C O C H I NC H R O N I C L E S as t or yofl a nda ndwa t e r
Thea ppe a lofama p de v oi d ofa ny huma ne l e me nt sov e r l a i dc ome sf r oma s pe c i a lc ha r m –i ti sa l mos tpur e ge ogr a phy .I ts e e ms t o j us t be , di s t a nc e df r om t he mul t i pl el a y e r e d me a ni ngst ha twea s s oc i a t ea ndbui l d upont hel a nd( wa t e r ) s c a pe . Andy e tf or Koc hi( a si nma nyot he rc oa s t a lc i t i e s ) t hi sdoe snothol dt r ue .Al ongwi t ht he na t ur a lf or c e ss ha pe a nd dr a wi t s bor de r s ,huma nk i ndha sc ont i nue dt o t r a ns f or mi t ,ma k i ngl a ndf r om s l us h a nds e a .
C O N T E N T S Unde r s t a ndi ngi nt r a c i t yv a r i a t i onus i ngpr i ma r ya nds e c onda r yda t a Koc hi :Ani nt r oduc t i on Hi s t or i c a l De v e l opme ntofCoc hi nRe gi on Mode r nDe v e l opme nt-as t or yofpr oj e c t s La ndGe ne s i s :Thec r e a t i ona tBol gha t t yi s l a nd GI DAr e c l a ma t i on:Lux ur i e sfina nc ene c e s s i t i e s Ma nga l a v a na m:Sa nc t ua r y ,nomor e ? Koc hi Ma r i neDr i v e :As pi r a t i onsofac oa s t a l c i t y Er na k ul a mMa r k e ta ndMGRoa d:Coc hi n' sc omme r c i a l node s Koc hi ’ sfir s tpl a nne dhous i ng:The3c ol oni e s Coc hi nShi py a r d:At a l eofpubl i cpe r s e v e r a nc e Coc hi nPor tT r us t :F or e s hor ea ndSe a be d Conc l us i ons Bi bl i ogr a phy
U N D E R S T A N D I N GI N T R A C I T YV A R I A T I O NU S I N G P R I MA R YA N DS E C O N D A R YD A T A Thegr owt ha ndde v e l opme ntofKoc hi f r om hi s t or i c a l t i me sha sbe e ndue i nnos ma l lpa r tt oas pe c i ďŹ cl a nds c a pet r a ns f or ma t i onpr oc e s s-t he r e c l a ma t i onofus a bl el a ndf r om wa t e ra nds l us h.Thi sha sbe e nduet o bot hna t ur a l ( s i l t a t i on)a swe l l a shuma npr oc e s s e s . Thi spr oj e c ti sa na t t e mptt ounde r s t a nda nde x pl a i nt hev a r i a t i ona r i s i ng i nt hec i t yduet ot hi spr oc e s s ;v a r i a t i oni nl a ndus ea ndv a r i a t i oni nur ba n mor phol ogy( s t r uc t ur e ,orf or moft hec i t y ) . The r ea r et wopa r t st ot hi sna r r a t i v e-t hehi s t or i c a lde v e l opme ntoft he r e gi onofKoc hi ,a ndt hemode r nbi gi nf r a s t r uc t ur epr oj e c t swhi c hbui l d upont hepr e v i oust r a j e c t or y .
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F o r tK o c h i / Ma t t a n c h e r r y
Thec i t yofKoc hi , homet ot hel a r ge s tur ba na ggl ome r a t i oni nt hes t a t e ofKe r a l aa n da l s oi t si ndus t r i a l ,c omme r c i a la ndfina nc i a lc a pi t a li sa f a s tgr owi ngt i e r2c i t yi nI ndi a . Koc hit oda yi ss pr e a dpr i ma r i l ya l ong t hei s l a ndsont hewe s t e r ns i de( t owa r dst hes hi ppi ngc ha nne l )a ndt he ma i nl a nd ( Er na k ul a m) .Ov e rt he pa s tde c a de ,t he r e ha s be e na s i gni fic a ntgr owt ht owa r dst hee a s t e r ns i de sa swe l l , duet ot hegr owt h ofI Ta nda l l i e ds e r v i c e s . Thee c onomyoft hec i t yi sami xoft our i s m,por ta nda l l i e ds e r v i c e s ( t r a ns s hi pme nt ,LNG,s hi pbui l di nge t c ) ,c he mi c a l i ndus t r i e s ,I Te t c .
K O C H I : A NI N T R O D U C T I O N The na me ‘ Koc hi ’ or i gi na l l yr e f e r r e dt ot he i s l a nd of F or t Koc hi / Ma t t a nc he r r ybuti npr e s e ntt i me si tha sc omet or e pr e s e ntt he whol ec i t y .‘ Er na k ul a m’de not e st hema i nl a ndpa r toft hec i t y .‘ Coc hi n’ i sac ol oni a l na meofKoc hi whi c hi ss t i l l i nus e .
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H I S T O R I C A LD E V E L O P ME N TO FC O C H I NR E G I O N Li k emos tc oa s t a lc i t i e si nI ndi a ,Koc hit ooha sha dal onghi s t or yof de v e l opme nts t r e t c hi ngi nt oi t sa nc i e ntpa s t .Cr e a t e dbyna t ur a lf or c e s , s e t t l e dbyt r a di ngc l a s s e s ,c ont r ol l e dbyc ol oni a lpowe r s ,a ndgr owi nga s ama j orpor tc i t yofi nde pe nde ntI ndi a-e a c hl a y e rofde v e l opme ntme r e l y bui l dsupont hef or me r ;a ndt ounde r s t a ndt h ev a r i a t i ons e e ni nt hec i t y t oda y ,i ti sne c e s s a r yt ope e lba c kt hel a y e r sa nds e ei ta sac ont i nuous na r r a t i v e-ofna t ur a l a nds oc i e t a l f or c e s .
H i s t o r i c a lD e v e l o p me n t o ft h er e g i o n I nt hea bs e nc eofa nys t r ongl i t e r a r yo rhi s t or i c a l s our c e sf r omt hea r e a i t s e l f , wea r ef or c e dt ol ooki nt os e c onda r ys our c e ss uc ha st r a v e l ogue s a nda nc i e nt ma pswhi c hpoi nt t ot heor i gi nof t hec i t y . C. Ac hut haMe non not e si nTheCoc hi nSt a t eMa nua l t hus– T h en a meCo c h i na p p e a r st oh a v eb e e ng i v e nf i r s t t ot h et o wnwh i c hc a mei n t oe x i s t e n c ea f t e r t h ef o r ma t i o no f t h eh a r b o u ri n1 3 4 1 , a f t e r wa r d st ot h ec o u n t r yi nt h ei mme d i a t ev i c i n i t yo f t h e t o wna n df i n a l l yt ot h ewh o l et e r r i t o r yu n d e r t h er u l eo f t h eP e r u mp a d a p p uS wa r u p a m…Ne i t h e r P l i n y( A . D2 3 7 9 )n o rP t o l o my( A . D1 2 6 1 6 1 )n o rP e r i p l u s( 3 r dc e n t u r yA D) , n e i t h e rMa r c o P o l o( A D1 2 9 0 9 3 )n o rI b nB a t u t a( A D1 3 4 2 4 7 )ma k e sa n yme n t i o no f Co c h i n , t h o u g ht h e y g i v ea c c o u n t s , mo r eo r l e s s d e t a i l e d , o f t h ep l a c e s s i t u a t e dt ot h en o r t ha n ds o u t ho f i t …T h ef i r s t me n t i o no f Co c h i n . . i sma d es i x t yy e a r sa f t e rt h ef o r ma t i o no f t h eh a r b o u r . .
Thede c l i neof Muz i r i sa ndt her i s eof Koc hi i sof t t ol da sat a l eof bi bi l i c a l pr opor t i ons ,wi t hama j orfloodi nt hePe r i y a rr i v e ri n1341CEwhi c h s i l t e dupt hemout hoft her i v e ra tMuz i r i sa ndope ne dane wmout ht o t hes e ane a rKoc hi , c r e a t i ngt hei s l a ndVy pe e ni nt hepr oc e s s . Thea c t ua l s t or y oft he r i s e ofKoc himi ghtbe pe r ha ps l e s s dr a ma t i c ,but ne v e r t he l e s si nt e r e s t i ng. Hi s t or i a nV . V . KVa l a t hgoe si nt omuc hmor ede t a i la boutt hec ha ngi ng hi s t or i c a lc oa s t l i nei nKe r a l a t hi l eSt ha l a c ha r i t hr a nga l :Er na k ul a mJ i l l a ( Hi s t or yofEr na k ul a m di s t r i c t )–Ci r c a2ndc e nt ur yCE,t hec oa s t l i ne t ur ne ds out he a s tf r om Kodunga l l urt owa r dsChe nd a ma nga l a m,a nd t he ns out ht owa r ds El oor , Ma nj umma l , Thr i k a k k a r a , Ka k k a na d, Thr i ppuni t hur a ,a ndUda y a mpe r oor .Muc hofEr na k ul a mt oda y ,a swe l l a st hewe s tKoc hii s l a ndswe r eope ns e a .The r ea r ema nyphy s i c a l e v i de nc e swhi c hs uppor tt hi sc l a i m,s uc ha st hedi s c ov e r yofs he l l sof c l a ms( f oundonl yi nde e ps e a )whi l ec ut t i ngc a na l sne a rVa r k a l a . Addi t i ona l l y ,t he r eha v ebe e nfindi ngsofwoode ns hi phul l s ,t ugr ope s e t cwhi l edi ggi ngwe l l si nEr na k ul a m. Ther a t he rc l e a rde ma r c a t i ons e e n i ns oi lc ha r a c t e ri sa l s oagi v e a wa y ,wi t hpl a c e st ot hee a s t( oft he l oc a t i onsme nt i one da bov e )ha v i ngl a t e r i t ea ndt hos et ot hewe s t e r n s i dee x hi bi t i ng‘ e k k a l ’ s oi l ( a l l uv i um,ors i l t ) .
