Thesis work Autumn 2015_ Sassi Heiskanen (Arjanko) by Sassi Heiskanen

Urban Play daily leisure playspots for youth promoting spontaneous physical activity

Thesis work Autumn 2015 Sassi Arjanko Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture Department of Architecture Creative Sustainability Supervisor: Antti Ahlava Instructors: Anna Broberg & Marketta KyttĂ¤

Urban Play daily leisure playspots for youth promoting spontaneous physical activity Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thesis Autumn 2015 Sassi Arjanko Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture Department of Architecture, Creative Sustainability Supervisor: Prof. Antti Ahlava Instructors: D.Sc. (Tech) Anna Broberg, Prof. Marketta KyttĂ¤

ABSTRACT

Sassi Arjanko’s masters thesis explores to understand diverse phenomena of unstructured leisure time physical activity of adolescents in urban space. Finnish adolescents do not meet the national guidelines for leisure time physical activity. The culture of sedentary behaviour is a challenge for society, national health and wellbeing. There is a natural need for play, frolic and movement within us. How can we offer urban settings that stimulating enough to enable to healthy and physically active youth, as well as prompt and ensure active lifestyles in adulthood? This lightly illustrated multidisciplinary literature review aims to uplift young people’s spontaneous leisure-time physical activity through design research. Furthermore, the work aims to draw more attention to physically activating elements of daily living environment.

Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture Department of Architecture Creative Sustainability, Architecture Author:

Sassi Arjanko

Title of Thesis: Urban Play daily leisure playspots for youth promoting spontaneous physical activity Date: 10.11.2015 124 Pages: Academic chair: Emergent Design Methodologies Supervisor: Prof. Antti Ahlava Instructors: D.Sc. (Tech) Anna Broberg, Prof. Marketta Kyttä Keywords: playspot, adolescent, youth, teenage, leisure, spontaneous, physical activity, rough and tumble, play, playable, playful, sedentary behaviour, enjoyment, motivation, playground

The introductory chapter presents out the background information, methods and motivation for the thesis. The work is based on the insights gained through several different data capturing methods with empathetic and evidence-based approaches. The second chapter investigates why youth are unable to meet the recommendations for sufficient physical activity in their daily leisure spaces. The third chapter proposes alternatives for how environmental variables and interventions can nudge and motivate young person to be physically active during their leisure time without a sense of compulsion. Sedentary behaviour, increasing screen time, increasing indoor life and inequality in the built environment are tied together with diminished outdoor life, decreased spontaneous physical activity of youth, increasing anxiety disorders and nonexistent or passive body culture in urban space. Everyday places, where young people spend the most of their leisure time, are mainly designed for sitting. Studies show that prolonged sedentary behaviour abates the invigorating health effects of physical activity. Consequently there’s a need for attitudinal change as well as design interventions that facilitate people to take breaks from physically inactive sedentary behaviour, preferably for couple of minutes at least twice in an hour. Physically activating playspots should be present in places which already provide added value and enjoyed by youngsters. The main conclusion drawn is that low-threshold accessibility and attractively experiential context are two key elements to focus on design and policy-making when promoting spontaneous leisure time physical activity for youth. If our environment itself would be more visually communicative in positive and nudging ways, then physically active whimsy and play could become more visible, acceptable and attractive to all ages, which could in turn spread urban literacy and trust in fellow citizens on the street. Through this work I wish to contribute to changing the ways of thinking and perceiving the daily physical activity among the urban citizens.

Sassi Arjangon diplomityö tutkii nuorten vapaa-ajan omatoimisen liikunnan moninaisia ilmiöitä kaupunkitilassa. Istumisen kulttuuri on haaste niin yhteiskunnalle, kansanterveydelle kuin hyvinvoinnille. Suomalaiset nuoret liikkuvat liian vähän verrattuna kansallisiin liikuntasuosituksiin. Meihin on sisäänrakennettu tarve leikkiä, telmiä ja liikkua. Kuinka voimme tarjota tarpeeksi innostavan kaupunkimaisen ympäristön taataksemme terveellisen ja liikunnallisen nuoruuden, joka edistää liikunnallisia elämäntapoja aikuisiällä. Tämä kevyesti kuvitettu monialainen kirjallisuuskatsaus pyrkii parantamaan nuorten vapaa-ajan omaehtoiseen liikuntaan liittyvää suunnittelua ja tutkimusta. Lisäksi työn tavoitteena on suunnata lisää huomiota arjen ympäristön aktivoiviin elementteihin. Johdantoluku esittelee diplomityön taustaa, työskentelymenetelmiä ja motivaatiota. Työ pohjautuu tutkimustietoon perustuvien ja empaattisten lähestymistapojen, sekä erilaisten tiedonhakumenetelmien avulla tehtyihin löydöksiin. Toisessa luvussa tutkitaan, miksi nuorten omaehtoisen liikunnan suositukset eivät täyty arkisissa vapaa-ajan ympäristöissä. Kolmannessa luvussa tarkastellaan, kuinka ympäristön muutokset voivat kannustaa ja motivoida nuoria liikkumaan vapaa-ajalla ilman pakon tuntua. Istuminen, lisääntynyt ruutuaika, sisätiloissa vietetty aika ja eriarvoistava rakennettu ympäristö ovat yhteydessä vähentyneeseen ulkoilmaelämään, vähentyneeseen omatoimiseen liikuntaan, lisääntyneisiin ahdistuneisuushäiriöihin ja passiiviseen kaupunkitilaan. Paikat, joissa nuoret viettävät päivittäin suurimman osan vapaa-ajastaan, on suunniteltu pääasiassa istumiseen. Tutkimukset osoittavat, että pitkittynyt istuminen heikentää liikunnan elvyttäviä terveysvaikutuksia. Näin ollen tarvitaan niin asenneilmapiirin muutosta kuin viehättäviä suunnitteluratkaisuja, jotka yllyttävät keskeyttämään fyysisesti passiivisen istumisen mieluiten vähintään kahdesti tunnissa pariksi minuutiksi. Liikkumaan kannustavien elementtien tulee olla läsnä paikoissa, jotka jo tarjoavat lisäarvoa ja saavat nuoret viihtymään. Löydökset osoittavat, että suunnittelussa ja päätöksenteossa tulisi korostaa matalan kynnyksen saavutettavuutta ja viehättävän elämyksellistä miljöötä, kun halutaan edistää nuorten spontaania vapaa-ajan liikuntaa. Jos ympäristössämme olisi enemmän liikuntaan kannustavia visuaalisia signaaleja ja temmellyspaikkoja, spontaani liikunta ja leikki muuttuisivat näkyvämmiksi, hyväksyttävämmiksi ja houkuttelevammiksi kaikenikäisille, mikä lisäisi yleistä ymmärrystä ja luottamusta kanssaihmisiin kaupunkitilassa. Tällä työllä toivon edistäväni kaupunkilaisten päivittäiseen liikuntaan liittyvien ajattelutapojen muutosta.

Tiivistelmä

Aalto Yliopisto Taiteiden ja suunnittelun korkeakoulu Arkkitehtuurin laitos Creative Sustainability, Arkkitehtuuri Tekijä:

Sassi Arjanko

Diplomityön nimi: Urban Play daily leisure playspots for youth promoting spontaneous physical activity Päiväys: 10.11.2015 Sivumäärä: 124 Professuuri: Uudistuvat suunnittelumetodologiat Työn valvoja: Prof. Antti Ahlava Työn ohjaajat: Tkt Anna Broberg, Prof. Marketta Kyttä Avainsanat: playspot, nuoret, nuoriso, teini, vapaa-aika, spontaani, liikunta, fyysinen aktiivisuus, leikki, telmiminen, riehuminen, leikki, leikittävä, leikkisä, istuminen, ilo, motivaatio, leikkikenttä

Acknowledgements for guidance & support Antti Ahlava , Professor of Emergent Design Methodologies, Department of Architecture, AALTO Anna Broberg, Researcher, D.Sc.(Tech.), Department of Real Estate, Planning and Geoinformatics, AALTO Marketta Kyttä, Associate Professor of Land Use Planning,

Department of Real Estate, Planning and Geoinformatics, AALTO

for inspirational & genuine special expertise Professor René Kural, Director of Centre for Sports and Architecture at

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation (KADK) Arto Pesola, Doctoral Student of Inactivity physiology in Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences at the University of Jyväskylä Tuija Tammelin, Research director, LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences Panu Lehtovuori, Professor of Planning Theory at the Tampere University of Technology Kaisa Bremer & Ruuti core youth group, City of Helsinki Tytti Soini, Children’s and Youth Sports Coordinator, The Exercise and Wellbeing Services, The Sports Department’s, City of Helsinki Pekka Nikulainen, Director of More Move! -department, Active Lifestyle and Sports, Valo Elina Kataja, Director, Land Use and Landscape Planning at Tengbom Emma Johansson, Founder, Architect at Studio Puisto Erin Swift-Leppäkumpu, Architect at Tengbom Miki Mielonen, Oman muotoinen koti -project, Youth Department City of Helsinki Tarja Mohell director of kindergarten Meritähti, Helsinki

for love & mind husband Timo & ieva the dog, family mom, dad, & little brothers dearest friends and relatives

Preface There has happened a major

change in our lifestyle during the last decades. I lived my own childhood in the middle of the forest and we kids were always supported to play outside, do sports and move from one place to another by foot or bike. Nowadays, I live Finland's in capital city where public transport is an easy and comfortable way of moving, From home I need to walk only 100 meters to catch a bus, which takes me to the metro. There are no physically challenging household duties, farm work or long distances to travel in difficult terrain. The typical white collar Work day covers 8 hours of sedentary behaviour with computer and little chatting with workmates. Daily life is ’easy’. This easiness is not what human bodies are created for. We need motion and action to feel alive and live the fullest. Healthy body, mind and spirit keeps us going. As a designer, I have to have the ability and understanding how to create a living environment which attracts people to go outdoors and use their body. I believe that physical activity is fundamental to our lifelong wellbeing. Through my work I am willing to foster daily playful body activity of adolescents and adults. ‘Child is healthy when one plays’.

Table of Contents

intro

1.1 Background 14 1.2 Objective of the thesis 16 1.2.1 The need for physically activating playspots 16 1.2.2 In urban daily spaces 16 17 1.2.3 During leisure time 1.2.4 For youth and the able-bodied 17

1.3 Structure of the thesis 1.4 Working methods

19 20

1.4.1 Participation in Policy Change 20 1.4.2 Leisure time physical activity in the media 21 1.4.3 Empathetic and evidence-based approach 24 1.4.4 Architect as designer, messenger and politician 24

2. Research & insights

2.1 Inactive lifestyle is unsustainable problem 28 2.1.1 Nonexistent or passive body culture in urban space 31 Sedentary behaviour 34 2.1.2 36 2.1.3 Increasing screen time 2.1.4 Decreased unstructured physical activities outside schools or sports clubs 38 2.1.5 Increasing Indoor life = Decreasing Outdoor life 42 44 2.1.6 Increasing anxiety disorders 2.1.7 Inequality in the built environment 45

PLAYSPOTS

3.1

Play of mind - Nudging towards action oriented leisure time 50

3.1.1 Philosophy of easiness 3.1.2 Spontaneous joy 3.1.3 Motivation

3.2

Playable conditions Physical settings for active body culture

3.2.1 Leisure time places of the Finnish youth today and tomorrow 3.2.2 Interviewing Ruuti core youth group of Helsinki 3.2.3 Scale, distance & access 3.2.4 Light and modest playspots with minimum effort but immediate access 3.2.5 Rough and tumble playful physical activity spots in public open space 3.2.6 Cultural, commercial or service spaces

48 50 50 52

54 54 55 58 62 68 86

4. CONCLUSIONS & DISCUSSION 90 4.1 The scope 4.2 Limitations and assumptions 4.3 Future suggestions 4.4 Terminology Electronic publications Printed publications Electronic and printed publications Photo credits Illustration credits

92 93 94 96 106 106 107 116 122

Intro

1.1 _Background The topic of the thesis about daily leisure plays-

pots for youth promoting spontaneous physical activity leans especially on research findings from

Finnish Report Card 2014 on Physical Activity for Children and Youth by Liukkonen, Jaakkola et al. (2014) 1] and research about intrinsic motivation related to spontaneous physical activity of youth. It is a year 2015 and researchers work to find out what makes us move and use our body. Research data is not applied enough into reality when designing, building and developing environment and urban structures. The results of design and and decisions affect indirectly or directly on public health in the long-term perspective. ‘Sitting kills’ claim the researchers. At the same time, large numbers of people of all ages including youth spend their day seated and after a basic day their mind and body is weary. During their freetime, too many adolescents sit with mobile ICT devices instead of spending time outdoors with each other. At the same time mental health problems are increasing. In Finland, a record amount of under 35 year old people were forced to retire due to mental health reasons in 2013. 2] Fear compels housing companies to abandon outdoor swings installed too high to meet the standards. Cities are filled with after the other more homogeneous block of flats and streetscapes. Solitude is alarming among all ages. As more and more people live in the cities and therefore there is no reason to ignore the facts of well being in the urban environment. There is natural need for play, fun and movement built in us. How can we offer atmosphere good enough in urban settings in order to ensure healthy and physically active youth which supports and enables continuation as an active adulthood? 1] LIUKKONEN, J., JAAKKOLA, T., KOKKO, S., GRÅSTÉN, A., YLI-PIIPARI, S., KOSKI, P., TYNJÄLÄ, J., SOINI, A., STÅHL, T. and TAMMELIN, T., 2014. Results From Finland’s 2014 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. J Phys Act Health, 11(suppl 1), pp. S51-S57. 2] REPO, P., 2015. Mielenterveysongelmat ajavat nuoria eläkkeelle ennätysmäärin. Helsingin Sanomat, KOTIMAA 3. Jan. http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/a1420179850294#

Environmental health and restorative environments could be part of all design instead of mere hospital environments or kindergartens. Researchers have found out in that in their living environment inhabitants appreciate most the attractiveness, second the fluency of walking and biking and third the presence on nature. 3] Can we boost the intrinsic motivation of people towards a more active outdoor lifestyle by enabling immediate access to bodily experience by design ? Research results should be turned to reality when designing new premises. Unfortunately, it seems that the economy, rigorous regulations and efficiency are shadowing our spirit and humanity. In order to be applied to practice, research data needs to be carried into relevant and easily accessible format.Designers should already during the planning phase get deeply versed in the respective lifestyles and behaviour of users, in order to pay attention to activity promoting facts and include well being principles in the conceptualization process. Often the client is not able to identify all the needs of operations that support the well-being of users. In these cases designer has a specific responsibility in promoting active lifestyles. The goal of this lightly illustrated review of literature, enriched with references and light conceptual ideation, is to get a bit more attention to activating elements of environment. The work explores how we can shape and modify our living areas to offer more impulses to nurture body and culture with evidencebased approach. My work is a collection of research data related to young people’s spontaneous leisuretime physical activity, as a comprehensive guidebooks on the subject for professional use was very difficult to find. This review of literacy contains many gaps and highlights of the need for new research. In addition, research about physical play of adolescents has apparently been made very minor extent. Childrelated research the topic can be found about a quite a lot, but it can not be directly applied to design for teenagers. I have tried to favor often cited as well as recent fresh publications as references. 3] KYTTÄ, M., BROBERG, A.,TZOULAS, T. and SNABB, K. 2013. Towards contextually sensitive urban densification: Location-based softGISknowledge revealing perceived residential environmental quality

What is this thesis is about? Objectives >>>> who

what

where

adolescents

physical activity

leisure spots for young people

unprompted spontaneous

homes daily places places of passage places of encounters intermediate spaces trending places

able-bodied user stakeholders peers parents adults of society families Professional stakeholders designers.. urban planners building designers interior designers conservatory designers landscape designers urban actives & activists investors & constructors playground equipment manufacturers sponsors artists editors of youth medias production companies game makers housing cooperatives developers futurologists researchers organizations sportspeople, athletes

when

leisure time outside school or working hours why

problems of inactivity for body and mind for more vivid daily spaces

how

promoting physically activating playspots mind & body culture society attitudes atmospheres access

no focus in this thesis schools school environment places for sports competition mobility like cycling children elderly

1.2 _Objective of the thesis

In this work, I intend to investigate the complex relations of physical activity, intrinsic motivation and daily living environment of youth related to playful spots in daily environment for youth. Because time outdoors and self-directed movement of young people is reduced, it is evident that technical aids created for social interaction are too often winners in the daily flood of stimuli faced by people in the modern world.. This thesis explores:

1. Why are youth unable to meet the recommendations for sufficient physical activity in their daily leisure spaces ? Adolescents in the maturing age hardly change their behavior just because the new method would be more reasonable or healthier from adultsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; point of view. Therefore it is fundamental to understand:

2. How environmental variables and interventions can nudge and motivate young person to be physically active at leisure time without sense of compulsion ?

1.2.1

The need for physically activating playspots

Rapidly increasing sedentary behaviour is a challenge for society. How to get young people to move ? Nearby sports parks continue to spread in Finnish cities via school yards and parks. Playgrounds serve toddlers and children of a playing age. Competitive sports and structured physical activity are generally first in mind and only offer for physical activity but it still excludes too many adolescents. Sport genres which could inspire and excite young people are often expensive. Versatile stimulus compete for their attention of young people. Therefore physical activity needs to be more interesting to get the attention. How to support those who want to move but not compete ? Free spontaneous physical activity which gives pure enjoyment can lead to the possibility to get youth motivated to move again. Versatility, accessibility, freedom, and excitement of playspots could encourage young people to spontaneous physical activity in everyday casual places. The people are easy to get addicted to easy feel-good sources, but on the other hand they enjoy the situations in which they can release the tension in these funny, exhilarating and surprising ways.

1.2.2

In urban daily spaces

An increasing number of young people live in cities. Urban living and city environment has features which affect on peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s behaviour in unexpected ways. Sedentary behaviour seems to cause harm for human body and is already tackled in some contexts of school and office environments but less in the actual spaces where adolescents spend most of their free time according to studies. The goal is to enable free action at small units for low-threshold body culture quite right there where youngsters hang out like at home, youth center or shopping mall just to name a few.

