31 minute read
Figure 40: City level Impact Chain Analysis
Source: Adapted from Resin Project, 2017.
5.14 City level Impact Chain Analysis
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After identifying the indicators where the challenges are being observed and the direct and indirect relationship of those indicators with climate, impact chain analysis has been done for entire Surat and also for various sectors. The analysis highlights key pressing issues that Surat has and tried to connect them. It is being observed that whether it is a climatic or non-climatic driver, ultimately all are interconnected somehow.
Figure 40 City level Impact Chain Analysis
5.15 Sectoral level Impact Chain Analysis
Now for understanding suitable strategy intervention in micro level detail, a thematic sector based impact chain analysis have been performed for sectors like transportation, water supply and solid waste management. Based on the analysis it is easy to understand what will be suitable resilience strategy for any sector, how many of them the government has already taken and how many yet to be taken.
It is being observed that people feel more comfortable while traveling by their own vehicle that public transport. But this impacts various environmental problems such as air pollution. So Government of Gujarat has come up with a new scheme which is the “Go Green Scheme” also known as “Gujarat Two Wheeler Scheme”
Figure 41 Impact Chain Analysis for transportation
5.16. Impact Chain Analysis for Transportation
Figure X shows the entire chain of impact analysis related to transportation. It is being observed that the main hazard in the domain of transportation in Surat is air pollution which impacts in increasing of GHG gas in atmosphere. Also more use of private vehicles which leads to more traffic congestion and increases the amount of accidents as well. As solution, there could be more use of E-vehicle using renewable energy. There can be provision of motorized and non-motorised public transportation like BRTS, MRTS, tram etc. After site visit it was good to acknowledge that SMC has already taken few initiatives which will be discussed below.
specially for the industrial and construction workers. The aim is to subsidize the purchase of electric two wheeler within Gujarat which will help in reducing air pollution. The industrial workers will get 30% subsidy or less than 30,000 on purchasing electric vehicle. Whereas construction workers will get 50% or less than 30,000 subsidy from Government of Gujarat on purchasing this vehicles. The scheme is also applicable for students from class 9-12 and aligned
Source: Understanding of Author
5.16.1 Initiative taken by SMC
a. Promoting use of E-Vehicles
Source: Surat Local News paper
b. Promoting use of E-Public transportation
Surat Municipal Corporation has also made provision of electric buses since last 1 year. Parking policy is being changed. These buses are efficient and affordable. Ticket price is as same as diesel buses. Funding for these buses is done under FAME II scheme initiated by central. SMC is not responsible for single funding amount for these buses. Overall public are positively using this buses which shows success of the initiative. The BRTS and city buses are covering 100% of SMC and few major growth centres like kamrej and Sachin outside SMC, but within the SUDA Jurisdiction.
According to a study done by CEE, the total percentage of coverage of Non-motorised transportation in Surat is 17.54%. SMC has taken initiative of shared bicycle and they have 121 bicycle station which will encourage the use of bicycle instead of private vehicle.
Figure 43 Electric public buses are successfully running in Surat
Source: Author
c. Public bi-cycles initiatives
Figure X shows the entire chain of impact analysis related to water supply. It is being observed that the main hazard in the domain of water supply in Surat is related to Flood in Tapi river, Ground water stress and contamination and irrigation water and unconsciously people wasting tap water which impacts various conditions.
Figure 44 Impact Chain Analysis for water supply
Source: Understanding of Author
5.17.1 Initiative taken by SMC a. Tapi suddhikaran Project
The project is getting implemented with the help of Surat Municipal Corporation, Gujarat Water Supply & Sewerage Board & Gujarat Pollution Control Board. The funding is coming from GOI, GOG and SMC. Followings are the objective of this project- 1. Protection of Tapi river from any furthered degradation and thereby improvisation and restoration of the river water quality by providing mass plantation alongside the river bank. 2. Encourage the riverfront development activities by establishing recreational areas at various locations along side the defined stretch of the Tapi river. 3. Providing efficient and sustainable waste water management system in the village/Towns along the river Tapi which are major contributors of untreated waste water discharge in river Tapi. 4. Recycling treated waste water for irrigation, gardening and flushing purposes and thereby reducing the fresh water requirement for the betterment of river water health. Key activities under this project are as follows- 1. Identification of the 44 outlets along the upstream of Tapi river which are polluting Tapi. 2. Preparation of Detailed Project Report. 3. Awareness of the local people regarding the consequences of climate change and importance of conservation of Tapi river.
