Specialist Practice

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Sarah Harrison Specialist Practice Level 6


Contents RSA Waste not, Want not

4 - 39 Research 6 - 11 First Ideas 12 - 17 Final idea development 18 - 31 Prototypes 32 - 37 Evaluation 38 - 39

D&AD Toms 40 - 77

Research 42 - 53 Idea development 54 - 61 Final ideas & prototypes 62 - 75 Evaluation 76 - 77

Bibliography 78 - 81

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Waste not, Want not Brief: Design a way to encourage and support individuals, households, businesses and/or communities to reduce food waste. Challenge and scope: Food waste is a growing issue. It is estimated that 50% of grown food goes to waste globally and 33% of all food produced is not eaten and goes to waste – accounting for 1.3bn tonnes or 750bn USD. 28% of food produced from arable land is never eaten – while we cut down forests to increase arable land (source UN). Busy urban lifestyles have signalled major changes to the way we as a population live and consume; many of us live in small city flats, often in oneperson households, where there is very little food storage space. In addition, we live in an ‘all you can eat’ culture perpetuated by the notion that having a lot of choice is a sign of prosperity, together with a sense of value for money – in this case, unlimited food for a relatively small amount of money. According to a report by the charity WRAP, which focuses on the sustainable use of resources, there are a myriad of reasons that contribute to food 4

waste, including: - buying too much – particularly due to special offers such as buy one, get one free deals - buying more perishable food – often as the result of trying to eat more healthily - choosing food on impulse – often driven by ‘spontaneous’ and ‘top up’ shopping - high sensitivity to food hygiene – many say they wouldn’t take a chance with food close to its ‘best before’ date, even if it looked fine - not liking the food prepared – 22% of families with children stated that not liking a meal was a cause of food waste - not having time to plan meals It is worth noting that some food waste in food production and restaurant kitchens has been effectively limited in developed nations, driven by cost, but this could be further improved. However, there is much room for improvement in household food waste. Take for example the fact that 4% of bread goes to waste in retail, but 25% in homes; and, 40% of apple crops is wasted – 11% in the field, 3% in retail value chains, and 27% in homes. This brief asks you to apply innovative design


practice to draw attention to the environmental, social and ethical implications of food waste and to develop a solution that will change people’s behaviour so they waste less. You should consider the psychology around ‘waste’ and how people react to rationing or food being out of stock. There is also a need to consider the systematic prevention or reduction of the over-production of food and its effect on natural resources. Submission requirements: Entries should comprise the following (please note there is an upload limit of 10GB on all files submitted). Please ensure that your upload files do not exceed this limit. - 4 x A3 PDFs (portrait or landscape), describing your proposal, your insights and research, the benefits you believe it will create, and possibilities of implementation and scalability - 1 x A4 PDF or Word document of no more than 250 words describing your ‘Big Idea’ - No more than 10 scanned pages of your sketchbook or computer modelling/sketches (if applicable) illustrating your development process - 1 x ‘hero image’ – a singular image of your project that represents and sums it up in its best light.

Right: Food waste Foodnavigator.com

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Research To expand my knowledge on food waste I looked into the resources provided by the RSA tool-kit. From that I found out some of the main problems with food waste, learning about top tips to reducing food waste in the home. - Yearly food waste from households is equivalent to the weight of 206,000 elephants - 1.3 billion tonnes of EDIBLE food is thrown away each year, and 1 billion people are suffering from hunger. - 1 in 7 adults food shop everyday. That’s 32 million people nationwide. - We prepare nearly 2 times the amount of food we need, throwing away nearly 25% - 1/3 of landfill waste is compost-able. For my research I conducted a diary of a family of 3’s food waste for one week, and my own food waste diary for a week. I also wanted to learn more about the preservation of food, whether this was a cause of why we waste so much. And to find out if there are easy methods of preserving food. I looked into already existing awareness campaigns surrounding food waste. I found a lot has already been done to encourage people to waste less, but it still feels like it hasn’t ‘hit home’ with some people; they are aware it’s an issue but haven’t made any steps towards helping. There are a lot of awareness 6


campaigns surrounding perfectionism with food, and comparing the amount of money you waste by throwing food away. There are a lot of recipe books encouraging people to use their leftovers, by providing simple recipes. Thinking before you shop is a big part of helping reduce food waste, if you plan your meals ahead you’re less likely to have as much waste. From an article I picked out the key elements of thinking before you shop; firstly make a list, plan your meals, buy what you need, preserve food/leftovers and date them, use your leftovers, FIFO (first in, first out) and donate food you don’t think you will use while it’s still good. Word Bank: Perfectionism, waste, garbage goblin, loyalty, donate, preservation, think, plan, save, shop smart, FIFO, bulk, realistic, over buy, use, separate, energy, compost, feed, hunger, portions.