A Study of places like traditional sport facilities are excluded from this thesis. Diversification of the sports facilities itself is great, but it carries the label of sport, comparison and competition, of which this work tries to cut loose. School yards as a specific operating range have already reached the point attracting the attention of many designers. They represent in some respects one-stop mobility opportunities that may, due to social factors, exclude potential users. This thesis deals with the intermediate spaces of the home and urban public space that are interwoven within our everyday life as unnoticed but perhaps important places for young people to encounter and hang out. Those visible, hidden, loud, silent, peaceful and vibrant spots can create loose mycelium of playspots.

1.2.3

During leisure time

Finnish adolescents do not meet the national guideli guidelines for leisure time physical activity. Physical activity of youth outside working hours has been investigated to some extent but less implemented in urban environment. Research of the free and spontaneous leisure time physical activity is more challenging and more difficult to measure than competitive sports. How ever the continuity of life long movement depends a lot on the basis of the freedom, access and affordances in leisure time living environments. According to research, leisure time offers a more fle flexible environment for behavioral changes, as evidenced by a twofold decrease in sedentary leisure time as compared with that in the same amount of working time. In particular, the family based approach, which incorporates educational and parental aspects in addition to individual priorities, may have exposed the motivation toward nonexercise physical activity through the desire for activities that are important for children. (Pesola, Laukkanen et al. 2014) 4] Naturally, the actions must be enjoyable in order to maintain motivation of the youngsters.

4] PESOLA, A.J., LAUKKANEN, A., HAAKANA, P., HAVU, M., SAAKSLAHTI, A., SIPILA, S. and FINNI, T., 2014. Muscle inactivity and activity patterns after sedentary time--targeted randomized controlled trial. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 46(11), pp. 2122-2131.

1.2.4 For youth and the ablebodied (excludes children & elderly) In Finland, the recent comprehensive studies have been conducted regarding young people and their lifestyles. Young people represent the bodily best potential part of the population that has all the capabilities to do diverse physical activity (â&#x20AC;&#x2122;able-bodiedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;), but modern daily routines and environments do not really support the spontaneous and imaginative bodily culture, which would also attract the young and restless. Physical activity frameworks of toddlers and the elderly are more demanding because of their physical or mental development phase compared to the adolescents and the grown-ups. Small childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth and development and the aging of the elderly creates a variety of needs for the design promoting the movement in the everyday environment. Physical activity interventions aimed at adolescents may be suitable in many respects to children and adults leisure activities, but that is unlikely to work other way round. As adolescents need some own space, it must be noted that the ability, motivation and desire to move is individual. At the same time, it is impossible to provide an exhaustive list to cover all personal preferences of adolescents. Developers and construction companies do not acknowledge the local infrastructure of everyday life. They do business by building houses, and ignore the urban space, which in turn is mostly developed by inhabitants and other urban dwellers at the neighbourhood level. (Horelli, Jarenko et al. 2013) 5] However, the Finnish urban environment and everyday living spaces could be more versatile. Building regulations contains guidelines for the yard design regarding the need of sedentary furniture for especially elderly, some play facilities for little children but not much for the adolescents and other able-bodied.

5] HORELLI, L., JARENKO, K., KUOPPA, J., SAAD-SULONEN, J. and WALLIN, S., 2013. New Approaches to Urban Planning-Insights from Participatory Communities. Aalto University.

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1.4 _Working methods This dissertation combines several different data capturing methods in order to address the multidimensional point of views concerning the topic. The thesis make use of media, interviews, examples, existing scientific publications and different stakeholders who by their experience tell stories of spatial activation. Deep understanding of the subject plays a significant role at the same time when the empathic design was kept in mind. In the beginning of the thesis work literature review process led to focusing on adolescents. This investigation is based on multidisciplinary literature review regarding research of physical activity, enjoyment and playground research of youth. I want to understand the phenomena around leisure time free play of young people, and how phenomena are related to the physical environment. Motivation derives from the desire to generate a good action through better space for the society in which we sit a lot. During my investigation, I came across the current needs-based scoping by interpreting the conclusions of the Finnish research concerning adolescent physical activity. Research data sleeking closely to the subjects and findings are endless, but precision study was once again scarce. Leisure time study is not generally speaking the easiest area of research with all variables considered. Yet the difficulty of the subject does not give grounds for ignoring it now or in the future when it comes to planning and research. Literature review balances between the playground studies as well as leisure time activity studies. In Finland within the meaning of ”Playgrounds” for young people represent mainly the nearby sports facilities, which are often concentrated in connection with the schoolyards. The places for free physical activity of young people are few and far between and comply with visually and functionally repeated disciplined concept maybe due to the low population, the cold seasons, strict standards and limited financial resources. For these reasons, I focused on phenomena by understanding how designers could give new emphasis to physical activity as part of our daily environment.

1.4.1

Participation in Policy Change

Infrastructure of everyday life refers to the physical, functional and participatory structures that the local citizens can appropriate and transform into a supportive culture that provides place identity and sense of community. 6] Although young people are perhaps the most adaptable and innovative population group, the ruling groups still does not give them much urban room for creativity and freedom of bodily function {fun action}. The security- and control-oriented adults’ prejudices and attitudes towards the young and restless may prevent adolescents acting spontaneously in urban space where adult-like static behavior is a norm. Today’s young people are active and unprompted and the knowledge and the opportunity is greater than ever before. New forms of communication allow adolescents more freedom in the future, if they are willing to take more responsibility, for example, of their own everyday surroundings. Motivation will spring up from freedom and genuine support of an adult. Current approaches to urban planning are not responding to citizens’ demands or to the challenges of urban complexity because they fail to acknowledge the self-organising nature of the urban environment and its inhabitants. - Tools provided by ICTs and the models of action that they enable. These might bring about a new architecture of opportunities. This means the building of a supportive infrastructure of everyday life that encourages citizens to participate not only in formal decision-making, but actually in the co-design and co-production of their own local environment, on the basis of daily and future activities, at different scales. This will bring about what we call ´participatory communities`. (Horelli, Jarenko et al. 2013) 7] Of all age groups youngsters are maybe the most social animals, with the ability to be inspired by each others. They are bursting with ideas and energy but also constructing their identity and positioning themselves in existing communities or building the new ones. Capable adults can encourage and push them to achieve great things just by, for example, editing their environment. Man has a natural tendency to 6] HORELLI, L., JARENKO, K., KUOPPA, J., SAAD-SULONEN, J. and WALLIN, S., 2013. New Approaches to Urban Planning-Insights from Participatory Communities. Aalto University. pp.161 7] HORELLI, L., JARENKO, K., KUOPPA, J., SAAD-SULONEN, J. and WALLIN, S., 2013. New Approaches to Urban Planning-Insights from Participatory Communities. Aalto University.

experience feelings of omnipotence, when he has the opportunity to fulfill oneself and modify his own living environment to the desired direction. Finnish society emphasizes creativity, but at the same time the fear of change can be sensed. Change is inevitable and young people are a natural force for change, especially if they feel that the action they pursue is improving the whole society. Even a small action with little effort can create hope for a greater opportunity to influence on life around.

1.4.2

Leisure time physical activity in the media

The digital and social media-based instruments assist in the collecting of socio-spatial and temporal data beyond the traditional statistical data-gathering. (Horelli, Jarenko et al. 2013) 8] Physical activity of youth in daily spaces has been featured in many media. Most traditional media like newspapers bring out problems and conflicts, while the social media topic appears as more positive and viewed from young people’s own perspective. Scientific research is objective and medias often subjective. But in order to understand the big picture all media with multidisciplinary view have their own important role as an information channel.

Research papers This thesis is mainly a literature review to learn about the young people’s free leisure-time physical activity and strengthening its playfulness. In particular, academic scientific research findings of the Nordic countries and northern hemisphere have been under the magnifying glass, so that it is possible to draw conclusions and summary of how it would be possible to support the physical activity in the daily urban environments of the youth by means of architecture, interior design and urban design. The aim is to take advantage of, both widely recognized old studies as well as fresh interesting studies on the topics that are less studied, but supporting this work. The idea of the work is also to advance the multi-disciplinary

8] HORELLI, L., JARENKO, K., KUOPPA, J., SAAD-SULONEN, J. and WALLIN, S., 2013, pp. 155. New Approaches to Urban PlanningInsights from Participatory Communities. Aalto University.

knowledge of the studies and topical phenomena by visualizing research findings as well as to offer new ideas for spatial design regarding the youth as a serious users of urban living environment.

General digital and traditional media The daily news projects current phenomena and our culture in many ways. New scientific findings are reported so frequently that, for example, designers hardly have time to react to research results let alone to adopt them into practice. The media gives creditable attention to studies related to physically active outdoor lifestyles and their side-effects which at least will raise awareness of the designers and users. We can learn about current megatrends in our society by following media, including social media. Those events may also be accompanied by far-reaching points of view, which is good to be aware of and prepared for. Right now, the world and our behavior seems to be affected by the ongoing urbanization.

Some a.k.a Social Media Social media embodies the spirit of the time in the form of human events, business, personal status updates and diverse publications. Social media captures the essence of weak signals, phenomena and megatrends the fastest and easiest way. In social media action takes place in real time. Particularly young people live in the moment, spontaneously and impulsively. Lifestyles and phenomena are in constant change. In the design process it is hard to get attention for research outcomes without connection to real life phenomena appearing via social media.

News Headline review The next page review some recent news headlines expressing phenomena related to passive lifestyle, lack of play and physical activity. It can be seen already from the media headlines that inactivity has serious and far-reaching effects on both the individual and societal level.

kids off the skiing tracks and beyond designer: difficult to create park for all ages playable city is free, empathetic and creative

men starting military service have worst physical condition in 40 years fitness of many student in vocational school is at rock bottom play release the self-monitoring 5 reason to play as an adult

evaluate the prereguisites for physical activity in your living environment

exercise does not eliminate health hazards of sitting asphalt court-

yards and poor bike paths whether discourage the child is allowed stomp people to move apartment building

new sports inspire young people to everyday exercise

youngsters skateboarding involved in and tricks get designing young people the shopping to move center

father requires padded park trees for sledding

even the shopping young can centers suffer from dethroned osteoporosis youth centers

too much or too little moving children are prone to stress injuries

price of passive lifestyles is 1-2 billion EUR distances and parentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; fears affect on young peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s physical activity

children suffering from adult diseases

whether childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s clumsiness is overprotective parentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; fault

iron beams on park benches and pegs on railings - whether it is wrong to enjoy in Helsinki?

dissertation: hockey produce gender inequality

in this way you get the teen to move more than an hour a day

the Ministry recommends: avoid sedentary whenever you can

parental example influences the movement

strict discipline for teens is a doomed idea WHO: one third of children are couch potatoes 16-year-old girl died by sliding to wire on ski jump slope

the gym has become a trend hobby for teens

young people want a relaxed physical activity

well-being of the population sport as a hobby often fades is the key away during to economic secondary growth school

Media headlines about phenomena around the topic

Sources of headlines (Ref.nro 9-48) page 107.

boreout creating phenomenon can one of four British spaces already be seen children perceive the video games as for teens in schools and yoga physical activity boredom and becoming cynical many teenager more than five is trying to hours in front of reduce the use the screen game of the phone can cause makers a depression for should young person

encourage to move

1.4.3

Empathetic and evidence-based approach

After being previously connected only to the field of health care, evidence-based design is now gaining ground in all areas of life. Cities are to develop intelligently, so that the design and implementation take into account, or make use of the automatic behavioral patterns or practices of citizens. The new improvements will direct users to act preferably functionally, socially, economically and ecologically more efficiently than before. Cities such as New York and Copenhagen are pioneers in exploiting the strength of the research evidence to encourage physical activity-enhancing behaviors through environmental design interventions. Strategies with strong underlying research are known to likely result in increased physical activity and there is an evidence about direct relationship between the suggested environmental intervention and the behavioral outcome. 49] Both cities have developed active design guidelines to support professionals in their work and also to spread awareness about and give attention to the design of active environments.

A growing body of research suggests that evidence-based architectural and urban design strategies can increase regular physical activity and healthy eating. 50]

An empathetic approach emphasizes the role and perception of a user. In particular, when promoting physical activity for youngsters envisioning must strive toward new horizons. Unfortunately, often design interventions targeted for the youth are based on conventional assumptions and a normative way of thinking. 49] 49] City of New York, 2010. Active design guidelines promoting physical activity and health in design. Available through: City of New York website: http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/html/design/active_design.shtml 50] City of New York, 2010. Active design guidelines promoting physical activity and health in design. Available through: City of New York website: http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/html/design/ active_design.shtml

1.4.4

Architect as designer, messenger and politician

In a rapidly changing world, the role of the architect is versatile. Scales change from interior details to land-use planning. A designer has a responsible role because functionality with affordances in particular determines the starting level of spatial physical activity. Occasionally, architect jumps into the shoes of the interior designer. Spatial design extends from interiors to outdoors until the town premises. Designers’ sin is often striving for too perfect vision of the end result, which leaves not enough room for spontaneous change. Versatility should be embraced already when defining the future. In the early stages of the process, the designer must to some extent be able to take into account boundary conditions of evolving conditions. Spatial flexibility in all scales from urban planning to the strength of structures and sound insulation can become a threshold for implementing conditions for physical activity. A spatial life cycle must enable moldability which is the feature of sustainability. Architects’ knowhow is valuable as well outside the building industry or urban planning. An extensive expertise of the field should be better exploited for example in the fields of communications and politics. Through design works, architects communicate the values which should be in line with sustainable development. Finland is slowly waking up to social debate about current and future environmental phenomena. Alongside of the roles as a planner, forerunner, designer or the client, the architect is also a politician, do-gooder, conversationalist, empathetic sympathizer, and a messenger. At school, Finnish children and young people are educated to become eco socially civilized citizens. We are entitled to expect everevolving eco social standard of knowledge also from adults in all professional fields.

The Amager Bakke waste-to-energy plant topped with a ski slope by Bjarke Ingels Group in Copenhagen

Spun chair, rotation-molded ”Spun”-chair by designer Thomas Heatherwick.

Research & insights

2.1 _Inactive lifestyle is unsustainable problem

In physically active people the thigh muscles were inactive (on average at <2.0% of EMG MVC) for 65% of the day. (Pesola, Laukkanen et al. 2014) 55] Physical activity is most associated with environmental factors, inactivity was most associated with sociodemographic factors. (Gordon-Larsen, McMurray et al. 2000) 56]

Sustainability is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs by Brundtland Commission (1987) 51] Mankind has not been able to live in a sustainable manner and it will be even more difficult to reach sustainability if we are not feeling well. Individual mental and physical malaise resonates with the environment and a society economically, socially and ecologically. Nausea causes unhappiness and distrust draining to negative rat race of inaction. We naturally evaluate our own operations more positively what reality reveals. Optimism is the cornerstone of survival. Therefore we could be more happily active. Action keeps us going. 2000s Western man moves less than people in any other age in history. (Siivonen 2011) 52] Researchers have been also able to prove that already among 3-year-old children lifestyles and habits of act and play adopted seem to remain / become permanent. 53] National recommendations for 7-18 year old is 1-2 hours daily versatile physical activity and over two hour sedentary activity periods should be avoided and screen time with entertainment media should maximum two hours per day (Myllyniemi, Berg 2013). 54]

51] World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) 52] SIIVONEN, RIKU (toim.) (2011) 10 teesiä ja 100 lupausta. Manifesti lasten ja nuorten liikkumisesta. Helsinki: Nuori Suomi & Demos Helsinki. pp. 10 53] http://www.sport.fi/uutiset/uutinen/liikuntatapojen-urautuminen-alkaa-jo-3-vuotiaana (Reseaher Arja Sääkslahti) 54] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 63

Benoît Malta’s Passive Behaviours furniture collection encourages movement. 57]

Do things today that make tomorrow better. 55] PESOLA, A.J., LAUKKANEN, A., TIKKANEN, O., SIPILA, S., KAINULAINEN, H. and FINNI, T., 2014. Muscle Inactivity is Adversely associated with Biomarkers in Physically Active Adults. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, . 56] GORDON-LARSEN, P., MCMURRAY, R.G. and POPKIN, B.M., 2000. Determinants of adolescent physical activity and inactivity patterns. Pediatrics, 105(6), pp. E83. 57]

http://benoitmalta.com/

Grades According to Physical Activity Indicator in the 2014 Finland Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth

A B C

81%–100% 61%–80% 41%–60%

21%–40%

0 0 %–2 0 %

Community and the built environment − infrastructure, policies, programmes, safety Percentage of municipalities that have a strategy document for physical activity, a strategic plan for developing neighbourhood physical activity facilities, pedestrian and bike lanes or sports sites.

Government − strategies, policies, investments Percentage of Finns who reported that their neighbourhood environment allows them to be physically as active as they wish.

Overall physical activity levels Percentage of children and youth who meet the Finnish Physical Activity Guidelines (all 7- to 18-year-olds should be physically active for at least 1 to 2 hours daily, in a variety of ways suitable for each age group).

Organised sport participation Percentage of children and youth who participate at least temporarily in sports club activities.

Active play (leisure time) Percentage of children and youth who participate in physical activities outside school or sports clubs at least four times per week.

Active transportation Percentage of children and youth who commuted physically actively to school when the distance was 1 to 3 kilometres.

Sedentary behaviours Percentage of children and youth who meet the Finnish Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines (less than two hours of sedentary time per day from discretionary screen time (watching TV, videos or DVDs).

Family and peers − infrastructure, support, parental/peer behaviours

Grading and physical activity segments with definitions above by Liukkonen, Jaakkola et al. 2014 58] formed a fundamental foundation, motivation and framework for this thesis. According to a leisure-time study about youth, one in fifth of 7-9 year old children still sweats five times a week and meets the national requirements for adequate physical activity while only one in ten adolescents aged 20-29. It was also found that physically inactive adolescents also had less other leisure time activities. (Myllyniemi, Berg 2013) 59]

Radical decrease in physical activity after the age of ten is exceptionally strong in Finland (Siivonen 2011). 60]

Percentage of children and youth whose parents or peers at least temporarily encourage them to be physically active.

