary street
These
additional
areas
might
include
restaurants, lodges, hotels, transport service providers, etc,. Due to this addition in these areas, the land use and hence the circulation and the movement changes to a fair extent.
7.3. Religion The importance of religion in the town of Maheshwar is equal to the value of the heritage
that
it
carries.
The
buildings
associated with the religion are dominantly based on inspirations and beliefs of
the
Hindu mythology, resulting in many temples
2. Fort Campus All the essence of all the art and culture we can observe in the campus fort, relates mainly to the temples and the pilgrimage areas rather
and various similar structures. These temples exist in various states all across the town, some of them being magnificent in size and order while others just finding area
than heritage. Art and artistic activities are governed by
equal to a square meter only.
commercial aspects that happen through stalls that sell stones, pots, necklaces and other
town further adds to the areas that need to be
artistic collectables. Due to this, the production and import activities of these artifacts, the circulation of their goods, the transport, production and their sale would enable the intervention of various
spaces
associated
This imposition of beliefs in the people of the
with
activities.
these
present
around
such
buildings,
either
temporary or permanent. These temples that were commenced long ago even when the settlements of the town didn't exist. In fact, these temples became points of cluster formations in the earlier times according to the typical proximity choices of
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
55
Indian towns, meaning the positioning of who
parameters, but among all the non spatial
lived the closest to the temple and so on.
methods and modes, the social life explains
Later on, these clusters gradually combined
people in such a way that other parameters do
themselves to form the complete town that we
not.
observe in the recent time.
Because the town of Maheshwar is rooted deep within its context and aspects of rich culture, the lifestyle is governed by all those aspects that their culture allows them to. Due to this, the impact of westernization is observed on a very low scale. The walls of their religion or culture does not make way for any foreign influence to affect them, which helps in keeping the culture intact.
Figure 47 - A dialogue of contrast, a roadside temple
In relation with all the temples that laid dominance over the settlement pattern of Maheshwar and the way in which people started to develop their living habits, the smaller temples received neglect from the masses as well as the official bodies.
It is always said that India is classified as an agriculture based nation. The number of people indulged in agricultural activities are in majority, which again takes their life to the times that once existed in urban regions that have now grown. Figure 48 - Social Systems Shudras
Vaishyas
As observed, the density of the built masses
Kshatriyas
around larger temples is greater than the other Bramhins
areas which lack the presence of any such religion based landmark. This also explains the connect of the people
Like many towns that were limited to the
of the town with their religion and the
social aspects of Hindu as a religion, the
associated structure.
systems that once existed still find ways in towns like Maheshwar. The caste systems that
7.4. Social Life
existed can still be observed in terms of the
The interpretation of a town can be done
buildings that were developed during those
using analytical data from various sources and
times.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
56
This gives us clues on methods of town planning of such towns because the systems that existed in the earlier times, have now allowed patterns that divide the social configuration of such towns.
Figure 52
7.5. Vernacular Architecture The vernacular architecture that exists in the town of Maheshwar is not an iconic aspect Figure 49
that requires mention. The very foundation of architecture is the vernacular architecture of the very place because it keeps in mind the context, climate, people, topography, economy and various other aspects that develop the buildings of the town. The features of the town of Maheshwar in terms of its vernacular architecture are-
Figure 50
1. Wooden Architecture 2. Courtyards and Open to sky spaces 3. Construction in Wood and Stone 4. Flat Roofs 5. Ornamented Faรงades Figure 51
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
57
6. Retaining Walls 7. Complex Forms
for the people making up for the purpose of architecture holistically. All the people associated rely on factors of culture, art , religion , etc,. to become the reasons for development as discussed. All the street formations gradually develop mainly because of the choices that the people make, and the distances they map while there travel.
Figure 53 - The Vernacular Trends in the Town.
A general trend in various small towns is that the heritage buildings imposes its influence on the other buildings that get constructed.