Left: A page from my food waste diary

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Above: Inglorious Fruits and Vegetables campaign

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Families are the most likely to shop online for groceries, particularly those with pre-school children – 32% of shoppers with children under five have bought groceries online in the past month, compared to 23% among other families and 17% among those without children in the home. Londoners are also more likely to be online grocery shoppers, possibly due to lower levels of car ownership and the more established presence of Ocado in the capital – rising to 25% compared to 19% across the rest of the country. Almost every household is able to buy their groceries online from the comfort of their own home, with three quarters (76%) of UK households now having a broadband internet connection “How many currently shop online for groceries? According to ShopperVista, our ongoing monitor of British grocery shoppers, around a fifth of households are buying groceries online every month. Of these, a third use online as their main channel for buying food and groceries, with two thirds using it a secondary channel.”

Right: Home delivery advert for groceries in Kolkata

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First Ideas I started to brainstorm ideas to realise a main problem I would like to face for my project. From research I was able to identify lots of issues for example from the food waste diaries I was able to see we waste more fresh food than anything, and a lot of scraps off food e.g. the bits we deem to have gone bad. On the right are a few examples of my first ideas. My main ideas briefly summarised were; a fun way to easily portion control (squares of butter, the language used, a ruler on the bag indicating how much you need), a made to fit system in the fridge/ cupboards that helps preserve food and finally bringing your waste back to the shop to convert it to energy for a reward scheme.

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Idea 1: Can people give back their food waste to the supermarket in return for a ‘reward’ so it gets sent to be changed into energy rather than being sent to landfill. - A fifth of households in the UK food shop online - Of which 1/3 use it as their main way of buying food, 2/3 as their secondary way. Main questions: What incentive would make people want to give their waste back? Is it a possibility to place a ‘waste’ section in the delivery van? Would people actually save their waste till the next food shop? How can the reward system work without people cheating to get more points? Idea 2: Is there a way to preserve food better in the fridge with the use of made to fit containers? The main problem with fresh food is that once you open it, the life span of it decreases rapidly, it goes off a lot quicker than the date indicated. What if the made to fit containers were air tight and could make fresh food last longer? Freezing food extends the life span, if more people froze their left overs, they could dramatically waste less.

Left: first idea board

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Idea 3: Single person packaging/ Portion control made easy Is there an easy way to portion control, would it make people waste less? People on average almost make double what they need each meal time. Main questions: What types of food can be portion packed? Can this help preserve food? Would this waste more in materials? Is there a way to pack effectively? Will this encourage more people to meal plan? What foods go off quickly? Salad, fruit, some cheeses, ready made, noodles, fresh vegetables once pack is opened. Can packaging be more helpful in preserving the food or are there other methods which will make our food last longer? On the right page is my research board on single person/ portion packaging. The food diary of a family of 3 is featured, it shows that a lot of fresh food and scraps are wasted. I want to find a solution to make fresh food last longer.

Right: Portion packaging made easy

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I wanted to look in to a specific food item that I could start to research in depth to see how best to preserve it. I started to look at mixed salad bags; in my experience the salad will go off within a day of being opened. Supermarket giant Tescos revealed their food waste figures this year, revealing that 68% of salad sold in bags is being thrown away. I researched the best ways to preserve salad, some one had completed three tests which are suppose to prolong the life of salad: Paper Towels and Plastic Bag Box and Paper Towels A Plastic Bag and a Puff of Air The winner: A container with paper towels. Method: line the plastic container with paper towels, pop the salad in an even layer on the top then cover it with another paper towel on top and lock down the lid, making sure the salad isn’t jam-packed. Being able to store tender greens for up to ten days is really convenient and will allow people to buy bigger amounts, saving both time and money since larger bags are usually a better value. The hard sides of the container really protect the greens from getting moved around or crushed like they would be in bags, and the paper towels help to absorb the excess moisture.