4. Managing the land along the river and resettlement of the existing households in that particular stretch. 5. Infrastructural set up which includes provision of interception & diversion line. Sewage lines and pumping station & STP. 6. Training & capacity building of the workers and local people of the informal settlements. 7. Testing the quality of the river and certification from the GPCB.
Figure 45 Tapi Suddhikaran Project on the bank of river Tapi
“The major challenge for this project is Land acquisition in few areas due to lack of awareness. Also observed that public participation is less. When it comes to giving up their own land for the construction of STPs, its always been noticed that people are hesitant to giving up their land as some sort of sentimental issues are always attached”- Stakeholder Interview
Source: Google
b. Decentralized water harvesting &supply
Surat Smart City’s area-based development includes a 3% portion of the overall SMC area. There are four water treatment and distribution centres, as well as three ESRs, operating within that selected area, delivering 75 MLD of water and ensuring water supply 24 hours a day, seven days a week. To make this idea accessible and egalitarian, SMART water metres will be placed, and water quality will be verified at the sources and end users locations. Rainwater harvesting and recharging, as well as recharge through storm water drainage systems, are advocated as ways to conserve water. By population, this project will service 10% of the city’s population. This project will help to alleviate water stress while also lowering the contamination of ground water.
Figure 46 Smart City initiative for water supply
According to data supplied by CEE during their presentation at the Surat Smart City convention in April 2022, total generated waste water and treated waste water is 970 MLD. 319 MLD is reused among them. If we look at the bifurcation of this figure further, we can see that 160 MLD is handled further up to tertiary level before being delivered
Tale 14 Distribution of source of waste water which is treated to Pandesara GIDC and Sachin GIDC. This generates a total revenue of Rs. 140 crores every year. Through a tanker filling station, the remaining 159 MLD of water is reused for non-potable purposes such as lake rejuvenation, agricultural mass plantation, road dividers, gardening and what not. The bifurcation of source of 319 MLD water which is reused, as follows-
growth in the canal. It is a challenge in terms of maintaining the quality of water of the canal. Another is the weak embankment in many areas due to less maintenance. Funding mainly comes from state government and PWD.
Source: CEE
d. Initiatives by Irrigation department
The main issues related to irrigation department are- maintenance of the canal, illegal encroachment along the canal and river, Due to this socio-economical dis-balance, lack of public awareness & land acquisition. Right after flood, 20 km long embankment, 15 km long retaining wall was proposed to build by government of Surat. Ukai-Kakrapad project is there. The canal system was there since 1970, but recently in last 5-7 years almost 70% of the canals are made line canal which reduce water loss and also wastage of water and water will be supplied in optimum period. The main moto of this department is to maintain the canal periodically by desilting, grass cutting and canal lining. As a challenge the corporation sometimes face loss of velocity which may causes vegetative
“The main opportunity is that the revenue is generated from Industries whereas the department’s main concern is the agricultural growth of Surat”- Stakeholder Interview
e. Tapi Riverfront development Project
Surat’s major river, Tapi, is a fast-flowing river that touches the Arabian Sea. The river has a history of flooding, which we’ve already discussed. Surat’s riverbanks on both sides have also become home to a number of undesirables. There are a few riverfront developments currently in place, but they must be integrated. As a result, the state government has opted to support the tapi riverfront development project alongside the national govt and the World Bank. An SPV has been formed to implement this project in near future. The initiative has less impact directly on water supply byt huge impact on controlling flood. The project will also improve the city’s green coverage and have a good impact on the environment. It will also create a sense of social cohesiveness at the city level.
Source: SMC
f. Linear park project near Vesu area
Surat Municipal Corporation took up the Canal Corridor with Linear Park Development Project as part of the Surat Smart City Mission. The main goal was to ameliorate the current unhealthy situation along the existing canal and to utilize the most of the available road capacity within the city. The green corridor is being developed to create an environment along the canal road that
Figure 48 Linear park near Vesu Area will not only increase mobility but also provide an ecological pleasant environment for the city’s smart residents. The corridor has a total length of 6 kilometres, of which 3 kilometers have already been implemented and are being used effectively by citizens. The linear park has a significant impact on the land value of both the side of the road.