Appr ox i ma t e de pi c t i on of c oa s t l i ne c i r c a 2nd c e nt ur yCE.Thel oc a t i onsma r k e di ngr e ywoul d ha v ebe e nope ns e a .
Thee x t e ns i onoft hec oa s t l i nef r omt he s ehi s t or i c a l bounda r i e st ot hos e oft hepr e s e ntda yc a nbee x pl a i ne dt hr ought wohi s t or i c a l pr oc e s s e s– ‘ t hea nt a goni s mbe t we e nt her us hi ngwa t e r sof t h er i v e r sa ndt hel i t t or a l c ur r e nt soft hes e a ’ .TheCoc hi nSt a t eMa nua lde s c r i be st hi spr oc e s s t hus– ‘ T h e r eb e i n gn ol a k e s , i nt h es t i l l wa t e r s o f wh i c ht h er i v e r s mi g h t c l e a r t h e ms e l v e s o f t h ee a r t h y ma t t e r ss we p t a l o n gi nt h e i rr a p i dc o u r s e sf r o mt h eh i l l s , t h e ya r r i v ea t t h eb e a c hl a d e nwi t h s a n da n da l l u v i u m,a n da tt h e i rj u n c t i o nwi t ht h eo c e a n ,b e i n gme tt r a v e r s e l yb yt h eg u l f s t r e a ms , t h es a n da n ds o i l wi t hwh i c ht h e ya r el a d e n , i n s t e a do f b e i n gc a r r i e do u t t os e a , a r e h e a p e du pi nb a r sa l o n gt h es h o r e s , a n dt h e s e , b e i n ga u g me n t e db ys i mi l a rd e p o s i t sh e l di n s u s p e n s i o nb yt h ec u r r e n t s , s o o ne x t e n dt on o r t ha n ds o u t h , a n df o r c et h er i v e r st of l o wb e h i n d t h e mi ns e a r c ho f an e wo u t l e t . ’ Appr ox i ma t ede pi c t i onof c oa s t l i nec i r c ae ndof 13t h c e nt ur yCE.Vy pi ni s l a nd woul d notha v ebe e n f or me dc ompl e t e l yy e t .
Al t hought hee x a c tor de rofde pos i t i ona ndf or ma t i onoft hei s l a ndsi s notk nown,t hebookpr ov i de sahy pot he s i sa boutt hef or ma t i onof Vy pe e na ndKoc hii s l a nds .Vy pe e n( be l i e v e dt oha v ee me r ge di nt he gr e a t floodof 1341)i sa l s ok nowna sPudhuv y pe( l i t e r a l l y , ne wde pos i t ) . I ft ha ti sa‘ ne w’de pos i t ,t heol dde pos i twoul dbeac ont i nuousl e ngt h ofl a nds t r e t c hi ngf r om Che r t ha l at oKodunga l l ur .Thi swoul d’ v ebe e n i nha bi t a bl eonl yi npa r t s , a nduni nha bi t a bl ei not he r s , e x i s t i ngme r e l ya s as hoa l oras a ndba r . Apa r t i c ul a r l yde v a s t a t i ngfloodi n1341( ort he r e a bout )woul d’ v enot be e na bl et ol e touta l l t hewa t e rne a rt hee x i s t i ngmout ha tKodunga l l ur , a ndwoul dha v ebr e a c he dawe a ks potbe t we e nKoc hia ndVy pe e n, f or mi ngt hel a nds c a pea swek nowi tt oda y . Thi shy pot he s i sfindss ome c r e de nc ei nt hef a c tt ha tt he r ee x i s t e daf or mi da bl es a ndba rbe t we e n Koc hia ndVy pe e ni nt he20t hc e nt ur ywhi c hha dt ober e mo v e df or de e pe ni ngt hes hi ppi ngc ha nne l .The s el a ndswhi c hbe l onge dt ot he Eda pa l l yKi ngdom ( El a nga l l urSwa r oopa m)we r egr a nt e dt ot heCoc hi n Ki ngdom( Pe r umpa da ppuSwa r oopa m)i n1147AD.
Af t e rt hede c l i neofMuz i r i s ,t heCoc hi nKi ngdom s hi f t st hec a pi t a l f r om Ma hoda y a pur a m( Kodunga l l ur )t oCa l v a t hy( t hebor de rofpr e s e ntda y F or tKoc hia ndMa t t a nc he r r y )i n1405AD.Ma t t a nc he r r yi t s e l fwa s s e t t l e dbydi f f e r e ntc ommuni t i e st hr ought i me ,dr a wnt he r ebyt hene w oppor t uni t i e sof f e r e dbyt heha r bour .
Thena mec ome sf r om t hec ombi na t i onof‘ Ma t t ’( s i gni f y i ngt hea c tof fil l i ngi nl a ndf r om t hee dgeofl a k ebe ds )a nd‘ c he r r y ’( of t e nus e dt o me a nma r s h) . Ot he rl oc a t i onsa r ound, s uc ha sChe r a l a i ( F r om‘ Che r a y i ’ , me a ni ngs wa mp)s i gni f yt hes a mepr oc e s sf ol l owe dwhi l et hel a ndwa s s e t t l e d. Eur ope a nPowe r s Eur ope a npr e s e nc ei nt her e gi ons i gna l l e dane wc ha pt e ri nCoc hi n hi s t or y .I nf a c t ,Koc his e r v e da st hefir s ta ndl onge s tout pos tf or Eur ope a n powe r si nI ndi a ;f r om 1503 t o 1947,f or444 y e a r s ( Por t ugue s e ,Dut c ha ndt he nBr i t i s hpowe r s ) .TheKoc h iKi nga l l owe d t hePor t ugue s emi l i t a r yc omma nde rPe dr oCa br a l t oc ons t r uc t godowns a tKoc hit os pi t et heZa mor i nsofCa l i c uta ndf ur t he rhi sowni nt e r e s t s . Af t e rbe i ngs a v e df r om t hewr a t hoft heZa mor i ni n1503,t heKi ng a l l owe dt he mt oc ons t r uc taf or tt opr ot e c tt he i rgodownsa ndf ur t he r t he i rna v a li nt e r e s t s .Thedi s t i nc t i onbe t we e n‘ Eur o pe a n’Koc hia nd ‘ Na t i v e ’Koc hiwa s dr a wn ne a rt he pr e s e ntCa l v a t hy c a na l .The Por t ugue s ea l s oc ons t r uc t e dane wpa l a c ef ort heKi nga tMa t t a nc he r r y a t1555,whi c hwa sl a t e rr e c ons t r uc t e dbyt heDut c ha ndi spopul a r l y k nowna st heDut c hPa l a c enow.
Ma pofPor t ugue s eCoc hi n Cr e a t e dbe t we e nc i r c a1620a ndc i r c a1640 Publ i cdoma i n Sour c e df r omt heWi k i me di aCommons
The a r e a whe r et he F or ts t ood ha s gone t hr ough e nor mous t r a ns f or ma t i on–t heDut c ht a k e ov e rof Koc hi i n1663s a wde s t r uc t i onof mos tPor t ugue s ei ns t i t ut i onsa ndbui l di ngs ,anot a bl ee x c e pt i onbe i ng t heStF r a nc i sChur c h,whi c hs t i l ls t a ndst oda ya st hefir s tEur ope a n Chur c hi nI ndi a .Dut c h oc c upa t i on ofKoc his a w Eur ope a n ur ba n pl a nni ngpr i nc i pl e sbe i nga ppl i e dt ot hea r e awi t hwi der oa ds ,t r e el i ne d wa l k wa y s ,a v e nue se t c .TheBr i t i s hc a pt ur eofKoc hii n1814a ndt he s ubs e que ntoc c upa t i onl e dt oaf ur t he rdi s us eoft hef or t ,whi c hwa s e v e nt ua l l yde mol i s he d. Ma pofDut c hCoc hi n The r ea r enoc l e a rr e c or dsoft hee x t e ntofr e c l a ma t i onbyt heEur ope a n powe r s , but i t i sc l e a rs omeof i t woul dha v et a k e npl a c e , c ons i de r i ngt he ge ogr a phyoft hepl a c ea nds i mi l a rpr a c t i c e se l s e whe r e .Not a bl y ,t he e x i s t i ngSa nt aCr uzgr oundi nKoc hi i ss a i dt oha v ebe e napondfil l e di n wi t hi dol s ,i ma ge sf r om de s t r oy e dPor t ugue s ec hur c he sa ndfla t t e ne d dur i ngt heDut c hpe r i od.Dur i ngt heSa nt aCr uzpe r i od,t h egr oundwa s duga ndt he s ewe r er e c ov e r e d.
