A PUBLIC ART AND STORMWATER PLAN FOR THE RIVER ARTS DISTRICT IN ASHEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA by SARA FARR (Under the Direction of John Crowley) ABSTRACT This practicum concentrates on the River Arts District, which is located in Asheville, North Carolina. The River Arts District is located in a former industrial area along the French Broad River and is recognized for its concentration of artists. There is currently a River Arts District Transportation Infrastructure Plan, or RAD TIP, being created for the area. This plan includes a greenway and road realignments. This practicum focuses on the public art and stormwater aspects of this plan. It includes suggested strategies as well as locations for their implementation.
INDEX WORDS:
Stormwater, Public Art, Asheville, River Arts District
A PUBLIC ART AND STORMWATER PLAN FOR THE RIVER ARTS DISTRICT IN ASHEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA
by
SARA FARR BA, Vassar College, 2009 MHP, University of Georgia, 2011
A Practicum Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING & DESIGN
ATHENS, GEORGIA 2013
Š 2013 Sara Farr All Rights Reserved
A PUBLIC ART AND STORMWATER PLAN FOR THE RIVER ARTS DISTRICT IN ASHEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA
by
SARA FARR
Major Professor: John Crowley Committee:
Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia April 2013
Alison Smith Bramlet Marilyn Wolf-Ragatz Stephen Ramos
iv
DEDICATION I want to dedicate this practicum to all my friends and family that helped me get through this process.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge Professor Jack Crowley for guiding me through this process as well as everyone on my committee for providing valuable input that helped me create a better product. I also want to acknowledge everyone in Asheville who talked to me and provided insight.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ix CHAPTER 1
Introduction 1
2
Methodology 14
3
Case Studies 17 Chattanooga, TN ....................................................................................................17 Fort Collins, CO ....................................................................................................23 Fort Point Channel, Boston....................................................................................29
4
Public Art Plan 39 Background............................................................................................................39 Public Art Plan .......................................................................................................44
5
Stormwater Plan 65 Background............................................................................................................65 Stormwater Plan.....................................................................................................69
6
Conclusion 79
REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................82
vii APPENDICES A
88
B
91
viii
LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Asheville Plans.................................................................................................................16 Table 2: Public Art Types from the Asheville Public Art Plan ......................................................44 Table 3: Suggested Sites for Public Art for the RAD TIP .............................................................53 Table 4: Stormwater Remediation Sites ........................................................................................70
ix
LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Sandborn Map ..................................................................................................................1 Figure 2: Study Area Boundary .......................................................................................................2 Figure 3: Context Map ....................................................................................................................3 Figure 4: Inventory: Roads ..............................................................................................................4 Figure 5: Inventory: Bus Routes......................................................................................................5 Figure 6: Inventory: Elevation .........................................................................................................6 Figure 7: Inventory: Zoning.............................................................................................................7 Figure 8: Inventory: Parks ...............................................................................................................8 Figure 9: Inventory: Wilma Dykeman Greenway ...........................................................................9 Figure 10: Chattanooga Map .........................................................................................................17 Figure 11: Chattanooga Area View ................................................................................................18 Figure 12: Fort Collins in Spring...................................................................................................23 Figure 13: Fort Collins Map ..........................................................................................................23 Figure 14: Fort Point Channel Downtown Municipal Harbor Plan...............................................29 Figure 15: Fort Point Channel Map ...............................................................................................29 Figure 16: Graffiti Examples in the River Arts District ................................................................42 Figure 17: Bridge Graffiti in the River Arts District .....................................................................43 Figure 18: Public Art: Studio Locations ........................................................................................46
x Figure 19: “Childhood� .................................................................................................................47 Figure 20: Decorated Studios in the River Arts District ................................................................48 Figure 21: Public Art in the River Arts District .............................................................................49 Figure 22: Labyrinth and Fence.....................................................................................................47 Figure 23: Public Art: Suggested Sites ..........................................................................................55 Figure 24: Studio Sign ...................................................................................................................57 Figure 25: Sidewalks and Greenway Map ....................................................................................59 Figure 26: Close Up Sidewalks and Greenway Map ....................................................................60 Figure 27: Stormwater: Watersheds...............................................................................................66 Figure 28: Stormwater: Floodplains ..............................................................................................67 Figure 29: Stormwater: Water........................................................................................................68 Figure 30: Stormwater Suggestions...............................................................................................74 Figure 31: Parking Lot Remediation Suggestions .........................................................................75
1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
This practicum focuses on the River Arts District located in Asheville, North
Carolina, in particular the River Arts District Transportation Infrastructure Plan, or RAD TIP, which is currently being developed by Asheville. The boundary for the plan, as well as a context map, can be seen on the following pages. The planning area is approximately 374.49 acres. There are also zoning, road, and elevation maps on the following pages to orient the reader.1 These maps give an overall view of the planning area. It is located in a river valley and thus at a lower elevation than the surrounding mountainous area. The zoning map shows that the majority of the district is zoned as a river district, which encourages smart development and sustainable practices.2 Overall, the zoning for the planning district is flexible since it includes a mix of residential densities and commercial uses. Expanding the Urban Place District would be a good idea, since it specifically encourages mixed use development that would be beneficial as the district grows.
The River Arts District, or RAD, is
a relatively small area along the French Broad River, which includes a thriving arts scene, several neighborhoods, and an active freight rail line.3 Once an industrial area that included tanneries and lumber yards, the district is now growing and
Figure 1. Sandborn Map.
2
Figure 2.
I-2
40
Study Area Boundary
ad Bro nch Fre er Riv
1” = 1000’ 0’
1000’
2000’ N
Legend: Boundary Sources: RAD TIP, ESRI
3 Figure 3. Context Map
I-240
Legend Downtown Asheville Plan Area
N
This map shows the study area in the larger context of Asheville. It also shows the location relative to Downtown Asheville. Sources: Buncombe County, City of Asheville, RAD TIP
attracting more residents and tourists due to the arts and the river. A Sanborn map depicting one of its previous industrial uses along the French Broad River can be seen above.4
The RAD has not always had the positive reputation it now enjoys. Prior to its
redevelopment in the late 1980s and early 1990s, much of the district was still industrial and included uses such as garbage dumps and slaughterhouses. Some sites in the district are potentially contaminated from these uses, including the former site of the Asheville cotton mill.5 These land uses led to large amounts of pollution, which were especially damaging to the French Broad River due to their proximity to the water.6 In addition to pollution, there have been other threats to the area, including urban renewal and highway construction. Many neighborhoods and communities were damaged due
850’
Plan Boundary
Road
Highway
Railroad
Legend
425’
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
C
Amboy Rd
ve nA ma ling
Depot St
Page 1 of 8
Sources: Buncombe County, RAD TIP
I240
e Riv
This map shows the roads and freight railroad in and around the study area. Major roads and interstates are identified. I-240 is a large interstate, which runs through the planning area.
0’
N
Scale 1” = 850’
Dr Rd Ha y wo od
Inventory Roads
I26
e rsid Lyman St
River Arts District
4
850’
Railroad
Meadow Rd
Amboy Rd
Clingman Ave
Haywood Rd
1 240 E to Patton Ave
1 240 E
1240 E
Legend
425’
Sara Farr Date February 23, 2013
C
ve nA
Amboy Rd
ma ling
I-240
Depot St
Page 2 of 7
Sources: Buncombe County, City of Asheville, RAD TIP
r
This map shows the available bus routes in the RAD. There are not many available. Those that do exist are concentrated in the northern section and do allow riders to reach the downtown.
0’
N
Scale 1” = 850’
eD Rd Ha y w oo d
Inventory Bus Routes
id ers v i R Lyman St
River Arts District
5
850’
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
Page 3 of 8
Bro
Sources: NHD, Buncombe County, Asheville, NC, ESRI
Fre
Plan Boundary
Legend
425’
h nc
This map indicates elevation in the study area. It clearly shows the areas that are located in higher and lower elevations. The darkest areas are the lowest with the white area being the highest and thus likely the best for future development.
0’
N
Scale 1” = 850’
Inventory Elevation
River Arts District
6
a r ive R d
850’
Residential Multifamily, Medium Density
Not Zoned
Residential Multifamily, High Density
Single Family Residential, Low Density
River District
Urban Place District
Commercial Industrial
Plan Boundary
Legend
425’
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
C
ve nA
Amboy Rd
ma ling
I-240
Depot St
Page 7 of 8
Sources: Buncombe County, City of Asheville, Asheville Unified Devleopment Ordinance, RAD TIP
e Riv
This map shows zoning in the study area. The majority of the Study area is zoned River District with a mix of commercial and residental in the remaining areas.
0’
N
Scale 1” = 850’
Dr Rd Ha y w oo d
Inventory Zoning
e rsid Lyman St
River Arts District
7
850’
7
6
5
4
Amboy Road River Park
French Broad River Park
Southside Center
Murray Hill Park
Jean Webb Park
Montford Recreation Center
2 3
Riverside Cemetery
1
Parks
Plan Boundary
Legend
425’
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
7
3
I-240
ve nA
Amboy Rd
6
a gm Clin
2
Depot St
Page 6 of 8
Sources: Buncombe County, CIty of Asheville, RAD TIP
e Riv
This map shows the location of parks, as well as their names. There are several within the study area as well as many right outside the boundary.
0’
N
Scale 1” = 850’
Dr Rd Ha y wo od
Inventory Parks
1
e rsid Lyman St
River Arts District
4
5
8
River Arts 9 District I-26
Inventory
Wilma Dykeman Greenway
Scale 1” = 3000’ 0’
1500’
3000’
N I-240
Legend Plan Boundary Existing Greenway Proposed Greenway
This map show the existing and proposed greenways in Asheville. Most of these greenways are part of the Wilma Dykeman Greenway Plan. Source: Buncombe County, CIty of Asheville, RAD TIP
Page 6 of 6
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
10 to the resulting demolitions and displacement, particularly the construction of I-240 cutting through them.7
Another threat to the development of the RAD is its location, much of which is in
a “100 year� regulatory flood plain. Although this location is partially responsible for the low rents in the area that allow many artists to work and live there, floods are a constant concern. Some buildings flood as often as once every ten years.8 One of the worst floods in recent history occurred in September 2004 due to hurricane driven storms. The severe flooding caused $300 million in damages.9 Businesses and residents in the district must live with the constant worry of when the French Broad will flood again and the damage that will occur.
Despite this threat, the district continues to grow and gain recognition as a well-
respected arts district. RiverLink, a local nonprofit, led the way for this revitalization when it purchased Warehouse Studios. This marked one of the first adaptive reuse projects in the district where a former industrial building was converted to studio space, now a common occurrence.10 This process continued as more artists moved into the district with studios such as the Phil Mechanic Building, which was once a building supplies wholesaler.11 These conversions create unique, attractive spaces that also reflect the history of the RAD as an industrial district. As the RAD continues to gain recognition more artists and visitors will continue to come to this exciting place, which is also likely to make it more expensive.
The RAD TIP will make the district more accessible and attractive. This plan
grew out of The Wilma Dykeman Riverway Master Plan, created by RiverLink (An overview of the greenway can be seen in the inventory maps). The Wilma Dykeman Riverway Master Plan calls for the creation of a 17 mile greenway system that integrates design elements, gateways and better river access.12 The RAD TIP will continue this greenway as well as realign Riverside Drive and include sidewalks and
11 bike lanes.13 Ultimately, the plan’s goal is the make the district and the river more accessible.
This practicum focuses on the public art and stormwater aspects of the larger
RAD TIP plan. The RAD TIP is ultimately a transportation plan concerned with road realignment, the greenway, sidewalks, bike access and other related transportation issues. While the plan’s focus is on transportation, public art and stormwater are important topics to introduce into the plan. Both of these can also be incorporated into transportation strategies and make the district a more pleasant place to walk, drive or bike through as well as making it easier to navigate. Much of the transportation planning is all but complete for the RAD TIP, so this practicum focuses on the public art and stormwter aspects of the plan.
The public art aspect is especially critical given its location in an arts district. The
Wilma Dykeman Riverway Master Plan also calls for emphasizing the area’s industrial heritage and integrating art, especially by local artists, into as many aspects of the project as possible.14 In order to accomplish these goals, a plan for public art, including suggested sites and procedures for hiring artists is necessary.
Stormwater remediation is also a crucial element of the larger RAD TIP plan.
Development in North Carolina has led to a serious pollution problem in the rivers, so stormwater runoff volume and quality must be addressed.15 The Wilma Dykeman Riverway Master Plan emphasizes sustainable practices, indicating that stormwater must be a consideration in any development plans.16 This practicum suggests innovative methods to deal with stormwater runoff that will enhance the beauty as well as the sustainability of the RAD.
While stormwater and public art individually are two critical aspects of a plan,
they also overlap in many areas. Public art often includes an educational aspect, which can allow it to be an element of stormwater strategies centered on public education and action. Public art can also be incorporated as a functioning element of a stormwater
12 plan that enhances the district while helping with mitigation efforts. The line between these two elements are not as distinct as people often believe. Throughout this practicum, there will be many suggestions and discussions that combine stormwater and public art, showing the symbiotic relationship that exists between them.
