EFOCUS by Santhana Kumar

E focus

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

THE FUTURE OF ELECTRONICS

ISSUE I

JUNE 20I2

. .

VOLUME I

Palm Vein Biometrices>> Human as keys

Polymer electronics:

The strength of polymers

> Short Range

Wireless ICs

>Cloud future:

Electronics design

>Electronic wastes >Ultra Wide Band Radar >Direct Broadcast satellite

* BRAIN- COMPUTER INTERFACE FUTURE THOUGHT CONTROLLED COMPUTER

INNOVATION DIGITAL RADIO DESIGN

NANO ELECTRONICS

THE POWER OF TINY THINGS

SELF COOLING SOLAR PANELS: AN EXORDINARY INNOVATION

" I find out what the world needs Then I go ahead try to invent it." -Edison

c o n t e n t s DIGITAL RADIO DESIGN

PALM VEIN BIOMETRICS

DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE

ALBERT EINSTEIN

CLOUD FUTURE FOR ELECTRONICS DESIGN

THOUGHT CONTROLLED COMPUTER

ELECTRONIC WASTES

E FOCUS | JUN2012

MARTIN COOPER

ULTRA WIDEBAND RADAR

POLYMER ELCTRONICS

NANO ELECTRONICS

SELF CLEANING SOLAR PANELS

SHORT RANGE WIRELESS IC's

AWARDS & HONORS E FOCUS | JUN2012 5

EDITOR IN CHEIF

MANAGING EDITORS

PALM VEIN BIOMETRICES

BOARD OF EXECUTORS

RAMYA N POONKUZHLY T

Bharathi R

Latha devi Anish krishnan

Shainu S G Pon Ram P Samsul Hutha S Santhana kumar P Saravanan M

he world we are living today is highly in-

secure.

DESIGNER & LAYOUT

Santhana kumar P Anusuya Uma

COORDINATORS

Yog Raj

Anil Raj

PUBLISHER

such as buildings till the computer networks we need security. Technology has developed even

Krishna Veni Ushaa

up to developing access cards to restrict unauthorized access but still the problem continues.

The most convincing technology to overcome

this problem is biometrics. Because it identifies the person based on his physiological characteristics.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

It offers many advantages compared to the tradi-

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Starting from the physical resources

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tional methods of using PIN numbers where we need to remember the PIN number or passwords. Also it is more secure because the person needs to be physically present at the time of identification

8012903203 E FOCUS | JUN2012

Palm vein technology is one of the upcoming

the hand. However the reflection method is

This

vein

This technology can be used in elections to

methods of biometrics. It uses the vein pat-

more effective since it provides a clear im-

technology can also be used in access control unit

prevent illegitimate polling of vote. So far

tern inside the palm of a person for identi-

age when the hands or either cool or hot.

to prevent unauthorized entry in to the rooms or

many technologies have been introduced to

fication. It is highly secure because the veins

buildings. Here the device contains two units.

put an end to this problem. But palm vein

are internal. Since they exist inside the body

methods is also different. The reflection meth-

The palm vein sensor unit and the control

technology will be more effective if steps

they cannot be stolen. Even a doctor can-

od takes photograph when the light is reflect-

unit. The palm vein sensor scans the vein

are taken to implement it while polling the

not transfer the complex pattern of vein in

ed back from the palm. So the illumination

pattern then the control unit performs the

votes. They can also be used in national

authentication process and sends lock or unlock

border security control. Till now some

a hand in to another hand. Also the pattern

and photography components can be posi-

instruction according to the identification.

borders officers are using the traditional

of veins is unique to each individual. So at-

tioned in the same place. Where as the trans-

Hence the authorized person only can enter the

method of comparing the person’s photograph

tempts to make forgery are extremely difficult

mission methods photographs the light that

room and thereby it provides a better security.

with the person standing before them. In

and hence it provides a high level security.

passes through the hand. So the illumination

addition they are using the entry card which

In this method the person’s vein pat-

and photography components must be placed

tern is captured by radiating a infrared beam

in different locations. This makes it difficult

over the palm. During this the blood flowing

for the system to be embedded in smaller de-

through the vein absorbs this radiation and

vices such as notebook PCs or cell phones.

make the vein to appear black. This pattern is

recorded by the sensor and it will be stored in

the financial sectors is the illegal withdrawals

a database. This vein authentication can also be done using the vascular pattern on the back of the hand or finger. However the palm vein authentication is more effective since the palm has no hair and it is easier to photo-

The system configuration of these two

A rapidly increasing problem among

of morged as a social problem too. Palm vein authentication plays a major role in preventing such kind of thefts. In banks this technology can be used to make secure transactions. This features high security for customers as it does not require a bankcard or passbook

graph its vascular pattern. Also the palm has

and prevents withdrawal from branches

no significant variations in skin color com-

other than the registered branches thereby

pared with the fingers or the back of the hand

reducing the risk of fraudulent withdrawals.

where the color can be darken in certain areas.

The palm vein authentication device scans

There are two methods of photograph-

ing the veins. First one is the reflection method. In this method the palm is illuminated and it photographs the light that is reflected back. Another one is the transmission method. It photographs the light that passes through 8

E FOCUS | JUN2012

the customer’s palm vein and transfers it in to a smart card which will be issued to the user. During transactions the customer’s vein pattern is compared with the registered pattern in the smart card. Since the registered vein pattern in the smart card is not released the security of the vein pattern is preserved.

palm

We can use this palm vein

carries no identification other than names,

technology even in front of our home. By

passport number and date of birth. But

registering the palm veins of our family

palm vein authentication can identify the

members and relatives we can maintain a

person in exact and thereby prevents the

high range security which is not possible

terrorists from creeping in to our country.

through other technology. Japanese are

recently

before

personal computers. In PCs it can be done by

front doors and getting a better security.

inserting the vein sensor inside the mouse.

When power is supplied to the system the

using

this

technology

This technology can be used even in

E FOCUS | JUN2012

mouse also gets power and the sensor in

the mouse will be ready to sense the palm

of this technology is very low false acceptance

veins. If they are matched with the registered pattern the system allows the person to use it. We can use this technology even to lock folders which has to be confidential.

In many countries the conventional

library cards used in the library are replaced by palm vein biometrics. They are also used in hospitals to have secure access to the department of planning, information and management.

The

palm

vein

authentication

completely contact less. The person need not

facebook.com/efoci

The main reason for the fast emergence

rate which is the rate at which someone other the actual person is identified i.e.) the probability of occurring error is very low. Another advantage of this technology is its capability to fuse with the existing biometric technologies. Vein recognition can be used along with finger print and hand geometry which

provides

enhanced

security.

Palm vein technology has presented a

new face to the world of security system. This technology is widely used in many countries.

touch the device. It can be done simply by

But it is not so popular in our country. If this

holding the hand a few centimeters above the

technology gets a chance to attain its peak

sensor. The completely contact less feature of

in our country we can solve many problems

this device make it suitable for use in places like

like fraudulent transaction in banks and

hospitals where high level of hygiene is required.

The vein authentication technique is

an impressive technology because it requires only a single chip so that it is relatively small and available at reasonable cost. The

unauthorized access. If we implement this technology in government offices we can make the employees to work according to the government timings. I think it will be a part of every organization and we can find this device everywhere in the future. Surely this

verification process is also very fast. It often

technology will bring a revolution in the field

takes less than two seconds to complete the

of science and technology in the near future.

authentication. Of the many technologies such as DNA, iris recognition, ear and body odour recognition, vein recognition with its own unique characteristics is emerging as one of the fast growing technologies.

ind us on

acebook 10

E FOCUS | JAN2012

The

Winternational

biometrics

group

compared all the methods of biometrics and certified that the palm vein technology has a highest level of accuracy than others.