7.6. People We shape our buildings and thereafter they shape us. The paradigm of something like this gains meaning only when we have masses involved in the space making and settlement generation of these towns. People decide the way of living, the type of buildings, the amount of construction, the type of architecture and the way things would carry further in the town and its planning aspects. All the parameters that relate to people result in solution that are favored by the people and
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
58
Chapter 8 Detailed
Analysis -
Semi Spatial Methods
8.1. Streets 8.2. Nodes
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
59
8.1. Streets
Organization
8.1.1. Overall Street Structure
The primary street has become an important street because it is the only access to the
The approach to the main town is from one major road that comes from Dhamnod and continues towards Mandleshwar. The main street of the town is the Mahatma Gandhi
Ahilya Fort therefore all the activities are connected along it. All the secondary and the tertiary streets diverge from the primary street to connect all the parts of the city.
Road that terminates at the fort's entrance. Organization of the street network is majorly The street network is generated from this primary street with branching towards the various other complex parts of the city.
influenced by the positioning of landmarks and the farms. Also, the streets towards the southern
end
are
influenced
by
the
This main street directly reaches to the
topography of the place, the terrain near the
Rajwada gate of the fort after which vehicular
river beds are undulating with huge level
movement is restricted for the visitors. People
differences in land forms.
living beyond the fort gate, are allowed access from vehicular passages as well. This becomes the point of influx of all the tourists where commercial activities can be observed under temporary structures.
There is no apparent order in the street formations but there is an organic nature that is unconstrained with an interlaced pattern. All the secondary and the tertiary streets directly connect to the main street and make it highly active. The primary street is the most dominating
in
nature
and
is
strongly
associated with the heritage and the town' s culture. It supports all the kinds of activities associated with the town as well as completes the needs for all the tourists as well as the local residents. Figure 54 - A tea stall outside the fort entrance.
The main street is the only one developed center; it acts as the spline of the town; while all the other streets are connected to it.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
60
Figure 55 - The Street Network of Maheshwar
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
61
3.2. Primary Street 3.2.1. General Description The primary street is an integral part of the street network of Maheshwar. It is connected to the surrounding towns and neighboring cities in Madhya Pradesh. The road acts as a spline through the town, with all other streets diverging from its. The spline is thus possessive of a sense of arrival and that of a towards the center, which is the Figure 56 - Density along the primary street
fort. 3.2.2. Activities The primary street carries major activities like transportation,
pedestrian
movement
of
tourists, commerce and other activities related to the fort and the temples or those support the various festivals and events. It constitutes the bazaar, the religious and social institutes, shops, restaurants and various lodges. The
Figure 57 - Density near nodes
local people of the town use the main street for their small scale businesses. The street itself becomes a bazaar. The primary street remains active right from the morning to the night, because all the major activities occur there. The street is the busiest in the morning and the evening hours because all the tourists happen to visit the place and the temples in these hours. Figure 58 - Density near the city gate
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
62
The movement of the primary street is very
They also make connections to the fort via
direct to the centre of the town. The notion of
various unconstructed routes. This enables
the linearity on the primary street is formed
them to connect to the various ghats as well.
by the continuous activities along and the strong flow of movement. When one moves towards a node, the street narrows down.
Most of the secondary streets bifurcate from the primary street and go towards either the state highway or the water edge. Some of them are steep in their slopes because of their connection that finds way towards the southern tip of the town. The activities that support the secondary
Figure 59 - The Primary Street
streets are the events of small scale at various residential areas, these activities include pedestrian movements, small grocery stores, offices and the other daily need activities. Apart
from
all
these
functions,
these
Figure 60 - The Nodes
secondary streets not only allow the tertiary streets to grow through them but they also are the streets where the maximum population of the town resides. Figure 61 - The out town tertiary roads
3.3. Secondary Streets In Maheshwar, the secondary streets act as transitory elements that generate linkage between the various parts of the town, connecting
cumulatively
to
the
State
Highway. These streets become secondary routes to reach to the certain temples and landmarks of the town. Figure 62 - Density Structure
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
63
Moving
along
the
primary
street,
the
Most of the streets are used by local people
secondary streets that are oriented towards the
for their daily works, also resulting in the
north of the town have lower densities of
streets getting messed.
dwelling units while the central region accommodates
the
maximum
population
density, decreasing again as we move towards the southern tip.