58] LIUKKONEN, J., JAAKKOLA, T., KOKKO, S., GRÅSTÉN, A., YLI-PIIPARI, S., KOSKI, P., TYNJÄLÄ, J., SOINI, A., STÅHL, T. and TAMMELIN, T., 2014. Results From Finland’s 2014 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. J Phys Act Health, 11(suppl 1), pp. S51-S57. (eng)

School − infrastructure, policies and programmes

LIUKKONEN, J., JAAKKOLA, T., KOKKO, S., GRÅSTÉN, A., YLI-PIIPARI, S., KOSKI, P., TYNJÄLÄ, J., SOINI, A., STÅHL, T. and TAMMELIN, T., 2014. Lasten ja nuorten liikunta, Suomen tilannekatsaus 2014 ja kansainvälinen vertailu, pp. S51-S57. (fin)

Percentage of schools that have developed the schoolyard to be more appealing, promoted the use of indoor sporting facilities and encouraged pupils to actively commute to school.

59] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, . 60] SIIVONEN, RIKU (toim.) (2011) 10 teesiä ja 100 lupausta. Manifesti lasten ja nuorten liikkumisesta. Helsinki: Nuori Suomi &

Most probably persisting physical activity types in adolescence by two different research and categorising. (Myllyniemi, Berg 2013) 61]

YES, Self-directed physical activity

VS NO, Organised sport participation 62]

YES, Fitness training

According to 25 years follow-up study significance of leisure-time physical activity stands out because of decreased strenuous labour and other incidental daily exercise. Physical condition of adolescence predicts physically active leisure time of adulthood for boys but not for girls. (Myllyniemi, Berg 2013) 64]

60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 7-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 age Who moves at least 5 times / week ? 100 % 90 % 80 %

VS NO, Daily functional exercise 63]

70 % 60 % 7-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 age YES - I have some hobby with physical activity ? boys girls

Demos Helsinki. pp. 5

(Myllyniemi, Berg 2013) 65]

61] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, . 62] HUSU, P. and SUNI, J. (2011) Teoksessa Pauliina Husu & Olavi Paronen & Jaana Suni &Tommi Vasankari (toim.) Suomalaisten fyysinen aktiivisuus ja kunto 2010. Terveyttä edistävän liikunnan nykytila ja muutokset. Helsinki: Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriön julkaisuja 2011:15. pp. 24 63] Myllyniemi, Sami (toim.) (2012) Monipolvinen hyvinvointi. Nuorisobarometri 2012. Nuorisotutkimusseuran/Nuorisotutkimusverkoston julkaisuja 127. Helsinki: Nuorisotutkimusverkosto & Nuorisoasiain neuvottelukunta

64] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 63 65] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, .

2.1.1

Nonexistent or passive body culture in urban space

We may not have a clue how the physical space around us can make us indolent, incapable or inactive. The book â&#x20AC;&#x2122;Mind in Architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; clarifies the connections between the human mind, intrinsic motivation taking action and the physical nature of architectural space from the point of view of neuroscience. Consequently, any encounter with an architectural structure begins with the overall sense of place. 66] When we physically come to a town we observe or feel its overall character, atmosphere, top sounds, colors, scale, odors or fragrances, and material presences. In fact we judge every building with which we come in contact in this way, as bodies moving through material spaces 67] Some forms, materials, colours and atmospheres are due to our biological nature more attractive to us and we tend to find ourselves seeking the scape we feel good. Where feeling limited, unwanted, restricted or bored makes us naturally more unwilling to spend our time in those spaces. Neuroscience explores how we and our body unconsciously and immediately judge the overall environment without even really thinking about it. People primarily evaluate their ecological environments through the ensemble of stimuli generated by the materials selected, spatial relations, formal proportions, scale, patterns, rhythms, tactile values, and creative intentions not to mention craftsmanship, presence, warmth those more arcane matters of comfort, convenience, and beauty. 68]

66] MALLGRAVE, H. F., What designers can learn from the contemporary biological sciences. In: ROBINSON, S. and PALLASMAA, J. eds., 2015. Mind in Architecture - Neuroscience, Embodiment, and the Future of Design. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 27 67] JOHNSON, M. L., The embodied meaning of architecture. In: ROBINSON, S. and PALLASMAA, J. eds., 2015. Mind in Architecture - Neuroscience, Embodiment, and the Future of Design. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp.40 68] MALLGRAVE, H. F., What designers can learn from the contemporary biological sciences. In: ROBINSON, S. and PALLASMAA, J. eds., 2015. Mind in Architecture - Neuroscience, Embodiment, and the Future of Design. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 21

Most often you see people just sitting or lying on grass in public urban space if people walking past are not considered. Public urban spaces have most often hard and stony surfaces which make most physical activity uncomfortable and even dangerous. Most urban green spots in the Finnish cities have empty grass and trees between anonymous buildings but nothing humorously built which would encourage people to be physically active right there where they are. Finnish urban spaces are designed well to meet the demands of winter maintenance but less to really nurture human senses like touching and atmospheric judgement 69] . We have traditionally centralized sport fields and lo local sport parks located near schools. Anyway the new implementations for new genres of physical activities happen so seldom and slowly that mostly interesting new spaces for body culture are commercial and behind the locked doors. Our urban planning is seriously lacking the physical activity impact assessment when designing urban space. The design culture towards more active urban design is hopefully greatly under moulding and finding it is shape.

Physical activity impact assessment ssessment is needed. (Or.. all energy and (Or.. resources sources of producing impact assessment for bureaucracy is put straight to spatial development for new body culture inn urban space!) 69] PALLASMAA, J., Body, mind and imagination: The mental essence of architecture. In: ROBINSON, S. and PALLASMAA, J. eds., 2015. Mind in Architecture - Neuroscience, Embodiment, and the Future of Design. Massachusetts Institute of Technology

When observing the playscapes in Finnish cities they are most often copies of each others on a open sand field and targeted for not older than children in primary school. Too often both the existing and new ones are dark, empty, solitary or unimaginative. Similar playgrounds are spread all over Finland with standard homogeneous outlook but there is nothing for adolescents which would really invite them to have spontaneous bodily fun. Playgrounds as meeting places get rarer sharply after the age of 10 - becoming more frequent again when approaching the age of 30. Apparently, ”a bunch of young people hanging out in the playground as well as young mothers / fathers gathering on the edge of the sandbox with their children.” (Myllyniemi, Berg 2013) 70] Adults have designed playgrounds so that they serve those who are in play age. Teenagers do not really have places for abnormal, wild and restless physical play directed especially for them. You can see youngsters chasing each other on a metro station and having fun near around public places or sitting and hanging out at shopping malls. Special physical activity like climbing or skating can even turn to be criminalized because their intensive contact towards common property. But could there be built physically activating spaces free of charge where even a teen is allowed to hang out and play.

Built public recreational spaces for physical activity in Finnish suburbs and more dense urban areas are most often both administratively and functionally

categorized separately to general sporting facilities, and playgrounds for children. For example, in Helsinki the creation of play parks happens under the Early Childhood Care and Education Department but creation of sports under the Sports Department. That may affect on design and explain partly why spaces for youth are mostly in sporty way standardized but one can not really find much creative design implementations where urban culture, youthfully abnormal physically active body culture and playful recreational facilities are combined in spatial, functional and aesthetic ways without feeling super artificial or just boring. Design of neighbourhood sport parks has been a rising trend in recent years, but the limited resources are likely to impact further restrictively to diversity of the design and functions. When the supply no longer meets demand, decision-makers, designers and other stakeholders are required to challenge their imagination and regeneration. For example it is unreasonable that the Finnish slow bureaucratic system requires a change to city plan, in order to allow parents to create the ice rink for skating in a residential area when municipality is not able to provide the facility. Local sports facilities can be various scales and serve different ages and a wide range of physical activity opportunities, but the huge potential in design and implementation has been utilized quite imperfectly. According to Myllyniemi and Berg (2013) definition, the scope of physical activity is wider for youth than adults. Adolescents labelled for example walking the dog, instrument playing activities, scouting, hunting, fishing, outdoor games and play, agility, fire brigade, visual art hobbies, circus and 4H youth work (Head, Hands, Heart & Health Youth work) as physical activities while they categorized football, horse riding, boxing and some martial arts as creative hobbies in other survey. 71] Streetscape does not really show the genre variety of physical activities of adolescents. Many forms of exercise will not get space in daily environment. Limited street culture increases prejudices and possibly leads to a reduction in physical activity. Youth report safety and a lack of recreational resources as inhibiting physical activity in United States. (Topmiller, Jacquez et al. 2015) 72] Perceptions and activities oc 71] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 69.

70] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 32.

72] TOPMILLER, M., JACQUEZ, F., VISSMAN, A.T., RALEIGH, K. and MILLER-FRANCIS, J., 2015. Partnering with youth to map their

curred are location-based and therefore can not be directly applied in Finland where media topics indicate that generally the lack of free and attractive opportunities, social acceptance or perceptions, daily habits and seasonal conditions complicate spontaneous physical activity of youth. Geographical information systems could serve research, design and development better in the future if open data about perceptions, conditions and events would be more available. To keep up with healthy lifestyles the adolescents of industrialized countries around the world seems to face some similar problems globally. Adolescents from a refugee background in Manchester got a voice via narratives and photos in photovoice project organised by Semra Aytur (2013). Outcomes that rose up were

1) unhealthy indoor /outdoor home environments; 2) landlord-tenant conflicts; 3) violence in parks, schools, and neighborhoods; 4) advertisements for beer and cigarettes in areas where youth play; 5) the importance of youth leaders as change agents. 73]

The results of research need to be presented in ways that are familiar, accessible and attractive to designers if they are to be taken up by the design professions. (Ward Thompson 2013) 75]

- Conversely, gaps between evidence and practice are likely to occur where environmental research outcomes are not explicitly translated into recommendations for planning and design practice. (Ward Thompson 2013) 76] Future generations may still seek adventures in everyday life. Technology is part of sharing experiences but not the experience itself. People are seeking touch of real life with empathy and physical experiences which should be accessible and realizable close to the everyday places. Designers and researchers should communicate more actively for example via modern realtime visual messenging technology and are aware both sides of newest findings in research and design implementations what comes to urban spatial life.

Lack of free and activating recreational spaces and negative social atmosphere appear frequently in media. According to ’Results from Finland’s 2014 Report card on Physical activity for Children and Youth’ there lies some research gaps and lack of evidencebased interventions to real life when it comes to age-related secular trends and physical environment of adolescents like school, home and travelling. Research is needed on psychosocial, environmental and biological determinants behind the decline in physical activity during puberty. 74]

TAMMELIN, T., 2014. Results From Finland’s 2014 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. J Phys Act Health, 11(suppl 1), pp. S51-S57. (eng)

neighborhood environments: a multilayered GIS approach. Family & community health, 38(1), pp. 66-76.

73] AYTUR, S., 2013. Youth as change agents for healthy neighborhood environments: The manchester photovoice project, 141st APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition (November 2-November 6, 2013) 2013, APHA. 74] LIUKKONEN, J., JAAKKOLA, T., KOKKO, S., GRÅSTÉN, A., YLI-PIIPARI, S., KOSKI, P., TYNJÄLÄ, J., SOINI, A., STÅHL, T. and

75] WARD THOMPSON, C., 2013. Activity, exercise and the planning and design of outdoor spaces. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, pp. 79-96. 76] WARD THOMPSON, C., 2013. Activity, exercise and the planning and design of outdoor spaces. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, pp. 79-96.

2.1.2

Sedentary behaviour

Even though a period of hundred years is a tiny piece in human evolutionary history, in that time scale our daily duties have gone through a radical change. Children used to be part of daily agricultural lifestyle where they helped on the field, took care of smaller siblings and domestic animals. Activities of daily living kept young bodies in motion while the current city life as planned for sedentary behaviour tends to deactivate already from childhood. Percentage of children and youth who meet the Finnish Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines (less than two hours of sedentary time per day from discretionary screen time (watching TV, videos or DVDs).

Grade D

21%–40% 77]

It is alarming that according to research already three year old children are found to have moderateto-vigorous physical activity level for only 2% of all observations even during outdoor play and nearly half of the kids’ activities are observed to be sedentary behaviour. 86% of the child care day spent indoors is sedentary behaviour. (Soini 2015) 78]

According to a recent study,

Finnish young men sit around 10.5 hours of their waking hours while they sacrifice only an hour on average to moderate physical activity. 79] Myllyniemi and Berg (2013) 80] states in Lifestyle and health survey of adolescents that

while fitness training and participation in organised sports have increased the physical condition has altered for the worse. Continuous and long-term sedentary behaviour leads easily to obesity, diabetes and cardio vascular diseases and may have even effect on brain development of children. 81]

activity of 3-year-old preschool children. 77] LIUKKONEN, J., JAAKKOLA, T., KOKKO, S., GRÅSTÉN, A., YLI-PIIPARI, S., KOSKI, P., TYNJÄLÄ, J., SOINI, A., STÅHL, T. and TAMMELIN, T., 2014. Results From Finland’s 2014 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. J Phys Act Health, 11(suppl 1), pp. 51-57. (eng) LIUKKONEN, J., JAAKKOLA, T., KOKKO, S., GRÅSTÉN, A., YLI-PIIPARI, S., KOSKI, P., TYNJÄLÄ, J., SOINI, A., STÅHL, T. and TAMMELIN, T., 2014. Lasten ja nuorten liikunta, Suomen tilannekatsaus 2014 ja kansainvälinen vertailu, pp. 51-57. (fin) 78]

SOINI, A., 2015. Always on the move?: measured physical

79] NIEMELÄ, M. Nuorten miesten itsearvioitu ja objektiivisesti mitattu fyysinen aktiivisuus ja istuminen.Pro gradu-tutkielma. Hyvinvointitekniikan koulutusohjelma, Oulun yliopisto. 2015 80] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 56 81] HUSU, P. and SUNI, J. (2011) Teoksessa Pauliina Husu & Olavi Paronen & Jaana Suni & Tommi Vasankari (toim.) Suomalaisten fyysinen aktiivisuus ja kunto 2010. Terveyttä edistävän liikunnan nykytila ja muutokset. Helsinki: Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriön julkaisuja 2011:15.

Physical inactivity is a strong contributor to excess body weigh. Sedentary activities such as excessive television viewing, computer use, video games, and telephone conversations should be discouraged. Reducing sedentary behaviors to <2 hours per day is important to increasing physical activity and to health. (Strong, Malina et al. 2005) 82] Sedentary behaviour exposes adolescents to many kinds of physical ailments like weak bones strained neck and shoulders, disk damage, inflexible spine, poor circulation, muscle degeneration, colon cancer, pancreas problems and cardio vascular diseases. When thinking mental and physical resilience of future youth it is important to understand that many of the diseases which are most common killers worldwide have been also connected to physically inactive lifestyles, continuous sedentary behaviour and obesity. Our daily micro environments have been built to serve us in sedentary behaviour. Free time spaces excluding sport facilities of adolescents seldom have elements which visually encourage us to stand up, have fun and move our bodies. At home we usually either sit or do light physical activity with little walking. To reduce sedentary time, the specific physical and social contexts that modify participation in sedentary activities must be modified, and these factors are likely different from factors related to physical activity (28) (Pesola, Laukkanen et al. 2014) 83] Top 10 worst killers in the world dead, million coronary artery disease 7,4 stroke 6,7 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3,1 pneumonia 3,1 other lung diseases 1,6 aids 1,5 diarrhea 1,5 type 2 diabetes 1,5 traffic accidents 1,3 hypertension 1,3

82] STRONG, W.B., MALINA, R.M., BLIMKIE, C.J., DANIELS, S.R., DISHMAN, R.K., GUTIN, B., HERGENROEDER, A.C., MUST, A., NIXON, P.A. and PIVARNIK, J.M., 2005. Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. The Journal of pediatrics, 146(6), pp. 732-737. 83] PESOLA, A.J., LAUKKANEN, A., HAAKANA, P., HAVU, M., SAAKSLAHTI, A., SIPILA, S. and FINNI, T., 2014. Muscle inactivity and activity patterns after sedentary time--targeted randomized controlled trial. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 46(11), pp. 2122-2131.. FROM: Owen N, Sugiyama T, Eakin EE, Gardiner PA, Tremblay MS, Sallis JF. Adults’ sedentary behavior determinants and interventions. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41(2):189–96.