Cr e a t e d1665 Publ i cdoma i n,Na t i ona a l Ar c hi e f ,Ne t he r l a nds Sour c e df r omt heWi k i me di aCommons
The Coc hi n r oy a lf a mi l ys hi f t e d t he i rc a pi t a lc ompl e t e l yt o Thr i ppuni t hur aby1865, a ndt hi sma r k e dt hene x ts t a gei nt hee v ol ut i on oft her e gi on.Er na k ul a m be ga nt or i s ea sa na dmi ni s t r a t i v ec e nt r e . Somei ns t i t ut i onss e tupwe r et heHuz urc our ti n1812,a nEngl i s h Sc hoola ndhos pi t a ldur i ng184058( t he s el a t e rgr e wi nt ot hef a mous Ma ha r a j a sc ol l e ge a nd Ge ne r a lhos pi t a l ,r e s pe c t i v e l y ) .Ex t e ns i v e r e c l a ma t i on oft heba c k wa t e rs t a r t e d dur i ng 18791889 whe nt he f or e s hor ewa sgr e a t l yi mpr ov e di nt e r msoff a c i l i t i e s . Dr yl a ndwa sv e r y s c a r c ei nt hev i c i ni t yof t heHuz urCour t ( t h ea dmi ni s t r a t i v es e c r e t a r i a t of t heCoc hi nKi ngdom)t ha ta nyf ur t he re x pa ns i onr e qui r e dr e c l a ma t i on f r om t he ba c k wa t e r s or fil l i ng i n ma r s hl a nd.Thi sl a r ge s c a l e t r a ns f or ma t i onofwe t l a ndt odr ya r e a sc ont i nue di nc e s s a nt l y . Thes t a r toft he20t hc e nt ur ys a wpr oj e c t swhi c hde fini t i v e l ys hi f t e dt he l oc uso fKoc hif r om Ma t t a nc he r r y F or tKoc hit owa r dsEr na k ul a m –t he c ommi s s i oni ngoft her a i l wa yl i ne , a ndc ons t r uc t i onofamode r npor ta t t her e c l a i me dWi l l i ngdonI s l a nd.Ther a i l wa yl i newa sc ommi s s i one di n 1902 whi c hc onne c t e d Koc hiwi t ht her e s tofI ndi aa nd s pur r e d i ndus t r i a la c t i v i t yi nt hea r e awi t ht hee s t a bl i s hme ntofi ndus t r i e ss uc h a sT a t aOi l Mi l l s ,Bur ma hShe l l oi l e t c . TheCoc hi nPor twa sc onc e pt ua l i s e dwhe nLor dWi l l i ngdon,t he nt he Gov e r norofMa dr a s Pr e s i de nc ya ppoi nt e d Si rRobe r tBr i s t ow t o de v e l opane wmode r npor ti nt her e gi on. Br i s t ow, uponc a r e f ul s t udyof t heba c k wa t e r s , de c i de dt opr oc e e dt hus–t hef or mi da bl es a ndba ra t t he e nt r a nc eoft hes hi pp i ngc ha nne l wa sr e mov e d,t hee nt i r ea r e adr e dge d e x t e ns i v e l y ,a ndt hee x c a v a t e dma t e r i a lus e dt ofil li na ndc r e a t ea n a r t i fic i a li s l a nda r oundt hea l r e a dye x i s t i ngVe ndur ut h yi s l a nd.The c ons t r uc t i onofr oa da ndr a i l br i dge sc onne c t i ngEr na k ul a mWi l l i ngdon I s l a ndTh oppumpa dy ( Ma t t a nc he r r y i s l a nd) f os t e r e d gr e a t e r i nt e gr a t i on.Ov e rt i me ,Wi l l i ngdoni s l a ndha sc omet ohous eal a r ge numbe rofpor t r e l a t e di ndus t r i e s ,i nc l udi ng t he Sout he r n Na v a l Comma ndoft heI ndi a nNa v y ,Ce nt r a l I ns t i t u t eofF i s he r i e sT e c hnol ogy , s e v e r a li mpor t e x por tof fic e s ,c e me ntma nuf a c t ur i nguni t s ,hot e l s ,a n a i r ba s ee t c .
Coa s t l i neofEr na k ul a mdur i ngBr i t i s hEr a Cr e a t e d1899 La ndr e v e nues ur v e y Gr a phi c a lma pc r e a t e df r om e x i s t i ngl i t homa pf r om t he pe r s ona l c ol l e c t i onofDrPVBe nj a mi n Re pr oduc e dwi t hpe r mi s s i on.Nott obec opi e dwi t hout e x pr e s spe r mi s s i onofor i gi na l a ut hor .
Pos t1950s ,t hec i t yr e gi ongr e wbyl e a p sa ndbounds ,ont heba c kof i ndus t r i a l i s a t i ona ndot he rbi gt i c k e tgov e r nme ntpr oj e c t s .Apr omi ne nt onei st heCoc hi nShi py a r d,whi c hi ss i t ua t e don170a c r e sofa c qui r e d l a nda tt heEr na k ul a mc oa s t . Ama i ne mpl oy me ntge ne r a t or , i tl e dt ot he de v e l opme ntofpl a nne dr e s i de nt i a lde v e l opme nt ss uc ha sGi r iNa g a r , Ga ndhiNa ga ra nd Pa na mpi l l yNa ga ron pa ddyfie l dswhi c h we r e a c qui r e da ndfil l e di nbyt hene wl yc ons t i t ut e dGCDA( Gr e a t e rCoc hi n De v e l opme ntAut hor i t y ) .I nt he1980s ,t heCoc hi nT ownPl a nni ngT r u s t ( f or e r unne rt ot heGCDA)ov e r s a wt hede v e l opme ntofoneoft he bi gge s tr e c l a ma t i onpr oj e c t swhi c hc ha nge dt hef a c eofKoc hi–t he Ma r i neDr i v er e c l a ma t i ons c he me .Ar ound37a c r e swe r er e c l a i me d f r om t heba c k wa t e r sf ort hi spr oj e c t .Ar ound20y e a r sl a t e r ,apr oj e c tof s i mi l a rma gni t udewa sc a r r i e doutf ur t he rnor t ha l ongt hec oa s t ,by GI DA( Gos hr e eI s l a ndsDe v e l opme ntAut hor i t y ) .I nbot ht hepr oj e c t s , t heCoc hi nPor tT r us twa si nv ol v e da sas t a k e hol de r , a st he yha v et hede j ur ec l a i mt ot hee x t e ntoft heba c k wa t e r sf or5mi l e sa r oundt hepor t . Koc hi ’ sde s i r et oe x t e ndi t spor ts phe r eofi nflue nc edi dn ots t opt he r e . Thes t a r toft he21s tc e nt ur ys a wt hec ommi s s i oni ngofmor ebi gt i c k e t , c a pi t a li n t e ns i v e pr oj e c t s whi c hr e qui r e de x t e ns i v er e c l a ma t i on. Va l l a r pa da ma nd Put huv y pewe r enot i fie da sSEZ a r e a s ,a nd t wo pr oj e c t sc ur r e nt l yope r a t et he r e–Va l l a r pa da mI nt e r na t i ona lCont a i ne r T r a ns s hi pme ntT e r mi na l( I ndi a ’ sfir s t )a ndPut huv y pePe t r one tLNG i mpor tt e r mi na l .The s epr oj e c t sa r enotwi t houtt he i rf a i rs ha r eof c ont r ov e r s i e s ,s uc ha st heupc omi ng I OC LPG i mpor tt e r mi na la t Put huv y pewhi c ha c t i v i s t sa c c us ev i ol a t es e v e r a ls a f e t ynor msi na n i s l a ndwi t ht hehi ghe s tpopul a t i onde ns i t yi nt her e gi on.The r ea r ea l s o a l l e ga t i onsofde s t r uc t i onofma ngr ov e s , flout i ngofCRZnor mss uc ha s t her e c e ntr e c l a ma t i onbyt heCoc hi nPor tT r us twhi c hwa sl e a s e doutt o ap r i v a t ede v e l ope rt oc ons t r uc tal ux ur yhot e la nda ni nt e r na t i ona l c onv e nt i onc e nt r e . Ex pa ns i onpl a nsoft heCoc hi nPor tT r us ti nc l udec ons t r uc t i onofa n e x t e ns i v e br e a k wa t e rs y s t e m e x t e ndi ng out i nt ot he s e a ,a nd r e c l a ma t i onsofne a r l y3000a c r e si nor de rt of a c i l i t a t ec ons t r uc t i onof r e fine r i e sa ndot he ra l l i e df a c i l i t i e s . The s epr opos a l sa r ec ur r e nt l yunde r r e v i e w.
