Architecture Final Year Thesis 2021 / Santha Sreekari by Santha Sreekari Vallabhneni

ASSISTED LIVING COMMUNITY DESIGN By Santha Sreekari V. 16011AA035

ABSTRACT The rapid urbanization in metropolitan cities is leading to disintegration of joint families as the elderly are in put in a vulnerable position due to their children leaving them to resettle elsewhere. These seniors are left with lack of safety, security and self confidence which leads to feelings of social isolation in them. Such feelings can be reduced by increasing social interaction and social support through an intergenerational community. The other generation that are affected by this urbanization are younger adults who move away from their family for studies and work. Loneliness is one of the biggest trigger for causing depression. Combining these generations can be mutually beneficial in creating an active neighborhood. This thesis promotes the design of an intergenerational community that focuses not only the physical needs of the elderly and young adults but also the social and behavioral needs. The main focus of this project is to use architecture as a key element to bridge the gap between people and create a sense of community. Since there are no universal insights for such an intergenerational design, to understand the different design requirements of spaces for this community a detailed study of Senior citizen housing, Hostels, Co-housing and Cluster housing has been done. Similarly, related desktop studies are discussed and evaluated regarding the issues that have been discussed throughout the literature review. The conclusions derived and the knowledge gained from these studies is used during the design stage. The final outcome of this project is to create a meaningful intergenerational community accommodating occupants of various age groups while catering to all their requirements.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Definition and Background 1.1.1 What is an assisted living? 1.1.2 Background

1.2 The problem, Aims and Objectives 1.2.1 The problem 1.2.2 Aims 1.2.3 Objectives

1.3 Limitations and Delimitations 1.3.1 Limitations 1.3.2 Delimitations

1.4 Scope of the project 1.5 Methodology

THEORETICAL STUDY 2.1 A changing demographic 2.1.1 Senior Living In India 2.1.2 Migration Of Young Adults In India

2.2 Intergenerational Living 2.2.1 Present Built Environment In Metropolitan Cities. 2.2.2 Social Isolation And The Need For The Community 2.2.3 Strategies For Building Community

2.3 Senior Housing 2.3.1 Existing Built environment for the elderly 2.3.2 In Search Of An Active Life 2.3.3 Design considerations 2.3.4 Desktop Studies - Senior Housing

2.4 Co-housing 2.4.1 Origin and future 2.4.2 Design considerations 2.4.3 Desktop Studies - Student housing and Cluster housing

SPATIAL PROGRAMMING

DATA COLLECTION

SITE ANALYSIS

4.1 Spatial Requirements and Standards

5.1 Site Selection Criteria 5.2 Macro Scale Site Analysis 5.2.1 Historical Background of the locality 5.2.2 Socio Economic Development Plan

5.3 Micro Scale Site Analysis 5.3.1 Location, Site Description, Immediate Neighborhood 5.3.2 Topography, Geology and Seismic Activity, Natural Drainage and Flood Control 5.3.3 Physical Features and Vegetation 5.3.4 Climatic Analysis 5.3.5 Utilities (Sources of Power, Telecom, Water Supply and Sewerage) 5.3.6 Traffic and Transportation analysis 5.3.7 SWOT Analysis

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Definition and Background 1.1.1 What is an assisted living? An assisted living community is assisted living facility for people with disabilities or for adults who cannot or choose not to live independently. Such facilities usually provide regular support with a range of daily activities ranging from cleaning to meal preparation. These facilities are usually for senior citizens who want to live an independent life needing help with a few daily chores but do not require the level of care provided by a nursing home. 1.1.2 Background The changing demographics and the busier lifestyles are causing people to grow more distant from one another and the two main generations that are having a greater impact on due to this are the senior citizens and the young adults. India’s ageing population is struggling with loneliness. Old and the disabled are the last to be considered while designing houses. Making houses barrier free and creating an environment where they feel like it was designed considering their needs and requirements too is one of the goal of the design. This will be achieved through a proper understanding and research of the standards, the issues faced by them in their day to day lives and how they can be minimized, the environment that will create a peaceful ambience for the community catering to the needs of various age groups. An assisted living community is assisted living facility for people with disabilities or for adults who cannot or choose not to live independently. The setting is similar to a retirement home and will cater the needs to older adult population as well. A typical assisted living facility resident would usually be an older adult who does not need the level of care offered by a nursing home but prefers more companionship and needs some assistance in day-to-day living. The concept behind combining the various age groups is that it would decrease the gap that has been created between the older generation and younger adults and they could support each other. The main objective of this project is to use architecture as a key element to increase the interaction between various age groups and promote a sense of community. This could change how the present communities in an urban environment work and have a wider impact on the understanding of people of the importance of regular interactions and creating new relations.

1.2 The problem, Aims and Objectives 1.2.1 The problem The increasing population in urban areas, especially metropolitan cities demands more housing hence increasing the land value. This is causing developers to demand architects to accommodate maximum units possible into any given plot. This is making urban housing become static and monotonous in nature which can have adverse effects on the psychology of people. As the number of floors increases people tend to go outside lesser frequently unless it is for essentials which makes people isolate themselves. One of the main group that is not considered while designing any building or space in general are the senior citizens and the physically disabled. The lack of recreational or informal interaction spaces in a building causes people to lose a sense of community and make them feel lonely.

The biggest proportion of the population consisting of young adults (21 to 39 years old) moving to metropolitan cities for higher education and work are the other group whose housing needs are not being met. This generation usually prefers to rent a fully furnished unit as they stay for a few of years of their study or work. Young adults are the other age group that gets affected due to the rapid urbanization. People grow more distant due to less everyday casual interactions and tend to isolate themselves. This could negatively affect the society as a whole which would make people less compassionate and more self centered. 1.2.2 Aims : To use architecture as a key element in designing an intentional community for various age groups where the needs and requirements of the different age groups will be met along with creating an atmosphere which is peaceful, harmonic, and promotes unity in diversity. 1.2.3 Objectives : • • •

To understand the various requirements of senior housing and hostels to implement in design of assisted living for various age groups. To design spaces with careful consideration of psychological effects of colours, shapes and volume on senior citizens. To analyse and come up with strategic ways of zoning of the housing and amenities to achieve a sense of community and social bonding.

1.3 Limitations and Delimitations 1.3.1 Limitations : • • •

The understanding of the topic is through secondary sources. Practical understanding is limited to desktop studies. The owner and the budget of the site are not considered for this project.

1.3.2 Delimitations : • •

•

Structural details will be shown briefly. Understanding designing for the aged includes biological, behavioural and sociological aspects which cannot be completely understood due to limited sources hence the project includes main key concepts which are analysed in the literature study and used to create meaningful architecture. The final project will include 1. Master plan for the site 2. Services will be shown for the master plan. 3. Unit typologies will be shown in detail.

1.4 Scope Of The Project Design : • • •

The study does not propose that architecture can reverse the aging process nor help with any other issues but rather have a positive impact on the lives of the residents. Key concepts of design for both the age groups are studied and assessed in terms of improving areas of the built environment in the community. The number of units will be less than 150 units.

1.5 Methodology Introduction Literature Study Senior Living

Data Collection

Co-Living

Design considerations and spatial requirements

Universal design standards

Building codes and By laws Standards

Desktop studies General Design programme Site selection and analysis Conceptual design Site specific programme Final design

Senior housing Youth housing Cluster housing

2.0 Theoretical Study 2.1 A Changing Demographic 1%

Assisted living

10%

Retirement home 15%

flat for sale flat for rent

68%

Hostel

Figure : Frequency of web search of lexicon related to this project over a span of 5 years in Telangana 2.1.1 Senior living in India In India seventy-five years ago there was no requirement of separate senior living as there existed this concept of Joint living where the seniors were taken care of by their children or relatives so aging in their own homes was common. The disintegration of this concept of joint families into nuclear families and independent living due to the globalization has made aging in their own homes for the vulnerable senior citizens difficult. This difficulty mainly arises due to the designers not considering the old and the frail while designing • Barrier free design to make it easier for them to move around. • Not being able to fix grab bars in their homes due to space constraints and structural constraints. The Census data of 2011 states that 15 million elderly Indians were living alone and almost three-fourths of these were women. As per 2015 report, The State of Elderly in India, published by non-profit organisation HelpAge India, there are more than 100 million senior citizens currently in India. By 2021, this number is expected to reach 143 million. A recent report by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) called Indian Senior Care Industry 2018, states that “In about 30 years from now, the elderly population in India is expected to triple from 104 million in 2011 to 300 million in 2050, accounting for 18% of the total population in 2050.”

