NEW YORK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
COP21 Paris: Cooling A Hot City Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Design
NYIT School of Architecture and Design Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Design Urban Climate Lab ARCH 703 Fall 2015 School of Architecture and Design New York Institute of Technology
Urban Climate Lab
Paris: Climate Resilient and Sustainable EcoDistrict ARCH 703 Fall 2015 Faculty : Jeffrey Raven c 2015
Extreme heat has joined the list of critical vulnerabilities that our cities must confront. 2014 was the hottest year on earth since record-keeping began and the 10 warmest years have all occurred since 1997. Meteorologists forecast that cities like Paris and New York City will gain
2-3 degrees C on average this century, which will alter urban livability and ecosystem health. With increased global urbanization and hotter cities, a central challenge for designers-planners, scientists and policymakers will be to create healthy micro-climates for compact cities. The Urban Climate Lab at the NYIT Graduate Program in Urban & Regional Design explores the intersection of urban form, low-carbon cities, and climate to prepare future practitioners confronting a rapidly urbanizing world threatened by climate change. In 2014 and 2015, the Urban Climate Lab completed climate-resilient urban design projects for districts in Brooklyn, New York City. Working in Paris during the COP21 international climate negotiations, the goal of this Urban Climate Lab will be to explore climate-resilient urban design and planning strategies for a Paris district.
The project will configure this district so that it can adapt and thrive in
changing climate conditions, meet carbon-reduction goals, and sustain urban populations in compact settings.
This emerging design practice integrates climate science, natural sys-
tems, and compact urban form to configure dynamic, desirable, and healthy communities.
2003 Paris Heat Wave
2003
2080
PEAK TEMPERATURE - 40 C
PEAK TEMPERATURE < 50 C
O
O
Aug 3th
Aug 3th
Aug 9th 12 AM
6 PM
6 PM
12 AM
12 AM
5 AM
5 AM
12 AM
Jun
Jul
Aug
15,000 DEATHS Temperature
25
27
C
O
29
32
Aug 12th 12 AM
34
36
38
41
43
45
2003 Paris Heat Wave
12 AM
Jun
Jul
Aug
??? DEATHS 2080 projected Paris Heat Wave
Temperature
25
27
C
O
29
32
34
36
38
41
43
45
TYPICAL : PARIS Radiant Heat Map
2003 HEAT WAVE: PARIS Radiant Heat Map O
C
Temperature in Paris is usually below 25 C. O Although Cities are bit warmer compared to its surroundings O
45 43 41
38
36
36
34
34
32
32
27
* SOURCE : National Climatic Data Centre Database
O
O
38
29
AUGUST 2006
C Temperature in Paris rose above 40 C. Houses (usually of stone, concrete, or brick construction) 45 do not warm too much during the daytime and radiate minimal heat at night, and air conditioning is usually un- 43 necessary. During the heat wave, temperatures remained at record 41 highs even at night, preventing the usual cooling cycle.
25
12 AM
12 AM
6 PM
6 PM
12 AM
12 AM
5 AM
5 AM
12 AM
Jun
Jul
Temperature over time
Aug
(UTCI : Orly Airport)
12 AM
29 27
Jun
Jul
Temperature over time
Aug
(UTCI : Orly Airport)
25
AUGUST 9th, 2003
* SOURCE : National Climatic Data Centre Database
TYPICAL: Paris
2003 HEAT WAVE: Paris
- Highly directional constant winds - Night breezes might be useful for cooling the city
- Lower speed variable winds - Non- directional Paris is usually humid
Psychrometric chart
Wind Rose
12 AM
Air Temperature. < 30 C O
12 AM
6 PM
6 PM
6 PM
12 AM
12 AM
5 AM
Aug
Psychrometric chart
12 AM
12 AM
12 AM
Wind Rose 12 AM
12 AM 6 PM
- Heat wave was very dry - Water bodies / Vegetation are important
5 AM
5 AM
5 AM
12 AM
12 AM
12 AM
Solar Radiation
Aug
Aug
- Cloudless and high sun intensity - Shading is important
Solar Radiation
Aug - Temperature was very hot - Cool surfaces are needed to reduce the high air temperature
Air Temperature. > 30 C O
Landuse impacts
2003 HEAT WAVE: Paris
O
Aerial View
O
O
The site is hot because of the rail yard. > 40 C
C
O
45
41
* SOURCE : National Climatic Data Centre Database
Project Site
C
45
43
AUGUST 9th, 2003
2003 HEAT WAVE: Paris
Harmful land cover > 40 C
43
Parking Lots
38
Project Site
36
Vegetation
41 38 Good land cover < 20 C O
Newly Developed Construction Sites
Newly Developed Construction Sites
Rail Yard
Rail Yard
36
34
34
32
32
29
29
27
27
25
25
Station
AUGUST 9th, 2003
* SOURCE : National Climatic Data Centre Database
Station
Urban Morphology DESIGN PRINCIPLES: Daytime Microclimate
Dimensions of streets for good Daytime Microclimate
Desired Nightime Microclimate
Urban Morphology DESIGN PRINCIPLES: Nightime Microclimate
24 24 60
60
10
30
30 METRES
2
Radiation
<=0
57.71
20 METRES
KWH/M
115.41 173.12 230.82 288.53 346.23 403.94 461.64
519.35
577.05<=
10 METRES
5 METRES
45 DEGREES
20 DEGREES
10 DEGREES
5 DEGREES
Sky View Factor
100<=
90
80
%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10 <=0
Energy Waste Heat
URBAN CLIMATE FACTORS
Morphology
Thermal Mass & Surface Reflectivity
Vegetation
Climate-Resilient Urban Design:
Planning and Design Intervention
Climate Analysis Mapping