Facts FAST!!! If you traveled as fast as electricity, (about 300,000 kilometers = 186,411.358 miles per second the speed of light), you could go around the world 8 times in the time it takes to turn on a light switch. E FOCUS | JUN2012

Albert Einstein GALLERY

1.Young einstein: A Halting Start 2.Einstein Sitting alone at the Princeton Institude for reading 3.Einstein's Young Stage 4.Einstein Practicing his beloved violin E FOCUS | JUN2012

(1897-1955)

-Sant hana kumar P

1.Study belonging to Albert Einstein 2.Einstein's General theory of Relativity on Show in Israel 3.Einstein at Princeto's institute for Advanced studies lecturing to class 4.Einstein's funeral E FOCUS | JUN2012

in a sim-

l a m

u r e

R T R O SH

E G N A

S ' IC less ICs

p h n s e sa wireless d a va k n ni ICs are e V ri in most S S of thepre-builtcommunication R

devices which can be used for the

purpose of data transfer in a short area, with out paying any money or with out opting for a lengthy cord. Let describe some of short range wireless ICs in this article.

Short range wireless ICs are tiny,

have been used in

portable, light weight, less energy consuming,

several devices such as mobiles,

in expensive components, which uses short

PDAs, laptops, and all other devices that designed

range electromagnetic waves that propagates

for the purpose of wireless communication.

through space. Most of the popular short range

In most of our day-to-day situations

wireless ICs includes Bluetooth, NFC (Near

In this fast revolving world, every one we need to transfer data from our device to a

Field Communication), UWB (Ultra Wide

wants to communicate with others instantly device nearby, may be it’s of our friends, are

Band), wi-fi (Wireless Fedility) and Zig-Bee.

with a handy device, which is possible only of a merchant for the purpose mobile banking

The word Bluetooth is very popular among

by wireless communication networks. Even in machine, or for a projector nearby. The main

us, which is a different type of network that

such networks the circuits and its constituting aim of such data transfer would be for the

can be used to connect with different devices

components require a lot place and will not be purpose of synchronization, data access,

in close proximity about 10m without any ex-

used in their actual form to make a handy portable instant messaging, and wi-fi access and so on.

pensive wiring. Two Bluetooth devices that

device. In order to meet such requirements ICs What ever it may be, for all the above purposes

connected together can share up to 720kpbs

came into play as a role of bulk circuits. A single we won’t ready to take some meters of wires to

of capacity. In Bluetooth asynchronous

IC of some mm size can serve the purpose of connect such devices or won’t want to spend our

(data) and synchronous (voice) services are

circuits more efficiently in an inexpensive money to mobile network carriers. In order to

available. If a mobile phone has a Bluetooth

manner. In such point of view short range wire help the users under such situations short range

chip it can be connected to a PDA or Laptop

E FOCUS | JUN2012

ple way and data can be shared between them. Bluetooth ICs are leading among the short range wireless

ICs. These ICs are expected to exceed 59% of total short range wireless ICs in 2013. This low energy consumable wireless technology opens an absolutely new and very significant market opportunity for products and devices which need low cost and low power wireless connectivity solutions.

Apart form Bluetooth; the Ultra Wide

Band (UWB) is yet another type of short range wireless technology that enables the movement of massive files at high data rates over short distances. For example in a home this technology would be allowing the user to transfer hours of video from a PC to a TV with out any messy cords. On the road a passenger who has a laptop in the trunk receiving data over mobile-fi could be using UWB to pull that information up to several mpbs fro a handheld computer in the front seat. The Wi-Fi is another type that uses the short range wireless ICs, which is a branded standard for wirelessly connecting electronic devices. A Wi-Fi device such as PC, video game console, smart phones or digital audio players can connect to the internet via a wire less network access point. These feature has been used by over 700 million people also E FOCUS | JUN2012

there are over 4 million Wi-Fi enabled hot- signed to be operated up on by a little energy spots around the world, and about 800 because they will be left in places for five or millions of new Wi-Fi enabled devic- ten years and their batteries need to last. These es are bring out to the market every year. Zig-Bee devices communicate efficiently pass

The Near Field Communication (NFC) ing data over radio waves from one to other.

is yet another boon in the field of short range

Collectively all the above wireless short

communications that specially designed for range ICs are preferred for their I expensive, safe communications between electronic de- low power consumption, portable in many vices. It enables two NFC compatible devices electronic devices. Irrespective of their wide with in a few centimeters to share data in a highly applications they suffer in a sense that they secured manner. Application of NFC includes can be operated only for a short distance range. contactless transactions such as payments and transit ticketing. It combines the functionality of a contactless reader, a contact less card by achieving a peer-to-peer data transfer.

The Zig-Bee functions at a relatively

low data rate over relatively short distances compared with Wi-Fi. Zig-Bee technology enables the coordination of communication among thousands of tiny sensors. They are de16

E FOCUS | JUN2012

Facts

AMAZING TECH.

A single quarter-inch square size silicon chip has the capacity of original 1949 ENIAC computer which occupied a city block.

STEVE JOBS 1955-2011

"The ones who are crazy enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do."

advert isement

POLYMER LECTRONICS

UMA& DIVYA

In this world, a special feature that makes the hu-

man being unique and special among other living creatures is ‘questioning everything’. When he begins to raise questions about his surrounding it paves a path to innovations. He begins to relate the nature with his imaginative power. Generations by generations of such an effort gave roots to all the high end technologies that come across our day to day life. Still his questioning ability not seems to be decreased or stopped instead it enormously increasing.

A simple question “Why cant we use polymer for elec-

tronics?, gave birth to a new field of technology known to be “Polymer Electronics”. This special Electronics is the branch of science and technology that deals with electrical circuits involving active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits. This is often grouped under organic electronics because they are carbon based. Depending on the structure of the materials, they are electrically insulating, conducting or semi conducting. E FOCUS | JUN2012

In addition to these properties they also dis- which organic field effect transistor to conplay electro luminescent properties that emit trol current and voltage. It is also used in light when electric power is applied and the in- OFET in which the transistor is the basic verse effect also exists whereby incoming light building block for integrated circuits. It is is converted into electric power. As a result also used in polymer diodes, capacitors, polymer materials creates a new platform that polymer inverters, polymer ring oscillator. makes it possible to produce high volumes of

Another major use of polymer elec-

thin and flexible electronic devices covering tronics is in the fabrication of OLED (Or-

The polymer electronics is yet to realize its Electronics in Devices, Corrosion, Sustain-

the same full range of applications of conven- ganic Light Emitting Devices). These OLEDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

promise. The promise land of polymer elec- able Energy and Molecular Circuitry. The

tional silicon-based electronic technology. are basically TV screens which tend to create

tronics includes plenty of opportunities that research projects are highly interdisciplinary

The polymer electronics technology a brighter, crisper picture while drawing less

remain unrealized. This is made done by the and all require complementary knowledge

has serious advantages over conventional power. Thus polymer electronics may be con-

LDRD project as a core competency at Sandia contributions from the various disciplines.

inorganic devices. One advantage is the low sidered as the future of the Television screens.

National Laboratories. The polymer electron- The rapid development of polymer electron-

cost and ease of manufacturing. In addition, The polymer electronics may be con-

ics industry is on the brink of volume pro- ics has revealed the possibility for trans-

devices can be flexible and are suitable for sidered as printed electronic methods.

duction for a few selective applications. The forming the electronics market by offer-

mass production. Polymers can be dissolved They are used in various printing methods

first is to explore the readiness and suitability ing lighter, flexible and more cost effective

in special solvents and used as an electronic like Flexoprinting which is a high pressure

of for national security applications, such as alternatives to conventional materials and

ink in different printing process, like the con- method that is especially suitable to print on

chemical and radiation sensors, light emit- products. With applications ranging from

ventional printing of newspapers. This makes plastic substrates. Offset printing which is a

ting diodes, lasers, and large area electron- printed, flexible conductors and novel semi-

it possible to produce electronics without dif- flat printing technique that makes a high res-

ics, photovoltaicâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, batteries, and actuators. conductor components to intelligent labels

ferent machines on to a flexible substrate. This olution possible. Gravure printing which is

and large area displays and solar panels,

means the cost of production for each screen a low pressure printing method that makes

This new field find its application in sectors products that were previously unimagina-

is less than the conventional screen. They high volumes and the use of organic dissol-

such as Health & Bioelectronics, Polymer ble are now beginning to be commercialized.

can be applied on large surface area and free- vent possible. Rotary screen printing which is dom of choice of their chemical composition. a method that allows a print in thick layers.

