The Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics and Strategic Research
International Summer School 2012 - KIMEP University Prof. Antoine Wasserfallen Prof. support: Santiago Caprio
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CENTRAL ASIAN STAKES & OPPORTUNITIES IN HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL Best Practices
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Description History Importance of Heritage Cultural heritage tourism Aga Khan Trust for Culture Best Practices - Edirne, Turkey - Damascus, Syria - Nevsehir, Turkey - Sheki, Azerbaijan - Rajasthan, India
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Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Description for Caravanserai hotel
A caravanserai or khan (‘’kārvānsarā’’) was a (usually Persian-inspired or built) roadside inn where travelers could rest and recover from the day’s journey. Caravanserais supported the flow of commerce, information, and people across the network of trade routes covering Asia, North Africa, and SouthEastern Europe. Most typically a caravanserai was a building with a square or rectangular walled exterior, with a single portal wide enough to permit large or heavily laden beasts such as camels to enter.
Sims, Eleanor. 1978. Trade and Travel: Markets and Caravanserais.’ In: Michell, George. (ed.). 1978. Architecture of the Islamic World - Its History and Social Meaning. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 101
The courtyard was almost always open to the sky, and the inside walls of the enclosure were outfitted with a number of identical stalls, bays, niches, or chambers to accommodate merchants and their servants, animals, and merchandise. Caravanserais provided water for human and animal consumption, washing, and ritual ablutions. Sometimes they even had elaborate baths. They also kept fodder for animals and had shops for travellers where they could acquire new supplies. p. 04
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Description for Caravanserai hotel
A “caravanserai�, is a roadside inn built to shelter men, goods and animals along ancient caravan routes in the Muslim world. It is especially known to be linked with the trade routes along the former Silk Roads. But more than that, there was an extensive network of caravanserais built along the whole network of trade routes in the Middle East and Central Asia. This network of caravanserais supported the flow of commerce, information, pilgrimage and people across the trade routes throughout the history of the different and extended Muslim empires covering Asia, India, North Africa, and South-Eastern Europe from the 9th till the 19th century.
Ark and Sky in Sepia Bukhara, Uzbekistan 2007 - Uncornered Market p. 05
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Description for Caravanserai hotel
The word caravanserai is a Westernization of the Persian word, which combines “caravan” with “sarayi” or “serai” meaning dwelling, palace, or enclosed courts (in Turkish: kervansaray). It is also rendered as caravansarai and caravansary. “Caravan” itself has come to have a similar meaning in English, where it refers to a group or convoy of soldiers, traders, pilgrims, or other travelers engaged in long distance travel.
Silk road 2007 - Uncornered Market p. 06
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Description for Caravanserai hotel
Many different terms are being used in different languages and countries for the same or similar buildings: akhcanya (Aa.), caravancara (Pt.), caravansary (En.), caravanserail (Fr.), caravanseray (Sp.), caravanserraglio (It.), chan (Po.), fondaco (It.), fondaci, fondouk (Fr.), funduk, funduq, fanadiq, fondouk , fondak (Ar.), han (Fa., Tr.), kairouan , qayrawan (Berb.), karawanseraj (Po.), karvansara (Am.), karwansarai (Fa.), karwansiray (Ku.), karwaser (Po.), katra (Be.), kervansaray (Tr.), khan (Fa.), pundheqa’ (Aa.), samsara (Ar.), sarai , serai (Fa.), ushpiza (Aa.), wakala, wekala, wikala (Tr.).
Old World Trade Routes (OWTRAD): A Trade Routes’ Glossary: Architectural, Geographical, and Historical Terms Relating to Trade, Communication, and Pilgrimage Routes. v. 1.7 (Aug 2009). Dr T. Matthew Ciolek
In the most broad sense, the word “caravanserai” is used for all these different variants. In a more strict sense, as argued by OWTRAD, “caravanserais” represent Resthouses Type 3, namely dedicated structures built along trade routes providing short-term lodging for both commercial and non-commercial travelers, and stabling for a large number of their saddle/ draft/pack-animals
p. 07
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Description for Caravanserai hotel
Most typically it was a building with a square or rectangular walled exterior, with a single portal wide enough to permit large or heavily laden beasts such as camels to enter. The courtyard was almost always open to the sky, and the inside walls of the enclosure were outfitted with a number of identical stalls, bays, niches, or chambers to accommodate merchants and their servants, animals, and merchandise. The courtyard could contain herds of up to hundreds of camels, horses, and mules.