13 1 Buncombe County Centerline GIS Data (computer files). Buncombe County, North Carolina: Buncombe County. and Aerial GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: Buncombe County 2 City of Asheville, North Carolina, Ordinance Number 4115, Asheville, 2012. 3 Rob Neufeld and Henry Nuefeld, Images of America: Asheville’s River Arts District (Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 2008), 7. 4 “Asheville, North Carolina,” 1888, Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps. 5 “Brownfield Program Map Viewer,” Accessed February 25, 2013, http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/ wm/bf/map. 6 Neufeld., 64. 7 Ibid., 108. 8 Ibid., 8 and 31. 9 Ibid., 33. 10 Ibid., 10 and 63. 11 Ibid., 7. 12 RiverLink, The Wilma Dykeman Riverway Master Plan: Asheville, North Carolina (June 2004: Urban Design Associates, LaQuatra Bonci and Associates, ZHA, Inc. and Transystems Corporation), 1. 13 Asheville, North Carolina, “RAD TIP,” Accessed November 2012 http://www.ashevillenc.gov/ Departments/CommunityRelations/ProjectsandInitiativesInformation.aspx. 14 The Wilma Dykeman Riverway Master Plan: Asheville, North Carolina, 16. 15 Neufeld, 38. 16 The Wilma Dykeman Riverway Master Plan: Asheville, North Carolina, 10.
14
CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY
Diverse methods were used to develop the public art and stormwater
management plans that follow. This chapter explains them in more detail. The first method was interviews with staff members in the Asheville government that were part of or impacted by the River Arts District Transportation Plan, as well as people with experience in public art. People were chosen mainly by suggestions from those in charge of the RAD TIP as well as availability. The interviews provided insight into the concerns and desires of the city and other stakeholders. The same questions were used for each interview. A full list of the 15 interviewees, including their positions, and the questions asked can be found in Appendix A. These interviews provided input into the issues that needed to be considered in the plan and concerns about development in the RAD. They were conducted in person as well as by phone and addressed a variety of concerns including the obvious stormwater and art as well as issues such as street trees, sustainability and real estate development concerns.
In addition to interviews, several case studies of comparable cities were
developed using the same themes for each to allow for easy comparison. The themes chosen, which include public space and development among others, were selected due to their relevance to aspects of the RAD that were examined to create the public art and stormwater plans. The cities chosen were Chattanooga, TN, Fort Collins, CO and the Fort Point Channel Neighborhood in Boston, MA. These cities all have similarities to Asheville including locations near or on the water, an emphasis on the natural environment and strong arts communities. They also share aspects of the RAD’s industrial past. These connections make their strategies and challenges applicable to the RAD. These cities provide guidance and ideas for Asheville as it develops the RAD.
15
After the interviews were complete, a variety of inventory maps were created
for the plan area. These maps give an overview of current conditions, including transportation, hydrology and accessibility, as well as clarify issues that need to be addressed. Several site visits were made to help evaluate the RAD as well as the surrounding areas, including downtown Asheville. These visits provided an opportunity to experience the RAD on the ground and to take the pictures seen in the rest of this document. These visits clarified the issues that needed to be addressed, particularly wayfinding, as well as giving a better understanding of the character of the district.
This background research and map development form the basis of the plan
development. The public art and stormwater plans are in the context of the larger RAD TIP plan as well as The Wilma Dykeman Riverway Plan. The RAD TIP will contain many elements concerning the road realignment of Riverside Drive and greenway development. These plans provide suggestions that will aid in the development of the RAD TIP and help integrate innovative ideas early into the process.
The goal of this practicum is to provide a guiding document for the stormwater
and public art strategies of the larger RAD TIP. The following chapters provide detailed information on each of these areas as well as suggestions for specific public art and stormwater strategies. This guidance will help create a transportation plan that also incorporates stormwater and public art as integral elements instead of afterthoughts.
There are also many plans that provided guidance for this practicum. They are
listed in Table 1, seen below. All of these plans factor into the stormwater and public art recommendaitons, but the Wilma Dykeman Riverway Master Plan is the overarching guiding force for them since it is the main source for the RAD TIP plan they are a part of. The other plans factor into the RAD TIP in terms of sustainability and guidance on specific topics such as pedestrian access and general greenway information. The Public Art Master Plan is also an important document for the public art suggestions, since it provides a plan for public art in the entire city of Asheville.
16
Table 1. Asheville Plans Name The City of Asheville Pedestrian Plan Public Art Master Plan City Development Plan 2025 City of Asheville River Development Plan The Wilma Dykeman Riverway Master Plan Comprehensive Bicycle Plan City of Asheville, NC Parks, Recreation, Cultural Arts, and Greenways Master Plan Sustainability Master Plan RAD TIP
Year 1999, updated 2005 2001 2001 Approximately 2004 2004 2008 2009 2009 Ongoing
While there are many plans available to guide development in Asheville, none
of them focus specifically on the River Arts District. This practicum fills that gap in the stormwater and public art areas. It takes the general information available and translates it to specifics including stormwater and public art strategies as well as suggested sites for them. Unlike these previous plans, it focuses on the specific history, challenges and opportunities presented in the River Arts District to point out opportunities and make the RAD TIP a more comprehensive plan.
17
CHAPTER 3 CASE STUDIES
The following case studies describe cities and neighborhoods comparable to
Asheville, including their location on the water, connection to nature, industrial history and thriving art scenes. Their successes and challenges can serve as guidance for Asheville as it plans the River Arts District. Through studying similar cities, Asheville can adapt successful strategies for its own development as well as learn from challenges these cities face. Chattanooga
Figure 10.
18
Figure 11. Chattanooga Area View.1
Chattanooga, like Asheville, is a successful city located on a river central to
its identity. Recently, Chattanooga has focused on developing its river districts. This development can provide inspiration for the RAD, particularly since these places share a reliance on rivers, a commitment to sustainability and an industrial history. The RAD is also focused on economic development and attracting new businesses, which Chattanooga has successfully accomplished throughout its recent development. Many of the strategies used in Chattanooga can be adapted to the RAD, so it is an excellent case study. River/Downtown Area
Chattanooga is known for its successful riverfront redevelopment and its
positive impact on the downtown area, making it comparable to Asheville’s River Arts District. The vision for Chattanooga’s riverfront includes green space on both sides of the river, a wetlands preservation area and pedestrian connections.2 Many of these goals have been realized. In addition, this redevelopment has led to the Tennessee Aquarium, the Riverpark, the Walnut Street Bridge, the baseball stadium and Coolidge Park, all important assets to the city.3 The neighborhoods and districts of downtown Chattanooga also play an important role. The major neighborhoods include City Center,
19 MLK/University, Northshore, Riverfront and Southside. These neighborhoods provide options for college students, young professionals and families.
Riverfront, which has been the main focus of the $120 million riverfront
redevelopment efforts, has many new high end town homes, condos, and apartments. It is also in the center of most of downtown’s attractions. It is a walkable, pedestrian friendly area.4 This wide variety of neighborhoods makes Chattanooga a vibrant, exciting place to live with a strong connection to the river. Public Spaces
Chattanooga, like Asheville, is well known for its outdoor attractions and
recreation. Outdoor Chattanooga is an initiative that was created to promote outdoor recreation.5 Chattanooga’s government is committed to creating public recreation spaces. They have a master plan to create a continuous greenway system. Asheville also has a greenway plan, indicating its commitment to public space.6 Currently, Chattanooga already has 25 miles of walking paths including a 13 mile river walk that goes from downtown Chattanooga to the Chickamauga Dam.7 These paths are an excellent resource for residents and visitors to enjoy the outdoors.
Chattanooga also has many attractive parks open to the public. These parks
include Coolidge Park, Renaissance Park, Miller Park, Miller Plaza, Ross’s Landing Plaza, Tennessee Riverpark and Riverwalk, and Walnut Street Bridge.8 Several of these parks exist due to the riverfront development efforts of the city and are indicative of an overall commitment to providing recreation opportunities to the public. Development Methods
Chattanooga’s government is committed to growing sustainably while still
remaining attractive to businesses. It has won livability awards due to this focus and also emphasizes housing of varying affordability.9 Chattanooga is also well known for its affordable housing program, which has completed many private/public partnerships.10
20 Chattanooga made itself business friendly by completing a 1 Gbps fiber-to-the-home network. It’s the only city in America with 1 Gbps service.11 In order to build this service, Chattanooga received a $111 million stimulus grant from the Department of Energy.12 These efforts make Chattanooga appealing to residents and businesses.
One of the biggest development efforts for Chattanooga has been the riverfront.
The 21st Century Waterfront Plan, which built on the development in the Tennessee Riverpark Master Plan, combines development, preservation and enhancement to honor both history and the future.13 The plan cost about $120 million, most of which was raised privately.14 It covers 129 acres on both sides of the river, which are divided into six districts. The plan was developed using public input meetings that led to a three day design charette.
The final plan included clear themes of community connections, creating
unique experiences, using the riverfront 24 hours a day and starting the project quickly. There was also a focus on pedestrian connections. An example of a district is Manufacturers West, which enhances the historic industrial character of the area while also incorporating riparian habitats, riverwalk segments and a canoe launch to make it relevant today.15 This district is particularly relevant to the River Arts District Transportation Plan, since it has many of the same goals as well as a shared industrial past. Through this design, the riverfront has been transformed into an integral part of Chattanooga.16 Preservation
History is important in Chattanooga. There are many historic neighborhoods
and buildings throughout the area. One example is Tivoli Theatre.
This theatre,
which is Beaux Arts style, is over 90 years old and is known as the ‘Jewel of the South.’ Another example is the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium, which was built in 1924 and now hosts a variety of events.17 These buildings represent the importance of incorporating heritage into Chattanooga today.
21 Transportation There are a variety of options for public transportation in Chattanooga. One is a bike program called Bike Chattanooga. There are 300 bikes in the program located at 30 stations with ride length determining the usage fee. The user simply unlocks a bike with a key, then returns the bike to another station when done.18 This mode of transportation is compatible with the emphasis on sustainability in Chattanooga.
Another option is CARTA, or the Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation
Authority, the public transit system. It includes traditional fixed bus routes as well as special service for the disabled. It also includes the Lookout Mountain Incline Railway and the city’s parking system. Many of the buses are electric, further emphasizing sustainability. CARTA carries over three million people a year and takes part in research on alternative energy transportation.19 Public Art
Public Art is a central element of Chattanooga’s riverfront development strategy.
This is also a key element of the RAD plan, particularly since it is located in an arts district. Several organizations play an important role in Chattanooga, including the Allied Arts of Greater Chattanooga, established in 1969 as a nonprofit, and the Parks and Recreation Department, which includes Public Art Chattanooga, a program started in 2001 that overseas many public arts pieces, which is similar to the public art process in Asheville. The 21st Century Waterfront Project allocated one percent of the waterfront budget, or $1.2 million, to purchase public art. This led to three major projects: the Light Masts on the Chattanooga Pier, the Native American art installation at the Passage and the First Street Sculpture Garden.20
Chattanooga also has a Public Art Plan, as does Asheville. It focuses on many
aspects of public art including establishing stable funding for it. As of 2003, there were approximately 100 pieces of public art owned by a variety of organizations in Chattanooga.21 This public art plan helped the city make the most of the waterfront
22 redevelopment efforts.22 It helps guide public art investment and decisions. Conclusion
Chattanooga’s riverfront development and the economic activity it has spurred
is a good example for Asheville’s River Arts District. Chattanooga did focus more on residential development than the RAD, but many lessons can still be drawn from its efforts. The Manufacturers West District is especially relevant due to its comparable industrial character, and has capitalized on its riverfront location by enhancing access. River access is currently limited in the RAD, so it can look to these enhancements to increase the availability and ease of river access along the French Broad.
Chattanooga’s ability to combine respect for its history and progressive planning
strategies is admirable. However, Chattanooga is not as focused on the arts as the RAD, so strategies will differ. Asheville’s goals of making the river more accessible and drawing people to the area are similar, so the city can look to Chattanooga’s development methods and funding sources as it develops the River Arts District. The RAD should pay particular attention to Chattanooga’s emphasis on technology in order to attract business, since the RAD TIP provides an excellent opportunity to implement better technology in the district.
23 Fort Collins
Figure 12. Ft Collins in Spring.23
Figure 13.
24
Fort Collins, CO is recognized for the attractions of its natural environment,
including the nearby Chache La Poudre River. Like Fort Collins, Asheville emphasizes its natural environment as well as that surrounding it. These cities also share districts with industrial heritages and challenges balancing development with sustainability. In addition, they both have strong bike cultures. These many similarities make Fort Collins a clear choice as a case study to help inspire innovative development strategies in the RAD. River/Downtown Area
Fort Collins is a vibrant city that incorporates urban growth with its natural
resources, values it shares with Asheville. Fort Collins is located at the base of the Rocky Mountains and known for its bike culture, its large scale and craft brewing, and the Cache La Poudre River that runs along it.24 Since Asheville’s River Arts District is also located along a river, the French Broad, it shares many characteristics with Fort Collins.
