[Aerotropolis]
Urbanizing Rural Cities
Sarah Cichowski
University of Detroit Mercy SOA
Master Thesis 2013-14
Noah Resnick
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Urbanizing Rural Cities Sarah Cichowski Master of Architecture Thesis 2013 - 2014 University of Detroit Mercy School of Architecture Arch 5100, 5110, 5200, 5210 Professor Noah Resnick
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contents
Theory
Abstract Thesis Question
Aerotropolis
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Research
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Detroit Metro Airport
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Precedent Studies
Denver International Airport Memphis International Airport
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Location
Existing Conditions Feature
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Equestrian Communities Precedents Program Conceptual Design
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Conclusion 3
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T h e o r y 01
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Abstract Landscape is a stretch of country as seen from a single point (dictionary definition). Everyone does not see the same landscape, but we do see the same elements such as houses, roads, trees, and hills. Landscape is Nature, where man is minuscule, surficial, ephemeral, and subordinate. Humans are merely scratches on the skin of mother earth. Landscape is an artifact. Human creations, and weather alter soils of a landscape. Ideologically man as creator but also conqueror of nature. Landscape is ideology. It sees landscape as a problem with disorder, clutter, congestion, pollution, and sprawl. You see flower beds as “beautification” pieces these are just cosmetic as one could wear make up to cover up flaws of the skin. When you look at the landscape as ideology it is to think of it as it was created, how it really affects how we “cover” but what man does to it with large highways, urban sprawl, huge cities and we use these buffers of “landscape” to bring nature in. When nature was created it held plants, wildlife, and then came human. To mend or correct these cosmetic pieces how can we change the way we plan and design to consider how the landscape once was. From Detroit to the outskirts to the country you see the change of landscape and elements. To each person some elements stick out more than others and their importance. Driving from New Boston to Detroit in the past five years I have seen change and more dense areas moving their way out from Detroit. This landscape change led to my interest into the rural verse urban landscapes.
Aerotropolis is implanting the urban aspects into the rural areas. The rural region has an appeal and aspect that people admire and you cannot get in an urban setting. With the joys of the rural you sacrifice the direct access to amenities. Aerotropolis is changing this around the Detroit Metro Airport with urban sprawling from Detroit down through the rural region of Wayne County. With new infrastructure being planned for around DTW and determining the needs. 7
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Thesis Question
How can rural lands be planned for urban Infrastructure keeping the rural aspects that so many look for when they move into Suburbia with luxuries of the Urban city? How can you urbanize a rural city?
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A e r o t r o p o l i s 02
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Urban development is spreading quickly and taking over poorly and used land. The condition replaces what’s there with what the city needs to prosper and to grow gaining tax dollars? In 50 to 100 years where is all the farmland going to be? Will there even be anything that can be considered rural regions? The urban condition needs to consider the people that move out to the suburbs, open land there is something there that the dense city cannot offer. We place green belts, gardens, easy transportation, easy access to amenities, and employment opportunities but people still move out and away especially that have families. City planning should take a look at the different conditions and see how they could be brought together to create new cities that people desire, a new urbanized rural city. In rural areas the farmland and idea of modern farms could be intergraded in between to bring the tradition look into modern city’s outskirts. How could the modern 12
farms be design and intergraded through a city? Would this change the process of farming and designing around cities? Which lead me to another strong interest of wildlife management as in conservations as well as hunting. Animals need places to live as well as not allowed to become over populated. Farmlands disappearing along with the woods lands that are usually in between with new urban sprawl development. These lands are not thought of what is there but the endless possibilities that can populate them. We have 10 million people in Michigan and 82.5% live in the Suburban Collar which means that 2/3 is not urban. That is a lot of undeveloped land as some may look at it, but what is there? Do they need to be fully developed or can they sustain how they exist with little planning. Looking at these conditions you analyze the landscape but really what is considered to be part of a landscape? It is by definition a stretch of country as seen from
a single point. That is a very vague definition but it covers a meaning from all angles because really each eye does not see the same things. Different things appear desirable, undesirable, or do not even appear to you depending on the taste of the person. What we all do see is the same elements; plants , materials, roads, topography, and buildings. These elements of landscape are broken down into different categories by man. This is where man becomes minuscule, surficial, ephemeral, and subordinate to nature. We are merely scratches on the surface of earth. Not only do we see landscape as nature but as an artifact. Our creations and weather alter soils changing the landscape constituently. As man alters the landscape we can be looked at as a conqueror of nature. Ideology sees landscape as a problem with disorder, clutter, congestion, pollution, and sprawl. For example, flower beds are seen as ‘beautification’ pieces but these really are just cosmetics
as one wears make up. We cover We cover up the flaws of the skin just as we cover up landscapes flaw with flower beds, or intense landscape terrains. When you look at it as ideology it is to think of it as it was actually created, how it really affects how we ‘cover’ but what man does to it with large highways, urban sprawl, huge cities, and we use these buffers of “landscapes” to bring nature back in. when nature was created it held plants, wildlife, and then man came. We altered it so much cover it up with cities and bring it back with green belts, urban gardens, and parks. Detroit use to be all farmland then we built it up and now we try to bring the nature back in. How could we have kept the farmland and planned for the cities growth allowing it to still prosper instead of now having to mend or correct with these cosmetic pieces. We need to change the way we plan and design cities to consider how the landscape is then integrate it into the design without over powering it. Could I repurpose how these 13
elements should be looked at and designed within instead of over or through? I can see the urban landscape taking over farmlands, open lands, woods, and homes. Why and how can these landscapes with rural entities be part of the city planning? Can they be design within and for instead of over and through? Can urban planning come in and celebrate these areas as they once were making them part of a new design implying urban necessities the community needs?