Source: Understanding of Author
g. Restoration of Mangrove forest
During storm surges in coastal areas, mangrove forests aid significantly to modify the wind direction. They also help to prevent soil erosion and salt water intrusion from the sea. Because Surat is located on the coast of the Arabian Sea and faces the threat of sea level rise, the Gujarat Ecological Commission has taken the initiative to restore its mangrove forest, around the Olpad and Dandi areas in Surat.
The impact chain analysis (Fig. 49) for Solid waste management shows how climate induced hazards like air pollution, loss of soil nutrients and soil contaminations and human induced hazards like openly waste burning impact solid waste management system in terms of GHG emission increase,
Figure 49 Impact Chain Analysis for Solid waste management
Source: Understanding of Author
Source: Understanding of Author 5.18.1 Initiative taken by SMC a. Solid Waste Processing by SMC b. Plastic Waste Management Centre
SMC established a 12-acre plot in Khajod as a solid waste disposal site in January of 2017. Nonusable, non-biodegradable, non-combustible, non-recyclable, and non-reactive inert waste, as well as pre-processing rejects and residuals from waste processing plants, shall be disposed of at this sanitary landfill site, according to the Solid Waste Management Rules of 2016. This project is estimated to cost roughly 20 crores of rupees, and it has the positive consequence of reducing landfill garbage. However, the project has a number of negative consequences for the nearby village, particularly the upcoming Dream City Project. In the same year followed by the previously mentioned project, SMC had begun the work of plastic waste management system in Surat on PPP basis for next 20 years. To construct this system, SMC has offered a 2 acre plot of land for a token rent. The processing plant currently has a processing capability of 75 TPD, with the potential to expand to 200 MT/day. By giving indirect jobs to 15,000 people in the unorganized sector, the enterprise has had a significant influence on the economy. SUMUL Dairy has partnered with the initiative. Every day, around 1.5 lacs of milk bags are gathered
Figure 50 Khajod landfill site Figure 51 Plastic Waste Management Centre, Surat
and processed. The project reduced trash while also increasing the recycling of virgin plastics as pellets. The total project cost is around 17 cr. rs.
d. Strategic location of Landfill site-
The project started operating in the year 2019 and the total project cost is 20 cr. rs. The aim of this project is to collect and recycle 300 ton/ day construction and demolition waste for a period of 20 years. Total 8 locations have been designated by SMC for collection of C & D wastes. State of art technology will help this entire system staring from waste collection to final finished eco-product, so that the system would not have a negative impact on climate. As an impact, total 642 numbers of bulk waste generators are actively working. The project already has contributed in 10%-15% of air pollution reduction in Surat compared to previous years.
As already mentioned in the Khajod landfill project, that it has an huge negative impact on the nearby villages causing foul smell, also air pollution due to waste burning. Also water pollution is there. All these can causes serious health problems within 10 km radius of the site. The project also had a high chance of affecting the upcoming Diamond city project. Hence the Government has decided to shift the landfill site to three identified plots of land at Mandroi and Bhandup in Olpad and in Wankinada near Kadodara,Palsana.
Figure 52 Construction and demolition waste centre, Surat
“Aag Bhujao is an initiative under suratwatchcommunity where we have teams in all areas of surat. They report waste burning activity and after thorough vigilance we try to nab the offenders and smc serves them a penalty. Our job is to locate such waste burning pockets and get control over it by
deploying fire brigade if needed”- Initiative
taken by civil society groups like Project Surat
5.19 Other Initiatives taken by SMC
Other than these there are several initiatives that Surat Municipal Corporation is taking to combat with climate change. Some of these initiatives are- 1. Oxygen parks in Surat- SMC has taken initiative to built 2 oxygen park in Bhaimard and Utran to combat environmental challenges.
2. Incentivising buildings with Solar roof top- SMC has taken initiative to incentives building in terms of additional facilities if they install solar panels on top of roof.
3. Air Monitoring System- 2 Air quality monitoring system has been installed in Surat- 1 in Varacha zone and other in Limbayat zone. GPCB and SMC has also decided to install 7 CAAQMS air monitoring stations in Surat under NCAP.