Fort Collins was founded in 1864 as Camp Collins, a military fort. It was officially
incorporated in 1873 and is currently run by a council/manager form of government.25 The natural resources of the city, especially the river, are important elements to its identity. The river also provides recreation space for activities and has been designated a Wild & Scenic River.26 Fort Collins focuses on combining environmental awareness with smart development.27
Besides the natural resources of Fort Collins, the downtown has a lot to offer. In
2006, Fort Collins was named one of the best places to live.28 There are a wide variety of activities available in the downtown area including restaurants, brewery tours, theater, shopping and museums.29 These options attract many different people from young single people to families.
The downtown also has different character areas that cater to various interests
and aesthetics. One of the most popular is Old Town. It is a preserved district that
25 includes 23 historic buildings that are nationally and locally designated, as well as shops and antiques.30 This district’s strong historic character is central to its attraction.
Another district that is growing into its identity is the River District. This district is
unique due to the combination of natural and developed areas, which includes industrial activities along with shops, offices, restaurants and housing.31 This mix is comparable to the area of the River Arts District Transportation Project. The development of this district has been undertaken by the City of Fort Collins and the Downtown Development Authority with the goal of creating a sense of place beginning with necessary improvements such as utilities, sidewalks and parking.32 One of the recent projects in the River District is the Linden Street Streetscaping Project, which will attract business to the area through place making strategies that increase the overall attractiveness of the street and its accessibility.33 The area is developing attractions such as art galleries and music venues while maintaining natural areas.34 The RAD shares these desires and goals, so Fort Collins is a good example as the RAD develops.
The overall plan for the area, which was created with stakeholder input,
addresses opportunities and challenges in the area. There are considerable challenges with pedestrian access, so the plan addresses these issues through redesigned streets and connections to nearby neighborhoods, thus connecting the district to the larger downtown.35 The ultimate goal in Fort Collins is to create a community gathering place similar to Old Town, despite the impediments of physical barriers such as the roads and rail road tracks, that will attract visitors and investment.36 These types of barriers and obstacles are also found between the RAD and downtown Asheville, so Fort Collins’s successful connection strategies should serve as inspiration for the district. Public Spaces
Fort Collins is only 35 miles from Rocky Mountain National Park and itself
has more than 600 acres of park land and 20 miles of hike/bike trails.37 Fort Collins also maintains its urbanized public space through projects such as the Alley Trash
26 cooperatives, which creates attractive enclosures for trash and recycling and the Old Town Square Cameras, which help with security and film events.38 All of these spaces and efforts emphasize the importance of public space in Fort Collins and provide recreation opportunities. Development Methods
Fort Collins has different methods for encouraging and funding development.
One major player is the Downtown Development Authority. Along with the DDA, Fort Collins also has an Economic Health Strategic Plan, which includes goals of business support, innovation economy, talent management and community culture/quality of place.39 There are also a variety of policies focusing on neighborhoods that detail how growth should happen and that encourage compact development.40
The result of these efforts can be seen in action in the development of the River
District. For this project, the process included a needs assessment followed by the production and analysis of alternatives and an implementation strategy.41 One example of this process is the previously mentioned Linden Street Streetscaping Project. It had a budget of $3 million and was funded from many sources including federal grant money, utility funds, the DDA and Building on Basics Pedestrian capital funds.42 The DDA contributed $1 million to the project, which included parking, pedestrian improvements, lighting and beautification. The project was completed in December 2011.43 This is an example of the development strategies in Fort Collins, which focus on growth and the natural environment working together, which are also central to development plans in RAD. Preservation
Fort Collins emphasizes preserving its history, which includes the built
environment. The city’s plan focuses on preserving historic resources and encourages redevelopment and infill.44 The types of historic buildings vary from district to district, including more industrial buildings on the Poudre River.45
27
Fort Collins’s efforts in preservation can be seen throughout the city. They
include facade projects through the Downtown Development Authority and grant funding.46 The development of the River District also includes preservation. The goal is to combine historic architecture with new development, which is especially important since it is part of the Old Fort Collins National Historic District.47 The redevelopment plan emphasizes the need to reflect the industrial use of the district and specific architectural guidelines.48 All of these efforts show the important role preservation plays in Fort Collins’s development and the importance of the city’s history for its future. The RAD also includes a nationally designated historic district, so it should follow similar strategies to preserve and enhance its history. Transportation
Fort Collins currently has 21 bus routes, more than 280 miles of bike lanes and
more than 30 miles of paved trails for pedestrians and bikes. There is also a bike library in Old Town, which allows members to borrow bikes for up to five days.49 In addition to the current bus options of the Transfort bus service and Van Go vanpools, a bus rapid transit line is planned to open in the summer of 2014.50 Fort Collins also covers transportation in many of its plans, including an overall transportation plan that ranks needs, particularly bike projects which are emphasized throughout the city due its strong bike culture.51 This culture also exists in Asheville, as evidenced by its bike plan.52
A pedestrian emphasis is clear in the development of the River District with its
focus on resolving pedestrian impediments such as busy streets and creating a district they are willing to walk around for long periods of time. Traffic studies in the area showed most facilities were below acceptable levels, so the plan offers alternatives to solve the issues facing the district such as on street parking, bike lanes, roundabouts and sidewalks, similar to the ideas in the RAD’s transportation plan.53 Fort Collins faces many transportation issues, but it also has many creative solutions in place and continues to plan for the future and emphasize pedestrian and bike transportation.
28 Public Art
Art is integrated well into the public spaces of Fort Collins. One example is
the city’s efforts to combat graffiti by having local artists paint places like electrical transformer cabinets.54 Graffiti is also a problem in the RAD, so the district could look to cities like Fort Collins for creative solutions. Other pieces of public art include “Caball de Colorado”, “Spirit of Fort Collins”, “Bear and Fish”, “Southwind”, “Scrap Metal Dog”, “Swinging”, “Cowboy on a Horse” in Old Town and more throughout the city.55 The Downtown Development Authority also plays an active role in sponsoring public art. An example is Pianos About Town, a project that enlists local artists to paint murals on pianos in Old Town Square and then places the pianos around town.56 Many groups and agencies play roles in supporting public art in Fort Collins that emphasizes local artists and enhances the beauty of the city. Conclusion
Fort Collins, like Asheville, prides itself on its natural beauty. Fort Collins has
managed to maintain much of its natural environment through smart development. Fort Collins’s River District development is especially relevant to the River Arts District. Like the RAD, the River District contains historic buildings and is closely linked to the heritage of the overall city. The River District also used a variety of funding sources to pay for improvements, which could be an example for the RAD. Fort Collins is managing to develop while still maintaining its values of preserving its natural and built environment. This balance is also a challenge for the RAD.
Fort Collins also deals with similar issues, such as graffiti and transportation
problems. While it is still working on these problems, the creative solutions so far, such as a bike library and beautifying everyday objects, are a good starting point for RAD to draw inspiration from. These ideas can be incorporated into the RAD TIP, especially the public art plan. Fort Collins has made an effort to incorporate art in many aspects of the city, but the RAD can do even more with its greater concentration and focus on artists.
29 Fort Point Channel, Boston
Figure 14. Fort Point Channel Downtown Municipal Harbor Plan.57
Figure 15.
30
Fort Point Channel is located on the water, like the RAD, but this is not why
it was selected as a case study. Its prominent arts community is what makes it an important area for comparison to the RAD. Art is integrated into nearly every aspect of development in Fort Point Channel, particularly the Harbor Walk. The Harbor Walk is comparable to a greenway, so its effective integration of public art provides guidance for the RAD TIP greenway development. River/Downtown Area
Fort Point Channel is a neighborhood in Boston on the city’s historic waterfront,
located on the east bank of the Fort Point Channel.58 It has been described as “a city within a city.”59 This unique area is well known for its artists, like the River Arts District. As of 2002 approximately 300-500 artists lived and/or worked in the district in addition to approximately 500 other residents.60 This makes it New England’s largest artists‘ community.61
One of the biggest players in the art scene is the Fort Point Arts Community, or
FPAC. It is a nonprofit founded in 1980 by local artists and volunteers. Their mission is to promote artists’ work and preserve the artist community through ensuring the availability of permanent, affordable studio space. This is possible due to a variety of methods including selling art and operating artist cooperatives. They also host events throughout the year such as Fort Point Open Studios, Holiday Sale and Spring Art Walk. These events bring about 10,000 visitors to the area yearly and include demonstrations, hands on activities and performances.62 All of these efforts contribute to the arts in Fort Point Channel. Public Spaces
Public space is a key element of Fort Point Channel. It is emphasized in both
The Fort Point District 100 Acres Master Plan and the Fort Point Channel Watersheet Activation Plan. 63 The Fort Point District 100 Acres Master Plan contains a proposed trail system for pedestrians and bicyclists that includes the eastern edge of the Fort
31 Point Channel and the western edge of the 100 acres. It would be 3.5 miles long and link to other trails in Boston.64 There are currently two main parks used by residents of the area: Wormwood Park and Binford Park.65 Other parks in the area include the two acre South Pay Park and one and one half acre Rolling Bridge Park.66
Another important part of public space in Fort Point Channel is the Harborwalk.
It is near a variety of activities, and allows users to appreciate the historic brick warehouses in the neighborhood. New segments were added to Fort Point Channel in 2005, making it an important asset for residents and visitors. It makes public access to the area easier and includes elements such as seating, lighting and plantings to make it attractive in addition to connecting parks. It also incorporates public art, emphasizing the area’s artistic character.67 Harborwalk is just one element of the wide variety of public spaces that are available in Fort Channel Point. Its popularity and integration of art make it relevant for the RAD’s future development. Development Methods
The development pressure in Fort Point Channel has resulted in tension with
artists against residents and the Boston Redevelopment Authority due to gentrification and rising prices. Artists, particularly the group FPAC, see this tension arising from the fact that there are currently more residents than artists, and the group’s belief that the Redevelopment Authority caters to developers. FPAC works on developments that encourage artists to live and work in the district, including live/work projects developed at 249 A Street Artists Cooperative and the Artists Building at 300 Summer Street.68 249 A Street Artists Cooperative was founded in the 1980s with a grant from the National Endowment of the Arts. The building was purchased and a formula worked out that would allow the live/work space to be purchased by artists at below market rates. 300 Summer Street follows a similar methodology.69 These projects allow local artists to stay in the area and maintain the rich artistic culture.
32
The desire for development is clear in plans such as the Fort Point Channel
Watersheet Activation Plan as well as plans for several residential projects.70 This plan focuses on the need for better public access and protection of the built environment in Fort Point Channel.71 There are, however, many challenges to developing the channel area related to regulations about the use of the harbor and water, as indicated by the recent $3.8 billion cleanup project in Boston Harbor.72 The RAD faces similar tensions between artists, environmentalists and developers.
Another plan for the area is The Fort Point District 100 Acres Master Plan. The
stated goal of the plan, developed by the Boston Redevelopment Authority and Fort Point Channel Working Group, is “...to create a public realm plan that would guide future development.�73 The plan is centered on changing the large amount of surface parking lots to a mixed use neighborhood.74 This approach is possible due to a parking freeze and the fact that a majority of the area is owned by a few landowners.75
Residential uses are emphasized in this plan since it is a growing demand in
the area. There is also a push toward the service industry.76 Residential areas are centered on open space and the area overall is seen as growing into a dense district. The residential uses are important to the overall vision of creating mixed use areas with good jobs in a compact, walkable environment that also allows easy access to the water. Future transportation plans will also better connect the area with the rest of Boston.77
The plan also includes suggestions for how to develop the area while maintaining
its character. This includes strategies such as preserving historic buildings, maintaining traditional building heights and massing, and creating architectural guidelines.78 Environmental concerns are also discussed in terms of stormwater management and encouraging the use of LEED standards in building and possibly open spaces.79 While this development would bring in more residents, income and jobs there is concern,
33 particularly among artists, that it may make it too expensive for some residents to live and work there. Preservation
Fort Point Channel has an interesting history that is reflected in the buildings and
structures of the neighborhood. It was built in the 1830s by the Boston Wharf Company. The buildings were for manufacturing and warehousing with the wool trade being one of the biggest industries. After the industrial uses declined in the 1970s, artists moved into the area and used the lofts and open spaces as studios.80 This history is also reflected in the studio spaces of the RAD.
In recognition of this history, the Fort Point Channel Historic District was listed on
the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 and the Boston Landmarks Commission designated the Fort Point Channel Landmark District, or FPCLD, on December 9, 2008.81 The FPCLD is approximately 55 acres and is described as “...Boston’s largest, most cohesive, and most significant collection of late 19th and early 20th century industrial loft buildings.”82 The district is characterized by its visual uniformity.83 These designations recognize the importance of the historic character of the district and protect it from detrimental development. The RAD, while partially designated as a National Historic District, should also consider protecting the entire district with a local designation. Transportation
There are many different modes of transportation available and planned for
Fort Point Channel. There are docks and water taxis available for people who want to travel by boat with a goal to create a modern, efficient ferry system.84 The area is already close to downtown Boston and public transportation. Plans for transit include connecting it to a proposed Urban Ring Transit System in Boston and Transitway.85
Fort Point Channel is also within walking distance of the South Station
Transportation Center. This is Boston’s largest inter-modal transportation center and
34 includes rail service, a subway line, bus terminal and Amtrak.86 The ultimate goal of the transportation plans is to keep traffic levels down within the planning area, particularly within neighborhoods, and to encourage pedestrians through efforts such as paired one way streets that make them feel safer. Pedestrian emphasis can also be seen in efforts such as Harborwalk.87 As transportation plans progress navigating Fort Point Channel without a car will become even easier than it already is, with its proximity to multiple modes of public transportation. Public Art
Fort Point Channel is known for its artists, so it is no surprise that there is an
abundance of public art in the district. The giant milk bottle on Museum Wharf, a well known landmark, is indicative of the character of the area.88 These public works of art are permanent and temporary. Present and past installations include Night Blooming Day Lilies, Buckys on the Channel, Art Imbalance, The Remodeling Project, Tidal Flowers, House of Cards, Walking on Water, David Bakalar’s Life Force, Denis Kowal’s Ominous Icon #7 and Jellyfish. Many of these incorporate water into them, which is appropriate for their location.89 These works of art provide an outlet for local artists, and allow the public to appreciate the character of Fort Point Channel and feel more connected to the arts.