1. “20% of population to be elderly by 2050: HelpAge India report” https://www.livemint. com/Politics/z6BacVOwf5SvmpD9P1BcaK/20-of-population-to-be-elderly-by-2050HelpAge-India-repor.html

Census Data 1,639

1,387.58 1800 1400

1210.2 300

1200 1000

2050

800

143

600

2021

400

104

200 0

Total Population

Year

Population in Millions

1600

2011

Senior Citizens 2011

2021

2050

89 Million 7% 15 Million 1%

other population

1106.2 Million 92%

In India, a country of over a billion people, one in every two elderly individuals suffers from loneliness, says a study by the Agewell Foundation. India’s ageing population is struggling with loneliness. In addition, according to the study, every fifth senior citizen in the country is in need of some kind of psychological counselling. Almost every second elderly person (48.88 percent) is living with their spouse only and as many as one in every four (25.3 percent) are living alone.[1]

Senior citizens living alone Senior citizens living with someone 1. “India’s Ageing Population Is Struggling With Loneliness But Help is Available” https:// silvertalkies.com/indias-ageing-population-is-struggling-with-loneliness-but-help-isavailable/

2.1.2 Migration of Young Adults in India Young adults making up the majority of the population of India mainly in the urban areas increases the demand for standardized rental housing options. Majority of the metro cities are bursting up due to the rapidly increasing in migration, which has put considerable pressure on rental housing. Young adults (aged 21-37 years) making up 34% of the country’s population moving into new cities for work or education are left to deal with negative perceptions harbored by landlords and homeowners’ about those who are single or students. This coupled with the limited availability of quality accommodation that meets the basic requirements, makes the stay in these unorganized set-ups, (PGs/ dorms/hostels) a not so favorable option for the young adults, who having higher disposable incomes are even ready to spend a little more to enjoy better lifestyle standards with experience being a key element of their consumption pattern. Based on current home ownership data and built-up homes, around 40% of existing housing stock in large cities is a part of the rental market. Though comparatively smaller, the rental market constitutes a sizable share of the housing market in smaller economic centres of India as well. [1] Demand is considered mostly for Working Singles living on rent (migrants and domiciles) & Unmarried student population in the same age group. Female participation 2021: 41.6%. Top 8 Cities (20-39 Y) (including Hyderabad) – Core Of The Co-Living Demand In India :

Demographics

37%

PERCENTAGE OF UNITS ACCORDING TO THE DEMOGRAPHICS

37% 47%

47%

senior citizens living with their spouse senior citizens living alone Young adults

16%

senior citizens living with their spouse

senior citizens living alone

Young adults

1. Cushman and Wakefield. Co-Living : Redefining Urban Rental Living. www. 16% cushmanwakefield.com/knowledge.

2.2 Intergenerational Living 2.2.1 Present Built Environment In Metropolitan Cities. There’s millions of people living in the cities passing by thousands of people everyday, yet the people feel the most isolated in such metropolitan cities. The need for privacy is increasing and tolerance for compromise is reducing. Our communities and family structure have also changed with the demise of the joint family system and there is an exponential increase in the number of nuclear families and single people.[1] There are many studies proving the adverse effects of regular interactions on the mental and physical state of people. Social isolation has been determined to be “on a par with high blood pressure, obesity, lack of exercise or smoking as a risk factor for illness and early death.”[2]

Densely populated metropolitan landscapes pose unique psychological challenges not found in other environments. Social isolation and chronic loneliness in cities is a growing epidemic.[3] A study on “Undoing solitary urban design: a review of risk factors and mental health outcomes associated with living in social isolation” by Kevin Bennett, Tyler Gualtieri and Becky Kazmierczyk published on the website of Urban Design Mental Health discuss what factors of the urban housing feel similar to a prison design where isolation(solitary confinement) is used as a form of punishment which only has proven negative psychological effects.[4]

URBANIZATION PARENTS

INCREASE IN POPULATION

LONELINESS

FAMILY AS A UNIT

HIGH DEMAND FOR HOUSING

HIGH RISE DENSELY POPULATED

Figure : Cycle showing how high density leads to loneliness.

PERSON MOVING AWAY FOR WORK OR HIGHER EDUCATION

PERSON MOVING AWAY TO FORM NUCLEAR FAMILY

Figure : Family as a unit of the society.

1. “Loneliness in the city” https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/oZqdet8UVRPhj4ZdpcNI4I/ Loneliness-in-the-city.html 2. Dr. John T. Cacioppo, cited in Jane E. Brody, “Shaking off Loneliness,” New York Times, May 13, 2013. <http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/shaking- off-loneliness/> 3. Dr. John T. Cacioppo, cited in Pooja Singh, “Loneliness in the city” https://www.livemint. com/Leisure/oZqdet8UVRPhj4ZdpcNI4I/Loneliness-in-the-city.html 4. https://www.urbandesignmentalhealth.com/journal-4---solitary-urban-design.html

2.2.2 Social isolation and the need for the community As the demand for housing increases in metropolitan cities, the value of land increases which leads to accommodating high density in the available land. This is possible by the construction of high rise structures which satisfies the requirement of housing for the desired density. The increase in the value of land makes the contractors/architects utilize the maximum available space in any given plot for the construction of units which reduces the number of interaction spaces and open spaces. This lack of interaction spaces and housing for high density would lose the sense of community as people wouldn’t get to know each other making them confined to their homes.

In the book Suburb Nation by Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Jeff Speck it is discussed how we have mastered the private cul-de-sac, but in doing so we ignored public spaces that provide structure to our social lives “community cannot form in the absense of communal space”. The people who’re getting affected by such communities are mainly people who are living alone and would like to lead an active community life. Creating a community specifically for people who would like to form new relations might create a positive impact on the lives of the residents and could influence the design of future communities.

2.2.3 Strategies for Building Community In the Urban planning level, the sense of belonging to a place is lacking due to private housing being encouraged. Nature, in 2011, published a research that said the “brains of urban dwellers become physically more susceptible to stress compared to their country counterparts” because of social fragmentation, noise, lack of control, subordination and overcrowding. The solution foor this problem is Cohousing considering the senior citizens and young adults who get affected by the built environment of the urban spaces and would like to lead an active life where people feel that these spaces were designed considering their requirements too. Dunbar’s number is a suggested cognitive limit to the number of people with whom one can maintain stable social relationships in which an individual knows who each person is and how each person relates to every other person.

Robin Dunbar is a British anthropologist who found a correlation between primate brain size and average social group size. Dunbar’s number is based on an idea that 150 is the number of individuals with whom any person can maintain stable relationships.[1] Co-housing combines community ideals of new urbanism which consists of cluster dwellings which make the community feel more closely knit encouraging the people to communicate by providing more civic spaces and open green spaces for community members to share, enjoy and socialize. Making this community to human scale where people feel safe and feel like they belong to this neighborhood is the main goal. Cohousing combines the privacy requirements of individuals perfectly with socialization required.

1. “Dunbar’s number: The limits to virtual friendship” https://www financialexpress.com/ opinion/dunbars-number-the-limits-to-virtual friendship/ Other aritcles : https://www.spatial-experience.com/spx-lab-article/urban-coliving-movement-tracingorigins-generational-influences-and-the-future-of-coliving

2.3 Senior Housing 2.3.1 Existing Built Environment for the elderly Mobility limitations are defined by impairment or dependence in movement and affect between one third and one half of adults aged 65 or older [1]. This plays a major role in the mental health as well as physical health for people in urban spaces where their requirements are not considered while designing making accessibility to spaces even for their basic requirements a matter of concern. Isolation and loss of social ties resulting from reduced mobility can lead to depression and other adverse mental health outcomes [2]. Age segregated communities for senior citizens restricts the freedom of the residents who want to lead an active life. Living in an age segregated community would make them talk more about their health issues which could lead to depression among seniors.