But they suffer from some disadvan- Coating methods which is a diverse meth-

tages. Due to their intrinsic physical proper- od to apply homogeneous and thin layers ties the performance of polymer electronic products lacks the speed of its silicon coun- Companies have already commercialized terpart. Research is still going on to increase the polymer electronic technology. Printperformance for more complex functionality. ed electronics makes low cost RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags possiDue to their advantages they are used in ble that can be used for mass applications. various applications. They are used in mak- This new technology is used in displays ing of polymer devices like transistors in and complex systems called smart objects. 20

E FOCUS | JUN2012

FACTS

Litt le b oy i n v en t i n g TV?

Philo Taylor Farnsworth, inventor and pioneer in television technology. When he was 11 years old, he began experimenting with electricity. In 1920, when Farnsworth was 14, he showed his high school chemistry teacher a design he had made for an electronic television. The next year Farnsworth entered Brigham Young University as a special freshman. Farnsworth soon left school and worked at odd jobs until he met a willing investor who lent him money to start building his television. The television systems being experimented with at that time consisted of a system of spinning disks with holes punched in them and mirrors designed to convert light to electricity. These disks and mirrors could give only poor resolution. Farnsworth called his device an image dissector because it converted individual elements of the image into electricity one at a time. He replaced the spinning disks with cesium, an element that emits electrons when exposed to light. Farnsworth applied for a patent for his image dissector in 1927. E FOCUS | JUN2012

CLOUD FUTURE

For

ELECTRONICS DESIGN ----Nisha G& Kamatchi T

E FOCUS | JUN2012

The concept of processing storing programs

The term “cloud” is used as a metaphor for

and data in soft core is the recent trend in

the internet, based on the cloud drawing

ITES. Then how it would be going to help

used in the past to represent the telephone

our electronics? .The development of elec-

network and later to depict the internet in

tronics is not only based on circuitry but it

computer network diagrams as an abstrac-

also based on numerous fields that seems

tion of the underlying infrastructure it

to be irrelevant to electronics. In this writ-

represents.

ing, we will be serving the idea of utilizing

the cloud feature for electronics design and

tion-independent, and Online Utility that is

development.

available on Demand”

In short, CLOUD – “Common, Loca-

E FOCUS | JUN2012

For an example, if you have an e-mail account um Live and Altium Vaults. Altium designer ,you are already on the cloud(Not all e-mail is an EDA software package for printed cirservices are cloud-based except a few…).On cuit board and embedded software design. heavy traffic days, we need a large number

In the mid 1990’s, the industry

of servers to control it i.e.,1000 times than was moving towards the use of newly affordthose need on normal days.Hence in such a able technologies such as Field Programmasituation,cloud method of processing is used. ble Gate Arrays(FPGAs) instead of individual Some of the advantages of cloud includes components fixed to a PCB, however the deon- demand provisioning of computing re- sign tools used for PCBs and those used for sources in minutes, with virtually unlimited programmable logic systems were different scalability, a highly secure compute platform, and the difference was becoming an obstacle resources to exploit parallelism at the tool and to electronics design. To counter the limitaat the design-methodology level, an easy- to- tions, a variety of editing tools could then be use design environment with pre-installed used to access and manipulate the design, covand ready to run design tools, reduced need ering areas such as Board layout and design, for on-premises hardware IT infrastructure, Schematic capture, Routing(EDA),testing, reduced need for upfront purchase of EDA analysis licenses, a cost-effective pay-for-use and pay-

and September

FPGA 2010,

design. Altium

an-

digital

Applications of FPGAs include tion and a growing range of other areas. signal

processing,software-defined

Even though cloud based elec-

as-you-go software-as-a-service(SaaS)model. nounced the pending acquisition of Morfik

radio,aerospace and defense systems,ASIC tronics design is not in practice today, it

Bringing this cloud feature into electronics technology, provider of cloud-based soft-

prototyping,medical

design is the factor we have to focus about. ware applications, in all-stock transac-

vision,speech

Engineers are increasingly responsible for tion worth an estimated AU$3.3 million.

hy,bioinformatics,computer

designing and engineering web-based device The move signaled the company’s expecta-

emulation,radio

ecosystems that consist of electronic devices tions that cloud technology will pervade connected via the Internet , as well as cloud- future electronic and embedded systems. based software applications .To enable this The deal was completed in November 2010. next-generation of design , a new type of de-

A Field Programmable Gate Array

sign solution was needed .In 2011,Altium in- is an integrated circuit designed to be controduced a platform aimed helping electron- figured by the customer or designer after ics designers develop their own ecosystems manufacturing-hence

“field-programma-

of intelligent , connected devices that can ble”.FPGA configuration is generally specirun cloud-based applications.By integrating fied using a hardware description language Morfik technology with its own software and (HDL).FPGA contain programmable logic services , Altium was able to develop a con- components called logic blocks and a hinected cloud based platform for electronic erarchy

reconfigurable

interconnects

design that includes Altium Designer, Alti- that allow the blocks to be “wired together”. 24

E FOCUS | JUN2012

imaging,computer will come into force in the upcoming days. recognition,cryptograp As an electronics engineer, and we must inhardware dulge into this concept and make the fu-

astronomy,metal

detec- ture a “WORLD OF ELECTRONICS”

AWESOME VOLTAGE FOR HIGH SPARKS

Tesla coil is an invention of Nikola Tesla; this instrument is actually a transformer. Transformers are usually step-up or step-down types which increase or decrease the input current respectively. The Tesla Coil is an air-core transformer with a high frequency. It is a step up transformer which increases the input of 120 volts AC to around 100,000 volts. The discharge is usually in the form of electrical arc. These incredible coils have in the past were known to light up florescent lights which were almost 50 feet away, wirelessly. The other fact is that there is a direct conversion of electricity to light which does not need the electrodes, unlike the normal bulbs. What it means is that, the florescent lights which have already burnt out can also produce light. E FOCUS | JUN2012

A BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE FOR THE FUTURE

THOUGHT CONTROLLED COMPUTER B .JAMLEE LUDES S.R. JENEFA Judging from scientific papers published in technical journals and at conferences, BCI has seen increasing interest since 2000, when the First International Meeting on BrainComputer Interface Technology was held and reported in the IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering. The literature of the field has doubled since 2002. Experiments with animals and demonstrations by a few human quadriplegics have shown that useful neural signals from the brain can be sensed, interpreted and used to drive a computer or simple prosthetic device. But it is a clever application of science and technology.w The system does not really read thoughts. Instead, it measures fluctuations in electrical voltage in the brain and translates them into commands on a computer screen. The system consists of a cap that fits over the user's head, with a few dozen holes through which electrodes are attached so they rest on the scalp. The electrodes are connected via thin cables to a "biosignal amplifier," which transmits the signals from the brain to a computer. The computer interprets these signals and acts accordingly.ctivity in a brain wave analysis algorithm interprets the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s imagined movements. A keyboard emulator then converts this data into a signal

The system consists of a headpiece equipped instructed to do so, for example. Another test

Thus on proper application of this technology, is to enhance the life style and to make neuro

with electrodes that monitor activity in three involves looking at a series of blinking letters,

we can improve the quality of life being patients feel that they can access all facilities

areas of the motor cortex (the region of the and thinking of a letter when it appears. The

led by physically challenged and neutrally as normal persons do.

brain involved in controlling the movement software “learns” what the brain’s voltage

affected persons. The purpose of this article

of the arms and legs). An EEG machine reads fluctuations look like when those directions

Facts

and graphs the data and relays it to the Brain- or letters are thought of. Computer Interface(BCI), where a brain

Hope for paralyzed-Humans have

wave analysis algorithm interprets the user’s already been implanted with a similar device imagined movements. A keyboard emulator that allows control of a cursor. In 1998, for then converts this data into a signal and relays example, researchers at Emory University in it to Second Life, causing the on-screen avatar Atlanta reported that a paralyzed man was to move. In this way, the user can exercise able to use a small glass implant in his brain to real-time control over the avatar in the 3D operate a computerized voice synthesizer that virtual world without moving a muscle.