Studies of Pesola & Laukkanen et al. (2014) show that even physically active people can benefit from a behavioral change towards light intensity activities which cuts ubiquitous muscle inactivity time with simple intervention. While the act of standing up increases muscle activity as compared to that during sitting (from 1.0 to 2.2% of EMGMVC), these results give further support for the message ”stand up, sit less, move more” to promote metabolic health as a complement to current exercise guidelines. (Pesola, Laukkanen et al. 2014) 84] The decision to cut inactivity will boost our brain and thinking but if we stay physically passive. Also mind will not get much kick-off even if we would later have harder and time-wise longer lasting exercise. It does not matter if you move a lot if you also sit a lot. Arto Pesola writes in his book ’Revolution of natural exercise’ that risk to die of cardiovascular disease is as high if you watch tv over 7 hours and have moderate-to-vigorous physical exercise 4-7 hours per week or watch tv less than 1 hour per day and have moderate-to-vigorous physical exercise rarely or never. 85] Total muscle inactivity time was adversely associated with some cardio-metabolic biomarkers with clinically significant differences in HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, independent of the muscle’s moderate- to-vigorous activity time. - These associations can be seen already in young, healthy and physi physically active participants. (Pesola, Laukkanen et al. 2014) 86] In order to boost our overall resilience we need to boost our decision making just a bit to get up from the seat. (Top 10 killers- data Helsingin Sanomat 87] 84] PESOLA, A.J., LAUKKANEN, A., TIKKANEN, O., SIPILA, S., KAINULAINEN, H. and FINNI, T., 2014. Muscle Inactivity is Adversely associated with Biomarkers in Physically Active Adults. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, . 85] PESOLA, A., 2013 Luomuliikunnan vallankumous, (eng. The revolution of natural exercise) pp. 59 86] PESOLA, A.J., LAUKKANEN, A., TIKKANEN, O., SIPILA, S., KAINULAINEN, H. and FINNI, T., 2014. Muscle Inactivity is Adversely associated with Biomarkers in Physically Active Adults. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, . 87] TUOHINEN, P., 2015. Vain harva kuolee väkivaltaisesti – maailman pahimmat tappajat ovat hiljaisia. Helsingin Sanomat, Ulkomaat. 1.Feb. Original reference of illustration: WHO; (http://

2.1.3

Increasing screen time

It is alarming that due to time spent in bad positions with tablets even young children need physiotherapy in their early age when body should be at it is best for growing and adapting. On weekdays 78% of Finnish 11- to 15-year-olds sits more than recommended maximum of 2 hours with some screen per day (watching TV, videos or DVDs). On weekends this activity is almost doubled especially for boys with computer and console games. Other recreational usage of computers was more gender neutral, but an issue of concern as 47% of the 11- to 15-year-old spent time with mobile communication devices over the recommendation limit during weekdays and 59% during weekends. 88] Loneliness is felt also by significant numbers of adolescents who have plenty of hobbies, friends and leisure time activities. Lifestyle studies show that loneliness is felt worst among adolescents whose screen time is highest - or lowest. 89] Myllyniemi and Berg (2013) writes that in Finland adolescents spent on average 4,3 hours per day in front of screen. 73 % of the youth have more screen time than nationally recommended maximum two hours per day. 90]

In adolescent behaviour there is also a link between voluminous screen time and scanty physical activity. In various studies plenty of screen time has been found to have links for example with undershooting night sleep, obesity, blood pressure, musculoskeletal symptoms like (1-2 h:) neck and shoulder pain and (4h:) low back pain, also headache, eye symptoms, hand, finger and wrist symptoms. 91] The amount for which people use for gaming or surfing in internet in order to obtain satisfaction from the rest of unmotivating activities is staggering. Potential of positive motivation leading to positive action could be enormous if it is to be taken seriously.

www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/a1422680209208) 88] AIRA, T., KANNAS, L., TYNJÄLÄ, J., VILLBERG, J. & KOKKO, S. 2013. Hiipuva liikunta nuoruusiässä. Drop off-ilmiön aikatrendejä ja kansainvälistä vertailua WHO-Koululaistutkimuksen (HBSC-Study) aineistoilla 1986–2010. Jyväskylän yliopiston Terveyden edistämisen tutkimuskeskuksen julkaisuja 5. 89] HUSU, P. and SUNI, J. (2011) Teoksessa Pauliina Husu & Olavi Paronen & Jaana Suni &Tommi Vasankari (toim.) Suomalaisten fyysinen aktiivisuus ja kunto 2010. Terveyttä edistävän liikunnan nykytila ja muutokset. Helsinki: Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriön julkaisuja 2011:15. pp.52 90] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 56

The cycle of fatigue ->

91] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 56

boredom

frustratio n

lack of motivation t a s ie it v ti c a ry a ll ro o c e v alternati e n o h p / b e w / g in y la p e k screen li body gets tired

too long time at addictive activity in passive position

foggy mind no motivation to physical activity

overload insatiableof physical fatig ue needs

cycle of fatigue

ÂŠSassi Arjanko 2015

2.1.4

Decreased unstructured physical activities outside schools or sports clubs

Percentage of children and youth who participate in physical activities outside school or sports clubs at least four times per week.

Active play (leisure time) 92] Unstructured physical activity is not fully investigated in Finland but studies show that Finnish children and youth do not meet the recommendations for leisure time physical activity. There are multiple reasons for passive lifestyles like mental and physical challenges of puberty, social atmosphere and unattractive environment. Arto Pesola writes in his book The revolution of Natural Exercise (Luomuliikunnan vallankumous) that social factors translate best the reasons for adopting passive lifestyle but

DID YOU KNOW ? In the paper ’The Finnish Play Movement: Nationalism, Citizenship and Women’s Resistance’ Leena Laine reviews the notion of ‘play’ as a multi-faceted political tool during the early 20th century in Finland. During the early years of Finnish sport development, a word ’leikki’ was generally used in reference to games as well as to play activities. The women of the play movement - Finnish Women’s Gymnastics Federation - embraced healthy, non-competitive activity and tried to refute the dominant and antagonistic world of male sport which emphasising individualism contradicted the neo-humanistic values, beliefs, and social mores of Finnish society. Competitive sport challenged traditional human values by promoting individual advancement rather than col collective need. The concept of ‘play’ and other non-competitive physical activity was hoped to shape an alternative culture resistant to the hegemonic values of male sport as well as to create, explore, and develop free play as a foundation for physical activity. Play also highlighted national culture and identity. Already then the inherent joy of play was believed to promote positive psychological effects and the physicality of play was believed to benefit both the heart and the lungs. 95]

environment explicates the reasons for embracing physically active lifestyle. 93]

We learn inactive lifestyles in childhood but active lifestyle learned during young age creates a good basis for an active lifestyle later in life. (Telama, Yang et al. 2005) 94]

92] LIUKKONEN, J., JAAKKOLA, T., KOKKO, S., GRÅSTÉN, A., YLI-PIIPARI, S., KOSKI, P., TYNJÄLÄ, J., SOINI, A., STÅHL, T. and TAMMELIN, T., 2014. Results From Finland’s 2014 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. J Phys Act Health, 11(suppl 1), pp. 51-57. (eng) LIUKKONEN, J., JAAKKOLA, T., KOKKO, S., GRÅSTÉN, A., YLI-PIIPARI, S., KOSKI, P., TYNJÄLÄ, J., SOINI, A., STÅHL, T. and TAMMELIN, T., 2014. Lasten ja nuorten liikunta, Suomen tilannekatsaus 2014 ja kansainvälinen vertailu, pp. 51-57. (fin) 93] PESOLA, A., 2013 Luomuliikunnan vallankumous, (eng. The revolution of natural exercise) pp. 132 94] TELAMA, R., YANG, X., VIIKARI, J., VÄLIMÄKI, I., WANNE, O. and RAITAKARI, O., 2005. Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: A 21-year tracking study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(3), pp. 267-273.

95]

LAINE, L., 2006, The Finnish Play Movement: Nationalism, Citizenship and Women’s Resistance

End of play - Adults effect on spontaneous physical playful activities

The basis of human trust is established through play signals. Stuart Brown (2008) 96]

Play is a fundamental part of human development and growth from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. Playing teaches us to face the most astonishing happenings of life but is also vital for health and physical wellbeing. There is no play without imagination which easily leads to unconventional activities. Even though adults hunt innovations through play, play is not automatically acceptable in adults world or it has to be right kind of play. Adolescents may feel hobbies as their work in order to fulfill the assumed expectations of adults. 97] Considering the discourse from a child’s vantage point, the forms of play mandated by public health – those prescribed to be

healthy, active, monitored, tabulated and evaluated – appear to take on precisely the quality of work

(that is, schoolwork) (Alexander, Frohlich et al. 2014) 98] Imaginative play is not going extinct, but everyday life shows that children stop playing and adulthood starts earlier than before. Competition and comparison will step into young people’s lives at a very early stage through adults’ behavior and attitudes. Along with the negative and nequal effects it has been noticed that young people’s learning and concentration remains increased through play and exercise. Playfulness, however, is overshadowed by the fear of being an outsider and inadequacy of that comparative attitude to cultural causes. Futile pampering and cosseting will shrivel the streetscape and living environments.

96] BROWN, S., 2008. Serious play. Play is more than fun. It’s vital. Filmed May 2008 inTED-talks. http://www.ted.com/talks/ stuart_brown_says_play_is_more_than_fun_it_s_vital 97] Laajarinne, Jukka (2011) Leikkiminen kielletty! Kontrolliyhteiskunnan lapset. Jyväskylä: Atena Kustannus in MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, . pp. 7 98] ALEXANDER, S.A., FROHLICH, K.L. and FUSCO, C., 2014. ‘Active play may be lots of fun, but it’s certainly not frivolous’: the emergence of active play as a health practice in Canadian public health. Sociology of health & illness, 36(8), pp. 1188-1204.

There is a challenge to build physically activating spaces where adolescents can move freely without seriousness, a cultural shadow of competition or risk of being labelled. Society offers a lot of traditional sports and organized activities to youngsters while the youth culture itself is not seen as physical activity body culture. There is always benefit or reason for physical activity in adults world while the youth act spontaneously via their own popular culture.

It doesn’t have a particular purpose, and that’s what’s great about play. If its purpose is more important than the act of doing it, it’s probably not play. Stuart Brown (2008) 99]

According to research called Unequal childhood by Järventie and Sauli (2001) children abandon playing around 11 years probably because they do not identify themselves anymore as children. It was also found was that in comparison to Norway and Sweden in Finland the change is dramatically fastest in the end of play. 100] Children are spending more time under adult supervision, either while playing independently in the garden, or at institutionally based play activities. - Evidence is that the most significant influence on children’s access to independent play is not the level of public provision of play facilities but parental anxieties about children’s safety and the changing nature of childhood. (Valentine, McKendrick 1997) 101] 99] BROWN, S., 2008. Serious play. Play is more than fun. It’s vital. Filmed May 2008 inTED-talks. http://www.ted.com/talks/ stuart_brown_says_play_is_more_than_fun_it_s_vital 100] JÄRVENTIE, I., SAULI, H. (toim.), 2001 Eriarvoinen lapsuus (Unequal childhood), Helsinki WSOY in MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, . pp. 7 101] VALENTINE, G. and MCKENDRCK, J., 1997. Children’s outdoor play: exploring parental concerns about children’s safety and the changing nature of childhood. Geoforum, 28(2), pp. 219-235.

Parental satisfaction with the quality of their local parks was associated with less computer/e-games time among children. (Veitch, Timperio et al. 2011) 102]

Children under study were told to stay within eyesight which made step counts drop by more than a third. (Boldemann, Blennow et al. 2006) 103] 82 % of ten year old girls and 73 % of ten year old boys reported parents occasionally to forbid moving in a place kept dangerous by adults. 104] Studies indicate that free moving of girls restrained more than boys. While activity opportunities may be equal, the girls in this study viewed constraints as more of a limiting factor toward continued participation. (Casper, Bocarro et al. 2011) 105]

Work consists of whatever a body is obliged to do. Play consists of whatever a body is not obliged to do. - Mark Twain 106]

is needed when adult’s world limits active living of the children and adolescence. Activity needs to be brought visible and allowed in the most unexpected places that physically active living will be seen as norm but not as an risk. Hille Koskela writes in her book (The Spiral of Fear. Politics of Fear, Security Business, and the Struggle over Urban Space) that self-motivated physical activity and free play of the youngsters develops urban literacy, independency and spatial conceptualization, social skills and initiative. 107] These skills will naturally teach perceptual ability which itself preempts risks and threads but without facing mentally and physically challenging situations we will end up even more scary situations where people are lacking operations models and ability of using their imagination. Braveness of children may scare adults but incitement of fear make us all move less. The less eyes on the streets the more scary it may feel if atmosphere is accented by social environment and the spiral of fear is ready. Finland is maybe safest country in the world but still we are afraid just in case. Thomson (2014 ) states that in order to maintain discipline and establish a safe environment adults ended up marginalising and inhibiting children’s play while couraging to purposeful play and avoiding confrontation with parents and prescriptive agencies. 108]

It is often argued in recent media, that Finland is not the most child-friendly country what comes to behaviour of adults in public places towards youngsters. Maybe stories are about extremes but discussion 102] VEITCH, J., TIMPERIO, A., CRAWFORD, D., ABBOTT, G., GILES-CORTI, B. and SALMON, J., 2011. Is the neighbourhood environment associated with sedentary behaviour outside of school hours among children? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 41(3), pp. 333-341. 103] BOLDEMANN, C., BLENNOW, M., DAL, H., MÅRTENSSON, F., RAUSTORP, A., YUEN, K. and WESTER, U., 2006. Impact of preschool environment upon children’s physical activity and sun exposure. Preventive medicine, 42(4), pp. 301-308. 104] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 50 105] CASPER, J.M., BOCARRO, J.N., KANTERS, M.A. and FLOYD, M.E., 2011. ” Just Let Me Play!”—Understanding Constraints That Limit Adolescent Sport Participation. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 8(1), pp. S32. 106]

TWAIN, M. 1876. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, http://www.twainquotes.com/Work.html

107] KOSKELA, H. (2009) Pelkokierre. Pelon politiikka, turvamarkkinat ja kamppailu kaupunkitilasta. (The Spiral of Fear. Politics of Fear, Security Business, and the Struggle over Urban Space) Helsinki: Gaudeamus 108] THOMSON, S., 2014. ’Adulterated play’: an empirical discussion surrounding adults’ involvement with children’s play in the primary school playground. Journal of Playwork Practice, 1(1), pp. 5-21.

resistance vivid and high-spirited originality towards territorial sharing uncertainty real security activism connectivity & identity as caring interaction sincerity attachment yimby cohesion customizability spatial self-confidence free of charge not too pre-designed variety courage untamed risk is a dare care youth potential surprise optimism potential of ones belonging attractive positive making visible own fathing equality vourites multiculturalism involvement enthusiasm diversity evolution imagination activity resilience growth encounters excitement

Responsibility

Creativity

Freedom

SPACE IS SOCIAL CAPITAL

daring

accessibility comfortable no shepherding

Trust

109]

positive loop

ÂŠSassi Arjanko 2015

confidence visibility pluralism

Urban literacy

welcoming

transparency approval

Understanding

communality A feeling of security authenticity tolerance semi-public - public wimby small spatial units communication flexibility social media in public space

freedom of speech symbolic borders

reality use of space like chilling and hanging out in abnorabnor mal spots is lerable tolerable

easy to detect and find

ability to recognize a serious and substantial issue from normal the common good arises unprompted action

109] ARJANKO, S., Positive loop. Illustration inspired by â&#x20AC;?The rise of non-spaceâ&#x20AC;? of KOSKELA, H. (2009) In: Pelkokierre. Pelon politiikka, turvamarkkinat ja kamppailu kaupunkitilasta. (The Spiral of Fear. Politics of Fear, Security Business, and the Struggle over Urban Space) Helsinki: Gaudeamus

©S

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2.1.5

Increasing Indoor life = Decreasing Outdoor life

During man’s earthly trek we have lived most of the time in the open air and used our bodies in a creative and diverse ways to guarantee daily survival and nutrition. Scarce times have adapted our bodies to store all extra nutrition. The slow process of the evolution has not caught up with the hunter-gatherer era of bodily adaptation to meet the energy consumption caused by the current ways of living and changes in physical load.

For people of all ages, getting outdoors getting lleads eads to greater levels of activity than remaining emaining inside bbuildings. uildings.

Previously reported link between “sports/outdoor activity” and incident myopia is due mainly to its capture of information relating to time outdoors rather than physical activity. (Guggenheim, Northstone et al. 2012) 111] Already almost twenty years ago Valentine and McKendrick (1997) wrote about decrease of children’s outdoor play and narrowed play zone closely centred on the home rather than the street over the last three decades. Also temporal and spatial changes appear to have occurred in patterns of children’s outdoor play. 112] According to studies body and mind work better in conditions where light, temperature, air quality, scenery, materials and background sounds are natural and comfortable. Our relationship with nature is both conscious and unconscious. Perhaps we still can not fully define all of those forms in which nature affects on our bodies. In the modern urban environment and, in particular, mainly indoors our eyes can see in artificial light, the lungs breathe

(Ward Thompson 2013) 110]

Change in our evolutionary habits can even change the function our senses. Myopia have exploded in developed countries along with increased time spent indoors. In the latest studies, the strongest explanatory factor is the decreased time spent outdoors independent from physical activity level. Connection between abundant form of outdoor scene in natural light and myopia feels logical also by gut feeling. 111] GUGGENHEIM, J.A., NORTHSTONE, K., MCMAHON, G., NESS, A.R., DEERE, K., MATTOCKS, C., POURCAIN, B.S. and WILLIAMS, C., 2012. Time outdoors and physical activity as predictors of incident myopia in childhood: a prospective cohort study. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 53(6), pp. 2856-2865. 110] WARD THOMPSON, C., 2013. Activity, exercise and the planning and design of outdoor spaces. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, pp. 79-96.

112] VALENTINE, G. and MCKENDRCK, J., 1997. Children’s outdoor play: exploring parental concerns about children’s safety and the changing nature of childhood. Geoforum, 28(2), pp. 219-235.

impure dry indoor air, we come into contact with synthetic materials and hear white noise of city life. In theory, an artificial world may not be in the short term harmful, but numerous studies have shown that, among other things, our bodies stress levels decrease by natural sensory experiences. Our senses react, therefore, to more balanced natural stimuli despite the fact that we would consciously think nature’s presence. As alienated from nature the visual appearance of our environment is serious, monotonous and normative. It can contribute to a child’s decreased devotion to live spontaneously using less their imagination and their environment through bodily play. A strong technologically stimulating world can on the one hand develop the child’s thinking in a new way but it can also act as a constraint. Even if unbalanced artificial man-made stimuli may be stronger momentarily children’s attractiveness may run out faster than in more natural affordances.

The landscapes we inhabit have ave far-reaching and rofound impacts profound onn our behavior and nd functioning. For or well over 99 percent off human evolution, ur ancestors lived our inn extremely close association ssociation with the he natural world.

Green environment and nature in the field of vision or 20 minutes walk in park is widely known to help people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder but still one can see brand new school buildings with sophisticated yard covered by asphalt with two lonely tree plantings. Finnish suburbs are nearly pollution-free and often close to the natural environment. Everyday intermediate spaces like pocket parks, nearby forests, fields, rocks, hills, sceneries etc. offer natural elements that would be interesting to take advantage of as part of everyday physical activity if the facilities would provide a more direct clue towards action. The Finns are doing a lot outdoors: the relationship with nature continues to exist. (Siivonen 2011) 114] In outdoor activities it is not necessarily needed to emphasize the relationship with nature, but rather different potential activities in the urban space where nature is inherent. Finns’ relationship with nature is a mystical and protected, something that we should tap into to, also in urban contexts. It is challenging to learn to care about environment and nature and sustainability without a relationship with nature, but first we should get people to move outdoors from buildings to smell the fresh air every now and then.