Art is such an integral element of Fort Point Channel, that A Fort Point Vision for
Public Art was created in 2002 with a think tank of over 100 community members.90 The vision describes public art as an integral element of Fort Point Channel’s neighborhood identity. The think tank appreciates the importance of development but also wants to ensure that Fort Port Channel remains a cultural district. They suggest starting now with smaller projects and beginning planning for bigger ones, such as integrating the area’s public art into the larger public art of Boston. They also encourage the use of the arts for utilitarian items such as benches or lighting in order to truly incorporate art
35 in the neighborhood’s identity. They complete the plan by addressing funding issues.91 FPAC sponsors some of the temporary public art projects, but the plan suggests other ideas such as a trust fund, public/private partnerships and membership programs.92 While there are no concrete solutions, the plan clearly indicates the importance of art, particularly public art, for Fort Point Channel’s Identity. Conclusion
Fort Point Channel’s waterfront location and large artist population make it
an obvious comparison for the River Arts District. The main difference is its location within a major city, Boston, which is much larger than Asheville. This does mean that Fort Point Channel is likely to have access to more funding and better transportation infrastructure than the RAD. While Fort Point Channel’s planning and development efforts can provide some inspiration for the RAD, its importance as a case study is largely derived from its public arts emphasis as well as its live/work projects for artists. The River Arts District is striving to incorporate public art into its transportation plan to bring new tourists and residents to the area, but this needs to be balanced by efforts to maintain affordability for the artist population. Similar challenges face Fort Point Channel, and the RAD should look to this neighborhood’s co-ops for ideas moving forward.
All of these case studies are different, but they share commonalities that make
them good examples for Asheville to examine when creating the RAD TIP. The common thread of sustainability, water, industrial history and art that run through these case studies also correspond to the values that are important in the RAD. Successful place making strategies have to be customized to individual locations’ challenges and needs, but these case studies provide a starting point for ideas to create a successful and innovative plan for the RAD.
36 1 Chattanooga Area View, 2012, US Ignite. 2 “Chattanooga Green Initiatives,” Accessed October 6, 2012, http://www.chattanoogafun.com/ conventions-meetings/green/. 3 Schwartz Silver and Moffat Nichol, “The 21st Century Waterfront Executive Summary: Chattanooga, Tennessee,” Hargreaves Associates, May 2002. 4 “Downtown Chattanooga,” Accessed October 6, 2012, http://www.downtownchattanooga.org/ new/dc. 5 “Chattanooga,” Accessed October 3, 2012, http://www.chattanooga.gov/. 6 RiverLink, The Wilma Dykeman Riverway Master Plan: Asheville, North Carolina (June 2004: Urban Design Associates, LaQuatra Bonci and Associates, ZHA, Inc. and Transystems Corporation). 7 “Chattanooga Green Initiatives,” Accessed October 6, 2012, http://www.chattanoogafun.com/ conventions-meetings/green/. 8 “Downtown Chattanooga,” Accessed October 6, 2012, http://www.downtownchattanooga.org/ new/dc. 9 “Chattanooga,” Accessed October 3, 2012, http://www.chattanooga.gov/. 10 “Chattanooga,” Accessed October 3, 2012, http://www.chattanooga.gov/. 11 “Chattanooga,” Accessed October 3, 2012, http://www.chattanooga.gov/. 12 “Your Gig is Here,” Accessed February 22, 2013, http://chattanoogagig.com/. 13 Schwartz Silver and Moffat Nichol, “The 21st Century Waterfront Executive Summary: Chattanooga, Tennessee,” Hargreaves Associates, May 2002. 14 Alan G. Brake, “After 20 Years, Chattanooga Finishes Riverfront Development,” Architectural Record, June 2005, http://proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.proxyremote.galib.uga.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ulh&AN=17396684&site=eds-live. 15 Schwartz Silver and Moffat Nichol, “The 21st Century Waterfront Executive Summary: Chattanooga, Tennessee,” Hargreaves Associates, May 2002. 16 Alan G. Brake, “After 20 Years, Chattanooga Finishes Riverfront Development,” Architectural Record, June 2005, http://proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.proxyremote.galib.uga.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ulh&AN=17396684&site=eds-live. 17 “Chattanooga,” Accessed October 3, 2012, http://www.chattanooga.gov/. 18 “Chattanooga,” Accessed October 3, 2012, http://www.chattanooga.gov/. 19 “Chattanooga,” Accessed October 3, 2012, http://www.chattanooga.gov/. 20 “Chattanooga,” Accessed October 3, 2012, http://www.chattanooga.gov/. 21 Chattanooga, TN, Chattanooga Public Art Plan (May 2003: Barney & Worth, Inc.), 7. 22 Chattanooga, TN, Chattanooga Public Art Plan (May 2003: Barney & Worth, Inc.), 13. 23 Ft. Collins, CO: Ft. Collins in Spring, 2005, City-Data. 24 Fort Collins, CO, Economic Health Strategic Plan (June 2012: TIP Strategies), 35. 25 City of Fort Collins. “City of Fort Collins.” Accessed October 26, 2012. http://www.fcgov.com. 26 Fort Collins Conventions & Visitors Bureau. “A Visit to Fort Collins, Colorado.” Accessed October 26, 2012. http://www.visitftcollins.com/. 27 Fort Collins, CO, City Plan: Fort Collins (Feb. 2011: City of Fort Collins), 32. 28 “Best Places to Live.” Accessed October 26, 2012. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/ moneymag/bplive/2006/snapshots/PL0827425.html. 29 Fort Collins Conventions & Visitors Bureau. “A Visit to Fort Collins, Colorado.” 30 Fort Collins Conventions & Visitors Bureau. “A Visit to Fort Collins, Colorado.” 31 City of Fort Collins. “City of Fort Collins.” 32 Ibid. 33 Ibid. 34 City of Fort Collins Transportation Planning and City of Fort Collins Downtown Development Authority, River District (August 2008: HDR Engineering and BHA Design), 2, 4. 35 Ibid., 2-3. 36 Ibid., 7-8. 37 City of Fort Collins. “City of Fort Collins.” and Fort Collins Conventions & Visitors Bureau. “A Visit to Fort Collins, Colorado.” 38 Fort Collins, CO Downtown Development Authority, DDA 2011 Year in Review, Accessed
37 October 28, 2012, www.downtownfortcollins.org. 39 Fort Collins, CO, Economic Health Strategic Plan, 55. 40 Fort Collins, CO, City Plan: Fort Collins, 55, 61-66, 77-78. 41 City of Fort Collins Transportation Planning and City of Fort Collins Downtown Development Authority, River District, 9. 42 Fort Collins, CO, City Plan: Fort Collins. 43 Fort Collins, CO Downtown Development Authority, DDA 2011 Year in Review, Accessed October 28, 2012, www.downtownfortcollins.org. 44 Fort Collins, CO, City Plan: Fort Collins, 55, 70-73. 45 “Fort Collins.” Accessed October 27, 2012. http://www.downtownfortcollins.org/. 46 Fort Collins, CO, Economic Health Strategic Plan, 7. and Fort Collins, CO Downtown Development Authority, DDA 2011 Year in Review, Accessed October 28, 2012, www. downtownfortcollins.org. 47 City of Fort Collins Transportation Planning and City of Fort Collins Downtown Development Authority, River District, 2, 4. 48 Ibid., 8. 49 City of Fort Collins. “City of Fort Collins.” 50 City of Fort Collins. “City of Fort Collins.” and Fort Collins, CO, Appendix, Prepared by City of Fort Collins, 55. 51 Fort Collins, CO, Appendix F: Capital Improvement Plan (Plan Fort Collins), 4-6. 52 City of Asheville, Comprehensive Bicycle Plan (February 2008: City of Asheville, French Broad River MPO, North Carolina Division of Transportation’s Division of Bicycle & Pedestrian Transportation). 53 City of Fort Collins Transportation Planning and City of Fort Collins Downtown Development Authority, River District, 10-17. 54 Downtown Business Association. “Downtown Fort Collins.” 55 Fort Collins, CO, Photographs by Hannah Baltz, Art in Old Town. 56 Fort Collins, CO Downtown Development Authority, DDA 2011 Year in Review, Accessed October 28, 2012, www.downtownfortcollins.org. 57 Fort Point Downtown Municipal Harbor Plan, 2010, Boston Redevelopment Authority. 58 Tracy Hopkins, “Escape New York City and stay in Boston’s historic waterfront district,” Examiner, August 5, 2011, Accessed November 19, 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/escape-newyork-city-and-stay-boston-s-historic-waterfront-district. and “fpac,” Accessed November 19, 2012, http:// www.fortpointarts.org/. 59 Margaret Loftus, “Hidden Boston,” Washington Flyer, July/August 5, 2011, 20. 60 “fpac,” Accessed November 19, 2012. and Boston Redevelopment Authority and Fort Point Channel Working Group, The Fort Point District 100 Acres Master Plan (September 2006), 12. 61 “fpac,” Accessed November 19, 2012, , http://www.fortpointarts.org. 62 “fpac,” Accessed November 19, 2012. 63 Boston Redevelopment Authority and Fort Point Channel Working Group, The Fort Point District 100 Acres Master Plan (September 2006), 6. and Boston Redevelopment Authority, The Fort Point Channel Abutters Group and the Fort Point Channel Working Group, Fort Point Channel Watersheet Activation Plan (May 2002), 3. 64 Boston Redevelopment Authority and Fort Point Channel Working Group, The Fort Point District 100 Acres Master Plan (September 2006), 26. 65 “Projects,” Accessed November 19, 2012, http://fortpointneighborhood.org/current-projects/. 66 “Places to Go: Fort Point Channel,” Accessed November 19, 2012, http://www.bostonharborwalk. com/placestogo/location.php?nid=5. 67 “Places to Go: Fort Point Channel,” Accessed November 19, 2012, http://www.bostonharborwalk. com/placestogo/location.php?nid=5. 68 “fpac,” Accessed November 19, 2012. 69 “249 A Street Cooperative,” Accessed February 23, 2013, http://249astreet.com/historic.htm. 70 “Friends of Fort Point Channel,” Accessed November 19, 2012. 71 Boston Redevelopment Authority, The Fort Point Channel Abutters Group and the Fort Point Channel Working Group, Fort Point Channel Watersheet Activation Plan (May 2002), 14-15.
38 72 Ibid., 10, 20-24. 73 “Fort Point District Planning (100 Acres),” Accessed November 19, 2012, http://www. bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/planning/PlanningInitsIndividual.asp?InitID=33&action=ViewInit. and Boston Redevelopment Authority and Fort Point Channel Working Group, The Fort Point District 100 Acres Master Plan (September 2006). 74 “Fort Point District Planning (100 Acres),” Accessed November 19, 2012. 75 Boston Redevelopment Authority and Fort Point Channel Working Group, The Fort Point District 100 Acres Master Plan (September 2006), 27, 38. 76 Ibid., 15. 77 Ibid., 19, 77, 80. 78 Ibid., 50, 86. 79 Ibid., 28, 87. 80 “Friends of Fort Point Channel,” Accessed November 19, 2012. 81 “Friends of Fort Point Channel,” Accessed November 19, 2012. and “Fort Point District Planning (100 Acres),” Accessed November 19, 2012, 28. 82 “Fort Point Channel,” Accessed November 19, 2012, http://www.cityofboston.gov/landmarks/ historic/fpc.asp. 83 Ibid. 84 “Friends of Fort Point Channel,” Accessed November 19, 2012. and Boston Redevelopment Authority and Fort Point Channel Working Group, The Fort Point District 100 Acres Master Plan (September 2006),23. 85 Boston Redevelopment Authority and Fort Point Channel Working Group, The Fort Point District 100 Acres Master Plan (September 2006), 19, 21, 32, 36. 86 Ibid., 32. 87 Ibid., 52-58. 88 “fpac,” Accessed November 19, 2012. 89 “Friends of Fort Point Channel,” Accessed November 19, 2012. and “Places to Go: Fort Point Channel,” Accessed November 19, 2012. 90 Christina Lanzl, A Fort Point Vision for Public Art (2002), 3. 91 Ibid., 3-10. 92 “fpac,” Accessed November 19, 2012. and Christina Lanzl, A Fort Point Vision for Public Art (2002), 12.