allowed him to communicate. Another study

The computer works by picking has shown how the brainwaves of a monkey up the electromagnetic signals created in the in one lab can be fed down a line to control brain when people think of different things. a robotic arm in another lab many kilometers Electrodes attached to a plastic cap which is put away. And similar studies have been carried on the user’s head pick up the signals. Then by out with rodents. tying in thought patterns with different, simple

The Berlin Brain-Computer Interface

instructions the computer can be controlled by (BBCI) – dubbed the “mental typewriter” thought alone. Different parts of the brain are – was created by researchers from the used to process different types of thoughts. Fraunhofer Institute in Berlin and Charité, the

Vertical and horizontal hand movements are medical school of Berlin Humboldt University handled in an area called the sensory motor in Germany. It was shown off at the CeBit

cortex. To use a Brain-Computer Interface electronics fair in Hanover, Germany. The to move a computer cursor, the electrodes machine makes it possible to type messages are placed over the corresponding part of onto a computer screen by mentally controlling the brain, where they read tiny fluctuations the movement of a cursor. A user must wear in voltage and feed them into a software a cap containing electrodes that measure program that analyzes them to figure out what electrical activity inside the brain, known as the person is thinking. The software needs an electroencephalogram (EEG) signal, and to be trained to read the signals, which takes imagine moving their left or right arm in order several hours to do properly. The subject to man oeuvre the cursor around. responds to commands on a computer screen,

SD MEMORY GOES WIRELESS

wToshiba Electronics Europe has announced that it will

launch the world’s first SDHC memory card with embedded wireless LAN functionality to meet the SD Memory Card Standard. The new memory card, FlashAir, supports peer-to-peer transfers and uploads to and downloads from servers. It will initially be available in 8GB capacity. At a time when digital cameras have achieved immense popularity, Toshiba believes users want a quick and easy way to share photographs with friends and to transfer them to and from online storage services and social media. Its solution is the FlashAir, the world’s first SDHC memory card with embedded wireless LAN functionality that is fully compliant with the SD Memory Card Standard. The card’s embedded wireless communication function allows users to upload and download photographs to and from a server and to exchange photographs and other data with other devices compliant with this wireless format. This can all be done without any need for a PC or cable connection. Toshiba plans to receive certification for FlashAir for wireless communication in Japan, North America and Europe. The company also aims to reinforce and extend its leadership of the memory business by further enhancing its SD memory card line-up. Samples will be available from November and sales will start start in February 2012

thinking “left” and “right” when they are 28

E FOCUS | JUN2012

of electronics wastes and their effects to the will also highlight the associated issues

ELECTRONIC WASTES : An Emerging Silent Killer

ecology. Commonly the wastes caused due to and strategies to address this emerging the electronic equipments are called electronic problem, in the light of initiatives in India. wastes .It also includes used electronics

Electronic wastes can cause wide spread

which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, environmental damage due to the use of toxic recycling, or disposal. Hundreds of Tons and materials in the manufacture of electronic Tons of E-wastages from developed countries goods.

E-waste contains toxic substances

have been dumped into countries like INDIA such as lead and cadmium in circuit board; lead and cadmium in monitor cathode ray tube; mercury in switches and flat screen monitors; cadmium in computer batteries; polychlorinated

biphenyls

(PCBs) in older capacitors and transformers.

All

electronic

equipments contain printed circuit boards which are hazardous due to their content of lead, antimony oxide, brominated flame retardant. When

we throwing unwanted

or use less electronic items in to land fills the circuit ingredients and

other

harmful

chemical

substances associated with the

S Sangamithirai G Suganya “TOO MUCH OF ANY items. Have you ever thing of the harmful ANYTHING IS NOTHING”- Our ever causes that happens and happening to our loving field of electronics is also no exception mother earth?. Did you aware of the role of for these. We know only about the advances, electronics items in environmental effects?. developments and massive uses of electronic This article is aimed to seed the very basics

circuits simply get in to the under ground water table and also to the water reservoirs near by. The effects of these harmful substances are enormous some times they extinguish the every year in the name of free trade. China living creatures of the biological system. produces the world’s highest amount of about Most of the circuits and batteries contain 2.3 million tons of e-wastes domestically. lead which is a more toxic substance. And, despite having banned e-waste imports, When the un-decomposed parts of lead China remains a major e-waste dumping get dissolved in under ground water table, ground for developed countries. This article the toxicity transferred to all the cycles

E FOCUS | JUN2012

of that system from which we can clearly the country. National Working Group has judge the harmfulness of those elements. been constituted for formulating strategy Land filling of e-waste can lead to the for E-waste management. A comprehensive leaching of lead into the ground water. If the CRT technical

guidance

”Environmental

is crushed and burned, it emits toxic fumes into Management for Information Technology the air. The cadmium from one mobile phone Industry in India” has been published and battery is enough to pollute 600m3 of water. circulated by the department of Information

In India there is no separate collection Technology(DIT),Ministry of Communication

and disposal policy for e-wastes unlike bio- and Information Technology. Demonstration wastes and also there is no clear data on the projects has also been setup by the DIT at quality generated and disposed of each year the Indian Telephone Industries for recovery and the resulting extent of environmental of copper from Printed Circuit Boards. risk. It is estimated that the total number of

Recycling raw materials from end-of-life

obsolete personal computers emanating each electronics is the most effective solution to year from business and individual households the growing e-waste problem. Most electronic in India will be around 1.38 million. devices contain a variety of materials, including According to a report of confederation metals that can be recovered for future uses. of Indian Industries, the total waste generated

Monitors and CRT, keyboards , laptops,

by broken down electronic and electrical modems, telephone boards, hard drives, floppy equipment in India has been estimated to drives, compact disks, mobiles, fax machines, be 1,46,000 tonnes per year . Although the printers, CPUs, memory chips, connecting per capita waste production in India is still wire and cables can be recycled. Recycling relatively small, the total absolute volume involves dismantling ie., removal of different of wastes generated will be huge. Further, it parts

e-waste

containing

dangerous

is growing at a faster rate. The growth rate substances like polychlorinated biphenyl of the mobile phones (80%) is very high (PCBs) , mercury separation of plastic, removal compared to that of PC (20%) and TV (18%). of CRT . Recycles use strong acids to remove In due importance to the e-waste problem precious metals such as copper, lead, gold. the government has taken the several actions

One

the

major

to enhance awareness about environmentally challenges is recycling the printed circuit sound management of electronic waste. boards from the electronic wastes. The circuit Several workshops on electronic waste boards contain such precious metals as gold, management was organised by the Central silver, platinum, etc. and such base metals as Pollution Control Board(CPCB). Action has copper, iron, aluminium, etc. Conventional been initiated by CPCB for rapid assessment method employed is mechanical shredding of the E-waste generated in major cities of and separation but the recycling efficiency is 32

E FOCUS | JUN2012

Biological

low. Alternative methods such as cryogenic decomposition

have

been

studied

for

printed circuit board recycling and some

other methods are still under investigation. The recyclers working in poorly

ventilated enclosed areas without mask and technical expertise results in exposure to