Sullivan (2005) 113]

113] SULLIVAN, W.C., 2005. Forest, savanna, city: evolutionary landscapes and human functioning. P.Barlett, Urban Place: Recon Reconnecting with the Natural World, , pp. 237-252.

114] SIIVONEN, RIKU (toim.) (2011) 10 teesiä ja 100 lupausta. Manifesti lasten ja nuorten liikkumisesta. Helsinki: Nuori Suomi & Demos Helsinki. pp. 10

2.1.6

Increasing anxiety disorders

In 2013, a record amount of Finns under age 35 were forced to retire due to mental health reasons. 115] When observing the amounts of moderate or severe anxiety disorders of Helsinki youngsters at Welfare Report 116] there are significant differences between gender and school levels. Girls feel about double as much anxiety than boys especially in vocational school but also in both secondary and upper secondary schools. While urban youth feel stressed and worried at the same time studies show that physically active youth tend to show better mental health than their less active counterparts. (Biddle, Gorely et al. 2004) 117] Minimal use of the body does not bring us a feel-good hormones like dopamine, serotonin and melatonin, what affects negatively on our minds. Unsupervised physical playful activities affect positively to resiliency, social skills, confidence, independence and problem solving. The list of mental drawbacks caused by physically passive lifestyle is endless. When our bodies get tired more easily, also our mind gets tired faster, which can frustrate, cause insomnia and anxiety, addictions, loss of concentration and interest, a decrease of self-esteem, isolation and therefore more inactivity. The cycle of fatigue is ready. In the brains of mice, there has been found a small area of the so-called ”training center” which regulates the mood, but also activity in general, as well as its desire or motivation to run. Motivation to move is located, apparently in the same parts of the brain, as the feeling of pleasure, which supports the assumption that light-hearted and fun physical activity could keep us more active compared a serious or neutral exercise. The study also increases the understanding of connections between depression, physical activity and feeling of pleasure among scientists. 118]

anxiety 119] d i s o rd e r , relationship problems, self-distructive or suicidal thoughts, having trouble coping with everyday activities, fatigue, difficulties in concentrating, restlessness, isolation to home, a drop in school performance, depression and sadness, fluctuating mood and conduct disorders, unspecified problem, web use and digital gaming problems, worries or problems related to sexuality, body or appearance, weird experiences, obsessive thoughts and functions, panic, fears, higher alcohol, tobacco and illicit substances use, money gaming, complexity, becoming victim of sexual harassment and violence, social phobia, difficulties associated with eating, sleeping problems, threatening with violence, delinquent behaviours, violent behavior and thoughts, sudden crises and grief, quick temper

©Sassi Arjanko 2015

115] REPO, P., 2015. Mielenterveysongelmat ajavat nuoria eläkkeelle ennätysmäärin. Helsingin Sanomat, KOTIMAA 3. Jan. http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/a1420179850294# 116] THL Kouluterveyskysely, 2013. Mielen hyvinvointi. http:// www.nuortenhyvinvointikertomus.fi/ 75 117] BIDDLE, S.J., GORELY, T. and STENSEL, D.J., 2004. Healthenhancing physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents. Journal of sports sciences, 22(8), pp. 679-701. 118]

HEINONEN, M., 2014. Aivoista löytyi liikunnan motivoija Helsingin sanomat, Tiede 10 Oct. http://www.hs.fi/tiede/a1410243406941

119] HUS. Nuorten mielenterveystalo. https://www.mielenterveystalo.fi/nuoret/tietoa_mielenterveydesta/nuorten_mielenterveysongelmat/Pages/default.aspx

2.1.7

Inequality in the built environment

There are many research gaps about how environment affects on our physical activity but evidence is gained more and more while it still has a little effect on design or implementation phase. Cultivating the lessons learned in research we could gain a huge potential from our environment for health and wellbeing. In their research Cohen, Ashwood et al. (2006) have found out that adolescent girls who live near more parks, particularly near those with amenities that are conducive to walking and with active features, engage in more non school metabolic equivalent–weighted moderate/vigorous physical activity than those with fewer parks. 120]

Low-threshold physical activity and the national economy The future Finland may have even more limited resources to social security compared to today. Less people are taking care of us but we have more to take care of when we ignore taking care of ourselves. Already now healthcare takes the lion’s share from public economy and system is based on heavy but fragile social security machinery. There are always more people queuing than resources to help. We are accustomed to trust the welfare state and it is hard to admit that we can not afford on what we need with the current system. Something is wrong but not immediately fixable. Personal wellbeing becomes emphasized when you can not take social care for granted. In Finland we have already implemented sugar tax and limited areas for smoking which encourages people to choose healthier lifestyles but you never know how much national policy changes to punish poor personal choices. Already now some employers reward employees for active lifestyles in order to get more productive and profitable labour. Thresholds to increase physical activity vary and in order to get bigger benefits there must not be too much pressure to change habits. Instead the change should be easy, fun and proceeded in a flexible way.

120] COHEN, D.A., ASHWOOD, J.S., SCOTT, M.M., OVERTON, A., EVENSON, K.R., STATEN, L.K., PORTER, D., MCKENZIE, T.L. and CATELLIER, D., 2006. Public parks and physical activity among adolescent girls. Pediatrics, 118(5), pp. e1381-9.

In her study Soini (2015) cites Tremblay et al. (2011) who writes that from a public health perspective, a reduction in sedentary behaviour (SB) may also be easier than increasing physical activity (PA), as there are fewer constraints, such as no need to change clothing or use special equipment, and can be easily attained with a minimal burden on a child’s or adolescent’s time or families’ financial resources. 121] Developing active future society needs a ”streetsmart” emotionally intelligent attitude and evidencebased design of an optimistic environment in order to really make difference on people’s sedentary behaviour and physical activity.

New sports law in Finland The new sports law aiming at equality in sports was adopted in Finland in January 2015. The main goal is to to promote low threshold opportunities for physical activity for the whole population regardless of the status or physical condition of an individual. Sport and physical activity have been characterized to function as a basic service to the citizens and new law sets guidelines and principles of support for civic activities as well as ethical principles of honesty and the reduction of inequalities in sports. It remains to be seen whether or not the new law affects as interventions making people move through more equal affordances for physical activity in environment, or as control and health hysteria.

121] SOINI, A., 2015. Always on the move?: measured physical activity of 3-year-old preschool children.

Gender

Slater and Tiggemann (2010) emphasise that environmental equality like equal amount of physical activity genres and scenes attracting girls like currently available for boys plays important role on bolstering girls’ participation rates. 122] When watching our urban outdoor spaces for physical activity it is easier to find facilities for activities like football which have male-oriented echo, history and action. Also team-oriented facilities run over solo-oriented physical activity facilities in Finnish urban space. It appears an unfortunate fact that the school environment and indeed society at large continues to reinforce the philosophy that sport and physical activity are masculine pursuits. (Slater, Tiggemann 2010) 123] There is research evidence that adolescent girls are particularly sensitive to external comparison and evaluation. Do mental and physical space go hand in hand ? In leisure site survey James (2001) discovered that girls tend to make their recreational choices based on a complex interplay of factors for example by weighing up possible negative impacts of the audience against the

potential enjoyment of an activity and their desire to be included. They consequently limited their participation or avoided active areas altogether because of a sensitivity to their potential audience at the time. 124] According to Slater and Tiggemann (2010) the perception of sport not being a particularly ‘cool’ activity (i.e. a fear of becoming too muscular or ‘buff’ may deter girls from participating in sports and physical activities) may be very much dependent on the sport or activity chosen 125] Even adult women still have their sense of vulnerability in urban environments - even in public neighborhood playgrounds - regardless of race, income or place. (Silver, Giorgio et al. 2014) 126] Male teachers, for instance, had more play willingness and participated more in physically active play, whereas female teachers tended to prioritise calm play, which, for the most part, they had also experienced in their own childhood (Sandberg & Pramling-Samuelsson, 2005) (Soini 2015) 127] Children and adolescents are sensitive to attitudes of both role models such as parents, teachers’ and instructors’ and fellow-men’s behavior and unconsciousness may adopt behavioural patterns from these which may also degenerate part of their physical activity habits. Even if social culture is not changeable all at once, environmental changes may affect people’s behaviour on many levels. Passive adolescent girls may not seem to be as big of an issue in Finland as it is in, for example, the UK, where huge campaigns are about to boost the feminine spirit towards more physically active lifestyles in daily environments.

Like a girl: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjJQBjWYDTs

This girl can: 124] JAMES, K., 2001. ” I Just Gotta Have My Own Space!”: The Bedroom as a Leisure Site for Adolescent Girls. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(1), pp. 71.

122] SLATER, A. and TIGGEMANN, M., 2010. “Uncool to do sport”: A focus group study of adolescent girls’ reasons for withdrawing from physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(6), pp. 619-626. 123] SLATER, A. and TIGGEMANN, M., 2010. “Uncool to do sport”: A focus group study of adolescent girls’ reasons for withdrawing from physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(6), pp. 619-626.

125] SLATER, A. and TIGGEMANN, M., 2010. “Uncool to do sport”: A focus group study of adolescent girls’ reasons for withdrawing from physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(6), pp. 619-626. 126] SILVER, D., GIORGIO, M. and MIJANOVICH, T., 2014. Utilization Patterns and Perceptions of Playground Users in New York City. Springer US. 127] SOINI, A., 2015. Always on the move?: measured physical activity of 3-year-old preschool children.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN7lt0CYwHg

Most wanted sport hobbies by youth

128]

girls

boys

dance volleyball floorball swimming martial arts athletics football gym boxing horseback riding hockey

football floorball martial arts hockey swimming volleyball baseball basketball athletics badminton climbing

When youth rank their most popular sports played or on a wishlist, gaze is directed in particular to the individual or twosome sport genres that do not require a large space or special conditions, such as ice or water. It is possible to cultivate these creative and wanted sport genres such as

dance, combat, martial arts, gym, boxing, clim clim-bing, fitness, walking a do dog-related g-related activity and basketball

ging, running and walking 131] just reflects poor leisure facilities for physical activity which girls would feel as their own. More experimental repertoire of leisure facilities should be considered if target of public effort is to get people moving for good. Chadwick (2012) states that activity decreases with age throughout adolescence and females are less active than males. 132] Physical activities trained independently increase by age 133] and will remain over puberty better than instructed group training. In the future repertoire of leisure time physical activity facilities may expand towards status of scattered public space for both experimental- and independent action genres in order to cover and serve at least most individuals of the youth. In leisure survey of the youth Myllyniemi and Berg (2013) brings out that especially girls seek for the homelike public places (riding stable mentioned as such) where own identity can freely grow and thrive. 134] Socialising and having free time was more important for girls than for boys. Girls articulated a preference for activities such as shopping over physical activity. If girls could somehow fulfil their desire for social interaction within the sporting environment, participation rates may increase. (Slater, Tiggemann 2010) 135]

Having more ‘social’ sporting opportunities that are not regarded as ‘competitive’ or ‘serious’ may be key. (Slater, Tiggemann 2010) 136]

129]

in urban spaces by mixing physical activity to some other action. Also the genres, which are placed along the way of some other popular and frequent adolescents’ leisure activity like jogging, walking, cycling 130] can increase the volume and motivation towards versatile physical activity. When taking a deeper look to popular sports of girls it feels that popularity of jog128] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 83. 129] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 83. 130] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 83.

131] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 83. 132] CHADWICK, S., 2012. No title. An examination of physical activity participation, sedentary behaviour, health, correlates of physical activity and physical activity enjoyment among Irish adolescents., . 133] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 83. 134] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 83. 135] SLATER, A. and TIGGEMANN, M., 2010. “Uncool to do sport”: A focus group study of adolescent girls’ reasons for withdrawing from physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(6), pp. 619-626. 136]

SLATER, A. and TIGGEMANN, M., 2010. “Uncool to do

Playspots

Close to ordinary everyday places are located playspots, which at its best nudges to go to move every half an hour. Spots remind, encourage, and give a visual clue towards action. In the playspot one can go alone or together in the midst of the hustle or peace. Playspots give inspiration and vigour in the middle of everyday life, but are also available at a moment of routine relief whenever necessary. Playspots offer added value to the place, which already has the meaning in young peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives. Experimental and easy going playspots urge to challenge us to action.

3.1 _Play of mind Nudging towards action oriented leisure time 3.1.1

Philosophy of easiness

Urban life has also changed the behavior of the rural inhabitants away from the traditional down-to-earth lifestyles towards the disposable consumer culture. City living has become physically seemingly easy, because one do not have to make an effort to meet the basic necessities of life, as before. Water comes from the tap, lifts and escalators takes one up, money can be changed to food, the list is endless. Engineering, automation and express services are our everyday quick profits, which, at worst, can passivate our bodies and blur our brains. Automated and mechanized life is so obvious to us that we forget to question it. Playfulness and gaming can in the future serve us much better than today if we are able to prioritize and take advantage of it. Subjective assumption of the writer is though that even if technology developes it will not ease our lives much more from the present. We will live in uncertainty and constant transition and struggle with daily businesses where strength of the body and mind is welcome and needed. To avoid the fuzziness of the body, humorous mental and physical activity is a kind of instant win as is the choice of using stairs instead of elevator. But consequences of the frequent choice are reversed. We need to be nudged towards instant attractive affordances in our physical and social environment.

3.1.2

”

Spontaneous joy

More than anything else, according to Aristotle, people seek happiness found in playful activities (Csikszentimihalyi, 1990 - Enjoyment often occurs when the outcome is purely for oneself, such as having fun or acting spontaneously. The outcome will vary from person to person. (Henderson, Glancy et al. 1999) - If we are to encourage people to have active and healthy lives, we must encourage them to.reclaim the joy of movement. (Henderson, Glancy et al. 1999) 137]

Body play is a spontaneous desire to get ourselves out of gravity. This his is a mountain goat. If you’re having a bad day, try this: jump up and down, wiggle around -- you’re going to feel better. Stuart Brown in TED- talk (2008) 138]

In order to become a continuous and obvious element as a part of everyday life and leisure time physical activity should it be among the coolest of all possible ways of spending time. In principle, regardless of age, a person will have happy expression on his face while swinging, jumping on trampoline or spinning in carousel. Even animals enjoy the jumping and speed. Euphoria of speed makes us feel excited and amused. When promoting physical activity enjoyment should be emphasized as joy of moving has a potential to gain ground from sedentary activities like screen time. Enjoyment was found to contribute significantly to MVPA among the whole sample of 10-18 year olds. Enjoyment was found to decrease with age. - Enjoyment increased linearly with increasing participation in PA (Chadwick 2012) 139] 137] HENDERSON, K., GLANCY, M. and LITTLE, S., 1999. Putting the fun into physical activity. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 70(8), pp. 43-45. 138] BROWN, S., 2008. Serious play. Play is more than fun. It’s vital. Filmed May 2008 inTED-talks. http://www.ted.com/talks/ stuart_brown_says_play_is_more_than_fun_it_s_vital 139]

CHADWICK, S., 2012. No title. An examination of physi-

In the recent study of Richards, Jiang et al. (2015) results demonstrate for the first time that happiness is associated with physical activity participation across multiple countries. Increasing the intensity of physical activity appears to be of minimal importance. Higher levels of happiness is associated with increasing volumes of physical activity but the intensity of physical activity with a minor extent. Engagement to leisure time and vocational physical activity indicated happiness over domestic physical activity. 140] Over time, for adolescents’ self-esteem the amount of joy is more important than frequency of participation to sport. However higher self-esteem predicted greater enjoyment of sports as well as the frequency of involvement in physical activity over time. (Adachi, Willoughby 2014) 141]

artistic sense, it is an essential aspect of creative thinking. When seeking and play give us joy, it is because they set in motion that neural”pleasure circuit” that, once ignited, floods our brains with a mixture of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine.” 143]

While playing simply for fun (that is, frivolous pleasure) is considered a common ex ex-perience of childhood, it ap appears to be less important than the more productive and explicitly active play for health. (Alexander, Frohlich et al. 2014) 144]

Anxiety-relieving effect

20 min FUN ≥ 20 min PA

According to Chadwick (2012) social support from peers plays a crucial role in predicting physical activity enjoyment. 145]

The field experiment of Szabo (2003) revealed that 20 minutes of humor and 20 minutes of running or jogging, at a self-selected pace had similar changes in psychological distress and positive well-being but humor had greater anxiety-lowering effects than that of exercise. 142] As H.F. Mallgrave states it ”Thus novelty is one motivational factor that often entails a certain pleasure, especially when it informs us with a new perspective. Similarly, physical play is something that strengthens muscles, enhances the metabolic system, and leads to the cultivation of motor skills; it also allows mammals to bond socially and, in an cal activity participation, sedentary behaviour, health, correlates of physical activity and physical activity enjoyment among Irish adolescents., . 140] RICHARDS, J., JIANG, X., KELLY, P., CHAU, J., BAUMAN, A. and DING, D., 2015. Don’t worry, be happy: cross-sectional associations between physical activity and happiness in 15 European countries. BMC public health, 15(1), pp. 53. 141] ADACHI, P.J. and WILLOUGHBY, T., 2014. It’s not how much you play, but how much you enjoy the game: The longitudinal associations between adolescents’ self-esteem and the frequency versus enjoyment of involvement in sports. Journal of youth and adolescence, 43(1), pp. 137-145. 142] SZABO, A., 2003. The acute effects of humor and exercise on mood and anxiety. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(2), pp. 152.

143] MALLGRAVE, H. F., What designers can learn from the contemporary biological sciences. In: ROBINSON, S. and PALLASMAA, J. eds., 2015. Mind in Architecture - Neuroscience, Embodiment, and the Future of Design. Massachusetts Institute of Technology 144] ALEXANDER, S.A., FROHLICH, K.L. and FUSCO, C., 2014. ‘Active play may be lots of fun, but it’s certainly not frivolous’: the emergence of active play as a health practice in Canadian public health. Sociology of health & illness, 36(8), pp. 1188-1204. 145] CHADWICK, S., 2012. No title. An examination of physical activity participation, sedentary behaviour, health, correlates of physical activity and physical activity enjoyment among Irish adolescents., .