Protection

Continued Learning + Education

Social Participation +

Usually age segregated communities are located far from the active cores of cities to create a peaceful environment for the seniors but such locality makes them feel like outcasts as the transportation would not be available easily at affordable rates. Asking a few senior citizens about their stay in old-age homes revealed that the lack of communication with the rest of the society makes them feel left out and the lack of open green spaces where people can communicate makes the facilities feel formal and like institutes. The reasons stated in an Agewell study were less interaction with family members, poor health, and isolation and non-availability of social interaction. The fact that India’s elderly population can grow to 173 million by 2026 suggests that there lies huge untapped potential, with very minimal current supply in the senior living segment. As per Anarock data, there are currently around 4,500 senior living units available in the market, and more than 2,000 units are in different stages of construction.

FOUR MAIN PILLARS CONSIDERED TO KEEP ELDERLY POPULATION ACTIVE[3]

Health

Security

1. S. C. Webber, M. M. Porter, and V. H. Menec, “Mobility in older adults: a comprehensive framework,” The Gerontologist, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 443–450, 2010. 2. P. Lampinen and E. Heikkinen, “Reduced mobility and physical activity as predictors of depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults: an eight-year follow-up study,” Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 205–211, 2003. 3. “How To Design for Senior Citizens” [Como projetar para a terceira idade] 26 Aug 2018. ArchDaily. (Trans. Cavallaro, Fernanda) Accessed 13 Jul 2020. <https://www.archdaily. com/900713/how-to-design-for-senior-citizens/> ISSN 0719-8884

Types of Senior living

Independent Living

Aging in place

Age restricted communities

Options with Assistance

Assisted Living Nursing Homes Respite care Memory Facilities Hospice

Other Senior Living Choices

Continuing-Care Retirement Communities Co-housing Home Sharing

2.3.2 In Search Of An Active Life Senior citizens feel excluded from the current urban areas because design considerations to make places universally accessible are the last things to be considered due to spacial constraints and financial constraints. Another issue of the age segregated communities designed specifically for seniors are usually not integrated into existing communities. This creates a feeling of exclusion and lose their individuality making them isolate themselves. Creating a diverse environment combined with an assisted living would be beneficial for the different age groups. 2.3.3 Design Considerations Designing for senior citizens requires considering various factors other than just barrier free design elements. Design of the communinty as a whole like its scale, Colours used and spatial organization play an important role while designing for all the age groups and especially senior citizens. A book named “Design For Assisted Living : Guidelines for Housing the Physically and Mentally Frail” by Victor Regnier explains the requirements of senior housing related to the environment of the facility.

1. Jami Barnett. “11 types of senior living options : How to choose the best senior living option” https://www.consumeraffairs.com/health/senior-living-options.html

Victor Regnier Design For Assisted Living : Guidelines for Housing 2002 the Physically and Mentally Frail Appear residential in

Be perceived as small in

character

size

Recognize the

Provide residential

uniqueness of each

privacy and

resident

completeness

Foster independence, interdependence, and individuality

Maintain connections with the surrounding community

Focus on health maintenance, physical movement, and mental stimulation

Support family involvement

Serve the frail

DEFINING FEATURES OF ASSISTED LIVING

Regnier and Pynoos’s Environment-Behavior Principles 1. Privacy Provide opportunities for a place of seclusion from company or observation where one can be free from unauthorized intrusion. 2. Social Interaction Provide opportunities for social interaction and exchange. 3. Control, Choice/Autonomy Provide opportunities for residents to make choices and to control events that influence outcomes. 4. Orientation/Wayfinding Foster a sense of orientation within the environment that reduces confusion and facilitates wayfinding. 5. Safety/Security Provide an environment that ensures that each user will sustain no harm, injury, or undue risk. 6. Accessibility and Functioning Consider manipulation and accessibility as basic requirements for any functional environment. 7. Stimulation/Challenge Provide a stimulating environment that is safe but challenging. This is important because a stimulating environment keeps the older person alert and engaged. Stimulation can result from color, spatial variety, visual pattern, and contrast. 8. Sensory Aspects Changes in visual, auditory, and olfactory senses should be accounted for in the environment. 9. Familiarity Environments that use historical references and solutions influenced by local tradition provide a sense of the familiar and enhance continuity. 10. Aesthetics and Appearance Design environments that appear attractive, provoking, and noninstitutional. 11. Personalization Provide opportunities to make the environment personal and to mark it as the property of a unique single individual. 12. Adaptability An adaptable or flexible environment can be made to fit changing personal characteristics.

1. Victor Regnier, FAIA. Design For Assisted Living : Guidelines for Housing the Physically and Mentally Frail. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1947.

2.3.4 Desktop Studies

Parkside Retirement Homes Architects - Mindspace Location - Bangalore, India Year - 2018 Building Characteristics Number of Units - 156 Units Number of Stories - Stilt + Ground floor + 7 floors Area - 3000000 ft² Housing type - 1BHK AND 2BHK Types - 61 1bhk and 95 2bhk units 1BHK - 94.76 to 138.43 Sq.m. Carpet area - 49.81 to 55.11 Sq.m. 2BHK - 130.06 TO 142.14 Sq.m.. Carpet Area - 72.09 to 73.2 Sq.m.

1. “Parkside Retirement Homes / Mindspace” 12 Sep 2018. ArchDaily. Accessed 5 May 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace/> ISSN 0719-8884

Summary Park side retirement homes are a part of Brigade Orchards an integrated township located at Devanhalli, Bangalore, India. Parkside houses 156 number of 1+2 bhk units with all handicap friendly and wheelchair accessible spaces. The design followed standard guide for senior living addressing the general requirements to be followed while designing for seniors like wide corridors, grab bars wherever required and regular resting areas. The site has a view towards Kempegowda International Airport on South and an existing temple of worship towards North. As a response to this context podium level is opened up and connected to the temple with wide steps and cascading terraces at higher levels(5-7 stories) along the South side is created to view the flights take off and land. The form of the building follows the shape of the site having a central atrium on the ground floor which is open to single loaded corridors around it on the floors above. Project Features Residential Appearance • Colours : The building is painted completely white and is painted with neutral colours to highlight a few features on the facade and the walls of the corridors. • Scale : The scale of the building is reduced towards the north and south corner by the use of cascading terraces. The mass of the building has also been reduced through the use of voids. The facade is articulated with overlapping double height volumes accentuated with colors to visually scale down the ten floor facade. • Corridor and Services : One main corridor towards the west side of the building has 2 main service cores with 2 elevators each. The east side of the block is divided into 3 parts and are connected to the main axis corridor via bridges. The length of the building is visually broken down due to the curvature and the corridors are naturally lit due to the central atrium. There’s one staircase for every four units approximately.

“Parkside Retirement Homes / Mindspace” 12 Sep 2018. ArchDaily. Accessed 5 May 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace/> ISSN 0719-8884

• •

•

Facade : The facade is articulated with overlapping double height volumes accentuated with colours to visually scale down the ten floor facade. Atrium : Main focus point in the building where maximum interaction happens. This makes people feel invited due to it being the main entrance into the building and also it’s visible from all the public spaces inside the block. Another reason for the atrium feeling more inviting is due the use of natural light throughout the day and the natural ventilation. Entrance : The entrance plays a major role for any building. The entrance to the ground floor(2.5m plinth level) is through stairs which might be overwhelming for the senior citizens. The entrance for wheelchair bound citizens is through a ramp to the stilt floor.

Social Interaction • The ground floor plays a major role for interaction because all the everyday facilities like dining room, gymnasium and physiotherapy along with a few other facilities are provided on the ground floor making it the most regular interactive space. • All the activities are spread across the apartment to increase interaction between seniors living on all floors. • All the activity spaces are visible from the corridors and bridges helping the residents know the other residents through activities. • Seating provided across the corridors and wherever necessary so the senior citizens can sit down if they get tired which also makes informal social exchange possible when the other residents pass through these corridors. • Atrium has an amphitheatre where they could have regular programs and announcements happening which would break down the communication barriers. • Dining room has low ceiling and has good lighting which makes the residents feel comfortable and converse. • Open plan of the apartment makes it easier for the residents to see one another and prepare them if they want to interact or avoid the other person.