These streets have an average width of 4 meters in the specific town, with the lowest value of as low as 1 meter only.
The probable reason of this being the favorable topography and the absence of any undulating areas. 3.4. Tertiary Streets Tertiary Streets are considered to be the veins of a town because they are the elements that tend to compose and harmonize towns. These Figure 63 - The view of a tertiary street
are those streets that do not necessarily have to be accessible by each and every citizen.
The concept of street hierarchy has an application in every possible example of town
Most of the tertiary streets are connected to
planning applied into various scales.
the primary street or secondary streets. The tertiary street provide through fare to the residential areas. The complex built mass of the residential area and the sloping terrain from the organic pattern of the tertiary street terminate in the end or in open grounds. The
tertiary
streets
and
the
interior
neighborhoods are not only occupied by local people and their respective residences but also by tourists and pilgrims who visit for a less time. Some guest houses are located along these streets thus suggestive of a mixed used pattern.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
64
8.2. Nodes
The node is the recent development that has happened in the town in the last decade or so.
The settlement of Maheshwar has developed along a string of nodes connected to one another on the path towards the fort. The principle generator of these nodes is the
This node is expected to be developed in the coming years. The node is amongst the most important ones with respect to the proposed land use.
primary street. This node is closest to the Jaistambh Chowk, The strong spline becomes the connector for other parts of the town. The street network is developed in a manner such that all secondary
the most important of all. This node has an important role to play in the forthcoming settlement formations.
and the tertiary street meet to the primary street so as to create major and minor nodes,
2. Node 2 - The Jaistambh Chowk
which supports all the major activities associated with the neighborhood buildings. There are three types of nodes so developed with respect to the movement breaks between two different entities and concentration of various activities: 1. Nodes between streets and landmarks 2. Nodes between two streets 3. Nodes along the primary street The five important nodes are illustrated
Figure 65
The Jaistambh Chowk is the most important node in the entire town and has attained the position of the town center or the city gate of Maheshwar.
below: 1. Node 1 - The extension of the primary street
Figure 64
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
Figure 66 - The Jaistambh Node
65
Figure 67 - Major Nodes of the town
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
66
This node allows access to the entire town
the primary street of Maheshwar. The
and is the beginning point of the primary
activities that happen in this node are
street of the town. It functions in the way of
governed by the presence of a temple which
all typical town centers with mixed use shops,
happens to be an important landmark in the
elements of the town's culture and access
town.
ways for all what the town encompasses. 3. Node 3 - Bazaar Node
5. Node 5 - The Fort's Node The specific node is just the one that we observe on the onset of the fort of Maheshwar. This node divides into two parts, the fort on one side, with Maheshwari handloom showrooms on the other.
Figure 68
This node is observed to be the social gathering point of the town because it permits a local weekly market on a regular basis with shops of temporary nature as well as Figure 70
constructed shops for tourists and visitors. This node is developed by two contour lines, 4. Node 4 - The Temple Node
the elevated one leading to the fort while the lower one leading to the water edge. A parking for the fort is developed on it along with temporary shops for tourists and visitors that come on a regular basis.
Figure 69
Unlike the previous node, this node develops due to the merging of a secondary street into
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
67
Chapter 9 Detailed
Analysis -
Spatial Methods
9.1. Introduction to Space Syntax 9.2. Analysis
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
68
9.1. Introduction to Space Syntax
provide data for the analysis that we need. Because of this, a few selected terms are
Just as mentioned in section 1.5. the space
pointed for the analysis of such towns.
syntax method works on the concept of a 'system of spaces' termed under the genre of
Mean Depth - A mean depth of a unit space
spatial methods of studying and analyzing
is the number of units that a trip maker on
towns and similar spaces.
average needs to cross from one unit to reach all the other units in a system.