Left: Florette mixed salad bag

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Left: Salad in plastic container with paper towels to absorb moisture.

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With the research I found in mind, I thought raising awareness of tips on how to prolong the life of your fresh food/ veg it could be very helpful to people that wont be eating it all 2 or 3 days after purchase. A special edition of the mixed salad bag, the bag could be sold with a plastic container, with a few paper towels inside. This could promote different ways of preserving fresh food in general, as well as prolonging the life of the mixed salad for salad lovers. With the salad and container would be a leaflet with information/ quick and easy tips to help preserve food, and some benefits to preserving food. It could be sponsored by a current company that sells mixed salad bags, for example Florette’s. On the right is a board of my quickly sketched prototypes with relevant information. I wasn’t sure if I wanted to go ahead with this limited edition idea or to encourage people to eat from the root (e.g. buying a whole lettuce rather than the bag already chopped up).

Right: Prototype board

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The container and salad bag would be a promotion, encouraging consumers to preserve their purchases in the best possible way for it to last. The promotion could be branded by either the supermarket itself, or a salad bag brand e.g. Florette. After feedback on my idea I decided to push it further by creating a design for the container and draft up the ‘tips’ leaflet. For my design of the container I wanted it to look fresh and eye catching, while maintaining its main purpose by fitting into the fridge draw/ shelf.

Left: Own photo, Florette bag going into fridge draw.

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I had to find the right sized container to fit snugly into the fridge draw. On the left page shows my container with the paper towels and salad inside fitting into a fridge draw leaving room for other vegetables. My next step was to design artwork to go onto the container. I wanted to design a fresh look which was a bit different. I started out my drawing a variety of salad leaves. I then went on to draw bits that go in the salad, for example tomatoes, croutons and eggs. I wanted to create a repeat pattern, so I cut my drawing in half, flipped the halves around and cello-taped them together, I repeated this cutting the other way. I then filled in the gaps with more drawings of salad. I scanned in the drawings, and used illustrator to tidy it up. I then used water colours to create a unique look to the food. I wanted to give a splash of colour to the drawn foods to make it look fresh. The following page shows my final design after lots of attempts.

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On the right is my photo-shopped image with the pattern just on the sides of the container. I intend to create a box prototype using the pattern to represent the container as I feel this photo does not do the container justice. After I made my design I wanted to apply it to the leaflet that contains tips on how to waste less and preserve food, not just the salad. From my research I was able to find out a few tips on how to waste less on the whole. I thought that if people found that when they changed their ways on one product (mixed salad) they would be more willing to try other methods of preserving food. So providing a few quick tips will encourage wasting less thinking. On the following page you will see my leaflet design, it is double sided at the moment; to further this I could make a little book with even more tips to raise awareness of food waste, and what ways consumers can help reduce waste.

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Salad tips With this container you can make your salad last up to 10 days or more! Just follow these 4 simple steps! 1. Line the bottom of the container with a paper towel 2. Empty your bag of salad into the plastic container 3. Place another paper towel on top of the salad, be sure not to crush it! 4. Seal up the container and pop it in the fridge draw!

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A few more tips.... ∙Keep your bags! Foods like carrots, pepper and apples are best preserved in the bag they come in! ∙Buying bigger isn’t always better, bread for example, you may not eat a whole loaf before it goes off, so why not buy a smaller loaf or, freeze the other half of your loaf? ∙Resealable packs are great for preventing your food drying out! If you don’t have any, cling-film or foil will do the trick too! ∙Lots of food comes in clever packs that are divided so you can use some now and some later. This will help keep your food last longer! ∙Freezing your leftovers and labelling the date you freeze it will help you waste less

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Above: Tips side of leaflet Left: prototyped pattern container

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On the left is my board briefly illustrating my concept, with a few notes about the container will fit in the fridge, the branding of Florette and information on how this will help towards less waste

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Self-reflection I wanted to create an easy way for consumers to preserve their food for longer, with the end goal of households wasting less. From research I found that over 68% of salad bags sold are thrown away. This lead me to research further into how prepared salad could be preserved to last longer than a couple days. I found the best way to preserve already prepared salad is to line a seal-able container with a paper towel, put in the salad, and the place another paper towel on top, and sealing the container. This method is so simple, and I wanted to find a way to encourage consumers to try this easy trick.