Coc hi n,Er na k ul a ma ndv i c i ni t yi n1955 Pr e pa r e dbyt heUSa r myma ps e r v i c ea ndi nt hepubl i c doma i n.
MO D E R ND E V E L O P ME N T-AS T O R YO FP R O J E C T S I nt hemi d19t hc e nt ur y , t het r a j e c t or yoff ut ur eKoc hi wa ss t i l l unde c i de d. Thebus t l i ngur ba nc e nt r eofF or tKoc hi / Ma t t a nc he r r ywa ss ur r ounde dby mul t i pl el a ndma s s e sofs i mi l a rge ogr a phy-l owl y i ng,s wa mpy ,ma r s hy l a nds . Thej our ne yf r omt he r et opr e s e ntda y-ofi nc r e di bl ev a r i a t i ons e e n a l ong t hec oa s t-i sa l s o as t or yofdi r e c t e d ,i ns t i t ut i ona l i s e dl a n d r e c l a ma t i on. Thi si sa na t t e mptt ol ooka tt ha tv a r i a t i ont hr oughas e r i e sofpr oj e c t s .
GI DAr e c l a ma t i on a nd Ma nga l a v a na ma r e a
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Pa na mpi l l y na ga r Thea t t e mpthe r ei st ot r a c et hee v ol ut i onof e a c hoft he s epr oj e c t s / a r e a s ;t he yha v ec ome upi nr e gi onsofs i mi l a rge ogr a phi e s ,a ndy e t ha v ewi de l ydi e r e ntl a ndus e sa ndf or ms .
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Gi r i na ga r
Sa t e l l i t ev i e won27t hSe pt ,2002
Sa t e l l i t ev i e won10t hF e b,2005
Sa t e l l i t ev i e won18t hJ a n,2018
L A N DG E N E S I S t hec r e a t i ona tBol gha t t yi s l a nd Sa t e l l i t ev i e won13t hJ a n,2012
Mul a v uk a d,k nownl oc a l l ya sBol gha t t yi s l a nd,i sf a mousf ort he18t h c e nt ur yDut c hPa l a c ewhi c ha l s os e r v e da st heGov e r nor ’ spa l a c ei n Dut c hMa l a ba r ,a ndl a t e ra st hes e a toft heBr i t i s hr e s i de ntofCoc hi n. Af t e ri nde pe nde nc e ,i tbe c a mepr ope r t yoft hes t a t ea ndwa sc onv e r t e d t oahe r i t a gehot e lr e s or tbe i ngma na ge dbyKTDC( Ke r a l aT our i s m De v e l opme ntCor por a t i on) . I n2011,t heCPT( Coc hi nPor tT r us t )goti nt oc ont r ov e r s i e sov e rt he t e r msofl a ndl e a s e dt oapr i v a t ede v e l ope ron10. 9he c t a r e s( 27a c r e s ) ofr e c l a i me dl a nda tt hes out hwe s t e r ne ndofMul a v uk a di s l a nd.
T i me l i neofDe v e l opme nt : I n200405,apr opos a l be f or et heBoa r dofT r us t e e sa tCPTwa spl a c e d -dr e dgi nga ndfil l i ngofl a nda tBol gha t t yi s l a nd“ t opr ov i dea ddi t i ona l l a nda r e aa dj a c e ntt oVa l l a r pa da mf ort hef ut ur ede v e l opme ntpl a nsof CPT” ,a c c or di ngt ot hef or me rCPTc ha i r ma n. I n2009, pe r mi s s i onwa sr e que s t e df r omt heUni onMi ni s t r yofShi ppi ng byt het he nCPTc ha i r ma n“ f orl ongt e r ml e a s i ngofc e r t a i npl ot sofl a nd whi c ha r enotus e f ul f orpor t r e l a t e da c t i v i t i e s . ”Pe r mi s s i onwa sgr a nt e d t ol e a s eoutt he s epl ot sf or30y e a r ss ot heCPTwoul dnotr e qui r e fina nc i a l s uppor tf ori t sr e gul a rwor k s . T e nde r swe r ei nv i t e df orl a ndl e a s ei n2010,a nda f t e ronl yas i ngl e t e nde rwa sr e c e i v e d,t heCPTa l l ot t e dt hel a ndt oapr i v a t ee n t r e pr e ne ur whe r e i nt hel a ndc oul dbeus e df ors e t t i nguphot e l s , r e s or t s , c o nv e nt i on c e nt r e se t c .The r ewa sapubl i cout c r yov e rt h ea l l ot me ntofl a nd r e c l a i me df orpor ta c t i v i t i e sf orpr i v a t epr ofitge ne r a t i ngpur pos e s ,a s we l l a st heunde r v a l ua t i onoft hel a nd, whi c hbys omee s t i ma t e swa sa s muc ha s10t i me s .
Conc e ptpl a nf ort hepr oj e c twhi c hc l e a r l ys howe d ‘ s e r v i c ea pa r t me nt s ’a sas e pa r a t epa r toft he pr oj e c t . Sour c e :TheHi ndu
The de v e l ope rl a nde di n a ne wc ont r ov e r s y whe ne nv i r onme nt a l c l e a r a nc ewa ss oughtf or‘ s e r v i c ea pa r t me nt s ’a spa r toft hepr oj e c t , whi c hwa se x pl i c i t l ya ga i ns tt het e r msofa gr e e me nt . I n 2015,t heKe r a l agov e r nme ntr e j e c t e d pe t i t i onsc ha l l e ngi ng t he gov e r nme ntor de ra l l owi ngc ons t r uc t i onbyt hepr i v a t ede v e l ope r .The a ppr ov e ds i t ec a me unde rt he c a t e gor y of‘ wa t e rs he e t ’whe r e c ons t r uc t i onha db e e npr ohi bi t e da c c or d i ngt ot heSt r uc t ur ePl a n. The gov e r nme ntha dpa s s e ds e pa r a t eor de r se x e mpt i ngt hec ompa nyf r o m t hez oni ngpr ov i s i onsoft hea ppr ov e dt ownpl a nni ngs c he me . I n2017,ac ommi t t e ea ppoi nt e dbyt heMi ni s t r yofEnv i r onme nt ,F or e s t a ndCl i ma t eCha ngef oundr e c l a ma t i onbyt heCPTi l l e ga l ,whi c hl e f t “ s e v e r ea dv e r s ei mpa c t sont hee s t ua r i nee c os y s t e m” . Thec ons t r uc t i onha dbe e nc ompl e t e dwi t houtt hes e r v i c ea pa r t me nt s pa r toft hepr oj e c ta ndi tof fic i a l l yope ne donApr i l 28,2018.
Compl e t e dpr oj e c ta tBol gha t t yi s l a nd.
G I D AR E C L A MA T I O N l ux ur i e sfina nc ene c e s s i t i e s
GI DA r e c l a ma t i on
F or de c a de s ,t he i s l a nds of Mul a v uk a d ( Bol gha t t y ) ,Va l l a r pa da m a nd Vy pi nr e ma i ne d unc onne c t e dt ot hema i nl a nda tEr na k ul a m. Ma ny pr opos a l sc a meupov e rt hey e a r sofat hr e e br i dgepr oj e c t , but wa sf oundfina nc i a l l yunv i a bl e . Theonusofde v e l opi ngt hebr i dge sf a l l i ngont he ne wl y c ons t i t ut e d GI DA ( Gos hr e e I s l a nds De v e l opme nt Aut hor i t y ) ,a ne w s c he me f or fina nc i ngt hebr i dge swa spr opos e d. Si nc et hegov e r nme ntwa suna bl et of undt he pr oj e c t ,i twa spr opos e dt ha tl a ndr e c l a ma t i onbe c a r r i e douta tt hema i nl a ndwhi c hc oul dbes ol da t hi ghpr i c e st of undt hebr i dge s . Thel oc a t i onoft her e c l a ma t i onwa sc r uc i a l ,s i nc e i tha dt obes t r a t e gi c a l l yl oc a t e dt oc omma ndhi gh pr i c e s ,a swe l la ss e r v ea st hebr i dgel i nk .I ta l s o ha dt obei ns ha l l ow wa t e r ss ot ha tt hec os tof r e c l a ma t i oni sl ow. 25he c t a r e s( 61a c r e s )ofl a ndwa sr e c l a i me da nd s ol dt omul t i pl ede v e l ope r s .Ther e c l a ma t i onwa s c a r r i e doutbyt heCoc hi nPor tT r us ta ndf unde d byac ons or t i um ofba nk s .Thes a l eoft hel a nd f e t c he d330c r or e sout of whi c ha r ound80c r or e s fina nc e dt hebr i dge s .Ther e s toft hemone yha s gonei nt oGI DA’ swor k i ngc a pi t a l ,whi c hi sus e d t of unds e v e r a lpr oj e c t ss uc ha spi pe dwa t e r c onne c t i onse t ct ot hei s l a nds .