The space syntax describes a set of theories and techniques that analyze the topological relationships of settlement spaces.
lower mean depth = more closely accessible Integration - A space with high integration
These topological relationships of urban
suggests that, few changes are needed in order
spaces help quantifying the properties of
to move from that space to another.
space arrangements1. distributed-ness
In other words, integrated spaces are, on an average closer to all other spaces in a system. On the other hand, any person in any
2. non - distributed-ness 3. symmetricity
segregated area will be distant, on an average, from all other spaces in the spaces.
4. non - symmetricity These are the properties that make a space 'more integrated' than others. A space that is more integrated is, on average, closely accessible from all the other spaces, and contrarily one that is not, is a segregated space. The primary task is to identify the segments or units of spaces from this whole mass and to see how one unit is connected to all others. As discussed, the inclusion of the various terms involved does not necessarily have to
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
69
9.2. Analysis
Figure 71 - Axial Map Analysis
Figure 72 - Choice Analysis
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
70
Figure 73 - Integration Analysis
Figure 74 - Angular Connectivity Analysis
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
71
Figure 75 - Segment Map- Connectivity Analysis
The interpretations of axial maps depicts the
uniform in the entire town and greater along
value of depth that is observed in the town.
the primary street, supplies evidence for its
According to the methods, depth refers to the
high value of connectivity.
number of intermediate steps that are needed
The type of settlement and growth in the town
to be covered from movement from one space
as well in the outer developing areas affect the
unit to another. The higher values of choice
historical centre as the context, in terms of
depicts the most probable areas that are
their global integration and connectivity.
selected by choice by the masses, which is
Even if it does not accompany any measure of
observed near the southern node, expressing
growth, the context finds a presence in the
the density of preference near the fort. The
town which maintains an average correlation
interpretation of integration is contrary to the
which proves the fact that the historical
data that is supplied by the axial depth map.
integrity plays the key role in the spatial
Integrated spaces are those that are closer to
organization of the city. Historic centers and
the other areas in general, which are again
the land use will maintain the social and
observed near the eastern edge of the southern
economic positions in the whole city.
tip of the fort. Connectivity data, both based on angles and segments is observed to be
The correlation between connectivity and global integration is an important indicator of
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
72
how clear a system of spaces gradually
set explains the preference and ease of use
develops and finds its growth amidst the
that is observed near the fort making it an
context being a stable factor.
important aspect of dominance.