“From planning to experts to community leader to farmers, people in Michigan are alarmed at how fast sprawl is gobbling up open land.�
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Driving from the outskirts of Detroit to the city you can see all the changes of the landscapes and elements. To each person some stick out more than other; could be the vacancy, density change, or potential. Specific elements stick
out to some more than others and their importance for the city they are in. Driving from New Boston to Detroit for the past five years I have seen the landscape alter and have watched the urban spread farther and farther. This peaks my interest on how it is going to affect my home town, knowing that designs have already been started in construction. New Boston is exactly 1.4 miles south of Detroit Metro Airport, and as the airport has grown so have the communities surrounding it. Not many people know of New Boston unless you live there, know someone there, or play them in sports. This leaves opportunity to establish an image for the area, to help it gain knowledge besides the fact it USE to be made of farmland and still is mostly today.
Location Van Buren Taylor Willow Run Belleville Romulus DTW
New Boston
Detroit Metro Airport is looking at creating an aerotropolis for this region and they would be stakeholders for aerotropolis. They are Wayne County, Washtenaw County, Wayne Country Airport Authority, Belleville, Huron Charter Township, Romulus, Taylor, Van Buren Township, Charter Township of Ypsilanti, and Ypsilanti. 15
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Aerotropolis
A concept and vision created by John Kasarda. You can relate Detroit by calling it a type of Autotropolis, it created a city around the automobile. So an Aerotropolis is implanting the urban aspects into the rural areas. The rural region has an appeal and aspect that people admire and you cannot get in an urban setting. With the joys of the rural you sacrifice the direct access to amenities. Aerotropolis is changing this around the Detroit Metro Airport with urban sprawling from Detroit down through the rural region of Wayne County. With new infrastructure being planned for around DTW and determining the needs.
Is Aerotropolis the way we live next?? - John Kasarda Or this just how we happen to do business??
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I want to challenge the “planning and design� of the urban landscape and the design for the Detroit Metro Airport. How could it blend with the rural? Can they both exist with the urban necessities in a rural context? What is the logic and manner of urban design and how it can influence the rural? Our urban communities are becoming uncontrolled growth turning out messing posing threats to the natural environment, agricultural, and energy resources. This design or unplanned growth is increasing impervious surface and lead to storm water runoff problems, decreasing wildlife habitat, increasing water and air pollution, and increase non-native invasive species. This new type of urban development threatens the rural regions that have surrounded airports since they were out casted because airports were looked at as dirty, pollution, and stag appearance. Aerotropolis is a type of test, a prototype for future city develop20
ments that are happening all over the world. It is creating new hubs that create attractions for overlays. Airports have become their own little cities within having shopping, restaurants, bars, spas, and next to anything a city can offer. Can this area really take the chances of an aerotropolis so close to Detroit who is in process of recovering? Cities spring up and are shaped by the type of transportation from ships, trains, highways, and now airports that are present. They are creators of our cities and are central hubs. The clean slate around airports opens up endless possibilities for planning new cities, cities within the rural context. These new cities need to be planned out for preparation of future expansion of the airports. Aerotropolis is not just an airport, it is the development of a city’s surroundings up to 20 miles from one.