3.1.3

Motivation

In particular, inactive youth, girls and overweight adolescents could benefit from physically activating places where they can get a positive incentive to their peers or friends. According to studies, in particular, adolescents may have reduced physical activity levels if they have been the targets of weight criticism by peers. On the other hand acceptance and friendship quality and a feeling of social connectedness is strongly in association with more intense physical activity levels. (Fitzgerald, Fitzgerald et al. 2012) 146] Adults’ attitudes and perceptions towards play culture vary in different cultures which may affect on adolescents’ motivation to move. Danish people appreciate the time spent together with children but in United States parents are willing to get their children move while being on the playground. 147] From the motivational point of view social pressure to move may reflect in a negative way to real physical activity level. Freedom and carefree affordances may be more important role in motivating to physical activity than we can imagine. Therefore planners and designers of physical activity facilities must understand that not everyone wants to move for one reason or another in a large group or at central locations like at school yards. Positively speaking, in order to guarantee environmental equality for physical activity it is good to provide the opportunity to also more private-like physical activity in open air. Those can be for example roof terraces, scenery places, pocket parks and general pre-unpredictable places like dog parks where people pass by or anyway spend their leisure time.

If you want to belong, you need social play. Stuart Brown (2008) 148]

146] FITZGERALD, A., FITZGERALD, N. and AHERNE, C., 2012. Do peers matter? A review of peer and/or friends’ influence on physical activity among American adolescents. Journal of adolescence, 35(4), pp. 941-958. 147] REFSHAUGE, A.D., STIGSDOTTER, U.K. and COSCO, N.G., 2012. Adults’ motivation for bringing their children to park playgrounds. Urban & Fischer. 148] BROWN, S., 2008. Serious play. Play is more than fun. It’s vital. Filmed May 2008 inTED-talks. http://www.ted.com/talks/

“We must leave the he concept of standardization tandardization behind and base ourselves onn the individual differences ifferences more ore and more.” (Vittorio Gallese 2013) 149]

Support of a safe company is relevant in promotion of physical activity. Encouraging children to bring a friend or sibling to the park can effectively increase their activity intensity and simultaneously increases the physical activity of the invited children. (Roemmich, Beeler et al. 2014) 150] Van Exel, de Graaf et al. (2006) studied attitudes of youths in the 12–15-year-old age group about their health lifestyles. Competence, autonomy, and relatedness are strongly linked to the adolescents’ own motivation towards healthy lifestyles: they feel physically fit (“carefree sporty”), are generally satisfied and happy (“contented independent”), or because they simply do not care (“indifferent solitary”). 151] Finally, the most important thing is to enable the feeling of competence, autonomy and relatedness, in order to truly influence young people’s motivation to move versatile. Freedom and self-determination is the core of the matter, in order to guarantee a pleasure, continuity, and on the side, also a healthy lifestyle. When one experiences the sensation with feelings of enjoyment and competence, one tends to seek out more such experiences as shown on the research findings of Biddle, Gorely et al. (2004) on next page. stuart_brown_says_play_is_more_than_fun_it_s_vital 149] SIAS. R., ed. 2013. Neuroscience, architecture and empathy of spaces. WOW-webmagazine.com 13.Dec. Available at: http:// wow-webmagazine.com/neuroscience-architecture-and-empathyof-spaces#.VUCDI9rtmko 150] ROEMMICH, J.N., BEELER, J.E. and JOHNSON, L., 2014. A microenvironment approach to reducing sedentary time and increasing physical activity of children and adults at a playground. Preventive medicine, 62, pp. 108-112. 151] VAN EXEL, N., DE GRAAF, G. and BROUWER, W.B., 2006. “Everyone dies, so you might as well have fun!” Attitudes of Dutch youths about their health lifestyle. Social science & medicine, 63(10), pp. 2628-2639.

Consistent determinants or correlates of physical activity in adolescents are

male gender younger age achievement orientation higher perceived competence stronger intention less depression greater sensation-seeking tendencies previous physical activity participation in community sports parental support sibling physical activity & opportunities to exercise . (Biddle, Gorely et al. 2004) 152]

152] BIDDLE, S.J., GORELY, T. and STENSEL, D.J., 2004. Healthenhancing physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents. Journal of sports sciences, 22(8), pp. 679-701.

3.2 _Playable conditions Physical settings for active body culture

...

biking 10–14-y{155

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ...

3.2.1 Leisure time places of the Finnish youth today and tomorrow According to extensive leisure-time physical activity survey of Myllyniemi & Berg (2013): public transport 10–14-y{155

10-14

Big kids approaching puberty aged years spend a lot of time at their own as well as friend’s homes and yards and neighborhoods. Hobby sites are important places for encounters and hanging out for young teens. Also youth centers and libraries are visited by the youngest. 153] Shaping homes in to more activating and ’playable’ places is more meaningful for those in early puberty, because statistically physical activity decreases when grow towards adulthood. In small urban dwellings, space may limit modifying the home for being more activating, the younger ones do locomotor tricks at homes more easily than the older adolescents. Playspots must enable keeping a friend’s shoulder and peer support, as well as the feeling of being accepted. Territorial range is still smaller in this age group than later.

15-19

Youth between years need a lot of space around to get independent and to shape their identity. Spontaneous experimentalism, challenges and appealing opportunities for doing and being together away from adults play a key role. Young people at this age continue to spend a lot of time at home, and hobby sites, but no less at courtyards or quarters. The youth center has a less prominent role, while urban and public space, as well as commercial environments such as shopping centers, cafes and petrol stations becomes the places to be. 154] 153] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 33-35, 74 154] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 33-35

most wanted sports hobbies by age 7-9 year football skating hockey swimming ballet athletics

10-14 year football floorball swimming dance athletics hockey

15-19 year dance floorball martial arts football hockey boxing

3.2.2

20-29

Young adults years spend less time at home than younger people. Cafes among other urban places are popular. Open and commercial urban hubs tend to magnetize young adults who thrive for crafty underground places, and lounge atmosphere but also for more private locations. 155] According to Biddle, Gorely et. al (2004) in promoting physical activity for youth the greatest potential lies on the environment of interventions. 156] A loose place that offers the opportunity for encounters, physical play, relaxation and other informal self-motivated activities is more approachable than a tight place that is created for one purpose only. The free space enables cultures to flourish richer and atmosphere is often more transparent. Accepting environment gives space for experimentation and constantly changing diversity is the norm. Like Horelli, Jarenko & al. (2013) writes Urban space is no longer understood as a static state, but as part of the changing mosaic of different social practices depending on the rhythms and times of the day and year, as well as on the level of activities ranging from individuals to larger collectives in specific contexts. 157]

155] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 33-35, 74 156] BIDDLE, S.J., GORELY, T. and STENSEL, D.J., 2004. Healthenhancing physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents. Journal of sports sciences, 22(8), pp. 679-701. 157] HORELLI, L., JARENKO, K., KUOPPA, J., SAAD-SULONEN, J. and WALLIN, S., 2013. New Approaches to Urban Planning-Insights from Participatory Communities. Aalto University.

155}

20-24 year martial arts floorball football dance volleyball basketball

25-29 year martial arts dance football gym hockey volleyball

Interviewing Ruuti core youth group of Helsinki

In the spring 2015 I shared my concern about passive leisure time of adolescents with enthusiastic and passioned influentials of twenty young people between the ages of 13 and 17 who are elected annually to gather the activities, ideas and initiatives of the young people in Helsinki. They are part of the youth guidance and service network and they contribute to the compiling of the review on youth welfare. I had a chance to hear their thoughts, perceptions and experiences for more motivating and activating leisure spots by asking the next three questions:

1. Where do you sit at your leisure time ? p.56 2. Where would you sit less & laugh more ? p.57 3. Brainstorm a place or concept like ’the playground for teens’ .. other, what ? p. 60 Ruuti youngsters felt that both the social and visual environment could be more permissive and playful. They represent the future generation who are no longer content with monotonous premises, activities, and experiences. Freedom to choose and explore appears to be vital for their journey of finding good ways of living and doing. This group was able to fairly accurately describe the spatial features which they expected and assumed to support their physically active leisure time.

ON mY LEISUrE TImE I SIT ... 158]

158]

ARJANKO, S., 2015. The results of a poll for Ruuti core youth group in Helsinki elected 2014

on the bed

in my room

on the bike on the floor training train at a friendsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; concerts

restaurants

in the meeting working areas cafĂŠ

conference room

in the park in a tram

at recess conferences tram, metro & bus stop and stations

couch toilet

festivals

coffee shops

shopping malls

at training place before the hobby

McDonalds the occasional gig queues,

cafeteria

in the commercial areas

the staircase hair dresser desk horseback movie theater at home

movies

school

libraries

lobbies

school corridors on the bus

on a park bench a shoe store shopping center (especially in the winter, when walking with a warm jacket on

local, autumn seminars dining table

I WOULD SIT LESS & LAUgh mOrE IN & WITh ... 159]

u n p ro m pte d 159]

ARJANKO, S., 2015. The results of a poll for Ruuti core youth group in Helsinki elected 2014

g da ncignro

a school that would encou rage to stand move, walk or Slav squat

environment encouraging chatting and punning

ig her cafĂŠs with h les sta nding ta b

t ra m p o o b s ta c l i n e, l s peed es,

a prank to stand on a whim

modern & page <3 ends m i a r r f c f lei su re w omfor ta ble ch o but on ly n u b orki ng en ith a ore fu n, v i ro n m e n w m t outdoor walking â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s i s a r tici pate t i colorful dance all p j azzy a n d f i n o t design with a s c ot i o n- p a e nv i ro n m a t m o s te n s e wi t h o u t s e n t wi t h c ke d entertaining p h e re eats sti l l cou ld foc & peop l e u s i e. to shapes & wo r k music bicyclingodern , da ncing s trampoline <3 e m a g , s t n and m ig s, eve e g e r F s e t n me nt sti m u l a & o r i t v a n h t e n ew s t me nt lors a l ot o uff to e nv i ro n n wi t h t h e c o f s a rks g et h e r o p f i t , c a m i r f t b o l e ve a b l e x i b l e, the ath le , & c i s c u u , s to m i z the m insane speed, me nt able n o r i pace and swing tra mpoli nes, e e nv c i n e and a ll s b v i e is t c r r e x o e re c e bright & light own initiative s u p p l l ow s , ss e y z a e f cr ve r y & spontaneous ds & hour frien good music,su n t ra m , la ug hi ng movement must po l i n s o ed t at hat h u r ts, da iv ot c -m lf se l be i m n ci n g <3 b i n g e, a drip into the soft megazone etc. va r i e t y h ss t le i h it w w e er ph k atmos i ke p a r t wi t h l e c sh ru a l & ap depression s to a c t e g d a ka ra te of c and sun colorful environment a g reen lawn

3.2.3

Scale, distance & access Access and distance

To enable freedom of choice the play spot must be accessible, in particular those places where youth spend the their free time. Places and their popularity vary by age group. Though the age definition of youth is sliding because of the individual’s development. Anyhow playspots should be located at or next to the spots which either are an indispensable part of leisure time or have some like socially or visually or functionally attractive elements in itself. The density of the playspot can be compared to density of playgrounds density, but placement of playspots for young people must be considered differently than playgrounds for children. Opportunities for community sport participation, whether through informal play or organized sport leagues may minimize barriers for adolescent sport participation. (Casper, Bocarro et al. 2011) 160] Physical activity Inactivity 1,5 MET

Activity

Standing Sitting Lying

Light

3 MET

Moderate

6 MET

Vigorous

Playspots for free leisure-time physical activity should be located: 1. In the immediate vicinity icinity = accessible in every half an hour for a routine outine pause from sedentary edentary behaviour. (0-20m) 0-20m) In order to cut time from sedentary behaviours all places where youth spend their leisure time is worth to be seen as an opportunity for at least light physical activity. That includes for example homes, rooftops, cafeés, shopping malls, stairs, movie theaters, and youth centers but also public transport vehicles like trains where one stays longer time in a sedentary position. Even though there lies a challenge to success in home and family activating interventions by Biddle, Gorely et al. (2004) 161], encouraging those (like the youngest adolescents and most inactive part of youth) who spend much time at home, the home interventions of physical activity should not be forgotten.

2. Together with teen attraction traction for gatherings and getting inspired accessible cessible by foot or bike (20m-800m-...) (20m-800m-...) Anna Broberg has studied multiple settings of children’s active transportation and independent mobility. According to the research, the main factor affecting choices concerning active movement is travelling distance. From this perspective it is of paramount importance to bring the possibilities of physical activity close to the youngsters. (Broberg,

160] CASPER, J.M., BOCARRO, J.N., KANTERS, M.A. and FLOYD, M.E., 2011. ” Just Let Me Play!”—Understanding Constraints That Limit Adolescent Sport Participation. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 8(1), pp. S32.

161] BIDDLE, S.J., GORELY, T. and STENSEL, D.J., 2004. Healthenhancing physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents. Journal of sports sciences, 22(8), pp. 679-701.

2015) 162] That includes for example courtyards, pocket parks, dog parks, scenic spots, waterfronts, industrial fallows, intermediate spaces of buildings, under the overpasses, port containers, abandoned railroad tracks, walls, parking areas, dead squares, festivals, and all kinds of attractive and unconventional places to gather and relax together or alone. For Danish respondents, location is very important. Pleasing green surroundings and a nearby location tend to result in more frequent visits.(Refshauge 2012) 163]

Specifically, more active individuals were observed on segments with destinations (e.g., stores, government offices, and schools) than without destinations. (Kelly, Wilson et al. 2014) 164] On the other hand physically active transportation happened less to places with large number of public transport stops / stations like shopping malls both in city centers than on the ring roads. That’s one reason why city centers and other dense urban districts attracting adolescents should offer more other possibilities for physical activity. (Broberg, Salminen and Kyttä 2012) 165]. According to Myllyniemi and Berg (2013) regularly biking, skateboarding and scooting youngsters feel that they are healthier than others when the amount of fitness exercise is standardized. Physical activity tends to pile up for those already on the move. 166]

162] BROBERG, A. 2015. They’ll never walk alone? The multiple settings of children’s active transportation and independent mobility.

Action occurs naturally in places with opportunities and offerings (or where observed). But if those places are not comfortable for one reason or another, physical activity may occur elsewhere. The odds of higher physical activity intensity (3-level outcome: sedentary, light, MVPA) were higher in places with parks, schools, and high population density, during weekdays, and lower in places with more roads and food outlets. (Rodríguez, Cho et al. 2012) 167]

Scale

There is a need to address the issues at a variety of scales, from town or city, through neighbourhood scale to the details of streets, parks and squares or individual homes and gardens. (Ward Thompson 2013) 168]

The more playspots available for young people, the more opportunities exist for the realization of the movement. Body weight movement is always available but impulse and nudge towards motion is the core. Implementation of large entities will consume more resources at once and raise the threshold for construction, which speaks on behalf of smaller units. The desired diversity is better served by small rather than large playspots, because they can be placed in a wider range of locations and contexts. Accessibility is also likely to improve for more users. Larger entities may be more inviting socially and smaller units enable solitude or privacy for those who prefer that.

163] REFSHAUGE, A.D., STIGSDOTTER, U.K. and COSCO, N.G., 2012. Adults’ motivation for bringing their children to park playgrounds. Urban & Fischer. 164] KELLY, C., WILSON, J.S., SCHOOTMAN, M., CLENNIN, M., BAKER, E.A. and MILLER, D.K., 2014. The built environment predicts observed physical activity. Frontiers in public health, 2. 165] BROBERG, A., SALMINEN, S. and KYTTÄ, M., 2012. Physical environmental characteristic promoting independent and active transport to children’s meaninful places 166] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 63

167] RODRÍGUEZ, D.A., CHO, G., EVENSON, K.R., CONWAY, T.L., COHEN, D., GHOSH-DASTIDAR, B., PICKREL, J.L., VEBLEN-MORTENSON, S. and LYTLE, L.A., 2012. Out and about: association of the built environment with physical activity behaviors of adolescent females. Health & place, 18(1), pp. 55-62. 168] WARD THOMPSON, C., 2013. Activity, exercise and the planning and design of outdoor spaces. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, pp. 79-96.

Brainstorm place / concept eg. the teens Playground.. other, what ? 169]

169]

ARJANKO, S., 2015. The results of a poll for Ruuti core youth group in Helsinki elected 2014

Entire Helsinki ! Some

i Shopp ki nd o

f scho

ng m

For me, the Think Company or Design Factory type of a place should be free, ergonomic, modern and bright environment, where you could work on interesting projects and meet new interesting people with Apple store vibes.

l l po a l l ba

Interior adventure park for teens

S po eq u r ts i pm e nt Shopping mall youth center

Gig stage w her people have e you ng th to play, perf e oppor tu nity orm, chil l a n d d a n ce

yfield, la p h t u o Y r gym o ld e i f t r s po

S pe e d

an d pa

r, Ba ll s, M u sic, Wate r which a re fo bli ng fu m th rowing or Indoor park with real grassy lawn

Run Run Zombies game / app Café,with ropes instead of seats e n te r o l c t n e ta i n m i n g a n d c o r e t n E e rg i z n e r fo me nt m ove

hoppi ng S u g kes yo al l runnin a m m c i s h Mu p, m os . m u a gym for young people m a ra t h o n j , e t v a h o m w s kn o w Shopping mall park & who At least not a not motivatin physica l ed ucation: g , to o c o m p e t re a d m titive, u n in s p iring, forced ill to m a ke t h e g ra d e, s h a m out g! h t i efu l w The school with s p ot e p h e rd i n r o e S ce n t i n g o r s h meaningful c public transport i n st r u outdoor field with bouncy chairs

3.2.4

Light and modest playspots with minimum effort but immediate access

Home interior In practice, all the other rooms in the home stay as the kitchen and bathroom have been traditionally designed for sitting. According to surveys of all places youth spend relatively greatest share of their free time at homes of their own or peers’.