Out of all the modes of data that has been interpreted by the Space Syntax Method, the
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
73
Chapter 10
Observations and Inferences
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
74
Element
Generating Factor Characteristics
Conclusion
Culture
Retail Shops
Located on the primary
Increased density towards the
spline of the town
M.G. Road, also resulting in issues of traffic and congestion
Ghats
Towards the southern tip of
As a result, many tertiary
the
activities
town
in
the
fort's
campus Town Centre
have
developed
towards the tip
Developed due to the point All the commercial activities of intersection of the town take and the State Highway
place,
also
being
developed as the new town centre
Mela Grounds
Located on the peripheral
Establish
a
temporary
roads of the town
settlement
pattern
during
religious events Art
Primary Street
Spans across the point of the Commercial art based outlets town gate to the fort gate
result in dense land use of the same kind, diffusing from the spline
Fort Campus
Small
moveable
outlets Results in residential land use
along the fort circulation Religion
Fort
Campus, All the spaces that relate to Dense clusters in and out of
Ghats,
Temples religious activities mostly the
along
the
Narmada Social Life
pattern near the fort
Fort
holy include
the
majorly
self
related sustainable. Resulting in
infrastructure that is needed. Campus, All public places that are
Town Centre
town,
planned all over the town
cluster formations altogether Formations
of
commercial
activities around these spaces. Also resulting in nodes and junctions, used of daily or weekly haat
Vernacular
Residential
Architecture Dwellings,
Typical passive techniques,
Balancing
wooden framed structures,
statement of the town with the
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
the
modern
75
Heritage
and Courtyards, Mud Walls
Religious
heritage architecture. Influence of the Fort is evident
Buildings Streets
Primary Street
Connector between the town Establishes the main spline of gate to the Ahilya Fort
the town, also formed by the organic growth. Streets follow flat lands, variation in the topography change the course. They
follow
drainage
of
the
natural
land,
major
commercial activities happen along this street. Secondary Street
Connecting the residential Develop
the
areas, commercial activities dwellings,
Tertiary Street
residential commercial
and peripheral roads from
activities and elements that
the main spline
constitute
Narrow roads that lead to These lanes result in the land various squatters, slums and use pattern that falls into either
Nodes
Node 1
connect to the secondary
unidentified or residential
roads
areas
Extended from the primary The current development is street towards the northern happening is along this node, development
resulting in the presence of all the newer proposals that are being executed
Node 2
The town centre - The The
development
of
the
Jaistambh Chowk is the commercial activities that take developing centre, currently place develop the main spline, the town gate
the city gate and the advent to the town.
Node 3
Bazaar Node - The public
Spacious roads intersecting at
realm of the town
these points have resulted in
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
76
the nodes. This node is used for the weekly haat as well as public gatherings, developing public spaces altogether Node 4
The Temple Node - the While
connecting
various
temple of a holy Indian secondary streets to the node, goddess, an iconic square
the presence of the temple allows various public activities as
well
happenings
as
commercial
to
take
place
around them, generating a similar land use pattern Node 5
The Fort Node- the point of Being the most iconic aspect termination of the primary of the town, this node results street as well as the town
in the mixture of land uses, from residential to commercial to public and semi public. The variants in the type of people is high, because the fort turns out
be
the
primary
employment source of the people
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
77
Conclusions drawn from the Space Syntax
axial depth map. Integrated spaces are those
Method - The interpretations of axial maps
that are closer to the other areas in general,
depicts the value of depth that is observed in
which are again observed near the eastern
the town. According to the methods, depth
edge of the southern tip of the fort.
refers to the number of intermediate steps that
Connectivity data, both based on angles and
are needed to be covered from movement
segments is observed to be uniform in the
from one space unit to another. The higher
entire town and greater along the primary
values of choice depicts the most probable
street, supplies evidence for its high value of
areas that are selected by choice by the
connectivity.
masses, which is observed near the southern
The type of settlement and growth in the town
node, expressing the density of preference
as well in the outer developing areas affect the
near the fort. The interpretation of integration
historical centre as the context, in terms of
is contrary to the data that is supplied by the
their global integration and connectivity.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
78
Conclusion The
historic
has
of organicity and the presence of an iconic
developed around a range of essentials and is
heritage building along the holy river of
formed
Those
Narmada. The beliefs of the town also act as
influences are topography, temples and the
elements of its development. The streets
heritage icon - The Ahilya Fort. All the
connect all the aspects of the town with the
elements of the town are related to each other
other
and make a continuous course to create
supporting various commercial activities that
regular flow of spaces with anecdotal
help the people of the town to survive amidst
characteristics which result in the
urban definitions.
by
town
various
of
Maheshwar
influences.