Sa t e l l i t ev i e wofr e c l a i me dl a ndon27t hSe pt ,2002 Sour c e :Googl eEa r t hhi s t or i c a l i ma ge r y
Ae r i a lv i e w oft her e c l a i me dl a nd,wi t ht heunde r c ons t r uc t i ona swe l l a sc ompl e t e dpr oj e c t s . Sour c e :Sk y s c r a pe r c i t y
ur y . . r e c l a i me d? Thepr oc e s sf r om c onc e pt i ont os a l eha dnotbe e ne nt i r e l ys moot h Lux I ma ge soft hel ux ur yr e s i de nt i a lpr oj e c t sa tt he s a i l i ngf ort hepr oj e c t .Se v e r a lde l i be r a t i onsa ndne got i a t i onswi t h GI DAr e c l a ma t i on. t hemul t i pl es t a k e hol de r si nv ol v e dpoi ntt owa r dst hedy na mi c sof l a ndr e c l a ma t i ont oda y: Thei ni t i a lpr opos a lbyGI DAi nv ol v e dame gapr oj e c twi t h4 br i dge sa ndr e c l a i mi ngne a r l y1000he c t a r e sofl a nd.Thi swa s dr oppe da f t e rpubl i coppos i t i on. TheKe r a l aGov e r nme ntha dt ot r a ns f e r110he c t a r e sofl a nda t Put huv y pe e ni ne x c ha ngeof t her i ght t or e c l a i mt hi sl a ndwhi c h wa sdej ur eowne dbyt heCoc hi nPor tT r us t( CoPT) . I ni t i a lf undi ngf ort hepr oj e c tt oGI DAha dt oc omef r om a c ons or t i u m ofba nk sa ndwhe nt hes t a t egov e r nme ntwa s i ni t i a l l yhe s i t a ntt obet hegua r a nt ort ot hi sl oa n,t heCoPT s ugge s t e dt he e nt i r e pr oj e c t be ha nde d ov e rt ot he m c ons i de r i ng t he i re x pe r t i s e ,wor k i ng c a pi t a ls ur pl us a nd i nv ol v e me ntf orr e c l a ma t i ona ndbr i dgec ons t r uc t i on.
Sour c e :99a c r e s
Ane x e mpt i onf r omt hepr ov i s i onsofKe r a l aLa ndRe f or msAc t , r e ga r di ngt hel a nd‘ c e i l i ng’( t ot a la mountofl a ndt ha tc a nbe he l dbyape r s on)ha dt obema debyt heSt a t egov e r nme ntf or t hi spr oj e c t .I twa sa l s oe x e mptf r omt heSt r uc t ur ePl a n. Se v e r a la t t e mpt st ot e nde rt he l a nd i ni t i a l l y ha d be e n uns uc c e s s f ul . Thefir s ti n2003, whe nt hebr i dge sha dnotbe e n r e a dyy e t ,duet ol a c kofbi dde r s .HLLf a c t or ywhi c hus e dt o e x i s tne x tt ot heba c k wa t e r sbe f or et her e c l a ma t i onc l a i me d e a s e me ntr i ght st hr oughapubl i cnot i c ei n2003.Thi swa s e v e nt ua l l ys e t t l e dbybui l di ngar oa dt ot hepr e mi s e s .
Sour c e :Se a s ona l Ma ga z i ne
I ni t i a l t e nde r si nv ol v e dt wopa r t i e sge t t i ngt hewhol epl otf ora muc hl owe rpr i c e( 196 c r or e sv s333 c r or e s )whi c h wa s e v e nt ua l l yc a nc e l l e d,c ha l l e nge di nt heHi ghCour ta ndnot t a k e nf or wa r d.F r e s ht e nde r si n2005f oundma nyt a k e r s . Thea l l ot me nt sma det ooneoft hede v e l ope r sha dr e c e nt l y be e na uc t i one dof f byaba nkc ons or t i umduet ononr e pa y me nt ofl oa ns .
Sour c e :Koc hi Konne c t ,F a c e book
Sour c e :Sobhade v e l ope r s
Que e n’ sWa l k wa y , awa l k wa ya but t i ngt hewa t e re dge ma i nt a i ne dbyapr i v a t ede v e l ope r . Sour c e :T r i pa dv i s or
MA N G A L A V A N A M
s a nc t ua r y , nomor e ?
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TheMa nga l a v a na m bi r ds a nc t ua r yc ons i s t sof2. 74ha ( 6. 7a c r e s )of t i da l ma ngr ov ev e ge t a t i ons i t ua t e dnor t hof t heKe r a l aHi ghCour t .I twa sde s i gna t e da sapr ot e c t e d a r e ai n2004byt heDe pa r t me ntofF or e s t sa ndWi l dl i f e , Ke r a l a . Wha ti spe r ha psmor ei nt e r e s t i ng, i st hedi v e r s i t yofl a nd us e sa r oundt hePA, mos t of i t de r i v i ngf r o mEr na k ul a m’ s r i s ea sa ni ndus t r i a l t own. Thea r e as e r v e da st het e r mi nusofEr na k ul a m’ sfir s t r a i l wa yl i nef r om 1902.Thepr e s e ntMa nga l a v a na ma r e a s e r v e da sat i mbe rde pots t oc k i n gt i mbe rt hr oughf e r r y boa t s .Duet ot her a i l wa yl i ne ,ot he ri ndus t r i e sha da l s o c omeup,s uc ha sBur ma hShe l l( now BPCL) ,T a t aOi l Mi l l s ,St a nda r dVa c c um Oi l e t c .Af t e rt hes t a t i onf e l l i nt o di s us e ,mos toft he s eha v ebe c omede f unc t .Asofnow, t heonl yi ndus t r i a la c t i v i t ygoi ngona tt hea r e ai sa tt h e HULf a c t o r y . I nt hepa s tde c a d e , gov e r nme ntgr a nt swi t hi nt hea r e aha v ea l l owe dt a l l bui l di ngs s uc ha st hos eoft heCe nt r a lMa r i neF i s he r i e sRe s e a r c hI ns t i t ut e( CMF RI ) , Na t i ona lI ns t i t ut eofOc e a nogr a phy ,a ndMa t s y a f e d( f e de r a t i onoffis he r me n c oope r a t i v e st oc omeup. Wha ti si nt e r e s t i nga boutt heMa nga l a v a na ma r e ai st ha tt hea r e awa snotk n own a sabi r dne s t i nga r e aa ndha ds c a nt yv e ge t a t i one v e naf e wde c a de sba c k . I tha d be e nus e da sagr a z i nga ndwa s t edumpi ngpl a c e . I t wa st hegr a dua l r e wi l di ngof t hea r e aa f t e rt hea ba ndonme nt of t her a i l wa ys t a t i ona ndBPCLa r e at ha t i t s t a r t e d be c omi ngas a f eha v e nf ormi gr a t or ybi r ds . Theba c k wa t e rf r ont a gei nt hi sr e gi onofEr na k ul a mha da l s os t a r t e dbe c o mi nga n a t t r a c t i v eopt i onf orl ux ur yr e a le s t a t e( s uc ha si nt heGI DAr e c l a ma t i on) ,a st he i ndus t r i a ll a ndus e sbe ga nt ober e l e ga t e dt oe i t he rt hewe s t e r ni s l a ndso rt he i nt e r i or sofEr na k ul a m.Ma nga l a v a na m’ ss h or tl i v e dr ol ea sabi r ds a nc t ua r y s e e mst obee ndi ng;wi t hhi ghr i s ede v e l o pme nt sa l l a r ound,mi gr a t or ybi r dsa r e nol onge ra b l et ona v i ga t es uc c e s s f ul l yt ot hi sa r e a .Bi r ds i gh t i ngsa r er a r e rnow.
