Sarah Dickson Aromatherapy Assignment Contents Page Introduction
Page 1
Therapeutic properties
Page 1
Chemistry
Page 1
Applications
Page 2
Tea(Ti) Tree
Page 2
Roman Chamomile
Page 3
Rose Otto
Page 3
Conclusion
Page 4
References
Page 4
Appendices Appendix 1
Pages 5-6
Appendix 2
Pages 7-13
Appendix 3
Pages 13-17
References
Page 18
Sarah Dickson
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Aromatherapy Assignment 1 Introduction. Essential oils are volatile oils, extracted from odorous plant parts of a single botanical species, The parts of the plants which essential oils can be found include the seed , berry, root, leaf, flower, peel, resin, bark, wood.(Battaglia,S 2003) (Eileen D 2004) Each oil has its own therapeutic properties and fragrance. In their natural state these oils possess powerful synergy, meaning that the therapeutic value of a whole unadulterated oil is more effective than a reconstituted synthetic part alone as all the chemicals in the oil work together. (Westwood,C 1991) Essential oils can be used to promote healing on physical, mental and emotional levels. There are approximately 375-400 essential oils on the market today. (Eileen D 2004) Each of these oils has a different chemical structure and therefore their own unique therapeutic properties. The chemicals in essential oils are described in functional groups within these groups are numerous chemicals and each functional group has distinct therapeutic properties as shown in (appendix 1) Therapeutic properties Each essential oil has its own therapeutic properties. The therapeutic properties and chemical constituents and applications of 25 essential oils are described in (appendix 2). The terms used to describe the therapeutic properties are explained in (appendix 3) When essential oils are combined they can act very differently than when used alone. Essential oils can have a quenching affect on one another for example:- lemon grass contains high levels of citral, which is known to have a irritating effect on the skin, however when blended 50/50 with with lemon or sweet orange, which contain high levels of limonene, a monoterpene, the irritant effect is neutralised.(Price,S, Price,L 1995 cited by Battaglia,S 2003) Chemistry The Chemistry of essential oils can differ depending on the country of origin and soil conditions good examples of this are basil and rosemary.(Battaglia,S 2003) Essential oils chemistry and therapeutic properties can be altered by degradation. There are 3 main things which cause degradation by oxidisation these are oxygen, heat and light. Degradation can reduce the therapeutic properties of the oil, as well as potentially making it hazardous(Battaglia,S 2003)(Price,S 2000 ) Extraction methods such as solvent extraction can affect the chemistry of essential oils producing a tainted oil containing traces of the solvent used for extraction.(Battaglia, S 2003) Holistic Aromatherapy requires the use of whole pure unadulterated essential oils rather than folded oils. (Battaglia, S 2003)
Sarah Dickson
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Application Essential oils are absorbed into the body through the skin by massage, bath, ointments, compresses and other forms of topical application. They are also absorbed into the blood stream through the lungs. Furthermore they are absorbed through olfaction commonly known as the sense of smell. As odoriferous particles dissolve, in the upper part of the mucous membrane, in the nose and then send signals to the olfactory bulb and onto the limbic system. They can effect memory, due to link between the limbic system and the hippocampus. Emotions and the endocrine system can be affected due to the link between the limbic system and the hypothalamus. (Battaglia,S 2003) Certain applications of essential oils work better on different body system such as steam inhalation for respiratory complaints, compress for skin and muscle, Baths for skin and inhalation. All applications work on the olfactory system as the odoriferous particles are air soluble.