legible
elements
of
the
neighborhoods,
built environment of the town. Maheshwar is one such town that has developed on the basis
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
79
Bibliography and References 1. A Review of Urbanization and urban policy in post-independent India - Lalit Batra 2. Urban Greenery Status of Some Indian Cities: A Short Communication : Pradeep Chaudhry, Kenjum Bagra and Bilas Singh 3. Rural-Urban Linkages: India Case Study : Eric Denis and Marie - Hélène Zérah October, 2014 4. Measuring Urbanization around a Regional Capital : The Case of Bhopal District Anima Gupta 2013 School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, Institut Français de Pondichéry, Pondicherry 5. Social Contexts and Built Heritage - A case study of Alexandria, Egypt : Yomna Ahmed Borg 6. Cultural Landscapes of Orchha - Reclaiming the Lost Heritage : Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, USA 7. Reclaiming Krishna Consciousness - Journeys in the Cultural Landscapes of Okhamandal, Gujarat, India : Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA 8. Re-centering Delhi : University of Virginia, Research Studio - Spring 2014 9. Taiping - Life and Soul (A town planning perspective) 10. Space and Cosmology in the Hindu Temple by Subhash Kak 11. The town planning mechanism in Gujarat, India by Shirley Ballaney 12. Town Planning by Rangwala 13. Blessings from the Sky by Ar. Charles Correa
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
80
Journey to the Research Paper The Research Paper on " Heritage and Towns : Understanding the influence of monumental architecture on the spatial configuration of towns of Madhya Pradesh, India " lays stress on the connection between the ancient times and the modern cities because of the question of the existence and growth that the human race has achieved in the past decades. If there weren't inspirations that we could refer to, growth would have to be limited. Also because we as humans have thought about progression from the first day, the ancient that we see now, was indeed a marvel in its era, notifying that these heritage buildings or towns that we see now, were functioning examples of innovation. Honestly, my obsession for the town of Maheshwar brought me to study the place, expanding its wings to "Heritage and Towns." The first ever experience of writing a research paper was an initial reluctance in the mind, but simultaneously was an activity that felt fascinating in the first place. Visiting the context, spending time with the people, staying in the town that you love the most, looked like work and fun in a co-existing manner. Like everything that needs attention and care to flourish and grow, the kind of motivation that I constantly received from my guide, Ar. Neelam Kushwah is beyond words, this would have not been possible without her. Thankyou ma'am.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
81
Heritage and Towns : Understanding the influence of monumental architecture on the spatial configuration of towns of Madhya Pradesh, India Sanand Telang (School of Architecture, IPS Academy Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India) Abstract- Architecture speaks of time and evolution, and while it narrates its observations, it unknowingly becomes an epicentre of a lot of 'socio-philic' processes that cultivate art, culture, and religion in which it transforms into an architectural monument. During this monument conversion process, civilisations gradually fit in to become a part of it, and this is exactly how the metamorphosis of towns take place. In exceptional conditions, the adverse of a civilisation first and then a monument later is observed. While this development goes on, a certain configuration of spaces gets generated. The research is intended with the aim of understanding the influence of historic centres on the spatial configuration of towns of the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. The entire research is based on the idea of human preferences and choices generated through the space syntax methodology of space analysis. I. INTRODUCTION Why does the need to understand user preferences, human nature and spatial configuration arise amidst advanced systems of modern technology? The answer lies within approaches of modernisation that swing around cities and take along heritage buildings by affecting them in a not-so pleasant manner.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
The ancient town of Maheshwar, is located in the North Western region of the district of Khargone in Madhya Pradesh and is 13 kilometres North from National Highway 3, whereas 91 kilometres from the commercial capital of the state- Indore. Apart from its rich culture and heritage, Maheshwar is a well known pilgrimage centre on the banks of river Narmada and is famous for its textile industry of Maheshwari sarees, inspired from the local river of Maheshwari. The Maheshwari river in the south meets the Narmada. A series of small islands were generated by the flow of the Narmada river in the Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh with Maheshwar being one of them, limiting the scope of settlement. By the Narmada in the south and the Maheshwari in the north, the town of Maheshwar is now expanding towards the Barwah-Dhamnod axis. Hence, with constraints that limit the town's settlement and growth pattern, the research would conclude by the analysis of the local factors and to check if the Ahilya Fort has a role to play in the configuration pattern or not. Also, can the role of the historic centre draw a relation between the culture and the spatial configuration of the town?