PROCESSORS

DNA computing uses the molecule on dangerous and slow poisoning chemicals. which life depends and artificial neurals The existing dumping grounds in India are networks mimic the operation of the brain, full and overflowing beyond capacity and it but Professor Andrew Adamatzky of the University of West of England in Bristol is difficult to get new dumping sites due to is performing computations using real, scarcity of land. Therefore recycling is the living organisms. That might conjure up best possible option for the management of memories of Frankenstein’s Monster, but e-waste. In order to ensure an eco strengthen the living organism in question is called physarum polycephalum. Otherwise India, initiatives that begin with us only give known as slime mould, it’s a microbe that a full stop to these e-waste problem so by can be seen without a microscope and under standing the individual responsibility, is found on decaying leaves or wood. Adamatzky has built fully the back bone of electronics, we the engineers programmable machines from slime has to initiate the fire against e-wastages. mould that can solve many problems of computational geometry. They’ve also been used to create logical gates, carry FACTS out the programmable transportation of substances, generate music and FIRST investigate the physical limitations of manmade transport networks. So what makes VIDEO RECORDING this substance so suitable for these type The video recording machine was invented by of applications? *Slime moulde acts as an amorphous massively parallel computing the Ampex corporation of California in 1956. device,”Prof.Adamatzky says,” it senses The first video recorder, the Ampex VR1000, inputs with its whole branching body, makes a decision using propagation of stood 3 ft 3 in (1,1 m) high [or more than 6ft exicitation and contractile waves, and can when fully assembled] and weighed as much implement parallel actuation.” Adamatzky as a small car: 1,466 lb (665 kg). The home envisages niche applications only. “Physarum machines will not complete video recorder was introduced in 1972 by with conventional PC’s, but they can form Philips. JVC introduced the VHS system in a new family of soft-bodled robots with embedded computing power, which will be 1976. Sony introduced the first handheld film capable of entering any confined spaces camera, the Sony Mavica camcorder, in 1981. and implement sophisticated tasks.” E FOCUS | JUN2012

DIRECT BROADCA MAHALAKSHMI S

MAHESWARI S

atellites are the high end innovation in the field of communication.. The role of satellites in our modern life is numerous and uncountable. Broad casting is one of the important features in the satellite technology, which shorts the entire world in to a tiny box through wireless transmission without any complex messy cords.

It’s very important for an electronics engineer amplify them, and transmit them back down to know the trick behind this technology. So to the surface. The satellite also shifts the let’s read the trick behind the broadcasting. signal frequency, so that a signal sent up Broadcast Satellite (DBS) referred to satellite to the satellite in the 17.317.8GHzuplink Television systems in which the subscribers band. It is then transmitted back down receive signals directly from geostationary in the 12.2-12.7GHz downlink bandw satellites. Signals are broadcast in digital The downlink signal is picked up by format at microwave frequencies.DBS is used a receive antenna located a top an for Direct To Home (DTH) satellite services individual home or office. These DBS Systems use a satellite in antennas are usually in the form geostationary orbit to receive television of a parabolic dish, but flat signals sent up from the Earth’s surface, square phased array antennas are

sometimes

used

T ATELLITE

The downlink signal is picked up by a receive amplifier. Using this technology 10 television antenna located a top an individual home signals is compressed to bandwidth of a DBS or office. These antennas are usually in amplifier, depending on the amount of motion the form of a parabolic dish, but flat square in the picture and the screen resolution required. phased array antennas are sometimes used. Some common programming contains good The receive antenna may be permanently deal of motion, the average compression pointed at the satellite, which is at a fixed factor for a DBS system is lower than 10. point in the sky, in a geostationary orbit. The receiver cannot operate the microwave

The DBS has the potential for multi-

downlink frequency directly, so the signal megabit per second transmissions and high from the dish antenna is first passed to a down latencies are high(i.e. greater than 500ms) converter, it is placed outdoors on the antenna for downlink alone.GEO satellites carry the it converts the frequency 0.95-1.45GHz band. majority of services ,because the use of the high This signal is then conducted by cable to gain fixed antennas at earth stations increases the receiver; it is placed top of the TV. The the capacity of the satellite. These DBS has receiver contains the channel selector and the been used to access High definition TV, stereo decoder to permit the user to view authorized Audio, One way video conference and etc. channels. The receiver is connected by

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The Direct Broadcast Satellite has

an additional cable to the television set. many advantages. But the number of DBS satellites that has been used in our country A single direct broadcast satellite contains is only a minimal number compared to 16 amplifiers ,it has maximum allowed under other countries. DBS satellites are found present regulations, each with having a radio to be more effective even in rainy seasons. frequency power output in the range 120-.240W. It is one of a golden technology that the Two or more direct broadcasting satellites classical may be located at any of the orbital locations. Most of the DBS satellites in the world

technologists

thought

us.

FACTS

use digital signals. A single 24 MHz satellite amplifier can carry an error corrected Direct Broadcast Satellite, DBS, it is officially known by the International Telecommunication digital signal of 30mbps.A wide variety of Union, ITU, as Broadcasting Satellite Service, communication services can be converted to or BS. It is a direct to home, DTH service digital form and carried as part of this digital 1.ITU Region 1 (Europe, Russia, Asia): 10.7 -

signal including TV, HDTV, stereo audio, 12.75 GHz 2.ITU Region 2 (North & South America): 12.2 one way video conference and digital data. 12.7 GHz 3.ITU Region 3 (Asia, Australasia): 11.7 - 12.2 GHz technology increases the capacity of a satellite

Modern digital signal compression

E FOCUS | JUN2012

So in order to get the energy output that you paid for, cleaning is needed every

SELF CLEANING

now and then.

The self-cleaning

SOLAR PANELS.

and his colleagues, in association with

technology was developed by Boston University professor Malay K. Mazumder the National Aeronautics and Space Association, and was originally intended

MUTHU RAJ M

for use in rovers and other machines sent

FRANCIS REJO P

to space missions to the moon and to Mars. The technology involves the

deposition of a transparent, electrically sensitive material on glass or on a transparent plastic sheet that cover

Now-a-days power creation is one of the most In most of the cases the dust deposition over

the panels. Sensors monitor dust

useful for our life but the power creation is not the solar panels considerably reduces the

levels on the surface of the panel

so easy. In our country hot places are mostly power generation and also cleaning of such

and energize the material when dust

there. So we can use the solar technology panels so often is practically impossible

concentration reaches a critical level.

for the maximum reap of power generation. as they will be installed in highly elevated

Its is based on the principle that

panel is a packaged places. So in order to reduce these problems

electromagnetic particles that produced

interconnected assembly of solar cells also we have to introduce the â&#x20AC;&#x153;SELF CLEANING

by the electrodes can repel the dust

known as photovoltaic cells. Solar panels use SOLAR PANELSâ&#x20AC;? because solar power

particles

light photon energy from the sun to generate conservation can decrease by 40percent

over the panels. The sensors send

electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The with just a fraction of an ounce of dust per

an electric charge into the coating

structural load carrying member of a molecule square yard, and the dust deposition rate

when too much dust accumulates

can either be the top layer or the bottom layer. is much higher than that in many areas

and the coating creates a short blast

of electricity to knock dust off the

A solar

The majority of the molecules use that are favoured for solar installations.

water based crystalline silicon cells or thin

that

already

deposited

To improve energy output like shading,

edges of the panels with minimal

film cells based on Cadmium telluride on desert and other things blocking your solar

energy use. The 90% of the dust can

silicon. The conducting wires that take the panels from the sun can drastically reduce

be eliminated within two minutes

current off the panels may contain silver, your energy output. Approximately the

every time dust fills up too high.

copper or conductive (but generally not energy output can be decreased by about/or negative) transition metals. Cells must due to desert and other resides. In areas with also be protected from mechanical damage more bird dropping, pollution or dust the moisture and mostly protected from the dust. efficiency can decrease as high as 15-20%. 38

E FOCUS | JUN2012

Coating the surface of solar cells could which are not only enormous but often also increase their efficiency and reduce remote. They doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t environment where maintenance costs, especially for large-scale many of these installations reside often installations. The installation is relatively challenge the panels with dust storms and simple, and doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t require any mechanical little rain. Globally the number of panels movement or water to dust the panels.Self installed between 2007 and 2008 grow by cleaning solar panels would be especially 50% and in the future, the growth rate is effective in large installations, which are expected to increase about 25% annually. not only enormous, but often remote. Let us hope that the use of the selfThe desert environments where many of dusting technology will not only improve these installations reside often challenge the

performance

existing

solar

the panels with dust storms and little rain. farms in desert areas but will open up Currently, Self cleaning solar panels would more of them for solar power plants. be especially effective in large installations,

advert isement 40

E FOCUS | JUN2012

advert isement

U LT R A W I D E B A N D R A D A R D H A N U S H A M . E L AVA R A S I U . B R I N D H A S

hange is alone change less, Each and every sector of science, technology, even

our life too change periodically. But if we say there is some thing that remains unchanged for along time they can be in a countable figure. In the diverse field of technology RADAR is one of the classical method of detection and ranging of enemy air crafts or missiles. Even though continuous changes are made in the field of national security RADAR is the one and only technology that still occupies an important role in every countries security system from the classical days. This is simply because of their more accuracy, reliability in the field of detection and ranging. This is simply because of their more accuracy, at which the target is located can be identified reliability in the field of detection and ranging.