(Battaglia,S 2003)( Price,S 2000). Being aware of chemistry and safety considerations helps to find safe methods of application. When an oil is sensitizing or irritant to the skin it can still be used for inhalation. Where an oil has adverse affects on mucous membranes it can still be used as compress on skin. Both oral and rectal administration of essential oils has been used by doctors in France. Essential oils can only be given by prescription in France. (Battaglia,S 2003) (Eileen,D 2004) Essential oils are classified into top, middle and base notes. I will describe in detail one oil of each classification. Tea (Ti) tree Latin Binomial: Melaleuca alternifolia Botanical Family: Myrtaceae Tea tree is a top note oil and is therefore very volatile and evaporates quickly it gives the first impression in a blend (Gould,F 2003), it therefore acts quickly, and is stimulating and uplifting(Price, S 1993). It is extracted by water or steam distillation of the leaves and twigs. (Battaglia, S 2003) (Gould,F 2003) The main functional groups in tea tree are 40% Monoterpenes and 45% alcohols. (Gould, F 2003) There is an Australian standard for tea tree oil which requires the 1,8 cineole does not exceed 15% and the terpinen-4-ol is at least 30%(Australian standard 2782 1985 cited by Battaglia,S 2003). It is difficult to maintain this quality control, as different plants of same species have considerably different percentages of chemicals dependant on geographical origin and soil condition. There is debate as to whether this standard is good practice (Battaglia,S 2003) Tea tree is an unusual oil due to its broad spectrum anti microbial actions, it is antiviral, antibacterial and anti fungal. See (appendix 2) for other therapeutic properties. There have been numerous clinical studies into the therapeutic properties of Tea tree (Battaglia, S 2003). Tea tree is one of a few oils which can be used neat useful for warts. (Gould,F 2003)(Battaglia,S 2003)Tea tree is non irritant, non toxic but possibly sensitizing to some people. Tea tree oil must be kept in a dark glass bottle out of sunlight to avoid degradation as studies have shown that in tea tree exposed to sunlight the para-cymene content increases from 3% to 30%. Para-cymene is a skin irritant and at such high percentages was found to cause severe chemical burns. The primary anti antimicrobial fraction of the oil terpinen-4ol is oxidised creating another chemical so decreases its therapeutic value. (Dean C 1998 cited by
Battaglia,S 2003)
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Roman Chamomile also known as English chamomile. Latin binomial: Anthemis nobilis Botanical Family: Compositae or Asteraceae Roman chamomile is a middle note as are most herbs. Middle notes evaporate at a moderate pace and mostly regulate bodily functions.(Gould.F 2003). It is extracted by steam distillation of the flowering tops. (Battaglia,S 2003) (Gould,F 2003) Although Roman chamomile has similar properties to German chamomile its chemical constituents differ greatly.(see appendix 2) In clinical studies Roman chamomile has been identified as having anti-inflammatory and sedative properties(Rossi,T et al. 1988 cited in Battaglia,S 2003)The white headed variety has higher sedative and anti-inflammatory properties than the yellow headed variety. This is possibly due to the higher content of angelic esters found in the white headed variety. (Melagari M et al. 1989 cited in Battaglia S 2003) It is analgesic, antiphlogistic, antiseptic, anti spasmodic, bactericidal, carminative cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, anti depressant, hepatic, sedative stomachic, sudorific and vulnerary. Roman chamomile is useful fr treating children as it is one of the gentlest essential oils. (Battaglia) It is non toxic, non sensitizing and non irritant although it should not be used where allergies to compositaes exist. (Battaglia S 2003) Roman chamomile should not be confused with Maroc chamomile or German chamomile, as all three oils belong to the same botanical family and have similar appearances. Roman chamomile is generally believed to have a moire pleasant aroma than the other chamomiles. Rose Otto also known as damask rose Latin binomial: Rosa damascena Botanical Family: Rosaceae Rose Otto is a base note and is slower to evaporate. Base notes act as fixative to a blend and therefore slow down the evaporation of the more volitile oils in the blend. They are sedative and relaxing. They are generally extracted from flowers, woods and resins.( Gould, F 2003)(Battaglia S 2003) Not to be confused with cabbage or May rose. Can be extracted by steam distillation of the flowers. Absolutes and concretes can be extracted as well but these are not classed as essential oils and may contain traces of solvent as well containing waxes from the plant. The chemistry of rose Otto differs greatly dependant on geographical area in which it grows. Clinical studies show that rose can lower blood pressure. (Battaglia S 2003) Rose is diverse in its therapeutic properties. It is anti depressant, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, anti viral see (appendix 2) for more therapeutic properties Rose Otto is non irritant non sensitizing and non toxic.