I would have tried to present the photo-shopped container better. I could not manage to get the design to go on the container correctly. Instead I made a box out of the pattern to represent the container. I am not sure on the typeface I used on the leaflet for the header. I think I kept to my time plan well, bringing the whole project together in the final week within enough time for final submission.

If I were to expand this project, I would have made a recipe booklet to go with the salad sold, to I branded a promotion by Florette’s salad, where the encourage consumers to use it all before it goes customer would receive a container designed to fit out of date. I would have also tried to create the the average fridge draw, with a recognisable pattern. container with the pattern. The best preservation The container and salad will come with a little of food could be made more obvious to consumers leaflet that has instructions on what to do with the thought the packaging, usually it is in a small font salad container, and on the other side a few more on the back of the packet. If food companies raised easy tips to waste less and preserve food. awareness of the best way to preserve the food they sell, it could dramatically reduce waste of gone I think my idea is very simple to understand, off food. To expand my project I could adopt other hopefully when the user realises how easy this one types of food, and sell promotional items that will method of food preservation is, they may think help preserve the food. twice about how else they store food, and not to think that just leaving it as it comes is the best way. This is why I have included a leaflet with other food preservation tips. I liked my repeat pattern design with water colour, I think it fitted the theme of salad and fresh food well.

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The TOMS Brief – New Blood Awards 2016 Brief: Inspire a new wave of consumers to understand that purchases can have purpose. Create a relevant and accessible way to inspire and connect with the “always on”, fashion conscious generation. Create a retail-led campaign or initiative to spread reach and engagement – show how it would get new people involved in the movement. It should live online, but also have an element of physical customer engagement: think packaging, point of sale, experiential… even consider the possibilities presented by the products themselves. Your target audience is 16-26 year old fashionforward consumers and communicators, living their lives online. They’re tuned into the world’s problems and proud to be seen to do something about them. What to consider: - The TOMS way is a different way of doing business. By connecting with and inspiring a new generation to choose fashion products that serve a dual purpose, you have the opportunity to really make a difference in the world. - “When you incorporate giving into your business in an authentic and transparent way, your customers become your best marketeers” - Blake Mycoskie. Think about how you can leverage TOMS’ existing customer and fan base to spread the message. - Tone Of Voice: Honest, open and inclusive. This is a 40

community that believes in social responsibility. But stay real; you’re still talking to young, internet-savvy fashion lovers. - What tools and tech(niques) can engage and excite online consumers? Gamification, digital experiences, storytelling, user-generated content... - This is about third-party retailers, when TOMS are sold through other stores online – not when they’re sold directly from TOMS. Consider the role of thirdparty retailers. What sets this apart from an ownstore experience, and what are the challenges and opportunities it presents? What’s essential: A campaign or initiative with online retail as the primary channel, supported through a physical touchpoint. What to submit: See ‘Preparing Your Entries’, included in your brief pack, for full format specs– work will only be accepted in the formats outlined. Main Deliverables (mandatory) Present your solution using either a video (max. 2 mins) or up to eight presentation slide images.


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Research To understand TOMS I sought to find out more about how they give, their website proved very helpful, with a PDF on all the information, how, what and where they give. For each pair of shoes purchased, TOMS will send a pair of shoes to a child in need. For every eye-wear purchase they will fund restoring sight for a person in need. For each bag purchase they will fund a safe birth for a mother and a baby in need. TOMS doing this has made a 42% increase in maternal health care program participation as a result of shoe distribution. There has been an increase in student enrolment of 1000 in Liberian primary school classrooms after TOMS shoe distribution began.

“Our approach: Our giving pairs are the new shoes, made for school and play. We provide a range of sizes and styles, to fit kids from toddlers to teens. Working with our giving partners, children are surveyed throughout the year on the fit, comfort and durability of the TOMS they received. Based on their feedback we can continue to improve our current selection and develop new shoe styles to create better, more effective shoes - allowing our partners to address seasonal cycles and diverse terrain of the communities in which they work.�

Below: TOMS pdf How they give with sight

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“Giving is what fuels us. Giving is our future. It ‘s the core of our business.” Blake Mycoskie

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First Ideas - 10th anniversary of TOMS in 2016 - Humanise the product going to help, as it doesn’t feel real - Humour, a fun way to get 16-25 year olds involved. Shoe puns. - Limited edition shoe - Sister pair, track where it goes. - Apply campaign theme to third party shops. I wanted to celebrate TOMS as it is their 10th anniversary in 2016, For online promotion I thought there could be a series of videos promoted on facebook to raise awareness in a fun way of the process that goes into getting these shoes to people in need.

the campaign and could possibly include a freebie to entice customers to purchase. The sister pair idea could be applied to the glasses and bags sold, as they help towards restoring sight and a safe birth for mother and child. Although this may be harder to track, it may be possible to find out which hospitals/ specialist places the money is sent to.