1. “Parkside Retirement Homes / Mindspace” 12 Sep 2018. ArchDaily. Accessed 5 May 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace/> ISSN 0719-8884

Unit Typologies

2Bhk Flat Layout - Area 1033 sq.ft. Unit Design• • • • • • •

All spaces in the units made considering requirements of wheelchair users. Visual access and ventilation to outside world through balcony and windows directly facing outside. Second bedroom made for use in case of having guests so it was designed using minimum dimensions considering barrier free norms. All units have a balcony providing all residents with a view outside the building. Each home has recessed well defined entry with a shelf to place their baggage. Grab bars in bathroom, anti skid flooring, user friendly fixtures and fittings for comfort. Fire detectors and sprinklers, gas detectors, call buttons and emergency assistance alarms within the homes.

1. “Parkside Retirement homes at Brigade Orchards” https://www.brigadeorchards.com/ residences/parkside-homes

Concept And Design Logic • • • • • • •

Longer side of the building oriented along North - South direction to reduce the heat gain. The housing is placed into the context of this particular site by opening up the building at podium level stepped towards the temple on the North and cascading terraces at higher level towards the south to open up to the view of the flights taking off and landing. The facade is articulated with overlapping double height volumes accentuated with colours to visually scale down the ten floor facade. Atrium has huge openings towards the east to let in cool breeze. The atrium skylight is designed in a way to bring in eastern light and avoid glare. To create an inviting atmosphere the main entrance is into the atrium through a double height opening with the width being 1/3rd of the length of the building. This opening also allows the cool wind breeze enter into the atrium. Bridges with an activity on each level connecting the two sides of the building at various intervals gives a good visual access throughout the building. Voids are used throughout the building in such a way that it facilitates for air to flow throughout the building.

1. “Parkside Retirement Homes / Mindspace” 12 Sep 2018. ArchDaily. Accessed 5 May 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace/> ISSN 0719-8884

ACTIVITY CENTRIC DESIGN

Analysis of Floor layout • Regularly used amenities placed in the ground floor so that all of the residents would have regular interaction. • Visual privacy created for the gymnasium by placing a green strip outside it and a water pond in the atrium to create a buffer space. • Wheelchair users cannot directly go into the building or get out of it because of only staircases present on the western entry as well as eastern entry. 1.

“Parkside Retirement Homes / Mindspace” 12 Sep 2018. ArchDaily. Accessed 5 May 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace/> ISSN 0719-8884

• •

Closest hospital is 3.4 km away and takes approximately 10 minutes to reach. Senior citizens housing separated from other housing complexes in the same project this makes the senior citizens feel isolated. Orientation - Longer side of the building oriented along North - South direction to reduce the heat gain. Wind direction West - East

1. “Parkside Retirement homes at Brigade Orchards” https://www.brigadeorchards.com/ residences/parkside-homes

2.3.4 Desktop Studies

Walumba Elders Centre Architects - Iredale Pedersen Hook Architects Location - Warmun, Australia Year - 2014 Budget - $5m - 10m Building Characteristics Number of Units - 9 units Number of Stories - Ground Floor Housing type - Government + Health - Aging Facility Unit typologies - 8 single rooms and 1 double room Site - 10,000 sqft - 25,000 sqft (1000 sq.m - 2330 sq.m)

1. “Walumba Elders Centre / Iredale Pedersen Hook Architects” https://architizer.com/ projects/wulumba-aged-care-centre/

Summary On 13 March, 2011 the Giga people’s home town of Warmun was devastated by a catastrophic one in 300 year flood event. Three hundred people were displaced for 12 months while new houses were built. Working directly with the community Elders and the Home and Community Care staff, iredale pedersen hook architects designed a new home for the Elders based on their Cultural and social needs. The site was selected to be close to the school and town centre to ensure the Elders are able to continue their role as educators and Cultural leaders. This site was still in the flood zone so the facility was designed to be above the 2011 flood level - standing some three metres off the ground like a bridge or jetty. Addressing the Cultural requirements of the Giga people is a sustainability initiative. The Cultural needs of the community were given priority. Location The building was sited adjacent to the community school – to act as a focal point for bringing the community back together and to aid in the transmission of the unique Aboriginal Lore, Gija Language and cultural knowledge to the younger members of the community. Design The facility provides self care accommodation to some residents and high-level care to others. To avoid potential future flooding activity the centre is built 2.4 metres above the natural ground level and is conceptually linked with the idea of a bridge. The concept relates to bridge not only as physical infrastructure but also as passage of knowledge between generations and as a place of care and respite before the possibility of passing from this existence to the next. The facility seeks to address and manage complex and critical factors inherent in Aboriginal culture such as gender separation, access to outdoor spaces both public and private, supporting Lore and Culture activities including ceremonies that may involve fire and smoke, avoidance relationships including son-in-law/ mother-in-law relationships, interfamily conflict issues and mortuary practices.[1]

1. “Walumba Elders Centre: Providing Cultural and Emotional Support” https://urbannext. net/walumba-elders-centre/

Location Analysis •

• •

There is one main axis road along which the village was developed known as the First road, which runs parallel to the Great Northern Highway. The village‘s main road is connected at two points to the Highway. The main power source of this village lies on the other side of the highway. The elders centre is situated in the middle of the village. This location ensured that the Elders in residence could be easily accessed by the young members of the community to provide cultural and emotional support between the generations.[1]

Climatology and design logic • •

•

• •

The harsh micro-climate is mitigated by shade screening systems, breezeway activity zones, wall fans, shade plantings and dust reduction plantings. The macro scale can be seen as the broader community and Gija Cultural obligations, such as Smoking Ceremonies, Lore Time Practices and Celebrations. Kinship obligations are supported by providing a variety of public places, as well as gender specific zones for more sensitive Gija practices. The building frames views into the wider landscape to the ceremonial tree to key Creation sites around the river valley. Landscaping plantings have been selected to support Cultural practices including plantings of Snappy Gums, used in smoking ceremonies, to bush medicine and bush tucker plants.[2] Undulating roof planes- essentially a series of sliced gable roofs linked by oversized 6mm steel box gutters provide overarching shade to smaller closed pavilions and verandah spaces between them. Shading devices along the edge of the building eaves are steel frames, clad with 3.6kg/ m2 Polyester Sheet that provides shade and daylighting to activity areas- dramatically backlit at night providing even light for activities and good lighting for security.

1. “Walumba Elders Centre: Providing Cultural and Emotional Support” https://urbannext. net/walumba-elders-centre/ 2. “Walumba Elders Centre / Iredale Pedersen Hook Architects” https://architizer.com/ projects/wulumba-aged-care-centre/

Key Initiatives • • • • • • • • • •

Reciprocal responsibilities - by providing a variety of spaces for family members of all ages to meet Balancing privacy and family access- via controlling entry points to the facility to allow for simple visitation control Generous outdoor living and private balconies to all bedrooms Maximise shade throughout the day- allow for more external living on protected veranda spaces the use of vertical polyester shading panels for natural lighting. Many of the residents are painters and have poor eyesight so high levels of natural light are desired. Breeze paths have been carefully considered and pavilions are spaced to provide breeze paths across activity areas to provide for natural cooling. Low energy level, long life LED lamps have been used extensively Water heating via Solar Hot water system with a continuous flow pump High levels of insulation including verandah soffits Avoidance relationships- by providing multiple paths of travel and good passive surveillance[1] The colours and form of the building respond directly to the dramatic hill and river landscape of Warmun community- and when the rains come the box gutters create 6 unique waterfalls that the children of the community play under to the delight of the Elders in residence.

1. “Walumba Elders Centre by iredale pedersen hook architects wins 2015 Sustainability Awards - Multi-Density Residential prize” https://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/ projects/multi-residential/walumba-elders-centre-by-iredale-pedersen-hook-arc#

Technology used • • • •

Low energy level, long life LED lamps have been used extensively. Water heating via Solar Hot water system with a continuous flow pump. Cooling is via DX Split ACs with reed switches to openings and run-down timers on all units to ensure system shutdowns. High levels of insulation including verandah soffits.