Source: Google
Future Initiative
5.20 Analysis of the initiatives
Transportation: In order to reduce GHG emission, the initiatives of shared mobility and clean transportation in Surat aim to reduce GHG emission which will eventually reduce air pollution and impact positively on global warming. This initiative will also help India to achieve the net zero emission target by 2070. Despite of these emission-free and noise-free benefits, implementation of e-vehicles have drawbacks specially in Indian context. During the stakeholder’s consultation certain challenges have been observed such as lack of expert drivers and
other technical advancement to operate the buses, charging points related issues. Also as per the report “Procurement of Electric Buses: Insights from Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Analysis” by WRI, it is being analyzed that Weather conditions such as temperature, atmospheric pressure and humidity affect the energy efficiency of an e-bus. The report stated that during rainy season due to high humidity in air, the friction between road and tiers increase which reduce the amount of energy recovered by the buses. Also, the batteries of E-buses costs high, which is also another reason of any kind of decision making from central Government. But, most critically, it has been discovered that the electricity used to charge the batteries is primarily generated by coal thermal power stations. Coal is a non-renewable energy source that dominates the Indian electricity sector. In addition, the supply of lithium for use in e-vehicles’ batteries is restricted. And the traditional method of extracting this raw material is hazardous to the environment, posing climate-related risks.
Solid Waste Management: In terms of initiatives linked to solid waste management, it has been found that the majority of the projects are centralized. As the distance between the transfer stations and Khajod dump yard site are quite long. This could result in a variety of air and water pollution issues. Also, the location of Khajod dump yard site causes physical hazards to people residing in the nearly villages. Due to this problem and also for the upcoming Dream city project, the government is planning to shift the dump yard site in olpad.
Green & Blue Infrastructure: As per the Development plan report and based on 2017’s data, it is being observed that despite of having a hierarchy of open spaces in Surat, they are not evenly distributed within the entire city and SUDA region. If we look at their distribution, it can be seen that 50% of the green area are concentrated in south waste zone. The liner park project along the canal (mentioned earlier) is also situated in that zone. Also the area of park, garden and open space is more within SMC boundary (263.78 ha) but very less within the remaining SUDA boundary (21.25 ha). Hence to combat with climate change effectively, we need
Table 15 Proximity of transfer station to Khajod
Figure 53 Pie chart showing percentage of Green within SMC zones
Source: Surat Proposed Development Plan
to have evenly distributed greens, gardens and open spaces across the city and the outskirts. As per WHO distribution of open space in based on per capita calculation. Per capita green space as per WHO os 9 sqm. But in Gujarat, open space is provided as per TP scheme regulation in GTPUDA. According to it 5% land of the entire Town Planning scheme has to be alloted for open space. According to URDPFI the percentage is 20%. Overall green space is less in Surat compared to it;s population and the distribution is not also proper within the SMC+SUDA region.
In terms of blue infrastructure, there are numerous creeks, which are referred to locally as kharis. Within the city, there are other canal channels. The linear park project is there as a smart city initiative, where the part of canal corridor is being landscaped and converted into communal space, but the rest of the canals and streams are not in such good condition. In addition, according to discussions with stakeholders, land acquisition for any type of development along the canal or river Tapi is the most difficult hurdle in Surat. Due to a lack of maintenance, the water quality of the Tapi river, creeks and canals is also poor, allowing mosquito to breed in the water and causing water-borne diseases. As a result, while the local government is doing an excellent job, it has to be more aware of the issues and act accordingly. Finally, it is noted that the majority of the projects clearly fall under the city’s climate resilience strategy, with a decent number of climate adaptation initiatives compared to mitigationrelated initiatives. To sum up all the initiatives in a nutshell and assess their influence on climate in positive or negative way and the project engagement, a table has been prepared (Table. X).
Source: Understanding of Author
5.21 Conclusion
Overall, as per table X, Surat is taking good amount of initiatives to combat climate change. The initiatives have sense of equity which is good part. But it has been observed that the common problem stated by mostly all the stakeholders are, public awareness is the biggest challenge towards the successful implementation of these projects. It is being observed while doing site visit that, people are not much aware about Smart city mission, but they have good knowledge of schemes like JNNURM. Due to effectiveness of the Surat Municipal Corporation and moderate amount of help by the citizens, Surat is performing quite well, rather the best in India in terms of climate resilience.
6
Source: Google Image
Recommendations From Macro to Micro
Final Outcome
The research was divided into four objectives. The first three objectives are more likely to include reviews, analyses, and observations on macro to micro level climate related aspects, but the fourth objective is to make recommendations based on the findings, which will be explored in depth in this chapter. It is being observed that despite of being aware of climate change, we are obscure about what to do when it comes to reality. The suggestions can be used to any Indian city.