The r ea r ec ompe t i ngc l a i msf ort he‘ be s t ’ us eoft hea r e a . TheRa i l wa y St a t i onnows t a ndsi nr ui ns ; ahe r i t a ges t r u c t ur ei nadi l a pi da t e ds t a t e . Mul t i pl epr opos a l sc omeupf r om t i met ot i me ,t oc onv e r ti ti nt oa mus e um,oras ubur ba ns t a t i on,ore v e nr e v i v ei ta sat hi r dr a i l wa y s t a t i onf orEr na k ul a m.The r ea r ec onc e r nst hi swoul dl e a dt oaf ur t he r de t e r i or a t i onoft hequa l i t yofMa nga l a v a na m. Sour c e : TheHi ndu
K O C H I MA R I N ED R I V E a s pi r a t i onsofac oa s t a l c i t y TheCoc hi n Ma r i neDr i v eSc he me( CMDS)i soneoft hemos t s i gni fic a ntpr oj e c t sunde r t a k e ni nKoc hi ,c a r r i e doutbyt heCoc hi n T ownPl a nni ngT r us t( f or e r unne roft h eGCDA) .Thepr oj e c twa s c a r r i e douton36. 68a c r e sofl a ndr e c l a i me df r om t heba c k wa t e r si n t wos t a ge s-19. 44a c r e ss out hoft heRa i l wa yc a na l i nt he1970sa nd 19. 24a c r e snor t hofi ta f t e r wa r ds-f orac ombi ne dl e ngt hofne a r l y 3k mofwa t e r f r ontde v e l opme nt . Thepr oj e c ti snot a bl ef ors e v e r a l c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s-
Coc hi nMa r i neDr i v eSc heme
a )A ma s t e rpl a nf ort hee nt i r efir s ts t a gewa spr e pa r e d bya c ons ul t a nta r c hi t e c tf r omDe l hi ,dr a wi ngi nout s i dee x pe r t i s e . b)Thema s t e r pl a ni snot a bl ef ori t se mpha s i sonope ns pa c e s-ne a r l y 1/ 3r doft het ot a l a r e a .Koc hi nowe nj oy ss i gn i fic a ntgr e e na ndo pe n s pa c ea tt hec i t yc e nt r eduet ot hi spr oj e c t . c )Thepr oj e c twe ntf orat he nunhe a r dofc onc e pt-Gl oba lF AR-i . e r a t i ooft het ot a l bui l tupa r e at ot hes c he mea r e awa sl i mi t e dt o1. 7. Wi t hs i gni fic a ntope ns pa c e ,t hepe r mi s s i bl eF ARoft hede v e l opa bl e pl ot swa st husi nc r e a s e d. d)GCDAha di ni t i a l l ypl a nne dt oc ons t r uc ta l l t hebui l di ngs . Howe v e r due t o fina nc i a ldi f fic ul t i e si n 1992 i twa s de c i de dt o go f or pr i v a t i s a t i on a nd r e gul a t ec ons t r uc t i on wi t hc ont r oldr a wi ngs s uppl i e dbyGCDA. e )T hei ni t i a lc onc e pti nv ol v e dar oa da but t i ngt heba c k wa t e r s ,t hus ma k i ngi tal i t e r a l‘ Ma r i neDr i v e ’ .Howe v e re nv i r onme nt a lc onc e r ns e v e nt ua l l yma det hi si nt oape de s t r i a nwa l k wa yf ort h ee nt i r es t r e t c h, wi t h3br i dge sa c r os st hec a na l s .Thee nt i r ea r e ai snowat hr i v i ng publ i cs pa c e . f )Pr ov i s i ons f orpubl i cf a c i l i t i e s we r ea l s ok e pt ,s uc ha st he Er na k ul a mboa tj e t t ya ndt het our i s tboa tj e t t i e s ,e t c .
F ut ur ee x pa ns i onpl a nsf ort hema r i nedr i v es c he meha v ebe e nont he dr a wi ngboa r df ory e a r s .Howe v e rt he yha v ebe e ni nc ont r ov e r s i e s duet oe nv i r onme nt a lc onc e r nsa ndt hel a r ges c a l er e c l a ma t i ons i nv ol v e d.
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M. G. Roa d,t he‘ hi ghs t r e e t ’ofKoc hi , i sa70f e e tr oa dpl a nne di n1923but wor ks t a r t e donl yi n1949.I twa s pl a nne da sama i na r t e r i a lr oa d;a 4k ms t r e t c hr unni ngf r om The v a r a br i dgei nt hes out ht oc onne c twi t h Ba ne r j i r oa di nt henor t h.
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Be f or et her oa d, t hea r e ac ons i s t e dof l ong s t r e t c he s of unus e d pa ddy fie l ds ,a nd pa r t s of a c a na lor wa t e r wa y . I n f a c t , t he r oa d pr e di c t a bl y floods e v e r y mons oon e v e n wi t hs hor ts pe l l s of r a i n; pe r ha psbe t r a y i ngi t sl owl y i ngpa s t . F orde c a de st her oa dof f e r e dt hebe s t ofhi ghc omme r c et ha tKoc hiha d, wi t ht e x t i l es hops , j e we l r ys t or e sa nd i nt e r na t i ona l br a nds .Thegr owt hha s s t a r t e ddi f f us i ngt ot hee a s toft he c i t y ,a l t hough t he r oa d ha s not di mi ni s he di ni mpor t a nc e ,wi t ha l ong s t r e t c h oft he Koc hiMe t r o r unni ngt hr oughi tnow.
E R N A K U L A MMA R K E TA N DM. GR O A D Coc hi n’ sc omme r c i a l node s TheEr na k ul a m ma r k e ta r e aha sahi s t or ygoi ngba c kt omo r et ha n100y e a r s , butt he r ea r es hopswhi c hc l a i ma na nt i qui t yofe v e n150y e a r she r e .T he ma r k e t c a meupdur i ngBr i t i s hr ul ei nCoc hi na st hef oc usof a c t i v i t i e swa sa l s o s l owl yt ur ni ngt oEr na k ul a m. TheMa ha r a j a hofCoc hi nga v et hema r k e ta r e at o J e wi s ht r a de r sf orbus i ne s s ,a ndt hefis hi ngc ommuni t i e sa l r e a dye x i s t i ng t he r ewe r er e s e t t l e dt oVa dut ha l a ,nor t hoft hec i t y .Thec a na l s ,boa tbe r t hi ng a r e a se t cwe r ec ons t r uc t e ddur i ngt hi st i me . Thec a na l sa ndt heba c k wa t e r ss e r v e da sa ne x c e l l e ntt r a ns por t a t i ons y s t e m f ort hema r k e te v e nt i l lt he1990s .Nowt he yha v ef a l l e ni nt odi s us ea nda r e me r e l ydumpi ng gr oundsa nd s e wa gec ha nne l s .At t e mpt sunde rv a r i ous pr oj e c t s( Coc hi nSma r tCi t yMi s s i on,Ke r a l aShi ppi nga ndI nl a ndNa v i ga t i on Cor por a t i o n)a r ebe i ngma det or e v i v et hec a na l sa ndi mpr ov et hema r k e ta r e a .
Er na k ul a mma r k e tc a na l i nt he1950s
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M. GRoa di n1965( t op)a ndt oda y Sour c e :TheHi ndu
K O C H I ' SF I R S T P L A N N E DH O U S I N G The3c ol oni e s Ga ndhi Na ga r
I nt he1970s , wi t ht hec ommi s s i oni ngoft heCoc hi n Shi py a r da swe l l a ss e v e r a l ot he ri ndus t r i e s , t hedi r e ne e df orapl a nne dr e s i de nt i a lde v e l opme ntwhi c h c oul da l s oc ont a i nf ut ur ee x pa ns i onwa sf e l t . The l a nd a c qui r e df or t he s e pr oj e c t s wa sa c ombi na t i on ofdi s us e d pa ddy fie l ds ,l owl y i ng we t l a nds a nd gov e r nme nt l a nds whi c h we r e s y s t e ma t i c a l l yr e c l a i me da ndfil l e di n.F orma ny y e a r s ,t hea l l ot me ntl e t t e rbyGCDAs e r v e da st he pr oofofowne r s hi pf ort her e s i de nt s .
GCDAHQ
Be i ng a pl a nne d pr oj e c t ,t he r e we r es e v e r a l a me ni t i e sgi v e npr e f e r e nc ei nt hede v e l opme nt s uc h a sa ni ndoors t a di um,hos pi t a l s ,s c hool se t cwhi c h wa spi one e r i ngf ort hos et i me si nKe r a l a . Ar e aoft hePa na mpi l l yNa ga rpr oj e c ti n1899 Sour c e : Li t homa psof Er na k ul a mv i l l a gef r omt hepe r s ona l c ol l e c t i on ofDr .PVBe nj a mi n.Re pr oduc e dhe r ewi t hpe r mi s s i on.Nott obe c opi e dwi t houte x pr e s spe r mi s s i onofor i gi na l a ut hor .