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Conclusion The geographical origin and extraction of essential oils can effect greatly the chemistry and therapeutic properties. It is therefore useful to have this information about the oils we use. It is important to check the Latin binomial of the oils as numerous species have the same common name yet different chemistry and therapeutic value. The way oils are stored is of great importance as oils which are allowed to degrade may become hazardous and their therapeutic value is lost over time. It is also important to be aware of the shelf life of your essential oils. It is also important to be aware of the effects oils have on one another when they are blended. It seems more research is needed into the pharmacology of oils (pg60-61B). Many description of the chemical make-up of oils differ from book to book this may be due to geographic issues or soil condition or age of oil or storage. An holistic approach should be employed when practising aromatherapy, home use empowers client to take responsibility for health (Westwood C 1991) (Battaglia S 2003). The quality of essential oils can be tested by organoleptic testing, physical measures, chemical analysis (Battaglia S 2003) .
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Appendix 1 Aromatherapy Chemistry and therapeutic effects Functional chemical Group Acids
Therapeutic effects
Example of chemicals
Anti inflammatory
(mono)Alcohols
Anti-infectious, antiviral, bactericidal, Hepatic, Immune system balancer, stimulant, (uplifting)nerve tonic, (general)tonic, vasoconstrictive. Anti-infectious, bactericidal, circulatory decongestant, hepatic, hypotensive, temperature reducing, (uplifting)nerve tonic, (general)tonic, Antiseptic, antifungal, anti-infectious, antiinflammatory, antiviral, Hypotensive, relaxant, skin irritant, skin sensitizing, temperature Anticoagulant, hypotensive, phototoxic, relaxant, sedative, (uplifting)nerve tonic, (general)tonic, Antifungal, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, balancing, cicatrisant, relaxant, (uplifting)nerve tonic
Benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, acetic acid Linalool, geraniol, terpineol, menthol, lavendulol
(sesqui)Alcohols
Aldehydes
Coumarins
Esters
Oils containing these chemicals neroli Rosewood, lavender,geranium, sandalwood
Farnesol, elemol,
Benzaldehyde, cinnamic aldehyde, citral,
Bergamot, grapefruit
Bergaptene,
Bergamot, grapefruit, sweet orange,
Methyl salicylate,
Found in wintergreen and birch oils over 90% not recommended for aromatherapy.
Ethers(phenolic)
Ketones
Lactones
Oxides Phenols
(mono)terpenes
(sesqui)terpenes
Anti-infectious, antiiinflammatory, antispasmodic, neurotoxic, relaxant, sedative, (uplifting)nerve tonic Abortifacient, analgesic, anticoagulant, antifungal , antiinflammatory, cicatrisant, digestive, expectorant, lipolytic, mucolytic, neurotoxic, relaxant, sedative, stimulant Antifungal, expectorant, mucolytic, phototoxic, skin sensitizing, temperature reducing, Expectorant, mucolytic, skin irritant. Analgesic, antiseptic, anti-infectious, antispasmodic, antiviral, bactericidal, cicatrisant, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, immunostimulant, mucolytic, skin irritant, (uplifting)nerve tonic Analgesic, air antiseptic, antiseptic, antiviral, bactericidal, expectorant, skin irritant, stimulsant Analgesic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, bactericidal, hypotensive, relaxant,
Trans-anethole, cisanethole, asarone,
Menthone, acetone, pinocamphone, thujone, pulegone, carvone,
Roman chamomile, rosemary, fennel
Coumarins and furocoumarins
Jasmine absolute
Cineole
Tea tree, Cajeput
Carvacrol, eugenol, thymol,
Chamomile (marroc)
Dextro-limonene, limonene, pinene,ocimene
Grapefruit, lemon, sweet orange,frankincense,n eroli
Sequicitronellene, alpha-bisabolene, chamazulene,caryoph yllene
Chamomiles, lavender
Toxic to central nervous system in large doses
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Sarah Dickson
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Appendix 2 Note Common Name Top Bergamot
Latin name Citrus Bergamia
Botanical family Rutaceae
Origin Tropical Asia
Extracti on Express ed from the fresh peel
Cajeput
Melaleuca Cajeputi
Myrtaceae
Malaysia and Australia
Steam Distillati on of leaves and buds
Galbanum
Ferula galbaniflua
Apiaceae (umbellifera e)
Middle east Water and western or Asia steam distillati
Therapeutic properties
Chemistry
Applications
Antiseptic; antiviral; insect repellent; diuretic; carminative; aperitif; antidepressant; vermifuge; uplifting/calming; antiinflammatory; anti fungal; antispasmodic; healing decongestant; tonic to nervous system. Antibacterial; astringent; Analgesic; Febrifuge; Insecticide Antispasmodic; Expectorant; Antiseptic.