Sultan Qansuh Al-Ghuri Wikala, 16th century AD Located at Muhammad ‘Abduh Street, Cairo, Egypt Built in 1504-5 - Restored
Caravanserais provided water for human and animal consumption, washing, and ritual ablutions. Sometimes they even had elaborate baths. They also kept fodder for animals and had shops for travelers where they could acquire new supplies. In addition, there could be shops where merchants could dispose some of their goods. Usually caravanserais were built along the trade routes every 30-40 km, one day’s distance for journeys with pack animals. p. 08
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Description for Caravanserai hotel
Is it only in later centuries thereafter then that the term caravanserai appeared for the establishments along the trade routes and the term khan remained determining the urban establishments? No reference material was found on the start of the use of the term of caravanserai. A last building that is often referred to as caravanserai is the “Ribat”, or rabat, robat, rebat (Ar.) - a “fortified rest house on a land route”, fort, or a fortified caravanserai. However, in North Africa, the word ribat also means a monastic fortress, or to use an euphemism, “a theological boarding college for volunteer fighters” (i.e. Jihadis).
Old World Trade Routes (OWTRAD): A Trade Routes’ Glossary: Architectural, Geographical, and Historical Terms Relating to Trade, Communication, and Pilgrimage Routes. v. 1.7 (Aug 2009). Dr T. Matthew Ciolek p. 09
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
History of trade routes and caravanserais
Caravanserais were built over a very large geographical area, covering Asia, India, Central Asia, Middle East, North Africa, and South-Eastern Europe, but with the largest number of them in the centre of the area which is Middle East and Central Asia. Linked to the rise of Islam and the growth of the overland trade between the Orient and the West (then to its decline because of the opening of the ocean routes by the Portuguese), the construction of most of the caravanserais spanned a period of ten centuries, from the 9th till 19th century.
“Trade and Travel: Markets and Caravanserais”, 1978, by Eleanor Sims. In “Architecture of the Islamic World - Its History and Social Meaning”, (ed). 1978, London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, pp. 80-111, by George Michell
Several thousands were built, and together they form a major phenomenon in the history of that part of the world, from an economic, architectural, social and cultural point of view. It is mentioned that in Cairo (Egypt) till some 200 years ago there were more than 300 caravanserai in use. Based on documents there were more than 100 caravanserais in the bazaar of Isfahan after the Safavid era.
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Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
History of trade routes and caravanserais
In Herat (Afghanistan), there were more than 100 caravanserais. All over Anatolia (Turkey), there were some 250 caravanserais/hans built of which 8 were Sultanhans. Still today some 100 of the Anatolian caravanserais have survived. Obviously linked with the history of the trade routes, researching about the caravanserais is like making a deep dive into the history of the Middle East, Central Asia, but also Europe, the Indian Continent and as far back as ancient empires in Greece, Rome, Mesopotamia, Persia, Sogdiana, India, Mongolia and China.