Ultra wide band RADAR technology

But still continuous developments are needed is one of the advanced method in which to strengthen this technology. This article the

systems transmit signals across a

will deal with one of the advanced RADAR much wider frequency than conventional technique named ULTRA WIDE BAND. radar systems and usually very difficult to Simply RADAR is used for detecting stationary/ detect. The transmitted signal is significant moving objects. In the transmitter side, the for its very light power spectrum, which signals are generated and transmitted through is lower than the allowed unintentional the antenna. When these signals hit the target radiated emissions for electronics. The object, a portion of the signal echoed back. This most common technique for generating a echo signal is received by the radar system. UWB signal is to transmit pulses with very Depending on the time duration between the short durations(less than 1 nanosecond). transmitted and received signals, the distance 42

E FOCUS | JUN2012

The spectrum of a very narrow-width E FOCUS | JUN2012

pulse has a very large frequency spectrum A-C Band.UWB radar transmit very low approaching that of white noise as the pulse pulses in all frequencies simultaneously. becomes narrower and narrower. These very They are used for technically material short pulses need a wider receiver bandwidth examination and as Ground Penetration as conventional radar systems. The amount Radar (GPR) for archaeological explorations. of spectrum occupied by a signal transmitted by

The

first

basic

concept

that

a UWM-radar (i.e. the bandwidth of the UWB frequency is meaningless: UWB systems use signal) is at least 25% of the center frequency. electromagnetic pulses, just pulses, not short Thus, a UWB signal centered at 2 GHz would wave-packets. Pulse repetition frequency have a minimum bandwidth of 500 MHz and (PRF) could be declared. PRF is typically in the minimum bandwidth of a UWB signal the range from 1 to 50 MHz. Furthermore centered at 4 GHz would be 1 GHz. Often the

pulse

repetition

period

often

the absolute bandwidth is bigger than 1 GHz. modulated to carry information or coding.

Radar systems works in a wide band

As a consequence resonance and

of transmitted frequencies. The higher the UWB-technology are quite opposite concepts. frequency of a radar system, the more it is Resonance means narrow band while we affected by weather conditions such as rain go wide, more, we go ultra wide.

UWB

How ever there can be some possible problems remembered that when we sample the “ether”

and clouds. But the higher the transmitted systems are definitely “tuned in time” not

can acquire in the design of UWB RADAR we are not alone! Existing radio services will

frequency, the better is the accuracy of in frequency. So high Q-factor components

that it cannot operate at a range shorter than be sampled too: of course as we are wide

the radar system. The spectrum of the for signals selection in frequency are not

one half the “pulse length in space” which is band, we cannot use frequency tuning. By

electromagnetic waves has different bands. needed and precise timing is used instead.

the product of pulse duration by the speed of introducing a sort of modulation in the pulse

light in the medium. That is because we need repetition period, maintaining synchronous

have a long historically tradition because electromagnetic signal is emitted, the systems

to free the antenna of the emitted pulse before sampling of the echoes, we can overcome

these frequencies represented the frontier of start listening to the echoes and uses timing of

we get ready for getting any echo. The “pulse beating

radio technology at the time during the World echo arrivals to estimate the target range. But in

length in space” concept is somewhat the radio services. By the way pulse repetition

War II. Today these frequencies are used for UWB radar operation the distance, or range of

UWB counterpart of the wavelength concept period, modulation is at the base of UWB

early warning radars and so called Over the the target, is presumed at the beginning of the

in conventional radio, being the wavelength communication. Many modulation schemes

Horizon (OTH) Radars. Using these lower pulse-code round trip and the only information

nothing but the period of the sinusoidal (random, pseudorandom, and even chaotic)

frequencies it is easier to obtain high-power out of the system will regard the presence or

wave multiplied by the speed of light. For are now being considered. So we have to

transmitters.

Some specialized Radar sets absence of the target at that, given, range.

the same resolution is enhanced by the use add a random modulator in our UWB radar

developed for the C-Band (300 MHz-1 GHz). An UWB emits an electromagnetic signal

of narrower pulses having higher slew rates. scheme. In so doing we will spread even more

It is a good frequency for the operation of radars and pause a given time; then a sample of the

Eventually it will follow a wider spreading of the electromagnetic power in the frequency

for the detection and tracking of satellites antenna voltage is taken for the (possible) echo.

the electromagnetic power in the frequency domain and we can also obtain stealth or

and ballistic missiles over a long range.

domain so that detect ability of this type of cover operation by “channelizing” using

radar and interference probability with other different pseudorandom sequences of pulses.

The A and B bands below 300MHz

The new technology of Ultra Wide

Band Radars uses all frequencies from 44

E FOCUS | JUN2012

conventional

radar

system,

services are even more lowered. It should be

(i.e.

etherodyning)

existing

UWB technology has been used for E FOCUS | JUN2012

sometime in Ground Penetration Radar applications and is now being developed for new types of imaging systems that would enable police, fire, and rescue personnel to locate persons hidden behind a wall or under debris in crises or rescue situations. UWB imaging devices also could be used to improve the safety of the construction and home repair industries by locating steel reinforcement bars in concrete, or wall studs, electrical wiring and pipes hidden inside walls. UWB devices could improve automotive safety with collision avoidance systems and air bags proximity measurement for safe deployment. Potential medical uses include the development of a mattress-installed breathing monitor to guard against Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and heart monitors that measure the heart’s actual contractions. Some potential home safety uses include intrusion detection systems that are less susceptible to false alarms, and space heaters that turn themselves off when a child comes nearby. Slow progress in UWB standards development, high cost of initial implementations and performance significantly lower than initially expected are some of the reasons for the limited success of UWB in consumer products.

The UWB RADAR being a more

advanced of ancient radio detection method, high accuracy has been assured. Its no doubt if we say these UWB techniques are very essentials for any countries air way security.

E FOCUS | JUN2012

Processors that change the world INTEL 8086 INTEL CORE

AMD ATHLON

F a s t e r

T h e game changing microprocessor revolution was less than seven yeas old when the 8086 enter the world. The year was 1978. The chip was intel’s first foray into 16-bit computing or, to put it another way, it was the third generation of intel chips. Previously we have had 4-bit and 8-bit designs. What’s more, the 8086 was clocked at 5Mhz, up from the 4004’s 740 Khz which emerged just over six and half years earlier. It’s widely reported that one of the intel’s first successes for the 8 bit 8080 was in automated ticketing equipment for metro systems. Whether intel really expected the new 8086, and its little brother the 8088, to power computers that would compete with mini computers costings tens of thousand of pounds is unclearbut that’s exactly what they did, and they did it phenomenally well.

clock speed were once seen as the royal road to amazing computational speed. However, this approach hit a peak with a 3.8 GHz Pentium 4, which drew a massive 115W of power and had a heat output approaching the limits of what was feasible. By limiting the clock spped and using multiple cores instead, power hungry chips would seem to be a thing of the past- one of Intel’s core 2 chips had four cores, each clocked at 2.267GHz (a total of 9.068GHz- of a sort) and it consumed just 45W. the intel core was’nt the world’s first chip with two cores on a single die(that honour goes to the IBM Power4, which was released in 2001), nor was it the first multi core x86 processor (that was the AMD athlon64X2),but

AMD Athlon 64 brought 64-bit computing to the masses. Because adta can be operated on in chunks of 64 bit instead of 32 bits, only half as many instructions have to be executed, that’s an instant doubling in speed. Then there’s the amount of memory that can be accessed. Here the increase is staggering, from 4GB with 32 bits chips to a theoritical 16 Exabytes(that’s 16 billion GB) with 64-bit architecture. Most 64-bit processor-the Athlon 64 includeddon’t make all 64-bits of the address bus available on external pins, so they can’t address this much memory in reality. However the cost of the few pins, they would be able to store 2GB for every person on the earth. That’s why some experts think well never need to go beyond 64 bits.

to many epitomises the multicore approach. In the guise of the core i7, it’s today’s fastest x86 processor.