39
CHAPTER 4 PUBLIC ART PLAN
The public art plan is meant to provide guidance for the RAD public art strategy in
the context of the RAD TIP. It includes general suggestions for where and how to obtain public art. It also includes specific site locations as well as opportunities for public art placement throughout the district. The objective is to create an overall public art strategy to guide development and ensure public art’s inclusion in the district’s growth without being overly prescriptive or restricting. Background
Public art began to take shape in Asheville with the establishment of a public art
policy on September 14, 1999. The policy covers a wide range of public art concerns, including the purpose of art, a process to acquire public art and the goals of public art.1 It also defines public art as “(a)ny work of art or element of design, created by visual or public context artists, that is sited in a public place for people to experience. This can include installations, murals, outdoor sculptures, or infrastructure such as public fixtures or furniture and other functional elements that are designed and/or built by artists.”2 This definition guides public art in Asheville.
Asheville emphasizes art’s contribution, as indicated by its inclusion in a
number of city plans, including its Public Art Plan, the Wilma Dykeman Plan, the City Development Plan, the Greenways Master Plan and the River Redevelopment Plan.3 The River Arts District Transportation Plan is based on the Wilma Dykeman Plan, but it fits into the context of the previous plans, as well.4 The Wilma Dykeman Plan calls for a 17 mile greenway, which the RAD greenway is a part of.5 The Dykeman Plan also repeatedly emphasizes the importance of a
40 common design palette, as does the River Redevelopment Plan.6 These plans clearly indicate that design, and therefore public art, must play an important role in creating a cohesive and pleasing environment for the greenway system in the RAD and throughout Asheville.
Although the previously discussed case studies provide examples for the
project to follow in terms of public art, there are numerous other places that serve as outstanding examples of integrating public art. Public art can be integrated into most aspects of a project, including underpasses, pedestrian bridges, infrastructure, and parks. The ultimate goal, no matter where it is located or the form it takes, is to create a ‘sense of place’.7 Sense of place creates an identity for an area, particularly through design, that allows people to connect with and identify it as a unique and attractive place. This can include a variety of elements such as art, seating or plantings.
Like many transitioning districts, the River Arts District has a significant amount
of graffiti. While this can be an issue, it is also an opportunity. A district like the RAD, which focuses on art, has an opportunity to turn this problem into another facet for artistic expression. Many communities have found creative ways to leverage “street art” to enhance their communities, create an identity and attract visitors.
One example the RAD could look to is Miami’s Wynwood neighborhood, also
a former industrial area. This neighborhood now has many attractions including restaurants and galleries. These places are part of the neighborhood’s burgeoning popularity, but the art itself is also key. The murals and street art are created by well known artists and are themselves a major attraction for visitors.8 While Wynwood’s success depended on private funds, the RAD could explore ways to incorporate public money, as well, possibly through public art.
Another example can be seen in Atlanta, Georgia. Atlanta began the Living
Walls Conference in August 2010 and aims to use street art as a form of urban design. Professional artists create art in various areas of the city while the conference also
41 focuses on the problems facing Atlanta. The conference is just a part of a larger program that operates year round and provides public art education.9 This type of program that enhances the urban landscape while also providing an avenue for public education and interaction would be an excellent fit for the RAD.
As the RAD develops, it has an opportunity to create exciting projects. These
projects will enable the area to maintain its unique identity while it develops. The previously mentioned projects and programs serve as inspiration for the RAD to create a similar program, which should include many local artists, that will beautify the district and provide an engaging way to educate the public, especially children.
42
Figure 16.
43
Figure 17.
44 Public Art Plan
Asheville has a Public Art Plan that indicates general policies and procedures
for public art in the city. This includes classifications for types of art, broken down in the chart below, which was created from the definitions in the Public Art Plan.10 There is also an added street art category. While this could possibly fit in several of the other areas, it is distinct enough that it should be its own type.
Table 2 Public Art Types from the Asheville Public Art Plan Type Permanence Description Suggested Scale Gateway Permanent Artworks will enhance the character Vehicular or and distinction of an area by either Monumental, marking or defining boundaries and/ limited or entrances into the city, unique/ Pedestrian significant districts, individual neighborhoods, and into the mountains. Streetscape Permanent Exceptional design in physical Pedestrian, amenities such as street furnishings, limited Vehicular seating, trash receptacles, lighting, and Intimate signage, paving patterns, and plantings creating more aesthetically pleasing and pedestrian friendly features and places Neighborhood Permanent Public artworks will locate shared Pedestrian, experiences, celebrate community limited Vehicular diversity, record community histories, and Intimate identify unique flavor and authenticity, and create neighborhood distinction Parks, Permanent Art that offers tactile experiences, Pedestrian and Greenways invites interaction and participation, Intimate, limited and and establishes resting places or Vehicular Community focal points, or responds to natural Centers elements or landscape features of the site Community Permanent Public art can promote Asheville’s Monumental, -Wide history, present and future, make Vehicular, beautiful places, ease circulation Pedestrian, and way finding, celebrate cultural Intimate diversity and expression, foster community pride, and mot importantly create memorable places and experiences. Memorable places and experiences provide recollection, further city identity, and orient both residents and visitors to a sense of place.
Suggested Venue Sculptural or Environmental
Sculptural, Functional, Serial, Decorative, Interactive
Sculptural, Functional, Serial, Decorative, Interactive Sculptural, Environmental, Contextual, Functional, Serial, Interactive Sculptural, Environmental, Contextual, Functional, Serial, Interactive, Decorative
45 Building
Table 2 Public Art Types from the Asheville Public Art Plan Permanent Public art integrated into the initial Intimate, capital and development project Pedestrian design phasing and where artists will be collaborative members of the building design teams
Infrastructure Permanent
Community Art Temporary/ Rotating Existing Site
Temporary/ Rotating
Invited Rotating Art
Temporary/ Rotating
Street Art
Permanent
Infrastructure elements, such as Vehicular, limited storm sewers, water distribution Monumental and mains and freeway overpasses can be Pedestrian designed so elements such as these become pleasing public symbols of community pride. Public art projects created specifically Varies for the purpose of education, community participation and involvement Projects, which install works for a Varies defined period of time in existing locations with the basic premise being improving and exciting the appearance of their sites Projects that present new or existing Varies work for short periods of time in location including both indoor and outdoor areas that are selected based on visibility and their ability to adequately display art Art that is reminiscent of graffiti art Vehicular, but is created by professional invited Pedestrian, artists and/or the community. It Monumental can be used in a variety of places including bridges and other everyday objects to enhance the community’s character and reflect its identity.
Sculptural, Contextual, Functional, Serial, Interactive, Decorative Sculptural, Environmental, Contextual, Serial, Decorative Varies
Varies
Varies
Varies
Funding options are also discussed in the plan, including a suggestion for a
percent-for-art program, private development incentives, bond referendums, public or private funding through adoption of corridors, taxes and matching funds through donations or grants.11 The percent-for-art program is now established in Asheville and means that one percent of eligible capital projects goes into the public art fund.12 This type of program is a common method of funding public art and will likely be a major source of funding for art in the RAD TIP project.
850’
Cotton Mill Studios
4
339 Lyman
Riverview Station
David C. Stewart Fine Art
The Lift Studio
Norhtlight Studio
Studio 375 Depot
362 Depot and 372 Depot
352 Depot
Pink Dog Creative
Curve Studios & Garden
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
Page 1 of 3
Sources: Buncombe County, City of Asheville, RAD TIP, RADA
This map shows the location of art studios in the study area.
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Warehouse Studios
Odyssesy Center and Jonas Gerard Fine Art
8
9
Roberts St Studio
The Wedge
7
6
Phil Mechanic Studio
Riverside Studios
3
5
Hatchery Studios
Galaxy Studios
Studios
Studio
Plan Boundary
Legend
425’
2
1
0’
N
Scale 1” = 850’
Public Art Studio Location
River Arts District
3
1
4
2
18
5
10
6
19
9
7
15 13 14
11 17 16 12
8
46
47 The River Arts District Transportation Project Public Art Recommendations
The process for commissioning, funding and maintaining public art in Asheville
is already established, so this section will not focus on these processes. Instead, it will focus on strategies for public art inclusion in this particular district in the context of the Transportation Plan, including a chart and map suggesting sites that might be appropriate for public art. There is also a map on the following page indicating studio locations. Images of some of these studios can be seen in Appendix B.
Figure 19. The first step in planning for public art in the RAD has been to look around
Asheville to get an idea of the existing public art installations. Images of those in and out of the RAD can be seen below, although there are no official city sanctioned public art pieces in the RAD.13 The Urban Trail in downtown Asheville is an especially helpful example of city supported public art. The Asheville City website offers a brochure,
48 Figure 20.
49
Figure 21.
50
Figure 22.
51 walking map and podcast to guide visitors to various places in downtown Asheville via the Urban Trail. Many of these sites incorporate public art in order to enhance the history of the site and tell a story. One example seen in Figure 19 is a statue titled Childhood. The Urban Trail includes various art forms that public art can take from the traditional statue to mosaics.14 The RAD can take a similar approach to public art by connecting installations to location and history in order to enhance the district.
While the River Arts District has little formal public art, there are many examples
of more informal public art throughout the district, as seen in this chapter. New public art can be a choice of temporary, transitional or permanent as the RAD grows and defines itself. The existing informal public art pieces range in size and function and should serve as a starting point as a public art policy is finalized for the area.
The existing art collection downtown is an indication that not only is public
art already a priority in Asheville, but that it has been chosen carefully to fit into the environment. While the RAD is connected to downtown and should keep downtown’s character in mind when forming a public art plan, it is also a unique district of its own. Part of the district is listed on the National Register of Historic Places due to its industrial history. Industries in the area included manufacturing, textile, coal and lumber. The listing also points out that historically there were once many residential buildings along Roberts Street and Riverside Drive, as well as a more dense district overall. Though the area has changed, its past is still a significant part of its character and appeal today.15 Its artistic character and industrial past should play a central role in its public art projects.
The River Arts District has an advantage when it comes to creating and
implementing a public art plan due to the high number of artists in the district. These local artists should be involved in all stages of the process, including membership in the Artists Review Panel and potential creators of public art. Some public art projects might be limited to competitions for local artists or even be direct selection of local art.
52 Although a focus on local artists is beneficial, regional and national artists should also be involved in some of the larger projects.
Developing a public art plan is a complicated process and can be overwhelming.
A good example of how to do it well is Chattanooga, Tennessee, which was previously discussed. For its riverside public art, Chattanooga began by surveying art groups, artists and community leaders as well as studying the existing public art collection. Once this was complete, the city organized a public workshop that included electronic polling and allowed anyone who was interested to offer input in the process of crafting a public art plan. The city had several of these workshops, which ultimately led to a public art plan, public art policies, public art staff and more.16 This process involved considerable public input. The RAD would benefit by following a similar strategy to ensure community input and involvement. Surveying art groups and artists will be especially critical in this district defined by art studios, as well as involving local groups such as the River Arts District Artists, or RADA.
One of the advantages of having so many artists available is that they are
familiar with the district already, so they know what it is lacking as well as understanding its strengths. These local artists should be easy to involve early in the process and be more available during the design.17
There are many possibilities for public art in the Transportation Plan. Public art
can constitute a variety of types of art and be installed in unexpected or unusual places. This includes wayfinding, walking paths, pavement, seating, walls, trash receptacles, columns and other support structures.18
The River Arts District has the potential to include many types of public art due to
the construction of the greenway. The city may also want to consider using a theme to draw all the art into one cohesive collection in the RAD, and ensure it does not become an uncohesive collection of individual pieces of art. This was successfully accomplished in Florida with an Everglades themed project.19 The RAD, for example, might draw
53 Ice House
Site
Table 3: Suggested Sites for Public Art for the RAD TIP Type Suggested Permanence Reason for Site Suggestion Neighborhood, Permanent This site, which will soon be demolished except for the well Vehicular, Invited Rotating Art Temporary/Rotating known smokestack, serves as an important historic site for the Pedestrian, district. Public Art here, particularly art that focuses on the Intimate neighborhood’s history, will keep the site’s history intact even when the building is gone.
Suggested Venue Sculptural, Functional, Serial, Decorative, Interactive
River Access Points
Parks, Greenways and Community Centers
This type of art specifically focuses on the surrounding Pedestrian, environment and is meant to invite people to participate. This Intimate makes it appropriate for river access points, because it will make them clear and inviting as well as accessible.
Environmental, Functional, Contextual, Serial, Interactive
French Broad Park
Neighborhood, Permanent This popular park is an excellent location for public art that Pedestrian, Invited Rotating Art, Temporary/Rotating focuses on neighborhood identity and history, because so many Intimate Community-Wide people use it. The art will be an important part of the community and seen often.
Sculptural, Environmental, Contextual, Functional, Serial, Interactive, Decorative
Jean Webb Park
Community-Wide, Community Art, Parks, Greenways and Community Centers Neighborhood, Existing Site
Sculptural, Environmental, Contextual, Functional, Serial, Interactive, Decorative
Tannery area
Permanent
Suggested Scale
Permanent While small, Jean Webb Park is in a good location beside the Temporary/Rotating river for families to play and access the water. This makes it a good location for public art that invites community participation as well as education.