40% Esters, 30% Monoterpenes; 18% Alcohols; 5% Lactones/coumarins ; 0.5%(PHOTOTOXIC) Sesquiterpenes; 5.5% Other
Topical-may be used neat for cold sores, (FG) for other complaints used for massage, baths, sitz baths, compress or douche. Inhalation – direct, oil vaporiser or diffuser
Analgesic; antiinflammatory; antimicrobial; antiseptic;
50% Oxides, 45% Topical-can be made Terpenes, 5% Others into at ointment or used for massage fo excema and psoriasis (B), or as a compress or in bath, Inhalation- steam inhlation for respiritory complaints, direct inhalation, diffuser, oil vapouriser for other complaints Pinene, cadinol, Topical- bath cadinene and massage, myrcene, and others compress(as non irritant non toxic
Grapefruit
Citrus Paradisi
Rutaceae
Asia and West Indies
Lemon
Citrus Limon
Rutaceae
India
Lime
Citrus Aurantifoli a
Rutaceae
South Asia India and adjacent areas of Burma
on from the oleoresi n or gum. Only Levant is used for oil producti on Cold Pressed from rind
antispasmodic; aphrodisiac; balsamic carminative; cicatrisant; digestive; diuretic; emmenagogue; expectorant; hypotensive; restorative; tonic.
Antibacterial; antiviral; astringent; antidepressant; calming /uplifting; lymphatic stimulant; diuretic; detoxifying. Expressi Antispasmodic; calming on of and clarifying; antiviral; the peel bactericidal; from the hypotensive; fruit decongestant; stimulant; anti aging; anti fungal; antiseptic; skin tonic; diuretic. Expressi Anti rheumatic; Anti on of scorbutic; antiseptic; the peel antiviral, aperitif; from the bactericidal; febrifuge; fruit, or Restorative; tonic distillati on of
non sensitizing (B) ), Inhalation- for respirtory disorders(B), oil vapourizer, diffuser.
95% Monoterpenes; 1.5% Aldehydes; 1% Alcohols 0.5% Esters; 2% Other. 90% monoterpenes; 3% Aldehydes; 2% Alcohols; 1.5% Esters; 1% Others. (PHOTOTOXIC)
Limonene, pinenes, camphene, sabinene, citral, cymene, cineols, linalol. Peel oil contains coumarins whole fruit oil does
Topical- Massage, bath, compress. Inhalation – direct, oil vaporizer, diffuser.
Mandarin
Citrus reticulata
Rutaceae
China
Orange Sweet
Citrus Aurantium
Rutaceae
China
Petitgrain
Citrus Aurantium
Rutaceae
China
Myrtaceae
Australia, Tasmania, Algeria, France
Tea (ti) Tree Melaleuca alternifolia
the whole fruit or juice Expressi on of the peel from the fruit
Sedative; Antiseptic; carminative; diuretic; antispasmodic; cell regenerator; antiviral; calming; antiseptic; tonic for circulation and immune system, revitalising; stimulates secretions in endocrine system. Expressi Tonic for skin; on of Digestive/Carminative; the peel hypotensive; Febrifuge; from the Antibacterial; fruit Antidepressant/sedativ e. Steam Mild immunostimulant; distillati Digestive; Deoderant; on of Tonic for the skin/antiseborrhoeic; leaves Relaxant/neurotonic; and Antideppressant/sedati twigs ve. Steam Febrifuge; distillati Antimicrobial; anti on of fungal; antiviral; fresh antibacterial; antileaves inflammatory; balsamic;
not.