“Airports are going to shape the economic zones and urban development of the 21st century, just as express ways did in the 20th, railroads in the 19th, and seaports in the 18th.” -John Kasarda Wayne County mains type of transportation is driving to work alone at 87% and carpool second with only 8% in 2010 census. Today the automobile and the internet are both our main type of transportation present. With our new technology always advancing making our transportation as good. Today the internet is used for fast
speed to communicate, research, and fun. Our airports can compare to this analogy by speed being the main player for them. People want things fast and want to know when and how they can get something shipped, if not yesterday. Airports have been around since the early 1900’s and have been evolving, our shipping has evolved. We now ship by plane decreasing time and increasing convince. Speed would be people’s main concern but location and accessibility would be the other players for aerotropolis goal. The speed and attraction to the metropolitan area advertises for diverse companies to relocate or have new locations.
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Who is Aerotropolis for? Aerotropolis is for the community, bringing in businesses allowing ease for working out of town, and bring the urban necessities to the area for the community which they probably did not have before. If you are the business man or woman it makes it easier for the family to allow for traveling for work or working in a different city or state. It is also for the commuter, a place for an overlay, or the commuter who travels all over for work. Allow for the commuter to have a home with quick access to the airport for quick transportation when traveling. This also allows one to travel to the existing main cities that the airport could be a hub for Ann Arbor and Detroit. The commuter could have fast transportation into the area to the city and then back by the airport to stay before their new flight, and possibly enjoy the new developing area.
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Detroit Metro Airport has been expanding since it was built in 1928 with new runways, terminals, remodels, and more parking. It has been expanding as the demand has been rising. The airport owns roughly 60,000 acres of developable land with 25,000 acres of woods. It currently has a 25 year built out plan for growth of aerotropolis. Serving over 32 million passengers and over 400 million pounds of cargo in a year.
Business man Business woman
Community
Families
Commuter
Wildlife
Youth City
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Wayne County Board of Supervisors to enlarge the mile square to cover 3.5 square miles.
CAA $246 Million program to prepare the nation for civil jet transports.
3 Runways were extended in $50 Million bond. Growth of passengers of 2.85 million in 1967 growing to 5.56 million in 1969
$166 million bond issue approved to finance the Master Plan update. 150 Noise Compatibility Study.
1986
1973 1972
1967
1959
New Construction to accommodate total of 5,266,00 air passengers in the next 6 years.
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1957
1949
1928
1944
Runways 3C and 9-27 were built.
New terminal, 10,500 foot runway, a hotel and restaurant. 1956
$2 Million Bond issued to finance one square mile of land. Called Wayne County Airport.
Free shuttle bus service between the parking lots and Terminal Building began.
Airport Master Plan was completed, calling for new developments, two runways.
New construction of new runway 3R-21L
Airport will serve 22 million passengers in 2005, based on annual growth rate of 4.8% 7 gates added.
New moving walkways. Crosswinds Marsh opened, 1,000. acre.
Record for passengers served 34,038,381 a 7.9% increase. Additional parking lot, 1,000 more parking spaces.
Additional restaurants, and stores open. $825 million in bond to fund future airport expansion projects.
2007
2003
James M. Davey Terminal demolished to make room for a new North Terminal. Record of over 36 million passengers.
2005
2001
1998
1997 1995
New runway additions
450 new parking spaces added. Extension of 6 new gates.
Record passengers 35,535,080 a 4.4% increase. $110 million airport hotel bonds. 2000
Record passengers with over 26.8 million. Additional parking decks. 1993
Spirit Airlines began service at Detroit Metropolitan Airport. New 3,200 space parking deck.
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1989
DTW Timeline
Additional stores. Airport Authority Board approves a new Master Plan for Detroit Metro Airport outlining the airport’s growth strategy to meet 60% rise in passenger traffic estimate.
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What is the purpose? Aerotropolis will bring employment to the area, increase population, and bring new development and industries. It will attract new companies that want and demand the need for fast shipping. The increase in population will bring more possibilities for this region and for the community possibly bringing increases in salaries, more business, the desire to be located in this area, and an increase in tax revenue. Urbanizing this rural area but not taking over and still allowing it to be the peoples “home”. Detroit Metro Airport has the opportunity to become a new type of desired city development, and allows for those who enjoy a more traditional urban city life to have it elsewhere. It allows the community to have the choice of working in their own city, something that most do not have a choice of doing for their chosen professions.