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TheT ownPl a nni ngSc he medoc ume nt f orEl a mk ul a mWe s t ( whi c h c ont a i ns ma j orpa r t s ofPa na mpi l l y Na ga r )c ont a i ns s e v e r a l i nt e r e s t i ngde t a i l sa boutt hena t ur eoft hi sde v e l opme n t : T h i sl o c a l i t yi sl a c k i n gi nma n yo f t h eb a s i cn e c e s s i t i e so f c i v i cl i f e . Mo s t o f t h i sa r e ai s l o wl y i n ga n dwa t e rl o g g e d . P i e c e me a l d e v e l o p me n t sa r et a k i n gp l a c ea t af a s t r a t e , r e s u l t i n gi nah a p h a z a r dg r o wt h . T h el o wl y i n gf i e l d sa r eb e i n gr e c l a i me db yp r i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l s , a n db u i l d i n g sa r eb e i n gc o n s t r u c t e dwi t h o u t p r o p e ra p p r o a c h e s , d r a i n a g e f a c i l i t i e s , e t c . . . T h eT o wnp l a n n i n gs c h e mef o r t h i s a r e awi l l h e l pt h ed e v e l o p me n t o f t h i s a r e aa c c o r d i n gt os o u n dp r i n c i p l e so f P l a n n i n g . Thedoc ume ntgoe sont os ugge s t
Thet ot a la r e aoft hes c he mewa s155. 3a c r e soutofwhi c h97. 15 a c r e sha dt obea c qui r e d. Thebr e a k downoft hea c qui s i t i onwa sa s f ol l ows : A r e at ob ea c q u i r e df o rn e wr o a d sa n dwi d e n i n go f r o a d s Ca n a l s P u b l i cu s e sNe i g h b o u r h o o dc e n t r e swi t hs h o p sa n ds c h o o l , n u r s e r ys c h o o l e t c P l a n n e dr e s i d e n t i a l d e v e l o p me n t
2 1 . 1 6a c r e s 1 . 3 8a c r e s 8 . 7 8a c r e s 6 5 . 8 3a c r e s
About900pl ot sofs i z ev a r y i ngf r om 2. 5c e nt sf orr owhous e st o12c e nt s f ori ndi v i dua l hous e sorfla t sa r epr ov i de di nt hes c he me s . F ort het ot a lne te x pe ndi t ur eof~69l a k hs ,t hea mountwa spr opos e dt obe r a i s e df r omt hes a l eofs i t e sa ndbui l di ngs ,a swe l l a sabe t t e r me ntt a x . Thedoc ume nta l s opr ov i de st hee x pe ns e sf or‘ fil l i ngupofpa ddyfie l dsa nd ot he rl ow l y i nga r e a sa ndr oa dwa y se t c ,f ora v e r a ge4f tfil l i ng’ .Af t e r de v e l opme nt ,1a c r ewa sr e l e a s e dt oe x i s t i ngowne r sa nd2a c r e swa sus e d f orr e ha bi l i t a t i on.Ther e por ta l s oc a t e gor i c a l l ys t a t e st ha tt hec os tf or pr ov i di ngs e r v i c e ss uc ha se l e c t r i c i t ya ndwa t e rwoul dnotbebor nebyt he T own Pl a nni ng Commi t t e e ,a nd i st her e s p ons i bi l i t yoft her e s pe c t i v e a ge nc i e s .ThePWDwa sa l s oa s s ume dt ou nd e r t a k et hef o r ma t i onofa l l r oa ds . I ne a r l i e rpr oj e c t soft heT ownPl a nni ngCommi t t e e ,hous i ngi nv a r i ous c l a s s e s-EWS,LI G,MI G,HI G ha dbe e nc ons t r uc t e dbyt hea ut hor i t i e s t he ms e l v e s .Howe v e r ,t heEl a mk ul a m We s tT ownPl a nni ngSc he mes a wt he a l l ot me ntofbi gge rpl ot st odi f f e r e nthous i ngs oc i e t i e s , whoc oul dt he na l l ot t hepl ot st oi t sme mbe r sa ndde v e l opt he mwi t h i nt hes c he me . I n2016,t he r ewe r ede l i be r a t i onsbyt heCoc hi nCor por a t i ont oc ha nge Pa na mpi l l yNa ga ri nt oa‘ mi x e dus e ’ a r e a ,c ons i de r i ngi t sc ha ngi ngpr ofil e .
C O C H I NS H I P Y A R D
at a l eofpubl i cpe r s e v e r a nc e
Shor t l ya f t e ri nde pe nde nc e ,t hene e df ora s e c ond s hi py a r dt oc ompl e me ntt he one e x i s t i nga t Vi s ha k ha pa t na mwa sf e l t , a nda f t e r muc hde l i be r a t i on,t heCe nt r a lGov e r nme nt de c i de donKoc hia st hes i t ei n1959.The Ke r a l agov t .a c qui r e d100a c r e si n1960a nd t hi swa sha nde dov e rt ot heCe nt r a lgov t .i n 1961. Howe v e r ,t he pr oj e c t got i nt o bur e a uc r a t i cde l a yf r omt ha ts t a ge . Ast hey e a r spa s s e d, t he500f a mi l i e se x i s t i ng ont hea c qui r e dl a ndwe r ei nafixa ndi n1966, t he ys uc c e s s f ul l yga r ne r e dna t i ona la t t e nt i on by‘ l a unc hi ng’al oc a l l yma des hi p.I n1967, 70 mor ea c r e s we r ea c qui r e da nd t he c ons t r uc t i ons t a r t e di n1972.Thema i nr oa d of t hec i t ypa s s i ngt hr ought hi sa r e aha dt obe r e r out e d, r e s i de nt sr e s e t t l e d a nd s ome r e l i gi ousbui l di ngse t cc l e a r e dwi t houtmuc h c ont r ov e r s i e s .Cons t r uc t i onoft hedoc k sa nd ot he r f a c i l i t i e s r e qui r e d dr e dgi ng a nd r e c l a ma t i ona l ongt hel owl y i ngwa t e re dge . F r om 19811985,12he c t a r e s( ~30a c r e s ) wa sr e c l a i me df ort heCoc hi nShi py a r da nd t a nk e rbe r t ha l ongt hewa t e re dgef r om t he ba c k wa t e r s .
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Ar e aoft hes hi py a r dpr oj e c ti n1899 Sour c e : Li t ho ma ps of Er na k ul a m v i l l a gef r om t hepe r s ona lc ol l e c t i onof Dr . PVBe nj a mi n. Re pr oduc e dhe r ewi t h pe r mi s s i on.Nott obec opi e dwi t hout e x pr e s spe r mi s s i onofor i gi na l a ut hor .
C O C H I NP O R TT R U S T
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TheMa j orPor tT r us t sAc t ,1963gi v e st heCoc hi nPor tT r us t a ut hor i t yov e rl a ndl i mi t se x t e ndi ngt hr oughi t sf or e s hor ea nd a l s oe x e c ut er e c l a ma t i onwor k swi t hi nt hi sf or e s hor e .I nt he c i t yofKoc hi , t hi sha sme a ntt heCoPTi sas t a k e hol de ri ne v e r y r e c l a ma t i onpr oj e c tt ha tha sha ppe ne da l ongi t sc oa s t l i ne ,a nd i tha sha dt hepowe rt ounde r t a k er e c l a ma t i ononi t sown, c i r c umv e nt i ngl oc a l s t r uc t ur epl a ns . TheCoc hi nPor tT r us twhi c hha sha di t sbe gi nni ngsont he nor t he ndofWi l l i ngdonI s l a nd( 233. 4ha ) , nowhol dsunde ri t s j ur i s di c t i on886. 046haofl a nd. Coc hi n,Er na k ul a ma ndv i c i ni t yi n1955.Publ i cdoma i n.
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Sour c e :The Dol l a r Bus i ne s s
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Mor e ov e r ,gui de l i ne sf r om t heMi ni s t r yofShi ppi nga l l owt he Por tT r us tt opr e pa r ei t sownl a n dus epl a nswh i c hma ynot ne c e s s a r i l ya l i gnwi t ht hos eoft hel oc a lpl a nni ngbodi e s .The r e c l a ma t i onsc a r r i e dout byt hePor t T r us t ha v ebe e nr e pe a t e dl y c r i t i c i s e df ori t se c ol ogi c a li mpa c tont heVe mba na dLa k e( a Ra ms a rs i t e ) ,a s we l la ss oc i a lc os t s of l a r ge s c a l e di s pl a c e me nt .Howe v e r ,t he s eďŹ ndt heba c k i ngoft heSt a t e gov ti nKe r a l a ,whi c hi st r y i ngt os he dt hei ma geofbe i ng i nv e s t me ntunf r i e ndl y . Re c e nt l y ,t heCoPTpr opos e da nout e rh a r bourpr oj e c t ,whi c h c oul dr e c l a i m a r ound 3000 he c t a r e s by c ons t r uc t i on of br e a k wa t e r sone i t he rs i deoft hea ppr oa c hc ha nne l .