E FOCUS | JUN2012

USHA P NISHA R L

Radio dIGITAL

In this era of digital electronics, everything iwws digitized for better processing, radios also no exception to this, the concept of digital radio is a very new trend to the e-world,

lets

serve

something

about

it.

Digital voice radio is a voice data protocol specification developed as a result of research by Japan amateur radio league to investigate digital technologies. In this radio, sound is transmitted and processed as a stream of binary digits. In which the sound quality is much higher than analog signal and provides significantly better reception for radio system. With the increasing popularity of digital voice radio, we might be wondering what makes it different. The principle involved is not difference from analog radio. Both works in the same way, a signal is sent out and received by the listener, but in transmissions the signal is compressed, causing it to be more effective. It is also specially designed to filter out extra noises that are picked up when the radio waves bounce off objects. So by comparing with the non-digital voice modes, digital radio signals offer clearer signals, less static and use, less bandwidth. As long as the digital strength is above the 48

E FOCUS | JUN2012

DESIGN

minimum threshold, and zero multipath 23cm band radio offers a standard Ethernet occurrences, the quality data received is connection for high speed (128Kbits/s) better than analog signal at the same strength. connections, to allow easy interfacing with In digital voice radio, tuning is done control computers equipment. The CPU used should by crystal rarer than coil. The crystal be 2.4GHz or faster and memory should be at changes the resonating frequency as per the least 512Mb or greater. There should be two signal obtained from the circuit and thus the network interface cards and atleast10Gb free of specification station is tuned. Thus digital hard drive space which includes the OS install. signals are created from analog waves, The data which is sent with the wave sampled and tuned into code of numbers. experiences much less interference. The Analog radio simply broadcast the wave analog waves when blocked with objects, the

NANO ELECTRONICS -9

The power of tiny things.

but digital voice recorder reproduces the sound itself are distorted too. But digital signals number codes and turn it into a new voltage do not suffer the same distortion because the wave which is the approximation of original radio separates from the wave. The numbered

NEELA R S

waves the receiver picked up. Thus digital format and lack of degradation also permits

REVATHI S

radio receivers sort through distorted signals a pure reproduction of sound. The advanced and remove static and fading and thus allows digital voice radio tools for communications the audience a cleaner listening experience. support text chat, file transfer and can act as

I, We, You They, all know about Nano and

D-star transfers both voice and data via digital an e-mail gateway. Digital voice radio can

technology and Electronics Separately. develop its products and circuits at

encoding over the 2m(VHF), 70cm(UHF) serve as a communication tool for distances

But how many of us know about a super miniature level. Individual part

and 23cm(1.2GHz) amateur radio bands. up to 17 miles, thus digital voice radio

combined field that created by Nano of the machine is handled atomically.

There is also an interlinking radio system helps the present and future generations for

Technology and Electronics known as Much kind of integrated circuits are

for creating links between systems in a developing global communication a great deal.

Nano Electronics. So its time for a new present in the Nano electronic devices.

local area on 10GHz, which valuable to

development in science and technology

allow

emergency.

D-Star[Digital

FACTS

smart

technologies for amateur radio]technologies has a capability of sending large quantities of

GIANT ANTENNAS

data to emergency responders in the event of The a disaster. The quality of data sent is of high value when compared to traditional amateur modes. It can also transfer documents, images and spreadsheet in reasonable time periods. Radios providing digital voice data service within the low speed voice protocol variant typically use USB connection for low speed data (1200 bits/s), while the Icom ID-1 50

E FOCUS | JUN2012

world's largest filled-aperture telescope (i.e., a full dish) is the Arecibo radio telescope located in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, whose 305 m (1,001 ft) dish is fixed in the ground.. The largest individual radio telescope of any kind is the RATAN-600 located near Nizhny Arkhyz, Russia, which consists of a 576-meter circle of rectangular radio reflectors, each of which can be pointed towards a central conical receiver.

molecules.

Nano

electronics

The present era of Nanotechnology

provides a wide variety of scope has reached to a stage where scientists for enormous developments. are able to develop programmable and We hope this article will give you a externally controllable complex machines strong impression about nanoelectronics that are built at molecular level which Nano electronics is one of the major can work inside the patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s body. technologies of nanotechnology. It plays Nanotechnology will enable engineers to a vital role in the field of engineering and construct sophisticated Nano robots that electronics. Nano electronics make use can navigate the human body, transport of scientific methods at atomic scale for important

molecules,

manipulate

developing the Nano machines. The microscopic objects and communicate with main target is to reduce the size, risk physicians by way of miniature sensors, factor and surface areas of the materials motors, manipulators, power generators E FOCUS | JUN2012

and molecular-scale computers. The and treatment of to cerebral lymphocytes and white blood cells expression signals identify aneurysm. the initial idea to build rove a Nanoabout robot comes from To illustrate the proposed approach,nano the constantly the body, stages of aneurysm. An advanced the fact that the bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural nano nanorobots should searchisforimplemented protein over repairing damaged tissues, attacking mechatronics simulator devices; the invading neutrophiles, lymphocytes expression signals to identify thedevice initial and eating microorganisms, to provide an effective tool for and white blood up cellsforeign constantly rove stages of aneurysm. An advanced nano sweeping particles prototyping and medical instrumentation about the body, damaged for various organsrepairing to break down. mechatronics analysis. This simulator approachis isimplemented the fusion tissues, attacking andfloating eatingthroughout invading to an effective tool for device The idea of nanorobots of provide proteomics, nanobioelectronics, microorganisms, sweeping up to foreign and medical as instrumentation our arteries andand blood vessels fight prototyping and electromagnetics the basis particles various organsdrug to break down. This approach the fusion diseasesfor and for proper delivery is analysis. to advance medical is nanorobotics. The of nanorobots floating throughout proteomics, nanobioelectronics, nowidea slowly migrating from science fiction of our arteriesfact. and to form fight and electromagnetics as technology the basis to medical At blood presentvessels it is in the In order to implement this diseases proper drug is to advance medical nanorobotics. of virtual and 3D for simulations. Thedelivery software scientists chose a nano-integrated now slowly migrating from science Nanorobot Control Design (NCD) fiction helps circuit version that uses hybrid materials,

"If we can reduce the cost and improve the nanorobots activation based on proteomic over expression. the quality of medical technology The nanomachine that described this article is one which is developed based through advances ininnanotechnology, on the clinical data ,proteomic cells and cell morphology. In this model, the we can more widely address the medical nanorobots recognize the chemical gradient changes in the blood stream, getting conditions that are prevalent and detection. This present information about the position inside the vessel as aneurysm simple concept of aneurysm detection can besuffering." used in the broad range of medical reduce the level of human gradients and telemetric instrumentation are used for medical prognosis, with

applications in the near future. Hope this 3D simulation in the detection of cerebral

- RALPH MERKLE

aneurysm will accelerate the progress of development of nanorobots in medicine.