“A city made for speed is made for success” -Le Corbusier 26
Aerotropolis Themes 1. Developments should cluster together Manufacturing - Corporations - Homes . . . 2. Manufacturing, warehousing, and trucking should be SEPARATE from other business areas and passenger flow 3. Green space - separate developments 4. Strip developments BE LIMITED 5. Expressways and express trains - connect airport with major business and residential areas 6. TRUCK ONLY lanes in busy areas Help reduce traffic congestion and improve safety 7. Businesses that use the airport the most Should be the closest 8. Noise & emission - sensitive commercial and residential areas 27
How does it effect the surrounding cities
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Forming a new ‘test’ infrastructure, what do you do if it does not work? This type of infrastructure needs to be staged to get people interested and see if they come. With a master plan as people come they can fit into the puzzle. Creating a new urban city 30 minutes away from one that needs to be restored, Detroit and another that is currently sustained Ann Arbor allows this site to be the hub in between. It may not to become a huge city, which would take away from the rural, it could be more of the hub that allows lay over attractions and entertainment and purpose for the community. The area needs to be extremely caution that they plan for growth of the airport, so the airport does not get a desire to move like Stapleton to Denver in Colorado. The master plan should be intelligent, smart, green way, and interactive to the
existing condition and region. This allows for a desire for the existing community also to stay in this area and not promote them to go elsewhere for work and living.
“Huron Township is a unique community. We’re the last semi-rural community in the area, and our aim is to keep it that way. The development is necessary for the growth of the township, but we want to keep it on the rural side.” –Elke Doom (Supervisor in 2011)
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D e t r o i t M e t r o 03 A i r p o r t
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The Detroit Metro Airport is going to be thought of as a key spot for large cargo shipping that goes in and out bringing these type of industries to the area. Aeropark is part of the plan for 1,500 acres of industrial, office, R&D Park on 150 acre site. The plan entails commuter trains trundle between Ann Arbor, Detroit Light rail runs to the terminals from downtown Detroit, and buses to fill the gaps between tracks. This allows for the big cities to have direct access with the airport but not necessarily the community that will develop around it. This site should have direct access with the airport allowing people to come direct to the entertainment. This allows the opportunity to commuters to interact with the surround city instead of just the airport. Pinnacle Horse Race track was opened in July 2008 and closed shortly later November 2010 because of poor management and lack of funds. The site currently has an existing race track, 15 horse barns, Pinnacle 32
Vantage Point building, and a large parking lot. The area that surrounds has independent owners, families, and businesses. A range of commercial development, residential properties, farms, and uncultivated green fields. A site that promotes mixed use development. The site has since been labeled as “Vantage Point� by the developers. The site is an ideal location located off 275, 94, railroad tracks, and an airport. All these allowing for varies speeds for success. The model they have lacks development for new homes, aesthetics for the area. It promotes for ability for urban sprawl and not strategic planning. Creating an image for people to see, a site that allows you to see the airport and know where you are but not having to interact because of how the development weaves into the existing fabric.
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This site ties back into aerotropolis by urbanizing an area and creating a city surrounding the airport as its central hub tying cities, and countries together. This could be a prototype for other aerotropolis cities if done correctly for performance and communities interests. There models lacks a well thought out master plan and aesthetics for the area that could end up looking like urban sprawl as most in between cities have. If plan not thought out well could have the possibilities of changing open wood land into abandon buildings along with a bad impression for the community as well as commuters. The plan needs attractions, things to do for locals and non-locals. As our demands keep rising wanting more faster, and faster if not yesterday sums up a corporation’s needs to survive. Our highways are becoming more congested with no other real liable types of transportation, aerotropolis is going to reshape our cities, lives, and culture. Where driving to work and sitting in traffic could be a thing of the past.
Friction of space distance isn’t fixed but flexible and a function of the time and energy required to traverse it.
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Precendent Studies
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Stapleton
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Denver International Airport Denver, Colorado
Denver
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Stapleton Colorado was an existing airport from 1929 to 1995 and extended to its max. It was butting up to people from yards allow you to watch a plane to take off from your front yard that was basically next to the runways. The airport and turned this site into 30,000 residential houses becoming one of the largest urban communities. So due to the complaints of noise the airport moved to the middle of nowhere out from the city with 34,000 acres to Denver. Would the people move to be around the airport? They will and they have because there are people who really want the ease of transportation and do not mind living by the airport. They travel a lot for business, or whatever it is they do they are connected to the airport in some way, shape, or form somehow The DIA now serves around 161,000 passengers on an average day.