82
2. HISTORY AND HISTORIC FABRIC The town of Maheshwar, gaining its name from the ancient town of Mahishmati, is known for its folk art and cultural heritage. It was established by King Mahishman from the Soma dynasty. The description of this ancient town has found mention in various historical texts as well as is known for its mention in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana specifically. Back then, it was the capital state of the South Indian reign of Avanti or Nimad. The town of Mahishmati was very prosperous and had a well established system with other historic towns of Avantika, Patliputra, Paithan, Kashi, Bhadauch, Kutch etc,. Not only amidst its proximities, but the town was itself known for its spiritual, religious, administrative, literary and cultural activities. The iconic Maheshwar Fort was built during the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar who were dethroned by the Peshwas and then became the capital of the Holkar dynasty by Rani Ahilyabai Holkar in 1767 that lasted till 1795. III. ELEMENTS OF THE TOWN - NON SPATIAL Population - The town of Maheshwar, administratively named as the Maheshwar Nagar Panchayat is spread in an area of 1247 hectares and has a population count of 19649 according to the India Census of 2001. The Bhagat Singh Ward no. 3 has the maximum population count of 951 while the Indira Gandhi Ward no. 4 with the least count of 180. The approximate population density is summed to 346 persons/hectare. Administration and Functioning- The percentage of working citizens for Maheshwar is estimated to be 35.2% more than the district percentage of 30. Out of total 6992 working citizens, the division of the primary earners is evaluated as-
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
Class of Workers
Farmers Farmers Labours Household Workers Others Total number of workers
Total number of Workers 375
Percentage
741
11.9
839
13.5
4273
68.6
6228
100
6.0
Industries - Maheshwar houses a classical method of hand-woven sarees, peculiarly known as Maheshwari Sarees. The handloom cottage industry of Maheshwar forms the basis of business in the town. Handloom societies include the Rehwa Society, the Mominpura Weaver Governmental Society and others. The maximum handloom production is contributed from the saree production which is about 70 of the total. The Handloom Industry has been active since 1956 for training and earning purposes of the residents. Business and Commerce - Because Maheshwar is a small town, the sustainability of large scale businesses is a large leap. Hence, the entire concentration of business remains in the retail industry. Small markets on M.G.Road, Bhavani Mata Road, Peshwa Road are established for the daily needs of the citizens. These markets supply the daily needs of the citizens of the town while the major material is imported from Indore and nearby towns. Tourism - The tourist outline of the state, finds Maheshwar as a notable place in the entire frame. It is one of the five religious locations of the state - Omkareshwar,
83
Maheshwar, Chitrakoot.
Ujjain,
Amarkantak
and
Pilgrim Locations - Kalyanrudra Tirth, Swarnadeep Tirth, Angirarudra Tirth, Triveni Tirth, Sahastradhara Tirth
Annual Temperature and Rainfall Bar
Annual Temperature Range Graph
Temples and Cenotaphs - Rajrajeshwar Temple, Akhileshwar Temple, Bhavani Mata Temple, Kaleshwar Shivalaya, Jaleshwar Shivalaya, Baneshwar Temple, Pandrinath Temple, Matangehswar Temple, the cenotaph of Bithobaji, Other Pavilions Ghats - Ahilya Ghat, Narmada Ghat, Nav Ghat, Peshwa Ghat, Imli Ghat, Kaleshwar Ghat, Rajeshwar Ghat, Kashi Vishweshwar Ghat, Mantangeshwar Ghat Other interests - Ahilya Fort, Rajgaddi, Deva Pooja, Rajwada, Bharthari Kho, Rehwa Society IV. ELEMENTS OF THE TOWN SPATIAL
Annual Average Temperature and Rainfall Chart
Topography - The town being surrounded by the Naramda river in the south and the Maheshwari river in the north, has a flat nature holistically, but being a river basin, gains undulations during the movement towards the river belt. The soil type is black and alluvial, with adequate fertilization properties suitable for farming in the nearby regions.