Sour c e :TheCoc hi nPor twe bs i t e
C O N C L U S I O N S Ev e r yc i t y ,a si tde v e l ops ,c ons t a nt l yc ome supa ga i ns tr e s t r i c t i onsonl a nd a v a i l a bi l i t y ,a ndmul t i pl es t a k e hol de r sa ndi nt e r e s tgr oupsonl a nd.I nal a nd s t a r v e ds t a t el i k eKe r a l a , wi t honeoft hehi ghe s tpopul a t i onde ns i t i e si nI ndi a , Koc hic ons t a nt l ybuc k st hi st r e nd,e x pa ndi ng a nd r e dr a wi ng i t s‘ l a nd’ bounda r i e se v e r ynowa ndt he n. Ov e rt hede c a de s ,a l t hought heme c ha ni s m ofr e c l a ma t i onha sr e ma i ne dt he s a me ,i t sus ea sa ni ns t r ume ntofe qui t a bl e ,s us t a i na bl ede v e l opme ntha s be e nl e s spr onounc e d.F r om at ownpl a nni ngs c h e mewhi c hdi dnots e e kt o di s pl a c epe opl e( Pa na mpi l l yNa ga r ) ,i tbe c a mea ni ma gebui l di ngpr oj e c t ( Ma r i ne Dr i v e Sc he me ) ,a ni nf r a s t r uc t ur e fina nc i ng s c he me ( GI DA r e c l a ma t i on) ,c ov e r ta ndov e r twa y sofpr i v a t epr ofitunde rt hegui s eof‘ por t a c t i v i t y ’( Bol gha t t yi s l a nd)a nde v e npr oj e c t swhi c hdi s pl a c el i v e l i hoodsa nd da ma get hee c os y s t e m( Va l l a r pa da ma ndVy pi npr oj e c t s ) . Bi gc a pi t a l ,gov e r nme ntba c k i ng,a ndt hel a r ge ri nt e r e s tof‘ publ i cpur pos e ’ ma k et hei l l e ga ll e ga l .A j udge me ntt o ape t i t i on c ha l l e ni ng t heGI DA r e c l a ma t i onof25he c t a r e snot e dt ha t . . . t h ea p p r e h e n s i o n s , d i f f i c u l t i e sa n dd a n g e r sh a v eb e e nma g n i f i e do u t o f p r o p o r t i o n , t h a t wed on o t wi s ht oc o u n t e n a n c e , h a v i n gr e g a r dt ot h ep u b l i cp u r p o s et h eP r o j e c t wi l ls u b s e r v e . . . Wea g r e et h a ti twa so na c c o u n to fs h e e rf i n a n c i a la n do t h e r c o n s t r a i n t sa n df o rn oo t h e re x t e r n a lr e a s o n st h a ti td e c i d e dt h a tt h ep r o j e c tb e i mp l e me n t e dwi t hr e s o u r c e so f i t so wn . T h ec o n c e p t o f s e l f f i n a n c i n gi sn o t h i n gn e w a n dh a sb e e nwi d e l ya c c e p t e d . J a c o bV a d a k k a n c h e r r ya n de t cv sT h eS t a t eo f Ke r a l aa n do r s , J a n0 8 , 1 9 9 8 Ev e r yj udge me ntwoul ds e taj udi c i a l pr e c e de nt ;a ndt hel a ndr e c l a ma t i onf or s e l f fina nc i ngbr i dge sc oul dbe c omeamode lofi nf r a s t r uc t ur ede v e l opme nt , di s r e ga r di ngCRZl a ws . Thi sha sa l r e a dyha ppe ne d; wi t hr e s i de nt sde ma ndi ng abr i dgef r omKumba l a mt oThe v a r at obefina nc e dbyl a ndr e c l a ma t i on. TheKe r a l aCons e r v a t i onofPa ddy&We t l a ndAc t2008a swe l la sCRZl a ws s e e kt or e s t r i c tunc ont r ol l e dr e c l a ma t i onofl owl y i ngl a ndsa ndba c k wa t e r s ; howe v e ra swe ’ v es e e nqua s i gov e r nme nta ge nc i e ss uc ha st heCoc hi nPor t T r us tc ont i nuet opr opos ea ndde v e l opl a r gei nf r a s t r uc t ur epr oj e c t swi t hout c ons ul t i ngl oc a lgov e r nme nt sors t r uc t ur ea ndde v e l opme ntpl a ns .I ta f f e c t s t hes ma l l e s tl a ndhol de r ,whofindsf a r mi ngune c onomi c a l i nt h epr e s e ntda y . La ndr e c l a ma t i ona ndt r a ns f or ma t i onha st husc omeal ongwa yi nKoc hi . F r om ame t hodofs e t t l i ngt hel a nd,ofdr a i ni ngt hes wa mpst of a r mi t ,i tha s be c omeawi l f ula c tofc r e a t i on-f r om pi nna c l e sofl ux u r yt os i t e sofl a r ge i ndus t r y . I t ha ss t a r t e dc r e a t i ngpoc k e t sof c a pi t a l a n dc ompl e x i t ywhi c hbyi t s v e r yc r e a t i on, e x c l udemor epe opl et ha ni t i nc l ude s . Whe t he re mpowe r e da nd a wa r ec i t i z e nr ya ndl oc a lbodi e sc a nma k et hi sde v e l opme nte qui t a bl e , r e ma i nst obes e e n.
B I B L I O G R A P H Y H i s t o r i c a lD e v e l o p me n to ft h er e g i o n
L a n dG e n e s i s : T h ec r e a t i o na tB o l g h a t t yi s l a n d 1.KSSudhi ,“ Por tge t sj us tRs71c r or ef orade a l t obui l dfla t swor t hRs . 1, 000c r or e ” ,The Hi ndu,Apr i l 13,2013 ht t p: / / www. t he hi ndu. c om/ ne ws / c i t i e s / Koc hi / por t ge t s j us t r s 71c r or e f or a de a l t obui l dfla t s wor t hr s 1000c r or e / a r t i c l e 4611223. e c e 2.KSSudhi ,“ LuLus oughtnodf or‘ r e s i de nt i a l uni t s ’ a tBol ga t t y ” ,TheHi ndu,J une1,2013 ht t p: / / www. t he hi ndu. c om/ ne ws / c i t i e s / Koc hi / l ul us ought nodf or r e s i de nt i a l uni t s a t bol ga t t y / a r t i c l e 4769966. e c e 3.KSSudhi ,“ Re c l a ma t i onofBol ga t t yl a ndi l l e ga l :pa ne l ” ,TheHi ndu,Apr i l 6,2017 ht t p: / / www. t he hi ndu. c om/ ne ws / na t i ona l / k e r a l a / r e c l a ma t i onof bol ga t t y l a ndi l l e ga l pa ne l / a r t i c l e 17852856. e c e
G I D Ar e c l a ma t i o n : L u x u r i e sf i n a n c en e c e s s i t i e s 1.“TheCoc hi nConne c t i on” ,Cons t r uc t i onWor l d. i n,a c c e s s e d26t hApr i l 2018 ht t p: / / www. c ons t r uc t i onwor l d. i n/ Ne ws . a s px ?nI d=AQv Sk Xc g+ER9Q+mp/ l ud9A== 2.“ Re c or dbi df orGI DAl a nd” ,TheHi ndu,F e b17,2005 ht t p: / / www. t he hi ndu. c om/ 2005/ 02/ 17/ s t or i e s / 2005021716490300. ht m 3.KGKuma r ,“ Duedi l i ge nc ei nt heba c k wa t e r s ” ,Bus i ne s s Li ne ,F e b17,2003 ht t ps : / / www. t he hi ndubus i ne s s l i ne . c om/ 2003/ 02/ 17/ s t or i e s / 2003021701511300. ht m 4.“ I s l a ndAut hor i t yl i ne supne wbi df orKoc hi br i dge s ” ,I ndi a nEx pr e s s ,J une20,1997 ht t p: / / e x pr e s s i ndi a . i ndi a ne x pr e s s . c om/ f e / da i l y / 19970620/ 17155653. ht ml 5.Ke r a l aHi ghCour tJ udge me nt ,Hot e l Ve nusI nt e r na t i ona l v sGos hr e eI s l a ndsDe v e l opme nt Aut hor i t y ,J une21,2005
Ma n g a l a v a n a m: S a n c t u a r y , n omo r e ?
K o c h i Ma r i n eD r i v e : A s p i r a t i o n so fac o a s t a lc i t y 1.Conv e r s a t i onwi t hMa yMa t t he ws ,GCDA,12t hApr i l 2018 2.Coc hi nMa r i neDr i v eSc he me( CMDS)doc ume ntdr a wi ng,GCDA
E r n a k u l a mMa r k e ta n dMGR o a d : C o c h i n ' sc o mme r c i a ln o d e s 1.Conv e r s a t i onswi t hKJSoha n,16t hApr i l 2018 2.K. Pr a de e p,“ Hi ghs t r e e tj i nk s ” ,TheHi ndu,Oc t11,2012 ht t p: / / www. t he hi ndu. c om/ f e a t ur e s / f r i da y r e v i e w/ hi s t or y a ndc ul t ur e / Hi ghs t r e e t j i nk s / a r t i c l e 1 2553626. e c e 3.Ana s uy aMe non,“ Thequa i ntEr na k ul a mBa z a a r ” ,TheHi ndu,Apr i l 18,2013 ht t p: / / www. t he hi ndu. c om/ f e a t ur e s / f r i da y r e v i e w/ hi s t or y a ndc ul t ur e / t he qua i nt e r na k ul a mba z a a r / a r t i c l e 4630327. e c e
K o c h i ' sf i r s tp l a n n e dh o u s i n g : T h e3c o l o n i e s 1.Conv e r s a t i onwi t hMa yMa t t he ws ,GCDA,12t hApr i l 2018 2.El a mk ul a mWe s tT ownPl a nni ngSc he meDoc ume nt ,GCDA
C o c h i nS h i p y a r d : At a l eo fp u b l i cp e r s e v e r a n c e
C o c h i nP o r tT r u s t : F o r e s h o r ea n dS e a b e d 1.TheMa j orPor tT r us t sAc t ,1963 2.“ La ndus epl a nf orCoc hi nPor t20122042” ,Coc hi nPor t ,Apr i l 2012 3.“ Coc hi nOut e rHa r bourPr oj e c t ” ,TheCoc hi nPor tT r us t ht t p: / / www. c oc hi npor t . gov . i n/ i nde x . php?opt =pr oj e c t s &s ub=20&i d=6&t a b=1