to fact. present itthe is behavior in the form order toand implement technology themedical scientists in At simulating of In photonics, wireless this communication of virtual 3D simulations. The software scientists chose and a nano-integrated future nanorobots. The team of scientists for manufacturing control of the Nanorobot Designthat (NCD) helps circuit version uses hybrid released aControl new paper proposes nanorobot. Then that they identified and the scientists simulating the behavior of materials, photonics,three and wireless a model for inhow a nanorobot should applied the following key required future nanorobots. team ofofscientists forthe manufacturing help with the earlyThe detection cerebral communication pieces to advance development and released paper isthat proposes of the ofnanorobot. Then they aneurysm.aAnnew aneurysm a weak area control implementation medical nanorobotics. ain the model how a vessel nanorobot should identified and applied prototyping the following wall for of the blood that causes In which the Equipment is a help withtothe early cerebral three key required pieces to advance the wall bulge out.detection When anofaneurysm Computational nanotechnology provides aneurysm. An blood aneurysm is aofweak area the development occurs in the vessel the brain, a key tool for theand fastimplementation and effective in of the blood vessel that causes medical nanorobotics. whichin the it the is wall called cerebral aneurysm. The of development of nanorobots,In helping the wall tolocation bulge out. When an aneurysm prototyping is a major Computational common of cerebral aneurysm is Equipment investigation to address aspects occurs in theof blood vessel of the Circle brain, nanotechnology provides a key for at the base the brain called on medical instrumentation and tool device itOf isWillis. called The the fast and Then effective of Thecerebral common aneurysm. ways of treating prototyping. the development manufacturing common of cerebral aneurysm is nanorobots, helping in the investigation cerebral location aneurysm include Medical technology for manufacturing purposes, at the base of the brain called the coiling Circle to major aspects on medical hypotensive therapy, endovascular the address nanorobot should be integrated as Of Theclipping commonmethods. ways of But treating device and Willis. surgical the instrumentation a biochip device.and Finally the prototyping. Inside-body cerebral include seem Medical the manufacturing technology for risk factorsaneurysm in these treatments to Then transduction for the interaction with the

The nanomachine that described in this article is one which is developed based

hypotensive therapy, very high which mayendovascular even lead to coiling death. and clipping came methods. But the Latersurgical the scientists up with

information about the position inside the vessel as aneurysm detection. This present

manufacturing purposes, nanorobot body is achieved by Cellthemorphology, should be integrated as a biochip device. microbiology, and proteomics. Changes

risk these treatments seem to Finally the Inside-body for ideafactors of usinginnanorobots in the detection on chemical gradients transduction and telemetric very which may even leadaneurysm. to death. the interaction with body for is achieved and high treatment of cerebral instrumentation aretheused medical Later the scientists cameapproach, up with the by Cell morphology, microbiology, and To illustrate the proposed prognosis, with the nanorobots activation

the clinical data ,proteomic cells and cell morphology. In this model, the

nanorobots recognize the chemical gradient changes in the blood stream, getting simple concept of aneurysm detection can be used in the broad range of medical applications in the near future. Hope this 3D simulation in the detection of cerebral aneurysm will accelerate the progress of development of nanorobots in medicine.

idea of usingshould nanorobots detection Changesover on expression. chemical nanorobots searchinforthe protein over proteomics. based on proteomic 52

E FOCUS | JAN2012

Cooper

Ananthi N Angelin C S

MARTIN No person will be in this world, with out coming across the words “mobile phones”; Also its more apt to say if the invention of wheel led to the development of man kind, then the invention of cell phone only give birth to the concept of “Globe a Tiny Village”. Such cell phones have enormously changed every individuals and their life styles today these devices achieved a necessity such that human will became in active with out them. Here we go, to know about the great person who dedicated cell phones to serve human. MARTIN COOPER is an American former Motorola vice president and division manager who in the 1970s led the team that developed the handheld mobile phone. He born on December 26, 1928 in Chicago, Illinois at USA. Cooper is the CEO and founder of Array Communication , a company that works on researching smart antenna technology and improving wireless networks, and was the corporate

director

Research

and Development for Motorola. 54

E FOCUS | JUN2012

After World War II, Cooper, son of Ukrainian portable cellular 800 MHz phone prototype. immigrants, left the navy and began working at Teletype, a subsidiary of Western Electric. April 3, 2003 marked the 30th anniversary In 1950, he received a bachelor's degree in of the first public telephone call placed on a electrical engineering from Illinois Institute portable cellular phone. Martin Cooper, the of Technology (IIT). In 1954, he was hired by chairman, CEO, and co-founder of Array Motorola. He went on to earn a master's degree Communication Inc, placed that call on April in electrical engineering from IIT in 1957. 3, 1973, while general manager of Motorola's Communications Systems Division. It was the In 1960, John F. Mitchell, who also received incarnation of his vision for personal wireless a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering communications, distinct from cellular car (1950) from IIT, became chief engineer of phones. That first call, placed to Cooper's Motorola's mobile communication projects. rival at AT&T's Bell Labs from the streets Cooper reported to Mitchell. In the 1960s, of New York City, caused a fundamental Cooper was instrumental in turning pagers technology and communications market shift from a technology used in single buildings to toward the person and away from the place. one that stretched across cities. Cooper helped fix a flaw in the quartz crystals Motorola "People want to tawwlk to other people, made for its radios. This encouraged the irrespective

the

places

they

are”

company to mass-produce the first crystals . Given a choice, people will demand the for use in wrist watches. Cooper worked on freedom to communicate wherever they developing portable products, including the are, unfettered by the infamous copper first portable handheld police radios, made wire. It is that freedom we sought to vividly

Following

the

April

1973,

public phones weighing as little as three ounces and

demonstration, using a "brick"-like 13.6kg costing, in some instances, as little as $20. phone, Cooper started the 10-year process of bringing the portable cell phone to market. Martin Cooper's role in conceiving and Motorola introduced the 7.25kg "DynaTAC" developing the first portable cellular phone phone into commercial service in 1983, with directly impacted his choice to found and lead each phone costing the consumer $3,500. Array Communication, a wireless technology and systems company founded in 1992. In 1973, when the company installed the base Array Communication core adaptive antenna station to handle the first public demonstration technology increases the capacity and coverage of a phone call over the cellular network, of any cellular system, while significantly On April 3, 1973, standing on a street near lowering costs and making speech more reliable. the Manhattan Hilton, Mr. Cooper decided to attempt a private call before going to It's very exciting to be part of a movement a press conference upstairs in the hotel. toward making broadband available to people with the same freedom to be anywhere that He picked up the 2-pound Motorola handset they have for voice communications today," called the Dyna-Tac and pushed the "off said Martin Cooper. "People rely heavily on hook" button. The phone came alive, the Internet for their work, entertainment and connecting Mr. Cooper with the base station communication, but they need to be unleashed. on the roof of the Burlington Consolidated Tower (now the Alliance Capital Building) How ever it’s a truth, even though so and into the land-line system. To the many scientists invented so many theories

for the Chicago police department in 1967. demonstrate in 1973," said Martin Cooper.

bewilderment of some passers-by, he dialed and facts, but it’s the state-of-art of

In the early 1970s, Mitchell put Cooper in Martin Cooper added, "As I walked down the

in to applications that can serve for human

charge of its car phone division where he street while talking on the phone, sophisticated led Motorola's cellular research. Cooper New Yorkers gaped at the sight of someone envisioned mobile phones that would be used actually moving around while making a phone not only in a car, but also small and light enough call. Remember that in 1973, there weren't to be portable. Thanks to years of research and cordless telephones, let alone cellular phones. development in portable products directed by I made numerous calls, including one where Cooper and new technologies from all over I crossed the street while talking to a New the company, when the pressure was on, it York radio reporter - probably one of the more took only 90 days in 1973 to create the first dangerous things I have ever done in my life." 56

E FOCUS | JUN2012

the number and held the phone to his ear. technologists who transform such theories In 1983 Motorola introduced the 16-ounce kind. Its no doubt Martin Cooper is also Dyna TAC phone to the market, which had a one price tag of more than $3,500 (the equivalent of a staggering $7,000 today). Cell phone users in the U.S. were few and far between at the time, and it wasn’t until 1990 that a full million subscribers were networked throughout the country via 1G network. As

among

such

great

technologists.

facts Martin Cooper invented the first wireless mobile cellular phone and the first person to use it in 1973. He also invented the

of 2007 cellular phone users outnumber wire first wireless police radios made for the line subscribers across the world, with cell Chicago police. E FOCUS | JUN2012

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEEERING NAGERCOIL DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Proudly Presents

ELECTROJAX-2K12 National level technical symposium

20-JUNE-2012

ucen department

electronics

and communication

design |

shane

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