Location - The town of Maheshwar is located on the bank of river Narmada that finds it origin from the town of Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh and concludes in the town of Bharuch, Gujarat.
Location of the town in a) India b)Madhya Pradesh
The town falls in the Khargone district, this district lies entirely along the Narmada River Basin with the Vindhyanchal Mountain Range in the North and the Satpura Range in the South.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
Town Planning - The development of the town of Maheshwar developed in accordance with the Narmada River that attracted the Mughal Empire for the commencement of the Ahilya Fort, this led to the Holkars gaining
84
reign and hence the development of the town, explained as a system of spaces.
V. SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE TOWN OF MAHESHWAR The term space syntax encompasses a set of theories and techniques for the analysis of spatial configurations. It was conceived by Bill Hillier, Julienne Hanson and colleagues at The Bartlett, University College London in the late 1970s to early 1980s as a tool to help urban planners simulate the likely social effects of their designs. The general idea is that spaces can be broken down into components, analyzed as networks of choices, then represented as maps and graphs that describe the relative connectivity and integration of those spaces.On the basis of the town map, the street system is transformed into an axial map which is the geometrical model in space syntax theory. The development of Maheshwar is syntactically investigated by performing segmental analysis at various scales. In this manner the spatial characteristics of the system of spaces is analyzed, both: globally and locally, to gain better understanding of the development of the spatial organization of
Maheshwar.
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
85
Angular Connectivity Analysis Axial Map Analysis
Segment Map- Connectivity Analysis
Choice Analysis
Integration Analysis
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
The interpretations of axial maps depicts the value of depth that is observed in the town. According to the methods, depth refers to the number of intermediate steps that are needed to be covered from movement from one space unit to another. The higher values of choice depicts the most probable areas that are selected by choice by the masses, which is observed near the southern node, expressing the density of preference near the fort. The interpretation of integration is contrary to the data that is supplied by the axial depth map. Integrated spaces are those that are closer to the other areas in general, which are again observed near the eastern edge of the southern tip of the fort. Connectivity data, both based on angles and segments is observed to be uniform in the entire town and greater along the primary street, supplies evidence for its high value of connectivity.
86
VI. CONCLUSIONS The type of settlement and growth in the town as well in the outer developing areas affect the historical centre as the context, in terms of their global integration and connectivity. Even if it does not accompany any measure of growth, the context finds a presence in the town which maintains an average correlation which proves the fact that the historical integrity plays the key role in the spatial organization of the city. Historic centers and the land use will maintain the social and economic positions in the whole city.
Sciences (IJCEBS) Volume 3, Issue 3 (2015) ISSN 2320–4087 (Online)
The correlation between connectivity and global integration is an important indicator of how clear a system of spaces gradually develops and finds its growth amidst the context being a stable factor. Out of all the modes of data that has been interpreted by the Space Syntax Method, the set explains the preference and ease of use that is observed near the fort making it an important aspect of dominance. VII. REFERENCES [1] Ahyun Kim, Young Ook Kim,(2009) “ Influences of Spatial Configuration Learning on Spatial Behavior‐ Focused on shortest distance and behavior” proceedings of the 7th international Space syntax Symposium, Ed. By Daniel Koch, Lars marcus and jesper Steen, Stolkholm.
[2] Paul Abhijit,(2011) “ Axial analysis : A Syntactic Approach to Movement Network modeling” published in Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 8-1, 29-40, January – March 2011 [3] Ar.Josna Raphael P., and Dr.A.K.Kasthurba : International Journal of Chemical, Environmental & Biological
Study of the Spatial Structure of Maheshwar
87