Materials • • • •

Colorbond corrugated sheet cladding and structural tubing. Reinforced concrete slab robust circular columns support Brass railings

1. “Walumba Elders Centre / Iredale Pedersen Hook Architects” 29 Apr 2015. ArchDaily. Accessed 30 May 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/625274/walumba-elders-centreiredale-pedersen-hook-architects/> ISSN 0719-8884

Comparative Analysis Category

Parkside Retirement Homes

Walumba Elder Care Centre

Inference

Location

Bangalore, India

Walumba, Australia

Location related to the surroundings

No regular interaction with the members of the neighbourhood.

Located in the middle of the village to maintain a regular interaction between the elders and the other villagers.

Healthier relations between all age groups is essential.

Building Typology

High Rise apartment (7 stories)

Care Facility (1 level)

Lesser number of floors helps the residents feel connected with the neighbourhood.

No.of units

156 units

9 units

Optimum number of units given according to the area and requirement.

Climatology

Designed considering the climatic factors to reduce heat gain and have natural ventilation.

Amenities

Physiotherapy Convenience store Gymnasium Indoor community dining Outdoor dining Salon Laundry TV Room Activity rooms

Dining and Activity room Laundry Women's activity space Men's activity space External Dining and activity

Health care

•

• •

Medical room with a regularly visiting doctor. Assisted living facility. Ambulance with doctors on call from the closest hospital

Palliative care Respite care

Climate responsive design. Amenities for different scales of projects

---

Category

Parkside Retirement Homes

Walumba Elder Care Centre

Form

Inference

Both these forms promote interaction between residents.

Circulation

•

• •

There area 4 elevators for 156 residents and staff. 6 staircases The whole building is not barrier free

•

Barrier free design.

Category

Parkside Retirement Homes

Walumba Elder Care Centre

Single Unit dimensions

49 – 55 sq.m 72 – 73 sq.m

26 sq.m.

Laundry Room

25 sq.m. for 16 people approx.

Occupants per floor area

20 people/ 5000 sq.m.

20 people/ 2600 sq.m.

Dining

84 + 60 sq.m.

35 + 25 sq.m.

Kitchen

55 sq.m.

26 sq.m.

Spaces need to be designed to not make anyone feel excluded

Standards

Inference

40 – 60 sq.m.

Without including the kitchenette and dining in single unit ideal unit size is 26 sq.m.

20 people would need 1400 sq.m floor area minimum.

2.4 Co-housing 2.4.1 Origin and future Co-Housing is an intentional community where a shared common space is surrounded with private rooms. This type of housing promotes socializing and creates a sense of community. This is also a cost efficient housing as people share the rent of the common spaces. Cohousing started in Denmark in the late 1960s when a group of dual income professional families were searching for better childcare and a way to share evening meal preparation. Nearly 300 projects have been completed in Denmark since the first community was completed. In nearly 40 years cohousing has matured, and now embraces an intergenerational mix of family types, which makes it attractive to young families and single parents as well as to retired couples and singles. Co-housing was introduced in India in the last decade as a separate housing but it has always existed in other forms in India as Joint families constructed houses in a similar fashion over a couple of decades and hostels of ancient universities known as Viharas would be considered the ancient form of co-living in India. Since in India there are no particular guidelines for the design of such facilities the norms of general housing are considered along with the norms of hostels. Co-housing is the future as the number of young adults moving to urban areas for work and higher education is increasing and so is the demand for quality rental housing so cohousing would provide them with their own private space as this generation requires as well as the socialization required to maintain healthy mental state. 2.4.2 Design Considerations There are many factors that affect the way a community works. The size of the community plays a major role in it’s smooth intented functioning and so does the design of private and shared spaces. The average size of a cohousing community, 40-100 people, allows residents to retain their autonomy and choose when to participate in community activities. The freedom not to participate sometimes can help to create a living environment that accommodates people’s changing needs over the years [1] The design criteria is segregated into two parts [2] : • •

The general site design criteria Outdoor areas

1. Charles Durrett, The Senior Cohousing Handbook. New Society Publishers 2nd edition pp 29, 2009. 1. Kathryn McCamant and Charles Durrett. Creating Co-housing Building Sustainable Communities. New Society Publishers, pp 240, 2011.

General Site Design Criteria • • • • • • • •

Number of units Site amenities to preserve (views, trees, and the like) Location of common facilities, residential buildings, open space Building type and form (two stories, clusters, detached, and so on) Building materials (general) Energy considerations (electric, gas, solar, wind, conservation, and more) Accessibility considerations Parking (location, how much covered/uncovered)

Outdoor Areas • Car access on site (traffic-free, access to houses when necessary) • Open space • Shared amenities (sitting areas, gardens, and the like) • Transition between private residences and common areas • Private outdoor functions (sitting areas, gardens, activity areas, and so on) • Landscaping, fences, hedges, plantings • Personalization Co-housing Design : A Pattern Language Community Characteristics A co-housing community is based mainly on the relations maintained between the residents and a regular interaction or socialization between them is a major factor which creates a sense of community among the residents. When buildings are scattered across a landscape, the common house gets very little use and the sense of community is diluted. While co-housing tends to bring people toward the front of their homes, maintaining some privacy is also absolutely critical. A co-housing site plan should consider the varying degrees of privacy that can be achieved by placing houses at different locations on the site. 1.

Community Size • If a community is too big(more than 35 households) it will have an institutional feel and will lack the intimacy required to make its residents feel as if they have a stake in its success. If a community is too small(8-15 households), it will resemble a large family rather than a neighbourhood of actively engaged households.

Project Density • Dense neighbourhoods tend to be overwhelming in scale, or feel tall and enclosed. This feeling could make the residents less social due to a loss of feeling of control and privacy.

Household Diversity • A mix of various household types(3 or 4 types ) will exist in this neighbourhood due to the different requirements of diverse resident groups.

1. Kathryn McCamant and Charles Durrett. Creating Co-housing Building Sustainable Communities. New Society Publishers, pp 247 - 250, 2011.

2.3.4 Desktop Studies

The Street Architects - Sanjay Puri Architects Location - Mathura , Uttar Pradesh , India Year - 2017 Project type - Student Housing Building Characteristics Number of Units - 800 Number of Stories - 4 stories Site Area - 6 acres Built Up Area - 211,000 sq. feet Housing type - Single Seater Hostel Rooms

• • • • •

5 Wings comprising of 800 Single Seater Hostel Rooms 2 Cafeterias/ Dining Halls with Kitchen 2 Games Rooms/ Gyms 2 Support Staff Dorm Rooms (25 people capacity) Density: 137.5/ acre

1. “The Street / Sanjay Puri Architects” 16 Nov 2017. ArchDaily. Accessed 21 May 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/883770/the-street-sanjay-puri-architects/> ISSN 0719-8884

Summary The design follows the organic shape of the site achieving the desired number of units for students while following the minimum requirements for the rooms. Design Inspired from the natural shape of the streets of Mathura, this hostel is designed in an organic form following the shape of the site hence named the street. The buildings consist of 4 stories having 5 wings across the site consisting of 800 single dorm rooms and the irregular parts of the plan like the intersecting space of two linear blocks are made into to breakout spaces to let in light into the doubly loaded corridors and double height amenity spaces like the gymnasiums , cafeterias and game rooms. The rooms are provided with bay windows facing towards north. all the remaining open spaces are made into open gardens towards the north. This design doesn’t follow the regular rectangular design usually done like the previous hostel blocks present on the east and west side of this site. Climatology and design logic • • • •

• •

Wind direction - West -East and maximum from WNW The gardens are shaded due to the shape of the blocks. wedge shaped windows facing north reduce the heat gained from direct sunlight but lets in natural light and provides ventilation. This unique shape of the bay windows also provides privacy for each student. Though the average temperature in Mathura is 30 degrees centigrade through most of the year, there was no need of providing internal temperature control system for any of the hostel rooms because the heat gained by the building is very less due to the form of the blocks and the corridors being provided with openings for cross ventilation. Colour code for different blocks makes it easy for way-finding. Two focal areas are created at the ends of the linear buildings to house cafeterias, games rooms and gymnasium opening into the north facing gardens and terraces. Each of the public spaces are large volumes with 20’ high ceilings.