“Trade and Travel: Markets and Caravanserais”, 1978, by Eleanor Sims. In “Architecture of the Islamic World - Its History and Social Meaning”, (ed). 1978, London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, pp. 80-111, by George Michell p. 011
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
History of trade routes and caravanserais
The Silk Road: Linking Europe and Asia Through Trade library.thinkquest.org p. 012
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Importance of Heritage Cultural heritage tourism
“Cultural heritage tourism is important for various reasons; it has a positive economic and social impact, it establishes and reinforces identity, it helps preserve the cultural heritage, with culture as an instrument it facilitates harmony and understanding among people, it supports culture and helps renew tourism”. (Richards, 1996). “Cultural heritage tourism has a number of objectives that must be met within the context of sustainable development such as; the conservation of cultural resources, accurate interpretation of resources, authentic visitors experience, and the stimulation of the earned revenues of cultural resources. We can see, therefore, that cultural heritage tourism is not only concerned with identification, management and protection of the heritage values but it must also be involved in understanding the impact of tourism on communities and regions, achieving economic and social benefits, providing financial resources for protection, as well as marketing and promotion”. (J. M. Fladmark, 1994)
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Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Importance of Heritage Cultural heritage tourism
“Quality is an essential ingredient for all cultural heritage tourism, and authenticity is critical whenever heritage or history is involved�. National Trust for Historic Preservation.-
Kalon Mosque, Mir-i-Arab Medressa.2009 - Mark Dim-in
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Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Importance of Heritage Aga Khan Trust for Culture
The Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) is an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN), a family of institutions created by His Highness the Aga Khan with distinct yet complementary mandates to improve the welfare and prospects of peoplein countries of the developing world, particularly in Asia and Africa. It focuses on the revitalization of communities in the Muslim world—physical, social, cultural, and economic. The AKTC was founded in 1988 and is registered in Geneva, Switzerland, as a private non-denominational philanthropic foundation. It is an integral part of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN), a family of institutions created by Aga Khan IV with distinct but complementary mandates to improve the welfare of people in the developing world.
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Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: R端stem Pasa Caravanserai, Edirne, Turkey
The caravanserai (once a warehouse and overnight stop for camel caravans) is located in the historical centre of the city.
Aga Khan Award for Architecture
Built in the 16th century by the great architect Sinan, it was restored and converted into a 150-room hotel in 1972. Although the restoration itself represents a high standard of conception and performance, the hotel conversion proved impractical. The jury commended the restoration of an important monument in spite of the failure of its re-use.
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Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: R端stem Pasa Caravanserai, Edirne, Turkey
Aga Khan Award for Architecture
The public facade contrast with the serenity of the inner courtyards p. 017
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: R端stem Pasa Caravanserai, Edirne, Turkey
Aga Khan Award for Architecture
Archive - Aga Khan Award p. 018
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: R端stem Pasa Caravanserai, Edirne, Turkey
Aga Khan Award for Architecture
2009 - Iglesias p. 019
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: R端stem Pasa Caravanserai, Edirne, Turkey
Aga Khan Award for Architecture
2010 - Emel Yamanturk p. 020
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: R端stem Pasa Caravanserai, Edirne, Turkey
Aga Khan Award for Architecture
2010 - Emel Yamanturk p. 021
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Khan As’ad Caravanserai, Damascus, Syria
The khan or Caravanserai of As’ad Pasha al-Azem is situated along Suq al-Buzuriyyah in the old city of Damascus. It was built between 1751 and 1752 by the city governor As’ad Pasha al-Azem.
Aga Khan Award for Architecture
It is one the most prominent khans of the old city, and covers an area of 2500 square meters. The building follows a typical khan layout with two floors giving onto a central courtyard. The Khan is entered from Suq al-Buzuriyyah, through a monumental gateway lavishly decorated with stone carvings and roofed by a muqarnas semi-dome. The entrance leads to a square courtyard with shops on the ground floor, used for commerce and storage. The second floor, accessible by a staircase located to the right of the main entrance was used mainly for loadging, and has eighty rooms arranged along a gallery facing the courtyard.
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Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Khan As’ad Caravanserai, Damascus, Syria
Aga Khan Award for Architecture
The space of the courtyard is divided into nine equal square modules, where each module is covered with a dome raised on a drum pierced with twenty windows. The domes are supported by pendentives that transfer the load onto four piers and to the courtyard walls. An octagonal marble fountain occupies the center of the courtyard below the central dome. Each of the four courtyard walls has three doorways on the ground floor, flanked by two rectangular windows. Three of the courtyard domes were destroyed in an earthquake seven years after the khan’s completion. The openings were covered with wooden planks until 1990 when the khan was restored and the domes rebuilt. No longer used for commerce at the beginning of the twentieth century, the khan was used for manufacture and storage until it was restored in 1990 winning the Aga Khan Award for Architecture.