Pedestrian, Intimate
Permanent This historic site reflects the industrial history of the River Arts Pedestrian, Temporary/Rotating District, so it is a good location for public art that emphasizes the Intimate area’s history and is incorporated into the existing building and site design. Vehicular, Pedestrian, Intimate, Limited Monumental
Sculptural, Contextual, Decorative
Historic District Overall
Community-Wide, Permanent Part of the planning area is a nationally designated historic Invited Rotating Art Temporary/Rotating district. This area’s history should be emphasized through appropriate public art that tells the story of this district.
Sculptural, Contextual, Serial, Interactive, Decorative
Cotton Mill
Neighborhood
Permanent
The Cotton Mill is another well known historic building, Pedestrian which now houses art studios. Both of these reasons make it an appropriate location for public art that reflects the neighborhood’s identity. This art can also serve to attract and educate visitors. In addition, the art could reference the fire that destroyed much of the mill.
Sculptural, Functional, Serial, Decorative, Interactive
Seating
Streetscape
Permanent
There are very few places to sit or rest while walking around Pedestrian the River Arts District. Seating needs to be incorporated throughout the future Greenway as well as in the parks and other appropriate areas in the district. This seating, however, should reflect the artistic character of the district. In order to accomplish this, it should be incorporated into the public art for the transportation plan.
Sculptural, Functional, Serial, Decorative, Interactive
54 Table 3: Suggested Sites for Public Art for the RAD TIP There is a lack of clear, consistent signs or other wayfinding Vehicular, methods throughout the district. This signage should be Pedestrian incorporated into the public art aspect of the plan in order to make it interesting and consistent with the design palette of the district overall. It must also be easy to read and help people find their way through the district.
Signage/Wayfinding
Streetscape, Community-Wide
Permanent
Infrastructure (Trash, Stormwater, etc.)
Infrastructure
Permanent
The transportation plan will entail significant infrastructure development. This infrastructure does not need to be ugly or ignored. Instead, it should be seen as an area of potential for public art. By involving artists early in the plan, they can create infrastructure that is attractive and useful.
Vehicular, Pedestrian
Sculptural, Environmental, Contextual, Serial, Decorative
Bridges
Infrastructure
Permanent
There are several bridges in the River Arts District that could be addressed when implementing the transportation plan.
Vehicular, Pedestrian
Sculptural, Environmental, Contextual, Serial, Decorative
Entries to RAD Greenway
Gateway
Permanent
The transportation plan provides an opportunity create gateway Vehicular or Monumental, art that will welcome visitors as well as identify the River Arts Limited Pedestrian District as its own unique district. This art should be significant and attract attention while reflecting the identity of the area.
Roundabouts
Neighborhood, Permanent Roundabouts provide a good opportunity to create art Vehicular, Invited Rotating Art Temporary/Rotating appropriate for pedestrians and especially cars, since they will Limited Pedestrian be drive through them. They can also communicate information about the district while enhancing the appearance of the road.
Sculptural, Functional, Serial, Decorative, Interactive
Bridges and Various Sites
Street Art
Serial, Decorative, Contextual
Permanent
Bridges in particular, along with select buildings and structures in the district, can be enhanced with street art. Many of these areas are already covered in graffiti, so hiring a professional artists to create art in these spaces would also help combat vandalism.
Vehicular, Pedestrian
Sculptural, Functional, Serial, Decorative, Interactive
Sculptural or Environmental
850’
River Access Park Street Art
2 3 4
Tannery Ice House Cotton Mill
5 6 7
Sites
Greenway Entry
1
Opportunities
Historic District
Suggested Site for Public Art
Planned Pedestrian Bridge
Plan Boundary
Legend
425’
i
4
2
2
1
3
2
7
I240
1
2
2
3
4
6 4
2
2
5
1
Amboy Rd
3
ve nA a gm Clin
Swan na
e Moor
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
Sm
M ith
k ee r ll C
2
Depot St
Page 2 of 3
Sources: Buncombe County, City of Asheville, RAD TIP
This map shows suggested sites and opportunities for public art in the study area. It also includes the historic district.
0’
N
Scale 1” = 850’
Public Art Suggested Sites
I26
Ha y wo od
1
ea Rrivo
Rd
n Fre B ch
ver r eiD R d i rsd Lyman St
River Arts District
55
noa R iver
Branc h
56 from its industrial past and proximity to the French Broad River to create an appropriate theme that would guide commissions for the projects.
There are several types of art that should be included in the RAD plan. This
does not mean the following suggestions should limit the possibilities, only that they should guide the process. The chart on the previous pages further elaborates as does the map indicating possible sites.20 It includes suggested sites and an analysis of the appropriate type of art for each site using definitions from Asheville’s Public Art Plan.
One type of art that is particularly important is wayfinding, especially in the form
of coherent and consistent signage. Currently, finding your way around the district via any form of transportation is difficult (see sidewalk map at the end of the chapter and image). The paths are confusing or nonexistent, and the signage is unclear or missing. Creating a better system makes sense, especially since Riverside Drive is being realigned. In addition to having an important practical function, wayfinding can also be designed in a way that adds character to the district and becomes art while guiding visitors.
57 Figure 24.
Another type of public art that should be included is Gateway Art. This is
important, because it is designed to show people that they are in the River Arts District. This district, while a part of Asheville, has its own unique character that should be made apparent to visitors whether entering by driving, biking or walking. This art must reflect the identity of the district since it is likely to be the first and last thing people see. It is a crucial element for creating a sense of place and coherent identity.
With the French Broad River playing an integral role in the district, water is an
important element of the plan, and would be enhanced by the installation of public art. Asheville emphasizes sustainability and the environment, so it is appropriate to reflect the same values in the RAD TIP. This includes a number of areas, such as creating clearer and more accessible entrances to the river via gateway art. These could and
58 should be enhanced with appropriate art. There should be pieces of art throughout the greenway that focus on the river and educating people about it. These may be particularly useful in the parks such as Jean Webb where artists could create interactive pieces that are fun for families but also teach about stormwater and water conservation. These pieces could even function as part of the stormwater system.
In addition to these suggestions, art can be incorporated into many other ele-
ments of the plan, such as existing bridges that are currently covered with graffiti. It should also be considered for common objects like seating and parking lots. Public art is especially critical in the River Arts District with its long history and abundance of working artists. Creating a cohesive, interesting and educational collection as part of the Transportation Plan will enhance the district and bring more people to visit.
850’
Historic District
Proposed Greenway
Needed Linkage
Greenway
Cut Lines
Plan Boundary
Legend
425’
i
I240
C
Ave
Amboy Rd
n ma ling
Swan na
e Moor
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
Sm
M ith
ek re C ll
Depot St
Page 3 of 3
Sources: Buncombe County, City of Asheville, RAD TIP
This map shows the need linkages and greenways in the study area. It clearly indicates the large amount of needed linkages, many of which will be addressed in this plan.
0’
N
Scale 1” = 850’
Rd
n Fre ea Rrivo
Ha y wo od
Public Art Sidewalks and Greenways
I26
B ch
ver r eiD R d i rsd Lyman St
River Arts District
59
noa R iver
Branc h
River Arts District
60
Walton Street Park and Pool
r ive R od Bra
Sidewalks and Greenways
n Fre
ch
Scale 1” = 500’ N 0’
225’
500’
French Broad River Park
Legend Plan Boundary Greenway Needed Linkage Proposed Greenway
Amboy Road River Park
This map is a closer view of the sidewalks and greenways. It clearly indicates the lack of pedestrian linkages currently in the area. Many of these wil be addressed. Sources: Buncombe County, City of Asheville, RAD TIP
Page 1 of 8
Sara Farr Date
River Arts District
61
Sidewalks and Greenways Scale 1” = 500’ N 0’
225’
500’
Legend Plan Boundary Greenway Needed Linkage
Frenc h
Braod
River
Proposed Greenway
This map is a closer view of the sidewalks and greenways. It clearly indicates the lack of pedestrian linkages currently in the area. Sources: Buncombe County, City of Asheville, RAD TIP
Page 2 of 4
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
River Arts District
62
Sidewalks and Greenways Scale 1” = 500’ N 0’
225’
500’
Legend Plan Boundary Greenway Needed Linkage Proposed Greenway
Sources: Buncombe County, City of Asheville
h nc e r F
This map is a closer view of the sidewalks and greenways. It clearly indicates the lack of pedestrian linkages currently in the area.
Bra
R od
r ive
Owens-Bell Park
Jean Webb Park
Page 3 of 4 Jean Webb Park Sara Farr February 25, 2013
River Arts District
63
Sidewalks and Greenways Scale 1” = 500’
Riverside Cemetery
N 0’
225’
500’
Legend Plan Boundary Greenway Needed Linkage
Fre
h nc
Bra
o
r ive R d
Proposed Greenway
This map is a closer view of the sidewalks and greenways. It clearly indicates the lack of pedestrian linkages currently in the area. Sources: Buncombe County, City of Asheville
Page 4 of 4
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
64 City of Asheville, Public Art Master Plan (December 2001: Asheville Parks and Recreation Department and Jennifer Murphy)., RiverLink, The Wilma Dykeman Riverway Master Plan: Asheville, North Carolina (June 2004: Urban Design Associates, LaQuatra Bonci and Associates, ZHA, Inc. and Transystems Corporation)., City of Asheville, Asheville City Development Plan 2025 (June 2003: City of Asheville Planning and Development Staff and City Plan Advisory Committee)., City of Asheville, City of Asheville, North Carolina Parks, Recreation, Cultural Arts, & Greenways Master Plan (February 2009: City of Asheville GreenPlay, LLC, Design Concepts, Geowest, Site Solutions and Percent for Art Collaborative). and City of Asheville, River Redevelopment Plan (City of Asheville). 2 City of Asheville, “River Arts District Transportation Project,” Accessed December 15, 2012, http:// ashevillenc.gov/Departments/CommunityRelations/ProjectsandInitiativesInformation.aspx., City of Asheville Sidewalks GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: City of Asheville., Buncombe County Centerline GIS Data (computer files). Buncombe County, North Carolina: Buncombe County., Ncdot_rail GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: North Carolina DOT. 3 City of Asheville Parks GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: City of Asheville, 2012., 4 The Wilma Dykeman Riverway Master Plan: Asheville, North Carolina, 1. and River Redevelopment Plan, 12. 5 Dian Magie, ed., On the Road Again...Creative Transportation Design (The Center for Craft, Creativity and Design, a regional center of the University of North Carolina, 2005), 5-7. 6 Atlanta BeltLine, Atlanta BeltLine Master Plan (December 2010: MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc., Grice and Associates and Perkins+Will). 7 BBC, “Miami’s Strategic Street Art,” Accessed February 22, 2013, http://www.bbc.com/travel/ slideshow/20130215-miamis-strategic-street-art. 8 “Living Walls,” Accessed February 24, 2013., http://livingwallsconference.com/. 9 Public Art Master Plan. 10 Ibid., 8-9. 11 Ibid., 11. 12 Ibid., 22. 13 Asheville, North Carolina, “City of Asheville, North Carolina Public Art Policy and Implementation Guidelines.” 14 Asheville Public Art Collection GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: Parks, Recreation and Cultural Arts, 2012. 15 City of Asheville Parks and Recreation Department, “Urban Trail Walking Tour,” Accessed January 20, 2013, http://ashevillenc.gov/Departments/ParksRecreation/CulturalArts/ CulturalArtsPublicArttheUrbanTrail.aspx. 16 National Register of Historic Places, Riverside Industrial Historic District, Asheville, Buncombe County, NC. 17 Dian Magie, ed., On the Road Again...Creative Transportation Design (The Center for Craft, Creativity and Design, a regional center of the University of North Carolina, 2005), 60. 18 Ibid., 29. 19 Ibid., 57. 20 Ibid., 69. 21 National Register of Historic Places. 1
65
CHAPTER 5 STORMWATER PLAN
The stormwater plan is meant to provide general guidance and ideas to keep in
mind as the RAD TIP moves forward. It does not include specific designs or sites, but instead includes suggestions for stormwater remediation strategies and general areas with the RAD where some of these could be implemented. The goal is to provide many options that could be appropriate in the district and further Asheville’s overall goal of sustainability. The RAD TIP and the district’s sensitive location in a floodplain provide and excellent opportunity for innovation. Background
Stormwater remediation and runoff is always a concern when creating a plan.
This is especially true for the RAD TIP. The plan area has the French Broad River running through it, hence the name of the district.1 While development in this area is inevitable and desirable, it must be done responsibly with consideration for the ramifications of this development. Luckily, there are now interesting and effective methods to deal with stormwater that can enhance the environment. While these techniques can help with the quantity and quality of runoff, the entire district is located in a floodplane. This location means that flooding is inevitable, even with stormwater remediation.
Stormwater research shows that while only approximately three percent of
America is classified as urban, stormwater runoff has impaired at least thirteen percent of all impaired river miles.2 This statistic indicates how vital it is to do as much as possible to deal responsibly with stormwater runoff and the pollutants it carries through both quality and quantity controls. The primary methods of dealing with these issues are collectively referred to as green infrastructure. “Green infrastructure helps stop
4000’
Waterway
Watershed Boundary
Study Area
Legend
2000’
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
Page 1 of 3
Sources: Buncombe County, City of Asheville, RAD TIP
This map shows the watersheds in and around the planning area. Most of the area is contained in the Beaverdam Creek French Broad Watersheds.