I also thought a limited edition shoe could increase sales, and when it is bought there could be an opportunity to enter for a travel scholarship with TOMS. And with any purchase with TOMS you can track your ‘sister pair’ find out where the shoe goes, what size it is etc; the only issue I found with this is that it can take up to two months to get the shoes sent to people in need. So the time between the consumer getting their shoe and the person in need getting theirs may keep the consumers interest (it would just be a random update from TOMS). Physical touch-point could include limited edition packaging of the shoes, with special information about their sister pair, it would be in the styling of Right: Ideas board 2

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Key parts: Online - #OneforOne to raise awareness on social media, keeping with the brand. - A series of online videos promoted on social media Facebook has over 1.23 billion users. - Sister pair, when you buy TOMS shoe you can choose a terrain of where it goes and be given updates of the village, when the shoes arrive etc. - The chance to win a travel scholarship with TOMS, to go behind the scenes of TOMS, help the countries in need and learn about Giving Partners. Physical touch-point - Limited edition packaging including freebie bag/ artwork - Third party stores decorated TOMS zone in theme of awareness and 10th anniversary I wanted to find an interesting way to visualise the sister pair. I was introduced to the work of Kyoko Nakamura (right page) in a tutorial, I thought the way he visualised the bed of a river in a foot print was interesting, I wanted to try visualise the terrains of the various places TOMS shoes are sent, it may be interesting to work off inspiration from Kyoko Nakamura.

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Above: ‘Stepping on the Shimanto River’ by Kyoko Nakamura Left: Key parts board

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Left features my first Designs of visualising the sister pair. I first thought to shadow the shoe the customer is purchasing with a bare foot. In another sketch the user is able to switch the shoe they are looking at (theirs and the sister pair, this was in the case they could customise their sister pair). I also sketched reflections and having the sister pair in the distance on the screen. After starting visualising the sister pair, I wanted to start brainstorming for the series of videos. I wanted to make a fun video following one pair of shoes’ journey to a child in need. I wanted to humanise the experience to the users, as often when you give to charity you don’t really see what help you’re giving. I had a few ideas but my main one was to bring the shoes to life, follow the journey to help; The video should be fun and get users attached to the shoes; ultimately to raise awareness of what buying TOMS means to children in need.

Below: TOMS one day without shoes to raise awareness of One for One.

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For my first mock story board we see the TOMS online order page, and a customer clicking the terrain they want to send their sister pair too, the order travels through the computer wire to a TOMS factory, where the number of sister pairs being shipped ticks over one more. The pair of shoes pop out of a machine and head out the door on a conveyor belt. The shoes start walking slowly onto a plane, being a bit cautious. I intended to have a shot of a map with tracking where the plane is going. Once the plane has landed the shoes walk off (on one of the terrains) exploring, walking past other people with shoes. The shoes then arrive at a village gate/ giving partners HQ. The screen will pan out to show lots of TOMS shoes waiting outside ready to walk in. The shoes find a child in need, he/ she is happy to receive the shoes. Final shot is of the child with the shoes on. Then the screen fades to give information about TOMS and their Giving Partners and info on the travel scholarship

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My second mock up of a refined version of the first one starts again with the online order, being sent to the TOMS factory, we then see the shoes enter a plane cautiously. There is then a scenic shot of the shoes on tip toes looking out the plane window to see a sunset.

There is then progressive shots of the shoes walking to the Giving Partners, walking past on-goers. The shoes arrive at the HQ and again the screen pans out to show other TOMS shoes joining up behind the original pair. They all start to walk in.

We then see the shoes still on the steps just outside We then see a shot of the original pair of shoes the plane, taking in the scenery of where they have forming a heart shape outside a child in needs landed. door, with a knocking on the door, we briefly hear 56


an excited child and then it will fade into the information page about TOMS, Giving Partners and the travel scholarship.