90% Monoterpenes; 5% Alcohols; 1% Aldehydes; 1% Esters; 3% Others.
85% Monoterpenes; 5% Alcohols; 2% Ketones; 2% Aldehydes; 6% Others. 55% Esters; 30% Alcohols; 10% Monoterpenes; 5% Others.
45% Alcohols; 40% Monoterpenes; 5% Oxides; 5% Sesquiterpenes; 5% Other.
and twigs Mid dle
Carrot Seed
Daucus Carota
Umbellifera e
Europe
Solvent extracti on of the orange root of the carrot Steam distillati on of flowers
Chamomile German
Matricaria recutita
Compositae
Europe and Asia
Chamomile Maroc
Ormensis Multicaulis
Compositae
Africa and southern Spain
Steam distillati on of the flowers
Chamomile Roman
Anthemis nobilis
Compositae
Western Europe and Spain
Steam distillati on
Cypress
Cupressus sempervire ns
Cupressceae Mediterran ean
Steam distillati on of
immunostimulant; expectorant; neurotonic. Cell Regenerator; Skin Tonic; Detoxifying; Diuretic; Emmenagogue; Carminative
Anti inflammatory;antispas modic;analgesic;vulnera ry;anti allergic; antidepressant Sedative; Neurotonic; antidepressant; Emmenagogue; Antibacterial; Antispasmodic Antibacterial; analgesic; sedative; antiinflammatory; emmenagogue; antispasmodic; carminative; vulnerary; Febrifuge. Astringent; deodorant; haemostatic; neurotonic; sedative;
26% Alcohols, 22% Monoterpenes, 16% Sesuiterpenes, 3% Esters, 33% Other
35% Oxides; 35% Sesquiterpenes; 20% Alcohols; 1% Monoterpenes; 9% Other. 41% Alcohols; 24% Monoterpenes; 19% Sesquiterpenes; 3.5% Esters; 0.5% Ketones; 21% Others. 75% Esters; 5% Oxides; 5% Alcohols, 3%Sesquiterpenes; 3% Ketones; 2% Aldehydes; 2% Other 75% Monoterpenes; 10% Alcohols; 5% Esters; 3%
Geranium
Lavender
Base
the flowers, leaves and twigs. Pelargoniu Geraniaceae China and Steam m Egypt distillati Gravolens on of flowers stalks and leaves Lavandula Lamiacae Mountainou Steam angustifolia s regions of distillati the on of Mediterran flowers ean and stems
Cedar wood Cedrus (Atlas) atlantica
Pinaceae
Lebanon and Morocco
Steam distillati on of the wood
Frankincens Boswelia e Carteri
Burseraceae
North Africa and the red sea region
Steam distillati on of the Resin
antiseptic; antibacterial; Sequiterpenes;1% insect repellent; Oxides; 6% Other. diuretic; antispasmodic. Hormone balancer; anti-inflammatory; antidepressant; relaxant; antiseptic; haemostatic; vulnerary; adrenal cortex stimulant; Anti fungal Balancing; analgesic; antispasmodic; relaxant; sedative; antidepressant; anti inflammatory; anti fugal; hypotensive; vulnerary; antiseptic; emmenagogue. Insecticide; insect repellent; antiseptic; expectorant; sedative; diuretic; antiseborrheic; antibacterial; anti fungal circulatory stimulant. cytophylactic; antioxidant; emmenagogue; expectorant; sedative; anti-inflammatory;
63% Alcohols; 15% Esters; 7% Ketones; 5% Aldehydes; 4% Sesquiterpenes; 2% Monoterpenes; 2% Oxides; 2% Other. 45% Esters; 36% Alcohols; 5% Sesquiterpenes; 4% Monoterpenes; 4% Ketones; 2% Oxides; 2% Aldehydes; 2 % Other. 50% Sesquiterpenes; 29% Alcohols; 19% Ketones; 2% Others.