0’
N
Scale 1” =4000’
Stormwater Watersheds
River Arts District
Bent Creek-French Broad River
Beaverdam Creek-French Broad River
66
850’
100 Year Floodplain
500 Year Floodplain
Plan Boundary
Road
Highway
Railroad
Legend
425’
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
Page 2 of 3
Sources: Buncombe County, State of North Carolina, RAD TIP
This map shows that themajority of the study area is in a floodplain. Approximately 286.66 acres are in the 100 year floodplain and approximately 49.67 acres are in the 500 year floodplain. This leaves approximately 38.16 acres out of the floodplain.
0’
N
Scale 1” = 850’
Stormwater Floodplain
River Arts District
I240
I26
67
850’
Plan Boundary
i
Swan na
e Moor
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
Page 3 of 3
Sources: Buncombe County, City of Asheville, RAD TIP, ESRI
M
n Fre
Water
Legend
425’
Sm
ith
k ee r ll C
B ch
This map shows the water sources around and in the study area. THe French Broad is a major waterway and several smaller ones feed into it. It is a central aspect of the plan.
0’
N
Scale 1” = 850’
Stormwater Water
River Arts District
68
noa R iver
roa r ive R d
Branc h
69 runoff pollution by capturing rainwater and either storing it for use or letting it filter back into the ground, replenishing vegetation and groundwater supplies.” Examples of this type of infrastructure include green roofs, street trees, increased green space, rain barrels, rain gardens and permeable pavement. In addition to helping with pollution, this infrastructure can also be an effective method of dealing with flooding.3 This is especially important in the RAD, because the majority of the district is located in the flood plane of the French Broad River and has been impacted by flooding several times in the past. There are also several major watersheds located in or near the district. The conditions of the district can be seen in the following maps.
The flooding in the RAD is a significant threat. The worst flood is often
considered to be the flood of 1916, which led to water rising 15 feet in an hour. There was also a large flood in 1940 that affected a larger area. Some places experience severe flooding as often as every ten years. One of the worst floods in recent history occurred in September 2004.4 These flood events, and many more, show how important addressing flooding and stormwater is in a district so closely connected to the water. Stormwater Plan
Asheville’s commitment to sustainability, which encompasses stormwater, is clear
in its Sustainability Plan. The goals of this plan cover a wide range of issues, including required LEED certification for government buildings.5 With estimates that Buncombe County’s population will reach 368,135 people by the year 2037, sustainability is clearly important in this area.6 Due to this growth, Asheville’s plan emphasizes minimizing its impact on the environment and strives to incorporate new technology to reach these goals.7 In addition to this plan, which encourages creativity in dealing with stormwater, there is also a stormwater ordinance that covers best management practices and sets a baseline for development projects.8
McCray Coates, the stormwater services manager for Asheville, is especially
70 interested in seeing these sustainability practices put into action in the RAD TIP. He emphasized the importance of improving water quality in the area and addressing the flooding issues. These are problems that need to be dealt with regionally, and this project provides an excellent opportunity to begin addressing these larger issues in creative and effective ways that can be adapted across the region.9
As previously mentioned, flooding is a major concern in the River Arts District.
It is especially important in this district to have appropriate buffers around the river and respect flood planes when developing.10 Unfortunately, there has already been significant construction in this area, much of which is now considered historic. Dealing with this development is difficult, but implementing stormwater controls wherever possible and carefully considering new development locations is critical for the future. The chart below indicates suggested sites for implementing stormwater controls. A map indicating some of these sites can be seen at the end of the chapter, although many of them have locations yet to be determined. Location Residential
Table 4: Stormwater Remediation Sites Technique Reason Rain Gardens People could implement rain gardens in their own yards or businesses. This could help with stormwater volume and pollutants. The city could offer guidance and incentives to encourage people to plant them. The majority of residential areas are located just outside the planning boundary, but they should still be included in the overarching stormwater planning.
Roundabout
Rain Gardens
This could be incorporated with public art and provide visual stimulation for both pedestrians and drivers. It would also provide another opportunity for stormwater infiltration.
Parking
Permeable Pavement, Bioswales, Curbless
These simple strategies will beautify parking, as well as help with stormwater remediation and flooding events.
Road
Infiltration Trenches
This strategy would allow more runoff to infiltrate slowly into the ground. This strategy is easy to implement and could even be enhanced with public art by encouraging individual decoration.
Residential and Rain Barrels Businesses Where Ever Possible
Permeable Pavement
Permeable pavement would decrease the amount of impermeable area and thus increase water infiltration into the ground.
71
One issue that will become even more of a concern as the RAD plans for more
development is parking. Parking creates many water related problems, including lower water quality, increased stormwater runoff and heat islands. This can lead to a lot of pollutants getting into surrounding water bodies, which is a serious concern so close to the French Broad River.11 There will likely be a need for more parking as the area develops in conjunction with the road realignment and the development of the greenway.
There are many methods that can help mitigate the impact paved parking will
have on the area. These include strategies as simple as sharing parking, centralized parking that people can use to walk elsewhere in the district, increasing transit and encouraging ride sharing.12 All of these methods lead to less overall parking by using space as efficiently as possible and giving people options other than a car. This includes making biking and walking more viable options than they are now.13 These methods of transportation are being addressed in the RAD TIP plan through various means, including bike lanes, sidewalks and the greenway, as well as realigning the road and including roundabouts.
Dealing with the constraints, development pressure and current concerns of
the area places a lot of restrictions on the RAD, but it also provides opportunities for creative and effective solutions. Parking lots can, in fact, be an asset instead of a detriment to the RAD if approached in the right way. Some of the lots should be constructed with the expectation that they will flood. They can be built in a way that allows them to hold stormwater run off and lets it soak back into the ground. They could also include bio-filtration, which also enhances the appearance of the lot.14
There are many simple ways to make paved areas have less of an impact
on an area. This can be as obvious as labeling storm drain inlets (which could be incorporated into public art, as well).15 It can also be as easy as minimizing curbs and gutters throughout so it is easier for water to reach unpaved areas. These can and
72 should, if possible, be replaced with vegetated swales.16 These swales, also called bioswales, are an excellent way to replace storm sewers. They are able to deal with most small rain events, which constitutes “(t)he majority of annual precipitation.”17 These should be designed with the land’s natural topography in mind in order to take advantage of it and create as little disturbance as possible in sensitive areas. Additionally, bioswales are usually less expensive than piping underground and they create an attractive natural feature that enhances the environment.18 They provide many advantages and would be an excellent strategy for the RAD district’s stormwater control, especially as development increases impervious area. An example of some appropriate parking strategies can be seen in the diagram at the end of the chapter.
Creating an effective stormwater policy and strategy for the RAD TIP will require
significant effort. The policy needs to focus on green infrastructure and find ways to encourage developers to implement these strategies. These should include several approaches, such as incentives and workshops for developers, business owners and residents in the district. The policy should also encourage the planting of native plants in landscaping, rain gardens and rain barrels.19 The workshops can provide help, particularly to residents, by discussing appropriate plants and landscaping techniques as well as how to implement rain gardens and barrels or cisterns. While the policy needs to address larger scale developments, residents should not be ignored, because they can make a significant impact.
Creative and inspirational stormwater strategies can be seen throughout the
country. These methods can be adapted to Asheville’s unique needs and desires in the River Arts District. These methods range in scale and include tree pits, porous sidewalks, education components focusing on green infrastructure and incentivizing LEED buildings.20 One example of many of these strategies is Seattle’s Green Factor Program. This program is a landscape requirement that is meant to increase the quantity and quality of planted areas in the city. There is flexibility within the
73 requirements, but it focuses on using large plants and green roofs, particularly in publicly visible areas. There are also bonuses for incorporating food cultivation, native and drought-tolerant plants and rainwater harvesting.21 This program provides a good starting point for the RAD stormwater policy. While it will need to be adapted to the district’s specific needs, its underlying principles are in line with the RAD TIP’s goals.
The ultimate goal of the stormwater strategy in the RAD is to protect the existing
natural systems and have low-impact development that may even enhance the existing environment. Simple solutions such as planting trees, curbless streets and parking lots, drainage swales by parking lots, green roofs and porous pavement wherever possible can all help reduce runoff.22 These strategies, while simple, are effective. Incorporating them in the beginning of the RAD TIP planning and implementation process provides an excellent opportunity to make the RAD an exciting district that showcases the best technologies and strategies to address stormwater runoff. In such an ecologically sensitive area that is poised for major development these strategies need to be incorporated to create as sustainable a development strategy as possible. If some of these efforts are integrated into the public art, then stormwater will become part of the identity of the RAD and educate and encourage the public to take action in a district they feel connected to.
River Arts District Stormwater Suggestions
N
Scale 1” = 500’
0’
225’
500’
Legend
Plan Boundary Residential Options Water Road Realignment Suggested Bioswale area
This map shows the possible locations for some of the stormwater strategies. The indicated residential area could use rain gardens and other strategies. The suggested bioswale areas also include parks that could incorporate this strategy.
Sources:
Buncombe County, City of Asheville, RAD TIP
Page 1 of 3
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
74
River Arts District
75
Stormwater Suggestions
N
Scale 1” = 500’
0’
225’
500’
Legend
Plan Boundary Residential Options Water Road Realignment Suggested Bioswale area
This map shows the possible locations for some of the stormwater strategies. The indicated residential area could use rain gardens and other strategies. The suggested bioswale areas also include parks that could incorporate this strategy.
Sources:
Buncombe County, City of Asheville, RAD TIP
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Sara Farr February 25, 2013
Round Abouts and Road Realighment
River Arts District Stormwater Suggestions
N
Scale 1” = 500’
0’
225’
500’
Legend
Plan Boundary Residential Options Water Road Realignment Suggested Bioswale area
This map shows the possible locations for some of the stormwater strategies. The indicated residential area could use rain gardens and other strategies. The suggested bioswale areas also include parks that could incorporate this strategy.
Sources:
Buncombe County, City of Asheville, RAD TIP
Page 1 of 3
Sara Farr February 25, 2013
76
77 Figure 30. Stormwater suggestions for parking lots. Photograph taken by Alison Smith Bramlet.
Infiltration Trench or bioswale
Rain Garden or Public Art
78 Nhd_sfha_major_tributaries GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: City of Asheville., Nhd_waterbodies GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: City of Asheville., Hydrography GIS Data (computer files). United States: Earth Science Information Center and US Geological Survey, 2013., Buncombe_Effective_PDGB_Final GIS Data (computer files). North Carolina: North Carolina Floodplain Mapping Program, 2013. 2 Garrison, Noah, Karen Hobbs and Natural Resources Defense Council, “Rooftops to Rivers II,” (NRDC, 2011), 7. 3 Ibid., 5. 4 Neufeld, 31-33. 5 City of Asheville, Sustainability Management Plan (August 2009: CDM), 5-6. 6 Ibid., 35. 7 Ibid., 46. 8 Asheville, North Carolina, Stormwater (June 8, 2010), Stormwater, Soil Erosions and Sedimentation Control, Illicit Discharge and Connection Ordinance, Asheville, NC, Accessed January 20, 2013, http://www.ashevillenc.gov/ Departments/StormwaterServicesUtility.aspx. 9 McCray, Coates, Interview by author, Email Interview, November 16, 2013. 10 RiverLink, Division of Water Quality and Land-of-Sky Regional Council, “Stormwater Control for Development.” 11 EPA, Parking Spaces / Community Places: Finding the Balance Through Smart Growth Solutions (Washington D.C: Development, Community and Environment Division of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006), 11. 12 Ibid., 18, 20, 22. 13 Ibid., 26. 14 Eran Ben-Joseph, Rethinking A Lot: The Design and Culture of Parking (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2012), 131. 15 “Stormwater Control for Development.” 16 Ibid. 17 Natural Resources Conservation Services, “Bioswales,” (2005). 18 Ibid. 19 “Rooftop to RIvers II,” 5. 20 Ibid., 65-72. 21 Ibid., 97. 22 Ibid., 13. and Thomas Cahill H., P.E., Michele Adams, Andrew Potts and Daniel Wible, “Implementing Innovative Stormwater Management Techniques in Urban Environments.” 1
79
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION
Asheville’s RAD TIP plan provides an excellent opportunity to put its values into
action. This practicum focuses on public art and stormwater in particular. While these two areas seem disparate, they are not. There are many opportunities for them to work together and enhance the other’s effects.
Public art not only beautifies the district and creates a stronger sense of place
that will help people identify and connect with the River Arts District, it also provides economic and educational opportunities. If local artists are commissioned to create art, it also supports them and therefore the local economy. Additionally, it markets the district these artists work in and may encourage visitors to purchase art. This art can even be functional and serve as a part of the stormwater management system while also educating people about sustainability and the surrounding environment. Stormwater management can have a symbiotic relationship with public art. Simple stormwater strategies such as labeling storm drains or installing rain barrels should be seen as opportunities to incorporate art into infrastructure development. The lines between these two aspects of the plan are, in fact, quite indistinct.