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Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Khan As’ad Caravanserai, Damascus, Syria
Aga Khan Award for Architecture
2010 - Ali Bazzi p. 024
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Khan As’ad Caravanserai, Damascus, Syria
Aga Khan Award for Architecture
2008 - Myke Reeve p. 025
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Khan As’ad Caravanserai, Damascus, Syria
Aga Khan Award for Architecture
2008 - Myke Reeve p. 026
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Caravanserai Cave Hotel Nevsehir, Turkey
Cappadocia is one of the world’s most unique tourist destinations,a land filled with beautiful valleys and magical rock formations. The village of Goreme is in the heart of Cappadocia and Caravanserai Cave Hotel is located in the oldest settled area of the village. From any of our three terraces you can enjoy views of village cave homes,fairy chimneys and spectacular landscapes of the national park.We have 13 newly renovated rooms in total,some crafted cave and some with a traditional Turkish arched ceiling. All our rooms en-suite.We strive to show all our guest the meaning of true Turkish hospitality and hope to see you here in your new home away from home.
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Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Caravanserai Cave Hotel Nevsehir, Turkey
Archives Caravanserai Cave Hotel p. 028
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Caravanserai Cave Hotel Nevsehir, Turkey
Archives Caravanserai Cave Hotel p. 029
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Caravanserai Cave Hotel Nevsehir, Turkey
Archives Caravanserai Cave Hotel p. 030
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Caravanserai Cave Hotel Nevsehir, Turkey
Archives Caravanserai Cave Hotel p. 031
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Caravanserai Yukari Hotel, Sheki, Azerbaijan
Sheki was famous as the city of craftsmen and merchants. Merchants and traders from the countries of the Great Silk Way used to gather there . Therefore, a great attention was paid to construction of caravanserais. So in the 18th - 19th centuries 5 big caravanserais were active in Sheki. Only two of them have survived. The Upper and the Lower built in the 18th century. Even then the craftsmen tried to provide worthy service to loders. C aravan serais were built with a view of all convenience and safety of merchants and their goods. In Sheki caravanserais merchants stored their goods in cellars , traded on the first floor, and lived on the second. The caravanserais were rather big: the Upper one was 6,000 sq.m., the Lower - 8,000 sq .m. Their height was about 14 m. Each one had more than 200 rooms. According to the trad ition caravanserais had two and even four entrances. When cl osed, caravan serais tu rned into fortresses The Upper caravan serai today is used for its direct purpose - it is a hotel complex . p. 032
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Caravanserai Yukari Hotel, Sheki, Azerbaijan
Archives Caravanserai Yukari Hotel p. 033
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Caravanserai Yukari Hotel, Sheki, Azerbaijan
Archives Caravanserai Yukari Hotel p. 034
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Caravanserai Yukari Hotel, Sheki, Azerbaijan
Archives Caravanserai Yukari Hotel p. 035
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Caravanserai Jaiwana Haveli Rajasthan, India
Jaiwana Haveli was once the private residence of the Thakur of Jaiwana, one of the jagirdars of Maharanas of Mewar. Located in the historic city of Udaipur, the hotel has an unbeatable location. The twenty-four room Jaiwana Haveli hotel is located on the eastern bank of Lake Pichola, and possesses unparalleled views across the sparkling waters and island palaces, to the Aravali Mountains beyond. The roof top restaurant with its panoramic views has become a popular venue for visitors. An excellent choice of Indian, Mewari and continental cuisine is available. The hotel is just a stone’s throw from Udaipur’s famous City Palace and many of the other important landmarks, as well as the old bazaars that are so fascinating to explore. You may choose to go for a boat ride on Lake Pichola to obtain a different perspective of the magnificent waterfront or enjoy a spectacular sunset p. 036
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Caravanserai Jaiwana Haveli Rajasthan, India
Archives Caravanserai Jaiwana Haveli p. 037
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Caravanserai Jaiwana Haveli Rajasthan, India
Archives Caravanserai Jaiwana Haveli p. 038
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Caravanserai Jaiwana Haveli Rajasthan, India
Archives Caravanserai Jaiwana Haveli p. 039
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
Best practices: Caravanserai Jaiwana Haveli Rajasthan, India
Archives Caravanserai Jaiwana Haveli p. 040
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL
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Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio
CENTRAL ASIAN STAKES & OPPORTUNITIES IN HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM
CARAVANSERAI HOTEL Best Practices
Politecnico di Milano - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Prof. Santiago Caprio