56% Esters; 40% Monoterpenes; 4% Other.
Neroli (Orange blossom)
Citrus Aurantium
Rutaceae
China
Patchouli
Pogostemo n cablin
Lamiaceae
Tropical Asia
Rose Otto
Rosa damascena
Rosaceae
Morocco
Astringent; vulnerary. Antidepressant; Deodorant; cell regenerator; hypotensive; Calming/sedative; aphrodisiac; tonic to circulatory system; carminative; antispasmodic; neurotonic. Steam Antiseptic; anti distillati inflammatory, on of antidepressant; the neurotonic; cell leaves regenerator; anti microbial; astringent; diuretic; anti fungal; insect repellent Solvent Haemostatic;antidepres extracti sant; neurotonic; on sedative; aphrodisiac; creates antiviral; antiseptic; absolute anti-inflammatory; . Steam astringent; cell distillati regenerator; on is emmenagogue; best cytophylactic. method but expensiv e Steam distillati on or enfleura ge of the flowers
40% Alcohols; 35% Monoterpenes; 14% Esters; 2% Aldehydes; 0.5% Ketones; 8.5% Others.
50% Sesquiterpenes; 33% Alcohols; 6% Oxides; 2% Ketones; 1 % Monoterpenes; 8% Others.
60% Alcohols; 20% Monoterpenes; 4% Esters; 1.5% Phenols,ethers; 1% Sesquiterpenes; 0.5% Aldehydes; 13% Others.
Sandalwoo d
Santalum album
Santalaceae
Tropical Asia
Vetiver
Vetiveria zizanoides
Graminacea e
India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka
Spikenard
Nardostach Valerianace ys ae Jatamansi
Northern India, China and Japan
Steam distillati on of the heartwo od at the centre of the tree Steam Distillati on of the roots Steam distillati on of dried and crushed rhizome and roots.
Antiseptic; sedative; antidepressant; antiinflammatory; cell regenerator; rehydrating; antiseptic; expectorant; carminative; aphrodisiac; diuretic.
80% Alcohols; 10% Sesquiterpenes; 2.5% Acids; 7.5% Others.
Neurotonic; antiseptic; Immunostimulant; Vulnerary; cell regenerator; Emmenagogue; Rubefacient; Sedative Anti-inflammatory; antipyretic; Bactericidal; Deodorant; Fungicidal; laxative; sedative; tonic.
40% Alcohols; 15% Ketones; 45% Other.
Bornyl acetate; isobornyl valerianate, borneol, patchouli alcohol, terpinyl valerianate, terpineol, eugenol and pinenes and Others
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Sarah Dickson Appendix 3 Abortifacient Alternative Analgesic Anaphrodisiac Anthelmintic Anti-sudorific Anti-allergenic Anti-arthritic Anti-emetic Anti-inflammatory Anti-convulsive Anti-depressant Anti-microbial Anti-phlosgistic Anti-puritic Anti-rheumatic Anti septic Anti-spasmodic Aphrodisiac Astringent Bactericide Balsamic Cardiac Carminative Cephalic Cholagogue Choleritic Cicatrisant Cordial
Page 14 An agent capable of inducing abortion. Corrects and cleanses impure blood conditions Pain relieving. Diminishes sexual desire Destroys or expels intestinal worms Reduces sweating Reduces symptoms of allergy Combats arthritis Reduces incidence and severity vomiting Alleviates inflammation. Helps to stop or control convulsions Counteracts melancholy, uplifting Resists or destroys pathogenic organisms Reduces inflammation Relieves itching sensation Aids relief of rheumatism Helps control infection Relieves spasm and cramps Excites sexual desire Tightens, contracts and binds tissue Destroys bacteria Soothing substance that has the qualities of a balsam Stimulating effect on the heart Expels gas from the intestines, settles the digestive system Clears and stimulates the mind Increases the flow of bile to the duodenum Increases flow of bile by aiding its excretion by the liver. Aids the formation of scar tissue Heart stimulant and tonic