Girls often choose comparatively passive recreational space such as bedrooms, over active spaces that girls perceive to be dominated by boys. (James 2001) 170]

170] JAMES, K., 2001. ” I Just Gotta Have My Own Space!”: The Bedroom as a

Photo vignettes on page 66.

Kandy James formulates exhaustively the concern about the environment of the girls’ everyday life and accidentally pulls together my thesis ultimate intention to stimulate discussion on the ways how society really encourages the youth towards action. There is the demand for humor, freedom, imagination and environmental equality.

If adolescent girls freely choose to spend time in the privacy of their bedrooms, then this choice should be respected and supported. If, however, their choice is limited by fear of ridicule, concern for personal safety, or because the bedroom is the only place in the world where they perceive they can ”be themselves,” then it is a matter for concern. Girls should not feel alienated from active recreation spaces in the community and in schools, that are technically half theirs. The ultimate aim is for a society in which an adolescent girl’s choice of the bedroom as a leisure site is a real choice and not the line of least resistance. 171]

Leisure Site for Adolescent Girls. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(1), pp. 71. 171] JAMES, K., 2001. ” I Just Gotta Have My Own Space!”: The Bedroom as a Leisure Site for Adolescent Girls. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(1), pp. 71.

Until active public recreational spaces become more ”girl friendly,” bedrooms will be important to girls as a site of resistance and the refrain will continue, ”I just gotta have my own space!” (James 2001) 172]

There is evidence that in the home environment adding equipments enabling physical activity may decrease sedentary behaviors by prompting alternative light intensity activities rather than moderate to vigorous physical activity. (Maitland, Stratton et al. 2013) 173]

172] JAMES, K., 2001. ” I Just Gotta Have My Own Space!”: The Bedroom as a Leisure Site for Adolescent Girls. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(1), pp. 71. 173] MAITLAND, C., STRATTON, G., FOSTER, S., BRAHAM, R. and ROSENBERG, M., 2013. A place for play? The influence of the home physical environment on children’s physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Int

Lightweight and low-cost interventions in domestic conditions and in small spaces:

All the affordances which invite adolescent to hang, jump, stretch, pump, balance, walk a tightrope, and swing will increase the sensorimotor impulse in the brain towards action and chance to bodily movement in leisure space. With our sight, imagination and ability to sense and feel we can even unconsciously turn the bodily affordance of the environment say ’chance to swing’ to imagined action before the real physical action. That is why visible opportunities to move are important for real action to come true.

J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 10(1), pp. 99.

• rope • climbing grips • soft pillows • ladders • horizontal monkey bars

• gymnastics rings • gymnastics band • tatami or safe mattress • trapeze • gymball • swing

Home exteriors, courtyards & pocket parks Photo vignettes on page 67. Courtyards could be more inviting for young people if they would give the opportunity for physical challenge and whimsy. Today, even branches of courtyard trees are cut off from the reach of humans and you hardly find a swing from courtyards. Nearby places of housing such as pocket parks and roof terraces should be better exploited, in order to ensure adequate privacy for motion in the open air near the home. Integrating settings such as play equipment, topography and vegetation as closely together as possible is important as it increases the number of potential functionalities and sensory stimulation of the settings. (Refshauge 2012), p.4) 174] Finland urgently needs a physically active street culture, which would provide something to do for young people on the block level. Even solely hammock outdoors can get someone to move more, because the outdoor air affects on activity. In the physical activity studies have found at least children to be significantly more active when jumping equipment was continuously present, or when a fixed track was marked on the playground (Gubbels et al., 2012), and that activity- genic portable equipment and riding vehicles appeared to foster MVPA 174] REFSHAUGE, A.D., STIGSDOTTER, U.K., LAMM, B. and THORLEIFSDOTTIR, K., 2013. Evidence-Based Playground Design: Lessons Learned from Theory to Practice. Routledge.

(Nicaise et al., 2011). (Soini 2015) 175] Hurdles and hoops, seemed to evoke more intense PA than others, such as the balance beam and kick targets. (Hannon, Brown 2008) 176] Adolescents may be more demanding compared to children and that is why it is of primary importance to involve them already in design process. Maybe the most challenging thing is to reach young people and get them to participate. Basically young people are best designing for themselves because it is wrong procedure to label all youth under one genre. One besetting sin of the Finnish design is lazy assumptions and cultivation of old practices while exploring and experimenting with users would create most ecologically, socially and economically sustainable solutions. Scientifically studied correspondences and correlations about and between adolescents, neuroscience and environmental physical activity factors should be more communicated to designers from researchers, but also from adolescents as first hand experience. Especially light-intensity physical activity and motivating effects needs to be studied more.

175] SOINI, A., 2015. Always on the move?: measured physical activity of 3-yearold preschool children. 176] HANNON, J.C. and BROWN, B.B., 2008. Increasing preschoolers’ physical activity intensities: an activity-friendly preschool playground intervention. Academic Press.

Nature is in many adolescent studies noted not to impress that much youngsters. Even though they do not spend a lot of time in the forest, still natural elements could get more attention and take root in newly built urban settings. A sidewalk characteristics factor, composed of sidewalk location, sidewalk material, presence of streetlights, and number and height of trees, was positively associated with light-intensity physical activity among male adolescents. (Jago, Baranowski et al. 2005) 177] In the longitudinal analysis, children whose parents reported satisfaction with the quality of their parks and playgrounds in 2004 spent less time watching TV in 2006. Contrary to expectations, children who had walking paths in the public open spaces located closest to their home spent more time in computer/egames in 2006. It may be possible that walking paths are not important or appealing to children of this age group. = the presence of walking paths was associated with more time using computer/egames. (Veitch, Timperio et al. 2011) 178]

177] JAGO, R., BARANOWSKI, T., ZAKERI, I. and HARRIS, M., 2005. Observed environmental features and the physical activity of adolescent males. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29(2), pp. 98-104. 178] VEITCH, J., TIMPERIO, A., CRAWFORD, D., ABBOTT, G., GILES-CORTI, B. and SALMON, J., 2011. Is the neighbourhood environment associated with sedentary behaviour outside of school hours among children? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 41(3), pp. 333341.

Home-close outdoor playspots can offer possibilities for relaxing, going on the rampage and experimenting physical conditions with body weight only.

Photo vignettes of Light and modest playspots with minimum effort but immediate access Home interior

Trapeze in a living room. DELEAU, S., 2012. Available at: http://projectnursery. 08 com/2012/06/behind-the-scenes-with-oeuf-giveaway/ 09 Stairs in House K by Sou Fujimoto. BAAN, I., 2013. Available at: http://www.metalocus.es/ content/en/blog/house-k-sou-fujimoto 10 Xero gravity rock climbing gym. Photographer unknown, 2015. Available at: http://www. weekendnotes.com/xero-gravity-climbing-gym/ 11 Ladders in a house. BROWN, J., Available at: http://www.remodelista.com/posts/ childrens-rooms-indoor-climbing-and-sliding-spaces 12 Tatami in House N by Sou Fujimoto BAAN, I., 2008. . Available at: http://www.mooponto. com/2012/05/08/house-n-sou-fujimoto-architects/ 13 Playroom With Climbing Wall and Monkey Bars. ROSE, A., Available at: http://photos. hgtv.com/photos/viewer/modern-playroom-/modern-playroom-with-climbing-wall-and-monkey-bars 14 The Monkey cave. WATANABE, B., 2012. Available at: http://www.unrealhawaii. com/2011/11/the-monkey-cave/

Home exteriors, courtyards & pocket parks

Pigalle Duperré is a colourful basketball court tucked between a row of Parisian apartments. MICHELINI, S., 2015. Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/12/pigalle-duper-

re-ill-studio-paris-basketball-court-multicoloured-installation/ 16 A trampoline built into the sidewalk in Berlin. WALTER”. 2014. Available at: http://agrainofwalt.blogspot.fi/2014_07_01_archive.html 17 Psycho Gym. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://www.houzz.com/photos/15715234/ Psycho-Gym 18 Garden boxing. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://www.houzz.com/photos/1633743/South-Austin-Landscape-traditional-landscape-austin 19 Rooftop yoga. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/carolyn-gregoire/rooftop-yoga_b_3352742.html 20 Closed street filled with sand COURTESY of Carretero, A., and Klocker, C. Siempre Fiesta (or Always Party). . Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/487114/playfully-reimagining-madrid-surban-realm 21 Hammocks on Governor’s Island. WALLACE, B., 2014. Available at: http://wallamble. com/2014/08/30/ello-govna/ 22 Tetherball. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://www.amazon.com/Spalding-Recreational-Tetherball/dp/B015VJHG42 23 Human hamster wheel by The Carp Shop. PADILLA, A., 2013. Available at: https://ajpadilla.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/maag-human-hamster-wheel-matt.jpg 24 Gardens Multipurpose Area. LLOYD, A., 2014. Box Hill Available at: http://architectureau. com/articles/box-hill-gardens-multipurpose-area/#img=6 25 Hammock net HIROYOUKI, O., 2014. . Dragonfly park. Available at: http://www.archdaily. com/608876/dragonfly-park-v-architecture 26 Street workout and outdoor cross fit. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://www. uno.dk/crossfit t

3.2.5 Rough and tumble playful physical activity spots in public open space

Societal expectations on physical activity of people has been over history dominated by boys and men. From hunting games boys grew to builders and protectors of families by hard work of fields and forests. Rough and tumble physical play of girls was suppressed in the name of good manners and propriety. Even today boys are regularly encouraged to engage in more physically active play and games, whereas girls are more exposed to stationary activities and expected to behave in a calmer manner (Pellegrini & Smith, 1998; Pönkkö, 1999; Sääkslahti, 2005) (Soini 2015) 179]

For boys it has been more allowed to be wild, run, throw things, jump around and climb where hand can reach. Rough and tumble play must be allowed for everyone from young to old regardless of gender. Rough and tumble play is most often closely connected with humour which creates social trust via collective fun.

According to Myllyniemi & Berg (2013) boys act more in teams 180] and girls attend less to competitive physical activities on playground than boys (Black 2014b) 181]. For our mind and body it would be good every now and then go on the rampage. Body responses to wild release of energy both physically, mentally and socially. Rough-andtumble play (RT) and playful communication provides a window into the study of social cognition, emotional regulation and the evolution of communication systems (Palagi, Burghardt et al. 2015) 182]. Playspots should be placed in locations which themselves provide added value to people, because the threshold to seek these places is lower than in places without any special charm. Allurement of a place can be a view, ambience or public open space with specified function where lies a potential of increased physical activity or social encounters. Playspots needs to be enriched in places with ability to magnetize 180] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 83. 181] BLACK, I.E., 2014. The Relationship among School Playground Design and Conditions and Physical Activity Levels in Children.

179] SOINI, A., 2015. Always on the move?: measured physical activity of 3-yearold preschool children.

182] PALAGI, E., BURGHARDT, G.M., SMUTS, B., CORDONI, G., DALL’OLIO, S., FOUTS, H.N., ŘEHÁKOVÁ‐PETRŮ, M., SIVIY, S.M. and PELLIS, S.M., 2015. Rough‐and‐tumble play as a window on animal communication. Biological Reviews, .

people time after time. Public spaces where youth tend to hang out a lot are listed below. These places have a big potential to upgrade their appeal with medium or heavy effort aiming the increased physical activity in the space.

• passing spaces, like streets, stairs & waiting areas of public transport • intermediate spaces like pocket parks, courtyard squares, parking spaces, undersides of overpasses & urban shorelines • central spaces like squares & urban plazas • abandoned industrial brownfields • indoor playspots like youth centers & educational centers • dog parks • local viewpoints

passing spaces, like streets, stairs & waiting areas of public transport Photo vignettes on page 80.

There are an endless amount of flowing public spaces for mobility of citizens. Young people use particularly loose or fragmented flowing spaces as their â&#x20AC;?living roomâ&#x20AC;? when most urban spaces are commercial and not available for adolescents without being in a role of a customer. Subway stations and wider urban stairs serve the young as a places of encounters and hanging out. At first glance, flip-flops or slides in waiting areas of public transport may sound hilarious, but they have been installed around the world. Surprisingly both young and old have been inspired to take a try and use the interventions, which are both useful and fun. To promote Sochi Winter Olympics 2014, subway stations in Moscow added ticket machines which allow passengers to do 30 squats for a train ticket. The beneficiaries are both the citizen who receives the prize from fitness in the form of travel ticket and bodily boost as well as the society that gets a little bit more cheery, healthier and active citizen.In the design world these kinds of approaches and solutions are examples of much talked smart city design solutions at its best.

intermediate spaces like pocket parks, courtyard squares, parking spaces, undersides of overpasses & urban shorelines Photo vignettes on page 81. The city is full of smaller and larger spaces that are left lying around or pinched without a meaning, use or value. Those places are invisible in our daily lives, but they are in our overall sight as blind spots or gaping openings that cry emptiness. Often it is the pop-up artist or marketing campaign who hit those premises to bring them to life even for a moment. These abandoned corners are those spaces with a human scale, which can be turned alive with quite moderate public resources. If the aim is an active and joyful cityscape, these different spaces should be exploited more richly. Public health in mind the urban voids can make us move and have fun. The diversity of opportunities finally depends on creativity and courage. The playspots would make youth activity visible in the urban space, and at the same time increase the urban literacy and understanding of diversity. Permission to fool around unfreezes atmosphere and permits more. Rough and tumble play needs a little more acceptance, but often also brings a greater sense of enjoyment than modest exercise. Incentives and playground equipment which give the greatest sense of speed and pace, like swings, seems to keep their charm at least among children, but more research is needed about adolescents playing behavior. Benham-Deal (2005) suggests that outdoor activities that require large muscle movement should be included as often

as possible. Local and community parks, playgrounds, and vacant ball fields offer the child settings in which to move vigorously and make free use of the large muscles (Clements, 2004) (Soini 2015) 183]

Current physical environment of easiness should provide impulses of bodily activity as much as possible. Pocket parks, courtyard squares and parking spaces during office hours can be turned to active playscapes with creative and artistic touch. The biggest problem in Scandinavian climate is cold and dark seasons. During the worst times we are most likely staying inside, but the potential of mid-season sun could be tested more and scared less. Courage and examples can be found as close as Copenhagen where outdoor spaces are flourishing in spite of the coldness and humidity. More neuroscience research and evidence is needed about physically activating colours, sounds, materials and atmospheres. There is evidence about positive effects of natural elements for mental health, therefore, physically activating element should be located more in the vicinity of the water, shorelines and green areas. Weather conditions vary tremendously in Nordic countries, and the seasons for cosy and comfortable 183] SOINI, A., 2015. Always on the move?: measured physical activity of 3-yearold preschool children.

outdoor stay are limited. Few people desires to do street workout in wet and slippery conditions under the open sky when it is sleeting. However, for the bravest outdoor air seekers well-designed undersides of overpasses may offer shelter for some fresh outdoor activities despite the bad weather. They offer strong structures for climbing, swinging or something where pace, gravity and battle of forces are starring.

central spaces like Squares & urban plazas Photo vignettes on page 82.

Urban plazas and squares are in Finnish cities squares yawning emptiness on weekdays and traditional Sunday markets with market stalls are shrinking year by year. Squares have been democratic public gathering places for citizens over decades, but today they are either too large or too many in relation to urban population and activity organised to uphold the living and active urban space. In some cities plazas are developed and refreshed with participatory design processes with citizens in order to bring new life to public place. In general the open public space is shrinking and replaced with new buildings. Human activity can significantly be affected by the atmosphere and scale of the space. If there is enough gripping surface for imagination impulses pushing to exercise are more likely to occur. Already the street furnishing and environmental graphics can affect people's physical activity in surprising ways. It must be remembered, however that the behavioral patterns and phenomena may vary between genders and age groups.

The increased standing behavior and physical activity of adults when seating was not available can be directly applied to the design of public recreation spaces to encourage physical activity. Removal of seating had a greater effect on changing the sitting and physical activity of adults than children. (Roemmich, Beeler et al. 2014) 184] Furthermore, instead of the removal of the comfort of seating, adults’ physical activity could be increased by adding positive reinforcements such as fitness stations or prompts to encourage being active. (Roemmich, Beeler et al. 2014) 185] Playground markings and physical structures are an effective method for significantly increasing children’s recess physical activity levels in the longer-term. From a public health perspective, it is noteworthy that children

184] ROEMMICH, J.N., BEELER, J.E. and JOHNSON, L., 2014. A microenvironment approach to reducing sedentary time and increasing physical activity of children and adults at a playground. Preventive medicine, 62, pp. 108-112. 185] ROEMMICH, J.N., BEELER, J.E. and JOHNSON, L., 2014. A microenvironment approach to reducing sedentary time and increasing physical activity of children and adults at a playground. Preventive medicine, 62, pp. 108-112.

who were less active at baseline benefited more from the intervention than their more active peers. (Ridgers et al. 2007) 186] (Soini 2015) 187] For older adolescents, it is important that the artistic uniqueness has a strong presence. Young people are critical to the visual appearance of the habitat. This should inspire designers to be more critical, bolder and more imaginative when fostering physical activity of youth. Aesthetics contributed for females and males, indicating the importance of urban planning, and conducive physical activity environments. (Chadwick 2012) 188]

186] NICOLA D. RIDGERS N.D, STRATTON G, FAIRCLOUGH S.J., TWISK J.W.R., 2007. Long-term effects of a playground markings and physical structures on children’s recess physical activity levels, Preventive Medicine 44 pp. 393–397 187] SOINI, A., 2015. Always on the move?: measured physical activity of 3-yearold preschool children. 188] CHADWICK, S., 2012. No title. An examination of physical activity participation, sedentary behaviour, health, correlates of physical activity and physical activity enjoyment among Irish adolescents., .

abandoned industrial brownfields Photo vignettes on page 83.