Materials used • Concrete Roofing • Brick and Concrete floor • Reinforced concrete structure • Plastered facade • Ceramic flooring

Technology Used Solar collectors Rain water harvesting and Recycling

“The Street / Sanjay Puri Architects” 16 Nov 2017. ArchDaily. Accessed 21 May 2020. <https://www.archdaily.com/883770/the-street-sanjay-puri-architects/> ISSN 0719-8884 2. “The Street / Sanjay Puri Architects” https://www.theplan.it/award-2018-housing/thestreet- ISSN 2499-6602

“The Street / Sanjay Puri Architects” https://www.theplan.it/award-2018-housing/thestreet- ISSN 2499-6602

Analysis of Floor plan • • • • •

Barrier free design elements not considered. Adequate washroom to units ratio. Communication between the students could be affected due to the linear design. The game rooms might not be used as much as expected due to the placement of it in the first floor over the dining area with a height of approximately 6m. Minimum dimensions used for hostel rooms following the regular rectangular shape 2.5m x 3.5m (approx)

“The Street / Sanjay Puri Architects” https://www.theplan.it/award-2018-housing/thestreet- ISSN 2499-6602

2.3.4 Desktop Studies

Social Labyrinth/Student Housing Architects - Shantanu Poredi/ Manisha Agarwal Location - The School Of Planning And Architecture at Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh Year - 2017 Project type - Student Housing Building Characteristics Number of Units - 174 Number of Stories - 4 stories Site Area - 8 acres Built Up Area[1] - 175000 sqft Housing types - Single rooms and twin rooms

136 single rooms 38 twin rooms total no.of students - 212

“School Of Planning And Architecture, Vijayawada – Student Housing” http://mo-of. com/spav-student-housing/ 2. “Social Labyrinth/Student Housing” https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-188244

Summary The design of this housing doesn’t follow the regular block design of hostels which have a strict notions towards this typology. Many design elements like courtyards, streetscapes, and verandahs used to create various types of volumes and spaces to increase interaction. Design The housing has smaller building types dispersed into clusters around various courtyards. Three modules with a mix of programs and non-program have been designed to allow for varied configurations around the living courtyards. The three modules seamlessly merge by virtue of the spatial continuum and connective spaces to form clusters.[2] Climatology and design logic The Common room program has been broken down and distributed across the student housing thus allowing of stronger bonds with a smaller scale of the neighbourhood. The traditional towns with narrow streets at appropriate distances enable passive cooling and protection from the harsh solar radiation. The school and housing building reintroduces traditional principles of architecture and urbanism to modern architectural student community. The cluster design for housing allows interaction through shared common spaces spread across the blocks closer to the transition spaces in the blocks. This design has voids and open courtyards creating breathing spaces adding lightness and porosity to the building.

1. “School Of Planning And Architecture, Vijayawada – Student Housing” http://mo-of. com/spav-student-housing/

Analysis • •

• • •

The use of courtyards and voids makes the building feel light and breezy. The staircases are not continuous on every floor and are spread around to increase the interaction between the students. The common groups are also spread throughout the block close to the vertical circulation spaces. This design makes it hard to navigate for the students till they get used to it. Corridors are narrow near a few units. Ramps have been provided for wheelchair users. Dimension of a single unit room 2.5m x 3.5m

1. “School Of Planning And Architecture, Vijayawada – Student Housing” http://mo-of. com/spav-student-housing/

Comparative Analysis

Category

The Street

Social Labyrinth

Inference

Location

Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India

Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India

Area

6 acres

8 acres

Built up

211,000 Sq. ft

175000 Sq. ft

Location related to the surroundings

On campus

Building Typology

Student Housing (Linear)

Student Housing (Cluster)

No.of units

800 units

174 units (212 students)

Climatology

Organically shaped design to maximize air flow and reduce heat gain.

The closely knit blocks reduce heat gain and the placement of courtyards increases ventilation.

Amenities

Gymnasium Games rooms Cafeterias Dining halls

Game rooms TV room Dining hall

Circulation

•

Not universally accessible Easily navigable.

•

Ground floor is wheelchair accessible. Way finding is a little hard.

Cluster Housing creates more interactive spaces near the circulation. Climate responsive design.

Spaces need to be designed to not make anyone feel excluded

Category

The Street

Social Labyrinth

Form

Category

Inference

There is a chance of more interaction happening due to the clustered form.

The Street

Social Labyrinth

Single Unit dimensions

11.4 sq.m.

10.5 sq.m.

Dining room

1000 sq.m.

Occupant load factor (m^2 per person)

35 sq.m.

33 sq.m.

Standards

8-9 sq.m.

7 sq.m.

Inference

Standards have been followed.

2.3.4 Desktop Studies

Asian Games Village Architects - Raj Rewal Location - Siri Fort area, New Delhi, India Year - 1980 Project type - Cluster Housing Building Characteristics Number of Units - 700 (200 individual town houses and 500 apartments in two floors to four floors) Number of Stories - 2 - 4 stories Site Area - 35 acres (14.1 ha) Client - DDA (Delhi Development Authority) Spatial Configuration - Low rise, High density (50 units per hectare and 28 units per acre) Unit types - 11 - 12 different types of clusters. Average size of flat is about 1200 square ft. Minimum size - 900 square ft Maximum size - 1700 or 1800 square ft.

Site Location context Climate : Hot-dry Climate Sun path - Heat gain maximum from South Wind direction - WNW - E 1. “Raj Rewal Asiad Village Housing” https://www.academia.edu/8060575/raj_rewal_ asiad_village_housing

Summary The main concept for the design of the Asian Games Village was inspired from the urban concept of Jaisalmar and Udaipur. The community is kept alive through a mix of open spaces and shaded pedestrian streets. the recreational and commercial areas in the housing help with keeping the community active. A few characteristic features of vernacular architecture are very clear in the housing. Project Features : Residential Design : • Cluster housing : This type of housing forms a close knit community. This accommodates high density into mid rise housing. Cluster housing is very economical. • Interlocking courtyards : The cluster is designed in such a way that it consists of 4 apartments which are linked forming a courtyard in between. • Terraces : varying levels of roof terraces create an interesting composition in the urban fabric forming semi-private spaces for the residents. The parapet walls of these terraces consist of slits to provide air movement whil aelso retaining privacy. • Streets : A peripheral road leads to cul-de-sac parking areas, leaving the central spine free of traffic. Cars are forbidden in the public open spaces of the project. Garages have been provided for most of the units. 75% of the parking spaces are attached to the buildings and the rest are provided as separate parking lots. All the parking spaces are at a very close walking range. The internal pedestrian streets are 6ft wide with a few barriers so the vehicular entry is restricted. The pedestrian movement areas interlink from one end to the other while connecting with large open squares, this emphasizes the closeness and makes the village interesting. • Utilities : All the utilities are buried underground so this leaves all the spaces free of overhead wires.

Green spaces

Vehicular movement

1. “Raj Rewal Asiad Village Housing” https://www.academia.edu/8060575/raj_rewal_ asiad_village_housing

Location :

Plan Of One Cluster Typology :

1. “Asiad Village Housing_architectural Case Study_2019” https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=odGWQ0m2Wcs

1. “Housing : Case study on Asian Games Village” https://www.scribd.com/ document/240792687/Asiad-Village-Grp-6 2. “identity housing - Raj Rewal - Asian Games Village, New Delhi, 1980” https:// identityhousing.wordpress.com/tag/aggregazione/

2.3.4 Desktop Studies

Tara Group Housing Architects - Charles Correa Location - New Delhi, India Year - 1975-1978 Project type - Cluster Housing Building Characteristics Number of Units - 160 Number of Stories - 2 - 4 stories Site Area - 3.7 acres (1.48 ha.) Client - Tara Housing Society Spatial Configuration - Mid Rise - High Density(160 units and 525 people per hectare) Unit types - 160 units of which 16 units are 3 bedroom(130 sq.m.) and the rest are 2 bedroom (84 sq.m.)