Asheville has already integrated public art into many areas downtown and clearly
values its contribution, indicated by its existing collection as well as its public art plan. The River Arts District, however, has been largely left out of the official development of public art. In many ways, this can be seen as positive, because it has allowed the district to develop unofficial public art and let resident artists express themselves with relatively little oversight. With the area’s growing popularity and the efforts of the RAD TIP, which will increase access and amenities in the area, it is now time to begin implementing thoughtful and city funded public art into the RAD.
80
This practicum strives to create a starting point for this process that will guide
efforts within the RAD TIP. Finding a balance between public art suggestions and creative freedom is difficult but necessary, especially in an arts district. Combining the industrial past of the RAD with its current artistic identity is crucial for a successful public art plan. While developing the RAD, Asheville must ensure it does not alienate or push out the people who are bringing it back from decline or destroy the built environment that gives it much of its identity. This public art plan attempts to guide the city in a way the ensures this does not occur. Instead, the public art plan emphasizes the importance of not only keeping these essential aspects of the RAD’s identity, but also enhancing them through art. While the plan suggests locations and opportunities for public art as well as a general process, ultimately the artists and residents of the RAD should define how it takes shape through their input.
In addition to art, Asheville is well known for its commitment to the environment
and sustainability. These two identities can be closely connected. The RAD has a history of pollution due to industry, but this plan provides an opportunity for the city to implement innovative stormwater mitigation techniques as it develops the area. Since most of the district is located in the floodplain, flooding is inevitable. This means that more work still needs to be accomplished in terms of how to retrofit the historic buildings in the area for these floods as well as if and how to build in the district in the future.
The stormwater plan suggest a wide variety of possible approaches that could be
effective in the district, ranging from small to large scale. This practicum makes general suggestions for sites that may be appropriate for bioswales and other techniques, as well as techniques to reduce or mitigate the expansion of parking as the district grows. There are also several parks in and near the district that should be a focus of stormwater efforts. These are excellent locations for remediation techniques, because they are also accessible to the public and can therefore be educational.
This plan only provides guidance for stormwater decisions. As the the RAD
81 TIP progresses more specific and detailed stormwater plans will need to be made. Special attention should be paid to parking, as mentioned previously. Development in this district is inevitable, especially once the RAD TIP is implemented and makes transportation easier and more attractive. Planning for this development now is crucial.
Stormwater and public art are disparate areas, but they are also compatible
in many ways. Education is a central component of both these areas and provides a common ground for them. The RAD TIP must also look for opportunities to combine these areas in unexpected ways. This can include something as simple as commissioning an artist to design the labels for stormwater drains. By combining these areas when possible, both will be strengthened and provide even more educational and community growth opportunities.
The RAD TIP plan encompasses many strategies and thus provides great
opportunities for enhancing an already exciting district. While completing this plan one needs to always keep in mind the history and present situation and character of the RAD and its importance in creating an identity. There are many challenges to address such as floodplain development, stormwater runoff and the possibility of rising property prices. Artists have taken on this district as their own and made it into the attraction it is today, so they should always be consulted in the planning process. The goal should be to enhance, not change, this district. As long as its history and character are central to any changes or plans, the outcome will be positive for everyone involved.
82 References Aerial GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: Buncombe County. Asheville, North Carolina. “City of Asheville, North Carolina Public Art Policy and Implementation Guidelines.” Asheville, North Carolina. “RAD TIP.” Accessed November 2012. http://www. ashevillenc.gov/Departments/CommunityRelations/ProjectsandInitiativesInformation. aspx. Asheville, North Carolina. Stormwater. (June 8, 2010). Stormwater, Soil Erosions and Sedimentation Control, Illicit Discharge and Connection Ordinance. Asheville, NC. Accessed January 20, 2013. http://www.ashevillenc.gov/Departments/ StormwaterServicesUtility.aspx “Asheville, North Carolina.” 1888. Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps. Asheville Public Art Collection GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: Parks, Recreation and Cultural Arts, 2012. Atlanta BeltLine. Atlanta BeltLine Master Plan. December 2010. Prepared by MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc., Grice and Associates and Perkins+Will. BBC. “Miami’s Strategic Street Art.” Accessed February 22, 2013. http://www.bbc.com/ travel/slideshow/20130215-miamis-strategic-street-art. Boston Harbor Walk. “Places to Go: Fort Point Channel.” Accessed November 19, 2012. http://www.bostonharborwalk.com/placestogo/location.php?nid=5. Boston Redevelopment Authority. “Fort Point District Planning (100 Acres).” Accessed November 19, 2012. http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/planning/ PlanningInitsIndividual.asp?InitID=33&action=ViewInit. Boston Redevelopment Authority, The Fort Point Channel Abutters Group and the Fort Point Channel Working Group. Fort Point Channel Watersheet Activation Plan. May 2002.
83 Brake, Alan G. “After 20 Years, Chattanooga Finishes Riverfront Development.” Architectural Record, June 2005. http://proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/login?url=http:// search.ebscohost.com.proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ulh&AN= 17396684&site=eds-live. Brownfield Program Map Viewer.” Accessed February 25, 2013. http://portal.ncdenr.org/ web/wm/bf/map. Buncombe County Centerline GIS Data (computer files). Buncombe County, North Carolina: Buncombe County. Buncombe County Topography GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: Buncombe County, 2006. Buncombe_Effective_PDGB_Final GIS Data (computer files). North Carolina: North Carolina Floodplain Mapping Program, 2013. Bus Routes GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: City of Asheville. Cahill, Thomas H., P.E., Michele Adams, Andrew Potts and Daniel Wible. “Implementing Innovative Stormwater Management Techniques in Urban Environments.” Chattanooga Area Convention & Visitors Bureau. “Chattanooga Green Initiatives.” Accessed October 6, 2012. http://www.chattanoogafun.com/conventions-meetings/ green/. Chattanooga Area View. 2012. US Ignite. Chattanooga Government. “Chattanooga.” Accessed October 3, 2012. http://www. chattanooga.gov/. Chattanooga, TN. Chattanooga Public Art Plan. May 2003. Prepared by Barney & Worth, Inc. in association with the Regional Arts & Culture Council. City of Asheville. Asheville City Development Plan 2025. 2003. Prepared by City of Asheville Planning and Development Staff and City Plan Advisory Committee.
84 City of Asheville. City of Asheville, North Carolina Parks, Recreation, Cultural Arts, & Greenways Master Plan. February 2009. Prepared by City of Asheville GreenPlay, LLC, Design Concepts, Geowest, Site Solutions and Percent for Art Collaborative. City of Asheville. Comprehensive Bicycle Plan. February 2008. Prepared by the City of Asheville, French Broad River MPO, North Carolina Division of Transportation’s Division of Bicycle & Pedestrian Transportation. City of Asheville, North Carolina. Ordinance Number 4115. Asheville, 2012. City of Asheville Parks and Recreation Department. “Urban Trail Walking Tour.” Accessed January 20, 2013. http://ashevillenc.gov/Departments/ParksRecreation/ CulturalArts/CulturalArtsPublicArttheUrbanTrail.aspx. City of Asheville Parks GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: City of Asheville, 2012. City of Asheville. Public Art Master Plan. December 2001. Prepared by Asheville Parks and Recreation Department and Jennifer Murphy. City of Asheville. River Redevelopment Plan. Prepared by the City of Asheville. City of Asheville Sidewalks GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: City of Asheville. City of Asheville. Sustainability Management Plan. August 2009. Prepared by CDM. City of Boston. “Fort Point Channel.” Accessed November 19, 2012. http://www. cityofboston.gov/landmarks/historic/fpc.asp. Fort Collins, CO Downtown Development Authority. DDA 2011 Year in Review. Accessed October 28, 2012. www.downtownfortcollins.org. City of Fort Collins Transportation Planning and City of Fort Collins Downtown Development Authority. River District. August 2008. Prepared by HDR Engineering and BHA Design. CNNMoney. “Best Places to Live.” Accessed October 26, 2012. http://money.cnn.com/
85 magazines/moneymag/bplive/2006/snapshots/PL0827425.html. Downtown Business Association. “Downtown Fort Collins.” Accessed October 28, 2012. http://www.downtownfortcollins.com/members.php/category/all. EPA. Parking Spaces / Community Places: Finding the Balance Through Smart Growth Solutions. Washington D.C: Development, Community and Environment Division of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. Fort Collins, CO. Appendix F: Capital Improvement Plan. Prepared by Plan Fort Collins. Fort Collins, CO. Photographs by Hannah Baltz. Art in Old Town. Fort Collins, CO. Economic Health Strategic Plan. June 2012. Prepared by TIP Strategies in association with the City of Fort Collins. Ft. Collins, CO: Ft. Collins in Spring. 2005. City-Data. Fort Collins, CO. City Plan: Fort Collins. February 2011. Prepared by City of Fort Collins. Fort Collins Conventions & Visitors Bureau. “A Visit to Fort Collins, Colorado.” Accessed October 26, 2012. http://www.visitftcollins.com/. Fort Point Arts Community Inc. “fpac.” Accessed November 19, 2012. http://www. fortpointarts.org/. Fort Point Downtown Municipal Harbor Plan. 2010. Boston Redevelopment authority. Hopkins, Tracy. “Escape New York City and stay in Boston’s historic waterfront district.” Examiner. August 5, 2011. Accessed November 19, 2012. http://www.examiner.com/ article/escape-new-york-city-and-stay-boston-s-historic-waterfront-district. Fort Point Neighborhood Association. “Projects.” Accessed November 19, 2012. http:// fortpointneighborhood.org/current-projects/. Friends of Fort Point Channel. “Friends of Fort Point Channel.” Accessed November 19, 2012. http://www.friendsoffortpointchannel.org/. Garrison, Noah, Karen Hobbs and Natural Resources Defense Council. “Rooftops to
86 Rivers II.” NRDC, 2011. Hydrography GIS Data (computer files). United States: Earth Science Information Center and US Geological Survey, 2013. Lanzl, Christina. A Fort Point Vision for Public Art. 2002. “Living Walls.” Accessed February 24, 2013. http://livingwallsconference.com/. Loftus, Margaret. “Hidden Boston.” Washington Flyer. July/August 2011. Pages 20-21. Magie, Dian, ed. On the Road Again...Creative Transportation Design. The Center for Craft, Creativity and Design, a regional center of the University of North Carolina, 2005. McCray, Coates. Interview by author. Email Interview. November 16, 2013. National Register of Historic Places. Riverside Industrial Historic District. Asheville, Buncombe County, NC. Natural Resources Conservation Services. “Bioswales.” (2005). Ncdot_rail GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: North Carolina DOT. Nhd_sfha_major_tributaries GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: City of Asheville. Nhd_waterbodies GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: City of Asheville. Neufeld, Rob and Henry Neufeld. Images of America: Asheville’s River Arts District. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 2008. River City Company. “Downtown Chattanooga.” Accessed October 6, 2012. http://www. downtownchattanooga.org/new/dc. RiverLink, Division of Water Quality and Land-of-Sky Regional Council. “Stormwater Control for Development.” RiverLink. The Wilma Dykeman Riverway Master Plan: Asheville, North Carolina. June 2004. Prepared by Urban Design Associates, LaQuatra Bonci and Associates, ZHA, Inc. and Transystems Corporation.
87 Silver, Schwartz and Moffatt Nichol. “The 21st Century Waterfront Executive Summary: Chattanooga, Tennessee.” Hargreaves Associates. May 2002. WBD GIS Data (computer files). United States: U.S. Geological Survey, 2013. “Your Gig is Here.” Accessed February 22, 2013. http://chattanoogagig.com/. Zoning GIS Data (computer files). Asheville, North Carolina: Buncombe County. “249 A Street Cooperative.” Accessed February 23, 2013. http://249astreet.com/ historic.htm.
88 Appendix A
89 Last Name Barnwell Ruggerio
Interviews First Name Scott Diane
Kopf
Al
Tuch
Shannon
Foster
Mark
Ball
Cathy
Hitch
Dawa
Stickford
Marsha
Coates
McCray
Monson
Stephanie
Reid
Nikki
Ullman
Maggie
Koslen
Yuri
Mee
Barbe
Roderick
Susan
Position GIS Analyst, IT Department Cultural Arts, Parks and Rec Parks and Greenways, Parks and Rec Assistant Director, Planning and Development Arborist, Public Works Department Director, Public Works Department Public Information Officer, Community Relations Neighborhood Services Coordinator, Community Relations Stormwater, Public Works Department Economic Development City-Owned Real Property, Economic Development Energy Coordinator, Sustainability Transit, Transportation Bike and Pedestrian, Transportation Executive Director, GreenWorks
90 Interview Questions What are your department or organization’s priorities for this project? What are the greatest limitations and opportunities in this project? What locations are key for your department or organization? What are your departments expectations for what this project will accomplish? To what extent has your department been involved in this project?
91 Appendix B
Hatchery Studios Map Number 2 92
93
Riverside Studios Map Number 3
94
Cotton Mill Studios Map Number 4
Phil Mechanic Studios Map Number 5 95
96
Wedge Studios Map Number 6
Warehouse Studios Map Number 9
97
98
Curve Studios and Garden Map Number 10
99
Pink Dog Creative Map Number 11