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Memphis International Airport
Memphis, Tennessee
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Memphis International Airport started in 1927 on 200 acres located 7 miles from downtown. It sits in the middle between an urban and rural condition on either side and is considered an aerotropolis when John Kasarda coined the term around and created an economic vision for Memphis in 2006. It currently serves over 6 million passengers a year. Ut am ent parum cus nihit, simet volupta tectiorro tem. Pos con niant, cus. Tus dolum sequi rero berciam, nam doluptium nullicienis aut aut voloribus doluptae volupti busant officidem que eatur? Ta corum net fugiatem harum que evelenda estrunt volorestrum qui dit utatat earia parchit possum verum, te nonet et adis et ommod moloreh eniscil mint quis solorror simus idebit que que el et pratectota volut as reseque pelit lam quaturis velessimi, ulparia turendae nusanis et omnimagniant ra quamus millecearum voluptatis quidem quis molene dolliqui con
Beaquatem in pelit molorum re incim evenis minctur si cusam, tem fugia alis vollabo. Iducim rem. Ut quam landam, odiandante volutem velia idis deliquam di sapellaut etum aspelesti ium harum facea vid que solorup tatum, ut fugiate et, officipsanis cus, nonestes a dolorerovit ut minullorro qui nationet atio inctium et eles sitis porereperio ius doluptatem ni to volor sit quias quat doleste pellorecum es molorae que voluptia dolest que pos doluptatur, conetur audigni atusandi dolenditibus con nobit ut laborit offici auda delita volupta velleni hilibus, opta acero ommod quae sant, odissunt rendant lis venientus et aut laces simos esci ut volo tem fugiatur? Edit, net vid que et qui numquia quidem is et modic toribera nobit, ad qui qui illaboris ipsuntur, vid uta ea dem. Ulparundus aut ium, cus es sapis apidunt arum, optibusae pa pa sit enihicillor re ipsae proriost untinus dolut ipis doluptatius maximolut quam sinciis sequo blatus ipsa volesec45
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L o c a t i o n 05
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Detroit Metro Airport Property Vantage Point
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This site currently is set up to utilize horse in some way, so keeping the race track and barns is one rule I made. Since horse racing seemed not to work even though it attracted large crowds this site needs something that could sustain itself. Olympic Equestrian based on three discipline events jumping, dressage, and show hunter. The current high school, Huron High School, that 2 miles away currently has an equestrian team and goes out to Belleville which is roughly 12 miles away from the high school. There would be a program for the students so they do not have to own a horse to ride and perform. There is already a need in the community for a location to ride and train their horse especially with dirt roads disappearing and increase of traffic. This could be a site that revolves around horses bringing in the community needs and could influence new development surrounding it. The site would be an Equestrian Community when you buy into a house you also buy 50
into a shared barn, fields, trails, and indoor and outdoor training facilities. The site would not be an Equestrian community but a mixed used development with research facilities, offices, retail, restaurants, and other small amenities.
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Thank you to those for helpful advice during this process: Matthew Cichowski Charlott Lembke Noah Resnick John Muller Wledek Fuchs All The Critics....
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Pantiel, Mindy. “Green is... Conscientious.” Mountain Living. N.p., 28 Feb 2012. Web. 12 Dec 2013. <http://www.mountainliving.com/article/green-conscientious>. Liebman, Bennett. “Reasons for the Decline of Horse Racing.” The Rail. The New York Times Horse Racing Blog, 06 Jun 2010. Web. 17 Oct 2013. <http://therail.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/06/reasons-for-the-decline-of-horse-racing/?_r=1>. Robles, Yesenia. “Adams County officials, Denver mayor to dicuss land-use agreement.” The Denver Post. Local News, 02 Aug 2012. Web. 12 November 2013. <http://www.denverpost.com/ci_21214002/ adams-county-officials-denver-mayor-discuss-land-use>. West, Gary. “Racing searches for a ray of hope.” ESPN Horse Racing. ESPN, 13 Jul 2013. Web. 17 October 2013. <http:// espn.go.com/horse-racing/story/_/id/9473036/racing-searches-ray-hope>. “Aerotropolis Americas.” n.pag. Web. 12 October 2013. <http://www.aerotropolis.aero/what-is-an-aerotropolis>. Shea, Bill. “Aerotropolis rebrands as VantagePort as part of 25-year build-out plan.” Crain’s Detroit Business. N.p., 18 Jul 2013. Web. 28 November 2013. <http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20130718/NEWS/130719796/aerotropolisrebrands-as-vantageport-as-part-of-25-year-build-out-plan>. Kasarda, John. “Airport Cities: The Evolution.” Airport World. N.p., 21 Apr 2013. Web. 28 November 2013. <http://www. airport-world.com/publications/all-online-articles/item/2555-airport-cities-the-evolution>. Genesis, Media. “VantagePort Detroit Region Aerotropolis.” Detroit Region Aerotropolis Corporation. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 November 2013. <http://www.vantageport.org/>. “Drive Through Airport - Inversion of Procedures.” DETAIL Das Architekturportal. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 November 2013. <http://www.detail-online.com/architecture/news/drive-through-airport-inversion-of-procedures-019290.html>.
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References
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