Site Location context Climate : Hot-Dry climate Sun path - Heat gain maximum from South Wind direction - WNW - E Orientation of the long side of the side is along NE - SW 1. “Raj Rewal Asiad Village Housing” https://www.academia.edu/8060575/raj_rewal_ asiad_village_housing

Summary The design of this housing is inspired from vernacular architecture. The main concept of this housing is to achieve High density in Mid rise without using expensive elevators and structures. The housing is divided into 2 rows providing a central circulation and community facility space. The units are arranged in such a way that the building shades itself reducing the heat gain. Project Features : Residential Design : • Cluster housing : This type of housing forms a close knit community. This accommodates high density into mid rise housing. Cluster housing is very economical. • Terraces : Each unit has a 10square meters open to sky terrace which are partially covered by a pergola so people can sit during the day and sleep under the sky during the night. These varying terraces creates an interesting composition into the central open space while also being semi private. • Courtyards : The configuration of units creates a centralized landscaped area which is almost always shaded. The dry winds passing through this space are cooled using humidity which is provided by shading trees and running water in the central community space. • Streets : The site is located along a major street which leads to two big residential areas and so there is a heavy flow of vehicles. It is also adjacent to a main road. The Parking for this is provided beside the plot and is covered by pergolas. There are only four main pedestrian entries directly into the central community space. • Dwelling Units : the two- bedroom flats with 84 square metres (3 metres wide, 6 metres high with two floors and 15 metres long, the three-bedroom flats with 130 square metres and have the shape of L, there are just only 16three-bedroom flats were built. Each unit is provided an open terrace which is protected by a pergola and big overhangs. Two sides of the project are connected by staircases.

View from the periphery of the site of the terraced flats and overhead sun protecting beams. 1. Hasan-Uddin Khan, Sherban Cantacuzino, Charles Correa. Charles Correa - Architect in India. Butterworth Architecture, 1984. 2. “identity housing - Charles Correa - Tara Group Housing, Delhi, 1975-1978” https:// identityhousing.wordpress.com/2009/12/03/charles-correa-tara-group-housingdelhi-1975-1978/

Location :

Analysis of solar radiation in winter and summer

1. “identity housing - Charles Correa - Tara Group Housing, Delhi, 1975-1978” https:// identityhousing.wordpress.com/2009/12/03/charles-correa-tara-group-housingdelhi-1975-1978/

Typical Floor plan Scale : 1:500

1. “identity housing - Charles Correa - Tara Group Housing, Delhi, 1975-1978” https:// identityhousing.wordpress.com/2009/12/03/charles-correa-tara-group-housingdelhi-1975-1978/ 2. “Tara Housing -Site Development And Landscaping Of Tara Housing, New Delhi” Ravindrabhan and Associates https://www.ravindrabhan.com/tara

Comparative Analysis

Category

Asian Games Village

Tara Group Housing

Inference

Location

New Delhi, India

New Delhi India

Area

35 acres

3.7 acres

Location related to the surroundings

Located beside green pocket and high density housing

Located beside main road and surrounded by high density housing.

Building Typology

Mid rise cluster housing

Mid rise apartment housing

Both the clusters were designed to have maximum green spaces and interaction spaces.

No.of units

700 units ( 50 units per hectare)

160 units (160 units per hectare)

Climatology

Climate responsive site planning. Heat gain from south for a few blocks.

Designed considering sun path and wind direction to maximize airflow and reduce heat gain.

Amenities

Community hall Open squares for recreational purposes

Amphitheatre Children's play area Swimming pool

Form

Climate responsive design is an important factor which reduces the use of electricity for the middle income group. -

Both forms promote interaction..

Category Circulation

Asian Games Village •

•

Vehicular access restricted into pedestrian paths. All the open spaces are linked with pedestrian paths. Easily navigable due to placement of architectural elements at junctions

Tara Group Housing • •

•

Easily navigable Parking provided behind the blocks Only pedestrian entry into the central open space.

Inference • •

•

Easy wayfinding Restricted vehicular access into pedestrian paths increases safety Parking at a walkable distance for all the residents Inter connectivity of open spaces increases interaction.

3.0 Spatial Programming Space

Sub – Division

Capacity

Area in Sq. m/unit

Total Area in Sq. m

BLOCK LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Entrance lobby

Reception Storage

wherever required

Staff room

2 per cluster

25 sq. m

5 sq. m

10 Sq. m 4

40 sq. m

160 sq.m.

Mail room

30 sq.m

Multi purpose hall/ activity hall

2 sq.m/ person

300 sq.m

Laundry

2 per floor

Dining

2 sq. m/ person

300 sq.m

Kitchen

30% of dining area

90 sq.m

Gymnasium

Library

Community hall

2 sq.m/ person

300 sq.m

25% of usable area

Circulation block level

Space

Sub – Division

Capacity

Area in Sq. m

Total Area in Sq. m

UNIT TYPOLOGIES (120 units) Type – I Young Adult

Type – II (Senior Citizen)

Type – III

Bed room with attached washroom

4 (20)

15 Sq. m

Shared Living, Dining and Kitchenette

1 (5)

30 sq. m

Bed room with attached washroom

2 (20)

25 Sq. m

Shared Living, Dining and Kitchenette

1 (10)

30 sq. m

Studio apartment

45 sq. m

90 sq.m x 5 = 450 sq.m

800 sq. m

3600 sq. m

SITE LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Watchman’s cabin

Water tank

170 litres per head

Septic tank

170 litres per head

Parking

25 sq. m

2 Wheeler 4 Wheeler

Total area (approximate)

>6000 sq. m

4.0 Data Collection 4.1 Spatial requirement and Standards National Building Code Vol. 1 Footpath Minimum Width 1.8 m. The footpath shall be level, non-slip and continuous, and shall be provided with tactile orientation, kerb and kerb ramp. Pathway The length of the pathway shall not be more than 30 m. The safety concern of cyclists and pedestrians should be addressed by encouraging the construction of segregated rights of way for bicycles and pedestrians. Floor area ratio and coverage for group housing Population of 4.5 persons per dwelling unit is considered

Habitable Rooms The height of all rooms for human habitation shall not be less than 2.75 m. The area of habitable room shall not be less than 9.5 m2, where there is only one room with a minimum width of 2.4 m. Where there are two rooms, one of these shall not be less than 9.5 m2 and the other not less than 7.5 m2, with a minimum width of 2.1 m.

Kitchen The area of a kitchen where separate dining area is provided, shall be not less than 5.0 m2 with a minimum width of 1.8 m. Where there is a separate store, the area of the kitchen may be reduced to 4.5 m2. A kitchen, which is intended for use as a dining area also, shall have a floor area of not less than 7.5 m2 with a minimum width of 2.1 m. Bathrooms and Water-Closets Height should not be less than 2.1 m. The area of a bathroom shall not be less than 1.8 m2 with a minimum width of 1.2 m. The floor area of water- closet shall be 1.1 m2 with a minimum width of 0.9 m. If bath and water-closet are combined, its floor area shall not be less than 2.8 m2 with a minimum width of 1.2 m. Requirements For Accessibility In Built Environment For Elders And Persons With Disabilities[Annex B] Wheelchair space requirements :

Site Planning and Development

Access Within the Building

Walkways -

General Requirements -

a) not less than 1 800 mm for two-way traffic which may be reduced to a minimum of 1500 mm, provided that a passing and turning space of at least 1 800 mm × 2 000 mm should be provided for every 25 m b) not less than 1 200 mm for one-way traffic which may be reduced to a minimum of 1000 mm, provided that a passing and turning space of at least 1 800 mm × 2 000 mm should be provided for every 25 m c) lighting fixtures not exceeding a height of 4 m from ground level should be provided. d) Lighting shall be provided every 20 m to 30m, focusing light not on the car lanes, but on the walkways.

•

Drainage of Path/Access Routes boundaries of a path or ramp. Dished channels shall have a maximum width of 150 mm and a maximum drop into gulley of 5 mm. Barriers and Hazards Unavoidable free standing posts or columns within access routes on pathways shall leave at least unobstructed walking width of 1 000 mm and be clearly marked with visual indicators, one at a height between 800 mm and 1 000 mm above floor level, and the other between 1 400 mm and 1 600 mm above floor level. The headroom along a path shall be maintained at a height of not less than 2100 mm above the surface of the path. Identification Raised letters or numbers shall be used to identify rooms or offices. Such identification shall be placed on the wall, to the left of the door, preferably at a height of 1 500 mm from the floor.

•

• • •

A clear, firm and level landing of at least 1 800 mm × 1 800 mm shall be provided on either side of the entrance door. not be less than 900 mm and the width of the corridors or passageways leading to and from such access door shall not be less than 1 200 mm. Routes should preferably intersect at right angles to each other and be easy to follow. The minimum unobstructed width of corridors shall be 1 500 mm, with a preference for a width of 1 800 mm. Long paths of travel shall be avoided and resting areas shall be provided at frequent intervals not exceeding 30 m.