DESIGN PROCESS
Climate Analysis Mapping Public Space Evaluation Planning and Design Intervention Post-Intervention Evaluation
Local Scale
Urban Scale
1
Public Space Evaluation
Site
Post Intervention Evaluation
2
Place de lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Europe-Batignolles District: Paris 8th-17th Arrondissements Level of Comfort
3
User Groups/Climate Intensities
4
PROJECT SITE ANALYSIS
BLVD DES BATIGNOLLES
GARE ST. LAZARE
Land Use
GARE ST. LAZARE
Density
VEGETATION COVERAGE
GARE ST. LAZARE
Existing
Proposed
PROJECT SITE ANALYSIS
BLVD DES BATIGNOLLES
PROGRAM AREA
MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT
Existing
GARE ST. LAZARE
Proposed
Population Density People Units Gross Floor Area
: 32,000 people/ sq.mile : 960 : 648 : 87480 sq.metres
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT Area
: 35360 sq.metres
GREEN CORRIDOR Agriculture Winter Garden Area
: 3 acres
CONCEPTUAL PLAN LLES
LA PLACE DE L’EUROPE
BA TIG NO
ES D AM
ES
BLVD DES BATIGNOLLES BO ULE VA RD DES
RUE D
RUE LA
CONDAM INE
ALLEE BARBARA RUE LEGENDRE
RUE CARDINET
GARE SAINT LAZARE
GARAGE
RUE DES MOIN
ES
NEW STREET
PLA CE D
RUE CA
T RDINE
E EU RO PE
NEW STREET
RUE DE ROME
EET
NEW STR
RUE DE ROME
RUE DE
ER
ED
RU
ROME
STATION
E
OM
MIXED USED HIGH DENSITY
PUBLIC SPACE/ COMMERCIAL
RUE DE
ROME
GARAGE
RUE CARDINET
BLVD DES BATIGNOLLES
LA PLACE DE L’EUROPE
GARE SAINT LAZARE
TYPICAL CLUSTER Axon A
DETAILS C
A
B C
B
TYPICAL CLUSTER Section
Existing
Radiant Heat Map (Daytime)
Proposed
Radiant Heat Map (Daytime)
Faculty
Jeffrey Raven, FAIA, LEED AP BD+C Associate Professor and Director, Graduate Program in Urban + Regional Design, NYIT-Manhattan Coordinating Lead Author of The Assessment Report for Climate Change in Cities; urban planning & design chapter; presented at COP21, Paris. Chris Mackey Building Scientist, Payette, Boston Instructor in urban microclimate modeling and human comfort analysis. Developer of environmental analysis plugins for Grasshopper, including Ladybug and Honeybee; Graduated from MIT. Graduate Students Evelyn Thomas / Nazia Hasan / Sarita Rahman Fahad Daak / Neha Reddy Loris Autovino / Rongxin Na
Project Initiator and Principal Interlocuteur
Gérard Grandval, Architect DPLG / Urbanist Grand Prix de Rome; Vice-President of the Academie d’Architecture. Design practice recognized for urban and environmental innovation; including urban redevelopment project for Créteil (“Les Choux”). Assisted by Augustin Bourgeois, graduate student in architecture.
Paris Expert and Hosting Firm
Jean-Paul Viguier, Architect DPLG / Urbanist Fellow (Hon.) American Institute of Architects; Member of the Academie d’Architecture. Head of Jean-Paul Viguier et Associés, Architecture et Urbanisme, a global design practice based in Paris.
External Experts in Paris
Mattia Federico Leone, PhD, Research Fellow; Università di Napoli Federico II Department of Architecture Expert in sustainable and resilient urban design; Lead Author of The Assessment Report for Climate Change in Cities; urban planning/design chapter. Gerald Mills, PhD., School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin; International Association for Urban Climate: board member / president (2010-12); Lead Author of The Assessment Report for Climate Change in Cities; urban planning/design chapter. Pascaline Gaborit, PhD. Urban consultant and expert in sustainable planning and knowledge transfer; Lead Author of The Assessment Report for Climate Change in Cities; urban planning/design chapter. Jean Hurtado, Engineer-ingénieur des Ponts, Paris. Stephane Trois Carrés, Artist and Professor, Paris.
The Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Design is a three-semester, 36-credit, post-professional Master Degree for those holding a first professional degree in architecture, landscape architecture, or planning, with an emphasis on physical design of the built environment. Our graduate urban design program engages the evolving and critical role of urban design in the 21st century. The contemporary field of urban design is fluid, fast-moving, and global. The intersection of urban form, sustainability and climate is at the forefront of urban design research, and this is the focus of the three advanced urban design studios. The three design studios (Fall, Spring, Fall) are organized by themes. New York City: The contemporary metropolis after relentless urbanization; Urban Climate Lab: Students research the intersection of urban form, low-carbon cities, and climate; Global Megacities: Students integrate urban and regional design applied to the New York metropolitan region and world cities. The Fall 2015 Paris Design Studio is aligned with the COP21 climate negotiations. This publication is the product of third-semester students who worked for 10 days in Paris with leading urban climatologists and architects-urbanists, configuring a compact district to adapt and thrive in changing climate conditions. Many thanks for the generosity and hospitality of our colleagues at Jean-Paul Viguier et AssociĂŠs, Architecture et Urbanisme. Special thanks to Ariane Dienstag.