2. Strenghthen the Adaptation & Mitigation strategies and update the NAPCC & NDC as soon as possible:
In order to achieve net zero emission before 2070, we first need to have revised NAPCC & NDC with stronger mitigation and adaptation strategies which are not over ambitious but implementable in the context of India.
6.1 Recommendations
To start with the recommendations, we will start with macro level recommendations and then will dig deeper and provide recommendations in micro or local level. The recommendations are as follows- 1. India’s “Net-Zero” emission pledge horizon year needs to be shifted little earlier:
According to scientists, developing countries must attain net zero emissions by the year 2050 or 2060. With some strong policy intervention, the term of India’s commitment can be curtailed. Though India’s per capita carbon emissions are lower than those of other countries due to its higher population growth, the net global carbon emission percentage is fairly high at 6.81 percent, as we observed in Chapter 3. As a result, the netzero pledge road map must be more efficient so that it can be met by 2060, if not 2050.
Figure 55 India’s GHG emission profile
3. There should be equal or more amount of adaptation actions:
The devastating experience after every disaster makes us realize that how unprepared we are for such disasters. As a result, several good techniques and their subsequent action plans related to climate-induced adaptation programs are necessary.
4. Eleminate financial risks while adapting a roust framework ton achieve net zero pledge by encouraging ecosystem based adaptation planning:
In order to achieve net zero commitement by 2070, a study done by CEEW shows that India needs almost around Rs. 700 Lakh Crores. This means to achieve the goal before 2070 we need more financial back up. In most of the cases when we talk about mitigation or adaptation strategies it includes new technology which costs a lot. Hence most of the time the ideas do not get implemented on ground due to lack of financial back up from government. Hence we need to find alternative and cost effective processes as part of mitigation and adaptation strategies. In terms of ecological diversity, India is quite rich. From the Himalayas to the Western Ghats, or the natural splendour of the north east to the seashore, India is home to 8% of the world’s known biodiversity.
Forests, agricultural areas, coastal zones, wetlands, and other natural resources provide vital services that benefit both urban and rural populations. India can exploit this ecosytem diversity as an adaptive mechanism to mitigate climate change’s negative externalities. These methods are lowcost, simple to execute, and need community involvement. As a result, it can deliver economic, social, and environmental benefits all at the same time.
6. The chain of Hierarchy of climate action plans is needed to e completed:
Indian has a National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) that does not include any intermediate goals, as we discovered in our research. India, on the other hand, has a hierarchy of climate action policies. We have a State Action Plan for Climate Change (SAPCC), which is guided by the NAPCC . However, city-level climate action action plans are missing which is required to make our climate action plans inclusive, equitable, and transparent. Long term National or state level action plans are good to foresee where our nation can reach in the coming years, but city level plans make the process more tangible to achieve. In this context, it’s worth noting that Mumbai is the first city in India to develop city-level climate action plan for the horizon year of 2050. Surat, Chennai, and Pune, for example, have developed their city level resilience strategy plans with the help of the Rockefeller Foundation and are successfully implementing them. Other Indian cities should take these four cities’ lead and do the needful.
Having said that, it is important to note that just because most Indian cities lack dedicated climate action plans does not indicate that local governments are not taking action. After evaluating the city of Surat’s initiatives and recommending ecosystem-based adaptation solutions in light of India’s diverse biodiversity, a few recommendations might be made that can be applied to any Indian city.
Figure 56 Hierarchy of climate action plans in India
Source: Understanding of Author
7. Encouraging Transit oriented development:
Most of the Indian cities tend to use more private vehicles. It not only increase GHG emission but also increase traffic congestion or problem of noise pollution ( Eg. Bangalore or any other metro cities). For this we can see how nicely Surat is implementing more Mass transit system like BRTS and MRTS. They encourage more people to travel at the same time, hence cost effective and efficient. But study in Surat has shown that only promoting public transportation does not
help is not using private vehicle. In this case if we can reduce the distance of their traveling by promoting TOD development and the concept of compact city, then there is chance of less using public vehicle. The 15 minute walk city concept of paris is quite successful. For this kind of redevelopment in Indian cities the concept of Local Area Plan is there. for Greenfield areas there are Town Planning schemes, predominantloy found in Gujarat & Maharashtra. But to further make it more efficient we as planners should promote Transit Oriented Development to reduce the use of private vehicles by bringing people, acticities and buildings closer. As a result GHG emission will reduce and the problem of traffic congestion will also solve. As a solution to it, we can promote non-motorised transportation system like bicycle, more use of paratransit system like bicycle rikshaws of Kolkata. In order to do that we need to modify and improve our Indian street sections and provide dedicated lane for them to promote hassle-free NMT. We can also make bicycle track plan at community level.