Cytophylactic Decongestant Demulcent Deodorant Depurative Diaphoretic Digestive Disinfectant Diuretic Emetic Emmenagogue Emollient Expectorant Febrifuge Fungicide Galactagogue Germicidal Haemostatic Hepatic Hypertensive Hypoglycaemiant Hypotensive Insecticide Laxative Mucolytic Nervine Parturient Prophylactic Relaxant Rubefacient Sedative Soporific
Encourages growth of skin cells Relieves and reduces mucous congestion Relieves irritation in the mucous membranes Destroys odour Purifies and detoxifies blood Promotes perspiration Aids the digestion of food Prevents and combats the spread of germs Increases the flow of urine Induces vomiting Promotes and regulates menstrual flow Soothes and softens skin Expels mucous from the respiritory tract Cools and reduces high temperatures Destroys fungal infection Increases milk secretion Destroys micro organisms or germs Arrests bleeding as in haemorrhage Stimulates liver and gall bladder function Increases blood pressure Lowers blood sugar levels Lowers blood pressure Kills insects Aids bowel movements Breaks down or dissolves mucous Tnes nerves and nervous system Aids delivery in chidbirth Helps prevent disease Soothing and relaxing Increase blood flow, warming Reduces functional activity, calming A substance that induces sleep
Spasmodic Splenetic Stimulant Stomachic Styptic Sudorific Tonic Uterine Vasoconstricter Vasodilator Vermifuge Vulnerary
Antispasmodic Tonic for the spleen Increases physiological function in the body Improves appetite, tonic to digestive system, aids digestion Arrests internal bleeding Increases perspiration Improves ad strengthens bodily performance Tones the uterus Contracts blood vessel wall Dilate blood vessel walls Expels worms Prevents degeneration of tissue and arrests bleeding of wounds
References Journals Eileen D(2004) Understanding True Aromatherapy: UnderstandingEssential oils, Home health care Management Practice. 16:474 Sage Hammer K A et al. In vitro activity of essential oils in particular melaleuca alternifolia against streptococcus spp. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 42(5):591-595 Melagari M et al. (1989) Chemical characteristics and pharmacological properties of the essential oils of anthemis nobilis. Fitoterapia 59(6):449-455 Rossi T Melagari M, Bianchi L, Albasini A, Vampa G(1998) Sedative anti inflammatory and anti diuretic effects induced in rats by essential oils of varieties of anthemis nobilis: A comparitive study.Pharmacological Research Communications. 20 sup 5:71-74 Books Battaglia S (2003) The complete guide to Aromatherapy. The international centre of holistic aromatherapy, Australia Bruneton J (1999) Pharmacognosy2nd ed. Lavoiser, France. Dean C (1998) Australian tea tree oil, Australasian aromatherapy conference, Sydney Gould F (2003) Aromatherapy for holistic therapists. Nelson thornes, Cheltenham UK. Lawless J (2002) The encyclopedia of essential oils the complete guide to the use of aromatic oils in aromatherapy, herbalism, health and wellbeing. Thorsons, London, UK. Price S (1993) Practical Aromatherapy, how to use essential oils to restore vitality. Harper Collins, Glasgow. Price S, Price L(1995) Aromatherapy for health professionals. Churchill livingstone, UK Price S (2000) Aromatherapy workbook A complete guide to understanding and using essential oils. Thorsons London.
Weiss E A(1997) Essential oil crops. CAB International UK Westwood C (1991) Aromatherapy a guide for home use. Amberwood publishing, Surrey, UK Others Australian standard 2782- 1985(1985)Essential oils- oil of melaleuca terpinen-4-ol type. Standards association of Australia, Australia
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