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I wanted to sketch up what the sister pair option would look like on a third party site. When TOMS shoes are purchased it will add an option below with simple steps on how to send the sister pair. I made my own variation of the One for One logo, adding a shoe on the end to symbolise the sister pair. (Featured bottom left) This will then has the information below it to pick a terrain. They will be able to select their terrain by clicking on one of the feet (shown on left page). The number counter on the right will click over one more, and the sister pair will pop up and walk away off the screen, as if to start their journey to the final destination. Information will be available about where the shoes are being sent and a bit of an insight into TOMS Giving Partners.

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Above: My online story board animation

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The shots above are my mock ups of what the sister pair link would look like when a user purchases TOMS. I wanted to include the opportunity of the travel scholarship off this. I haven’t yet included it on the mock up. To go with this I wanted to create a way to include people that buy TOMS shoes in store so they are able to send their sister pair and have a chance to enter for a travel scholarship. Going back to my previous idea of creating an app that scans the bar-code of a customers purchased TOMS, to allow them to choose the terrain to send their sister pair too. I thought this could be an add on feature on the TOMS app that already exists with a similar look to the one on the third party website. On the right shows my mock ups of the app, it will work by scanning the bar-code of the purchased TOMS, this will take the user to the choice of terrains, below giving some information about TOMS, once a terrain is chosen it will lead the user to the next page, where they get a bit of information about where the shoe is going, and how many shoes have already been sent by TOMS, plus theirs. There is an option below that to find out more about the travel scholarship with TOMS.

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I wanted to prototype some packaging for when the user receives their TOMS shoes, they will receive a freebie TOMS string bag as well as information on the travel scholarship and a bit about toms and their Giving Partners. I started out by drawing a design for the packaging, something that would be unique for their 10th anniversary. On the left page are my two designs. Top left, I wanted to create a design with handwritten type, keeping to the style of TOMS. I took a quote from the TOMS giving page on their website “Giving is fundamental to TOMS�. I added my own part to make it relevant to the sister pair movement I wanted to create. Bottom left, the landscape represents where TOMS shoes go to. The type One for One, is similar to one TOMS has used in the past. I used watercolours to create a textured background to the packaging, and to make it stand out to the customer.

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This page and the next shows my shoe packaging prototype with my designs on. The idea with the shape is the customer will receive a free string bag which can be wrapped around the packaging held together more securely with the ribbon. On the right and below are more pictures of my prototype with shoes in to complete the look.

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Self-reflection For my D&AD project I chose the TOMS brief. I wanted to find a way to raise awareness of TOMS one for one to the target audience 16-25 year olds. I started out looking into TOMS, finding out about how they give, where they give to and what existing awareness campaigns they have already done. I brainstormed ways that would captivate the young target audience, nearly all 16-25 year olds have a form of social media, and with videos so easily going viral, I thought a video promoted through social media would be the best way to reach them. I found that when we as consumers give to charity we don’t really know where it goes or who it helps, I wanted to find a way to humanise what TOMS do. I came up with the idea of the sister pair, picking where to send your sister pair, to make it more real to the consumer and that they are more involved with the overall process. I created packaging, a storyboard of the video and a mock up of the online animation, making my own variation of the logo and designs to go with the campaign. I feel my concept has logic, by involving the customer, they will be made more aware of purchasing with purpose and in the future come to realise there are more options to purchase with purpose than they originally thought. I would like to have brought my ideas together more to have

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a clearer idea, as I feel its a bit all over the place and to have made more awareness of the 10th anniversary of TOMS. I would have loved to animate the online mock up, but I would have to learn animating skills which was not possible in the time frame given, I may return to this project in the future to animate the mock up and video. I would have liked to expand this project by bringing the video to life, and to have promoted it on social media. I would have also liked to create a series of fun little videos to go online to raise awareness of purchasing with purpose and getting the target audience more involved. I found it hard to bring my idea together as it could have been within the time limits, due to the brief being let out later on in the term. Although I do think I have worked well despite the time limit, I was able to create packaging prototypes even though I had not in Initially thought I would. I would have liked to finish my packaging to a better quality, but the idea still comes across. I enjoyed this project the most out of the two, it was fun to learn about the TOMS brand, and to find so many ways I could have taken the project.


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