Figure 57 Concept of TOD through simple diagram
Source: Understanding of Author
7.1 Encouraging more non-motorised Transportation System and modifying the road sections accordingly:
In Surat we have seen that the concept of E-mobility has been adapted and successfully run. Though it helps in mitigating GHG emission from transportation sector, but the electricity consumption increases. India in COP26 has taken the pledge of producing 500 GW of renewable energy, but still In India the electricity sector is dependent of coal which is a non-renewable.
Figure 58 Green dedicated lane for NMT
Source: Hongkong community bicycle tracks
7.2. Promote walkability:
To promote walkability in Indian cities, vibrant and innovative street design need to be encouraged at neighborhood level. Also as mentioned earlier, the street sections can be designed in innovative way. For example provision of green sheltered walkways between home and transit stations can create a comfortable pedestrian experience for the population, considering India’s cliamte hazards (eg. The Walk2Ride Programme, Singapore).
Figure 59 The Walk2Ride Programme, Singapore
Dumping grounds are not sustainable landfills as these dumping grounds have no foundations, cover soil, leachate managements and treatment facility (Jha et al., 2011). Also people do not prefer to have dumping ground within a clise proximity to their house. Due to lack of proper transportation facilities, solid waste are not properly transported to the destination. And due to financial crisis, they do not often disposed in a very scientific manner. Decentralized solid waste helps to provide a healty environment as it reduce the distance of journey from source to destination and also reduce the quantity of collected garbage at destination point, hence reduce the intensity of pollution. It is financially viable, provide job opportunity to waste collecting labors and also provide them a healthier and cleaner job environment.
Figure 60 Visualizing the concept of Urban Forest and it’s advantages
11. Promoting Urban Forest:
As a macro level initiative we have talked about promoting ecosystem based adaptation process
to harness climate change. In Surat we have taken the linear park project has been taken up which is a good initiative and an ecosystem based adaptation approach but unfortunately there is only 1 linear canal park in Surat. Also we have seen that city level green open space is less. As per WHO which needs to be minimum 9 sqm. per capita and preferably can go upto 50 sqm. And other Indian cities are also facing same problem. Urban forest is an innovative nature based adaptation approach which is kind of scale up version of these lenear park projects at city level. It gives ecological, economical and sociological benefits to the society by improving quality of life and combating climate change in a smart way.
Figure 61 Ecological Advantage of Forest
Source: Understanding of Author
11. Agro Forest in Peri-urban area:
In order to propmote eco-system based adaptation approach, we can use the concept of agro-forest in India. Agroforest is a concept that incorporates shrubs and trees into farming and rural landscapes to improve productivity, economy, biodiversity, and environmental sustainability. India is a agriculture based country. Sustainable practice of farming not only helps to protect the soil and the bio-diversity, but also congtributes to a healtier climate and reduce global warming. Agroforestry aids in erosion management of soil and water preservation, recycling of nutrients, biodiversity retention, and better air, as well as assisting communities in coping with severe weather.
11. Climate change as a part of school curriculam:
Observations in chapter 4 shows that there is still a lot of room for capacity building and public awareness in the areas of climate change and national strategies. As a recommendation, there should be a mandatory curriculum edition in every school or college syllabus that raises awareness of our national missions, NDC, India’s contribution and activities at global level.
12. Enhancing inter-disciplinary coordination & Cpacity building of all kind of stakeholders:
It is also observed that there is some gaps in the understanding of the stakeholders in the domain of climate change. Their own perceptions sometimes contradict with each other. As a result there has to be more capacity building programs which will bring all kind of stakeholders under the same roof, increase awareness and transperency at the same time.
6.3 Conclusion:
These are the generic recommendations which can be appied for any Indian cities. The approaches are cost effective and efficient. We as the Indian citizen’s need to be more aware of our responsibilities.
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Important Website
• https://www.acccrn.net/country/India
• https://unfccc.int/topics/climate-finance/the-big-picture/introduction-to-climate-finance
• https://www.greenclimate.fund/about
• https://unfccc.int/climatefinance?home
• https://wri-india.org/our-work/topics/climate
• https://theprint.in/health/1994-surat-plague-has-many-lessons-for-india-on-how-to-beatcoronavirus/379531/
Appendix