Floors in Corridors a)Complex patterns shall be avoided. b) Floor patterns that could be mistaken for steps, for examples stripes, shall not be used for floors in corridors. Doors a) Doorways shall be levelled b) Bathroom (toilets/washroom) doors should swing out/should be two way opening type c) The minimum clear opening of doorways shall be 900 mm. d) Manoeuvering space at doors: 1) On the pull side, a minimum space of 600 mm; 2) On the push side, a minimum space of 300 mm

Toilet Rooms And Sanitary Rooms

Accessible Bedrooms In Non- Domestic Buildings

Rooms accessible for wheelchair users shall be designed for two beds. If a single bedroom accessible for wheelchair users is provided, a queen size bed is preferred, 1 500 mm width × 2 000 mm length. Free space on at least one of the long sides of the bed shall be provided. This space should be 1 500 mm, and shall not be less than 1 200 mm. At the foot of the bed, at least 1 200 mm is required .Sufficient clear manoeuvring space is needed to gain access to facilities, including the shower. There should be a bench for luggage at a height between 450 mm and 650 mm.

Essential kitchen appliances (oven, refrigerator, etc) should be usable by persons both standing and sitting in a wheelchair, and a worktop should be located beside all appliances. The sink taps should be reachable and easy to operate with one hand. The sink should be reachable for a wheelchair user. If a knee recess is provided under a sink, its underside should be insulated. Counter tops should be between 750 mm and 800 mm in height and provide for clear knee space for a wheelchair user. The clear knee space for a wheelchair user is at least 900 mm wide, 480 mm deep and 680 to 700 mm high.

IS 13727 : 1993 Bureau Of Indian Standards Requirements Of Cluster Planning For Housing - Guide

Model Guidelines for Development and regulation of retirement homes

1. Building Design

2. Green Building principles:

Provisions in addition to the NBC norms to it is desirable that there should be maximum be followed are mentioned below: (near-total) use of non-polluting and renewable energy sources in Retirement • All buildings of more than one floor must Homes. be provided with lifts • All internal and external design of 3. Lifts and Ramps: building spaces to be barrier free • Door openings minimum width to be • Audio and visual sign-age and signalling 900mm system in lifts. • Sliding doors • Mandatory ramps to be incorporated • Easy grip doorknobs. throughout the building • Ergonomic design of furniture specific to the requirements of senior citizens.

4. Staircase:

Basic Services

• • • • •

Common Basic Services for all the Residents

•

clear width of minimum 1500mm. handrails on both sides. not more than 12 treads in a single flight. lighting and ventilation as per NBC. handrails extended 12 inches at top and bottom. illuminated strips to act as guides

5. Corridors: • •

handrails along the walls on either side of the corridor. no steps to be introduced in the corridor.

6. Kitchen: • As per NBC. 7. Bathrooms: • • •

wash basins with grab rails. anti-skid tiles. outward opening doors.

8. Lighting and Ventilation : •

refer MBBL and NBC.

Fitness Facilities • • •

•

• •

•

• • •

Provide access to basic services 24x7 i.e. water and electricity supply, electricity backup facility in case of power cut etc. Provision of sanitation, disposal of waste. Maintain proper hygiene in the entire premises of the Retirement Home project. Provide adequate and appropriate recreation facilities, including both indoor and outdoor activities, as per the profile of residents in particular location and cultural context. Adequate security and housekeeping services. Minimum 1 KVA power backup facilities in each apartment. Yoga, Physiotherapy, Exercise Centres to be provided as feasible. Care giving facilities for those residents, requiring special care. Single-window facilities and helpdesk to access the services of the Social Welfare Department and Urban Local Body Opportunities for residents to provide community services to their peers and other residents

• Jogging and walking tracks with non slippery and non skid surfaces. efficient signage and clearly marked hedges and boundaries to avoid Medical Services collision. Green area for outdoor activities, • 24/7 on site ambulance services, tied equipped with elderly friendly furniture up with nearest hospital. as per NBC. Organise more activities. • Basic First aid facilities. Emergency contacts displayed outside common areas of services. • Emergency rooms provision for one or two patients and an attendant, attached toilet, medicines and medical accessories. • regular medical check ups for residents.

5.0 Site Analysis 5.1 Site selection criteria Based on a literature review and case studies five essential criteria for selection a site for a multi-generational community were identified:

Linked to existing infrastructure

Connection to nature

Walkability

Essential site selection criteria

Mixed use

Connection to public transport

5.2 Site analysis 5.2.1 Location of the site

HMDA Land use zoning master plan 2031

5.2.2 proximity of amenities Metro Station 4 min walk (400m) Bus stop 1 min walk (210m) Hospital 3 min (1.8km) Fire Station 8 min (4.2km) market 7 min walk (600m) Mee seva 5 min walk (350m)

5.2.3 Immediate neighbourhood of the site

20 M ( G+5 ) 10 - 12 M (G+2 - G+3) 6 M ( G+1 )

5.2.4 Climatic Analysis

Wind rose diagram of Hyderabad Winds from South west - North east are the most prominent winds.

Sun Path

Shadow study - Summer afternoons

Shadow study - Winter

5.2.5 Topography, Water flow and vegetation

5.2.6 S.W.O.T

Strengths Weaknesses

• Close proximity of public transport and amenities • Well connected to the city

• Water accumulation in the site • Site neglected and used as a dump yard

Opportunities

• A sustainable neighbourhood can be designed due to the vast area of the site which could be an inspiration for future housing.

Threats

•The other part of the plot not being used could be developed into high rise residential buildings which might affect the micro climate of the site

Site context

Master plan

2 1

Design Approach Integrating seniors with the other users was the pinning design challenge. The approach was to create complementary destination wings, including spaces for fitness, dining, and social activities. Security was also a challenge which was resolved by limiting the number of access points to 3, security is ensured while still maintaining welcoming pathways and corridors. The built mass is visually reduced by tampering the blocks and creating centralized amenity spaces on ground floor. The landscape flows through entire site establishing conflict free pedestrian network. Spatial design has been done in a way that caters to physiological needs as well as psychological needs, this will not only help people interact better but also add more meaning to therapeutic architecture.

Accessibility And Functioning Four major residential blocks placed in a way that the pathways interlace in a way creating a lively environment

Orientation/Way finding The built mass is designed in such a way that fosters a sense of orientation within the environment and facilitates way finding.

Social Interaction Interweaving of the spaces with intersecting pathways creates opportunities for social interaction and exchange.

S.NO

SPACE

QUANTITY

ADMIN BLOCK PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

MULTIGARDEN PURPOSE HALL

LIBRARY OPEN BUFFET

INDOOR GAMES EXHIBITION HALL

CONVENTION HALL GYMNASIUM

RESTAURANT CONFERENCE HALL

1 7

KITCHEN RESTAURANT

SECURITY KITCHEN

ELECTRICAL ROOM GENERATOR + AHU ROOM

TOTAL SITE AREA

TOTAL BUILT UP AREA

51,250 SQ M

22,100 SQ M

EAST ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

Typical floor plan

Type I Type I

Type II

1 2 3 Type II

Space

Sub – Division

Quantity

Area in Sq. m

Total Area in Sq. m

UNIT TYPOLOGIES (120 units) Type – I Senior citizens Type – II (Young adults)

Bed room with attached washroom

42-45 Sq. m

Bed room with attached washroom

21 Sq. m

Shared Living, Dining and Kitchenette

6 units – 18 residents

90 - 100 sq. m

42 x 42 = 1764

1360 sq. m

1. Staircase designed with central seating to create a dialogue space.

2. Integrating barrier free elements into design to connect different levels. 3. Views of the central garden in relation to its surroundings.

Garden Dining & kitchen Indoor games Unit type 2 A Unit type 1 A & B

Gymnasium Multi-purpose open space Terrace Farming Library Unit type 2 B

Unit typology 1 -A 42 SQ.M

Section A-A’

Section B-B’

Unit typology 1 -B 45 S

SQ.M

Unit typology 2 -A 21 SQ.M

B B’

A’

Viewpoint staircase

Elevation isometric view

Library view