Underused, derelict industrial fallow lands waiting for a new epoch of flourishing offer personal but loose space for various kinetic experiments promoting physical activity. Those brownfields, which are located in the middle of the urban fabric, or where exists already activities attracting adolescents, possess highest potential for successful interventions. Involving young people in the planning is vital, because preferences of different ages can vary greatly. The use of wasteland on increasing physical activity may work best for older adolescents. It is essential that playspot interventions should express their playability and functionality with artistic, characterful or even shocking visual appearance to awake the interest of the curious and critical youth. Adults, in contrast to children, tend to perceive environments in terms of shapes instead of functions (Heft 1988)(Refshauge 2012b). 189] Probably the most constructive and richest process is formed together with collaborative effort of adolescents and adults. A rustic and rough areas can be taken over with brave imaginations to nourish fresh encounters and creativity which are blossoming out from the power of community. Designers should challenge their concepting skills to explode opportunities but also leave space for community actions to freely develop and evolve. When the rough industrial milieu

189] REFSHAUGE, A. D. (2012). PlayLab Cph. design and use of public playgrounds in urban green spaces. Frederiksberg: Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen. (Forest and Landscape Research; No .53/2012).

and carefully implemented design faces an exotic multicultural youth, whatever fascinating may be born to flourish. The design with too much caution and clinicality can kill the initial excitement if there is no place for self-expression for adolescents who get easily bored. The playground with the highest aesthetic evaluation rating—a contemporary playground—had the lowest social, language, and motor development scores. Conversely, the playground with the lowest aesthetic rating promoted the highest level of positive social, language, and vigorous motor behaviors. Brown and Burger 1984 (Maxwell, Mitchell et al. 2008) 190] Wasteland playspots can contain the possibility for quick and dirty experiments for example with recycled elements which are evidenced in educational conditions to increase physical activity at least among children. Examining the effects of one school playground intervention over a school year suggested that the introduction of recycled materials can have a significant, positive long-term intervention effect on children’s PA. The implications from this simple, low-cost intervention provide impetus for schools to consider introducing the concept of a movable/recycled materials intervention on a wider scale within primary school settings. (Hyndman, Benson et al. 2014) 191] 190] MAXWELL, L.E., MITCHELL, M.R. and EVANS, G.W., 2008. Effects of play equipment and loose parts on preschool children’s outdoor play behavior: An observational study and design intervention. Children Youth and Environments, 18(2), pp. 36-63 191] HYNDMAN, B.P., BENSON, A.C., ULLAH, S. and TELFORD, A., 2014. Evaluating the

New interventions that improve the environment should be implemented, especially in areas of lower social status. Young people easily reflect the general social atmosphere in the region, but they are also easier to infuse with a faith in the future. It is good to strengthen the stagnant urban districts and suburbs with brave and fresh identity. In particularly multi-cultural communities have benefitted from revitalizing facelifts of neighbourhood. Playspots can be the longedfor splashes of happy bodily activity as part of community facelifts. Brownfields can be converted into venues for art, which in interactive, and playable form makes people move. Wastelands can be drawn, colored and written alive. The power of handmade brush strokes should not be underestimated. Alongside with ongoing planning, construction and restructuring of new city districts, strongly identified playscapes are boosting life into otherwise idle industrial brownfields. Temporary playscapes make citizens familiar with the area but in the end it is the people who make the place alive with their actions and engagement. Also art can be the tool for communication as well as revitalizing physical activity.

effects of the Lunchtime Enjoyment Activity and Play (LEAP) school playground intervention on children’s quality of life, enjoyment and participation in physical activity. BioMed Central Ltd.

INDOOR spaces, Youth center and educational facilities Photo vignettes on page 84.

Structural changes at renovations of public playgrounds can influence boysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; usage but may be less effective in affecting usage by girls. (Bohn-Goldbaum, Phongsavan et al. 2013) 192] Thus it may be challenging to be sure if renovations of leisure time physical activity facilities or totally new locations with new play interventions are the better ways to increase the time spent outdoors by adolescents. Most effective way to increase leisure time physical activity of adolecence is likely to cultivate affordances to those places where girls and boys spent most of their leisure time but also to spots which could be optimal for new rising physical activities. The biggest change in spatial conceptualization and design should take place indoors, where young people spend most of their free time.

Basically most of our daily indoor spaces are primarily designed for sedentary behaviour. @

However, it is shocking that the newest architecture and interior design creations still ignore the need of human motion indoors. The northern climate and dark seasons push people indoors, thus spatial design should enable and nudge to indoor physical activity instead of sedentary behaviour. Selection of intervention is limited but extendable with imagination and brave experimental implementation. Indoors the spatial and functional layout strongly affects on the behavior and activity of young people. In the educational world integration of light and spontaneous physical activity is slowly gaining ground in both spatial and programmatic planning. Visible nudging with physical movable and recycled elements 193], and freedom to choose are vital for spontaneous active living also indoors. Qualities and features to observe and react with various senses are emphasized indoors. The sounds created and space, surfaces, materials and structures required in exercise need special attention but they should not be a barrier to physical activity. Playability should enable to be adapted over time and according to the needs. Furnishing solutions are essential and easiest ways when improving the movement.

192] BOHN-GOLDBAUM, E.E., PHONGSAVAN, P., MEROM, D., ROGERS, K., KAMALESH, V. and BAUMAN, A.E., 2013. Does playground improvement increase physical activity among children? A quasi-experimental study of a natural experiment. Journal of environmental and public health, 2013.

193] HYNDMAN, B.P., BENSON, A.C., ULLAH, S. and TELFORD, A., 2014. Evaluating the effects of the Lunchtime Enjoyment Activity and Play (LEAP) school playground intervention on childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quality of life, enjoyment and participation in physical activity. BioMed Central Ltd.

Dog parks There lies some hidden potential to foster physical activity of youth with the help of animals. This chapter pays little attention to forgotten outdoor activity scene due authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s personal juvenile experiences with physically activating dogs. Organised physical activities exercised with dogs are increasingly popular, but without intensive economical effort it is challenging for the average adolescent to attend. There are more dogs in Finland than ever before. 194] It gives reason to believe that there is a dog in many adolescentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s home. Dogs spend long hours alone at home like do their human mates. Putting effort to improve the public dog parks with fresh concept could affect, in particular adolescent girls who like animals but do not have a chance to participate in expensive hobbies. Dog walker, both young and old, may spend tens of minutes up to hours of their daily leisure time in the dog park. Dog parks have the potential to activate the visitors of different ages. In addition to the dogs, humans could also spend their time actively in dog parks. In Finland, a dog parks are fenced open areas with no activating elements for humans. Sometimes parks have couple obstacles to play with. Within the limits of safety fitness equipment for humans and agility obstacles for dogs could be added. When the dog park has several dogs, dogs have chance to play with each others and people can workout in the meantime.

194] http://yle.fi/uutiset/koiria_on_nyt_ enemman_kuin_koskaan/6868244

Photo vignettes on page 85.

Local viewpoint / scenery Play in natural environments and vegetation is claimed to have particular values and important role in children’s psychological well-being (Kaplan, 1977)(Jansson 2010b) 195] Even though adolescents spend quite little time in nature 196] often a group of youngsters can be found around the campfire or a disposable grill in the best vantage points of city, which, however, often are located in places where nature is strongly present. Who would not relax while watching the far horizon, accompanied by people close to one’s heart. Combining good scenery with bodily relaxing activities like swinging, jumping or yoga offers people of all ages a moment of relief in everyday hustle and bustle. Scientifically proven healing natural view makes the effect even stronger. There is evidence that being in nature tends to correlate with physical activity (Grinde, Patil 2009) 197] and the presence of a water feature in the closest public open spaces was associated with less computer/e-games time among children. (Veitch, Timperio et al. 2011) 198]

It can not be coincidence that, after having lived tens of thousands of years in the heart of nature, our bodies optimize its operations near the root of genuine natural elements like water, fire, fresh air, soil (on microbial level), trees and wood. Even though the Finnish cold, dark, wet and sleety seasons seriously challenge active use of outdoors playspots the argumentations like maintenance and logistics must be solved with smart materials and self-sufficient solutions for example with the matter of lighting.

195] *JANSSON, M., 2010. Attractive playgrounds: some factors affecting user interest and visiting patterns. Landscape Research, 35(1), pp. 63-81. 196] MYLLYNIEMI, S. and BERG, P., 2013. Nuoria liikkeellä. Nuorten vapaa-aikatutkimus, pp. 33-35 197] GRINDE, B. and PATIL, G.G., 2009. Biophilia: does visual contact with nature impact on health and well-being? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6(9), pp. 2332-2343. 198] VEITCH, J., TIMPERIO, A., CRAWFORD, D., ABBOTT, G., GILES-CORTI, B. and SALMON, J., 2011. Is the neighbourhood environment associated with sedentary behaviour

outside of school hours among children? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 41(3), pp. 333341.

Photo vignettes on page 85.

Photo Vignettes of Rough and tumble playful physical activity spots in public open space passing spaces, like streets, stairs & waiting areas of public transport

Stairs around the 8-house by BIG. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://25.media. 27 tumblr.com/tumblr_m04p3zRkUI1qjtb6bo1_1280.jpg 28 PIT IN cycle-desk by Store Muu. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://inhabitat. com/store-muus-cycle-in-desk-transforms-your-bike-into-a-chair/ 29 Musical Light Swings on the Streets of Montreal. BLOUIIN, O., 2012. Available at: http://www.thisiscolossal.com/2012/09/musical-swings-on-the-streets-of-montreal/ 30 ”Fast lane” Slide in a subway inspired by ”Fun Theory”. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://www.psfk.com/2010/06/volkswagen-builds-fast-lane-slide-in-a-subway.html and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4o0ZVeixYU 31 In Moscow, metro riders can trade 30 squats for a free ticket. BELLINI, J., 2013. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/15/tech/apparently-this-matters-squats-moscow-subway/. More for future: http://www.theguardian.com/society/shortcuts/2015/jan/27/mexico-beatobesity-make-commuters-do-squats-for-free-subway-tickets 32 Urban hacktivists set up a DIY swing at a bus station in Moscow. MALHOTRA, S., 2012. Available at: http://thecityfix.com/blog/friday-fun-bus-station-art/ 33 Street boxer at Superkilen park in Copenhagen. ESKEROD, T., Available at: http:// www.archdaily.com/286223/superkilen-topotek-1-big-architects-superflex/5088d2b428ba0d75750000e8-superkilen-topotek-1-big-architects-superflex-photo 34 Skateable bus stop. LAURITZEN, M., 2006. Available at: http://www.europeskate.com/ quiksilver-integrates-skateable-architecture-in-the-community/ 35 ’Transfer Accelerator’ In Utrecht Helps Dutch Passengers Slide To Their Train. CATERS, 2011. (Courtesy of HIK Ontwerpers) Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2019842/Ive-just-slipped-office-Station-slide-brightens-morning-commute.html

intermediate spaces like pocket parks, courtyard squares, parking spaces, undersides of overpasses & urban shorelines

Amager Strandpark in Copenhagen. TVEDERGAARD, A., 2009. Available at: http://www. 37 juniorbusiness.dk/ferie-med-boern-i-koebenhavn.html 38 Kalvebod Waves top down. DE SMEDT, J., 2015. Available at: https://instagram.com/p/ j9bUgywZN8/ 39 Underpass park in Toronto. MCFCRANDALL, M., 2015. Available at: https://mcfcrandall. wordpress.com/tag/fiya/ 40 RĂĽlis skatepark. NAGY, B. M., 2011. Available at: http://www.panoramio.com/photo/63065209 41 Urban furniture for physical activity. BRILLET, F., and LELIEVRE, N., 2014. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/design/florian-brillet-nicolas-lelievre-jcdecaux-mens-sana-in-corporesano-urban-furniture-09-28-2014/ 42 Skateboard painting. GWYN, C., 2014. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/art/ matt-reilly-skateboard-painting-mana-contemporary-08-03-2014/ 43 3,500 pieces of white rope Under the Canopy. HVIID, A., 2011. Available at: http:// www.publicspace.org/en/works/g372-rebskoven and http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-life/copenhagen-xgallery/cases/temporary-urban-spaces-at-carlsberg/ 44 Off ground - Playful seating elements for public spaces. STRASCHNOW, J., and NYGAARD, G., 2013. Available at: http://www.off-ground.com/off-ground 45 Kalvebod Waves. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://jdsa.eu/kal/ 46 Copenhagen harbour bath. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://jdsa.eu/bad/ 47 Harbour bath Copenhagen. LAERKE, I., http://idalaerke.com/ and https://s-media-cacheak0.pinimg.com/originals/af/6a/bc/af6abc3c387921f230892ea97d8f50b6.jpg 48 Copenhagen harbour bath. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://jdsa.eu/bad/ 49 3,500 pieces of white rope Under the Canopy. Photographer is the writer of the blog. 2012. Available at: https://alittlecheeseanddanish.wordpress.com/tag/rope-forest/ 50 Berkeley Adventure Playground. DANKS, S., Available at: http://www.healinglandscapes. org/blog/2011/09/engaging-our-grounds-intl-green-schoolyard-conference/ 51 Pigalle DuperrĂŠ basketball court. Photographer is the unknown man behind the blog writer. 2015. Available at: http://www.theballoondiary.com/pigalle-duperre-basketball-court/ 52 Brazilian pavilion with farming and net landscape. BRAJOVIC, M., Available at: http:// www.archdaily.com/628436/brazil-pavilion-nil-milan-expo-2015-studio-arthur-casas-atelier-markobrajovic

central spaces like squares & urban plazas

Off ground - Playful seating elements for public spaces. STRASCHNOW, J., and 53 NYGAARD, G., 2013. Available at: http://www.off-ground.com/off-ground 54 A pair of swing seats on a billboard frame. Xiaoxi, S., 2009. Available at: http:// www.dezeen.com/2009/12/08/the-unbearable-lightness-of-being-by-mesarchitectures/ 55 Five bridges taking walker above and below of the garden. west 8 urban design & landscape architecture. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/architecture/west-8-garden-of-10000-bridges-now-complete/ 56 The basket tree. chalmeau, S., 2012. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/art/altaarchitects-basket-tree-in-nantes-france/ 57 Roombeck the Brook. BURO SANT EN CO. 2012. Available at: http://ballistamagazine.com/ features/buro-sant-en-co/ 58 Forest loops. TOSHIYUKI, Y,. 2015. Available at: http://www.contemporist. com/2015/02/14/this-sculpture-is-designed-for-kids-to-climb-on/ 59 Roombeck the Brook. BURO SANT EN CO. 2012. Available at: http://ballistamagazine.com/ features/buro-sant-en-co/ 60 Giant stepping stones at Israeliâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s square. COBE. 2014. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/architecture/cobe-israels-square-copenhagen-denmark-12-26-2014/ 61 Wide slide for togetherness. KENPEI. 2006. Available at: http://www.play-scapes.com/ play-design/contemporary-design/enormous-irresistible-playground-slide-somewhere-in-japan/ 62 A giant climbable aardvark, wearing a golden party hat. MYLES, R,. 2014. Available at: http://www.florentijnhofman.nl/?id=190 63 Climbing hill at Parc Des Cormailles. Photographer unknown. 2005. Available at: http:// www.play-scapes.com/play-design/contemporary-design/parc-des-cormailles-agence-ter-ivry-surseine-france-2005/ 64 Mountain gym. Photographer unknown. 2012. Available at: http://www.play-scapes.com/ play-design/contemporary-design/mountain-gym-makoto-tanijiri-tokyo-2012/ 65 Landscaped park. SCHWARTZ, M., and her architects. 2013. Available at: http://www. dezeen.com/2014/03/11/perforated-metal-pavilions-martha-schwartz-partners-fengming-mountainpark/ 66 The reprogrammed design of Israeliâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s square. COBE. 2014. Available at: http://www. designboom.com/architecture/cobe-israels-square-copenhagen-denmark-12-26-2014/ 67 Mountain gym. Photographer unknown. 2012. Available at: http://www.play-scapes.com/ play-design/contemporary-design/mountain-gym-makoto-tanijiri-tokyo-2012/ 68 Swing for even fifteen swinger. GETTY IMAGES. Available at: http://www.dailymail. co.uk/news/article-2131790/When-playtime-wasnt-ruled-elf-safety.html 69 Motu Viget tire swing. BUNTE, M. V., 2014. Available at: http://photos.mlive.com/grandrapidspress/2014/09/motu_viget_tire_swing_in_grand_8.html 70 Activating corten steel-made cylinders for skating, relaxing, playing and amplifying sounds. SAVORELLI, P., Available at: http://divisare.com/projects/231772-C-S-ArchitectsArchea-Associati-BTC-Biennale-The-Cord

abandoned industrial brownfields

Gigantic swings, fabricated from used tires, wooden poles and a whole lot of metal bolts and cables. KÖRBES, J., and DONDERS, T,. 2010. Available at: http://refunc.

nl/?p=1489#content-wrapper 72 Superkilen skating facade. DHEUVEL, A., 2013. Available at: https://annevdheuvel.wordpress.com/2013/05/15/superkilen-copenhagen/ 73 A 51 m long rubber trampoline road, Fast Track in a Russian forest. CATERS NEWS AGENCY. 2012. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/dec/03/trampolinearchitecture-installation-fast-track 74 Underpass swing park. ALI, B., 2014. Available at: http://milwaukeeparks.blogspot. fi/2014/06/the-swing-park-new-improved.html 75 Teen playground. Hjortshøj, R., Available at: http://www.play-scapes.com/play-design/ contemporary-design/teen-playground-kato-x-victoria-slangerup-denmark-2013/ 76 Teen playground. Hjortshøj, R., Available at: http://www.play-scapes.com/play-design/ contemporary-design/teen-playground-kato-x-victoria-slangerup-denmark-2013/ 77 Pole dance installation. TANSEY, A. R., 2010. Available at: http://www.archdaily. com/66198/pole-dance-preview-so-il 78 Carlsberg hammocks. KORNBECH, E. L., 2014. Available at: http://mereimellem.dk/ordeter-dit/utopia2014e-carlsberg-byen-green-city/ 79 Rocking yoga. MORT, M., 2014. Available at: http://www.merimort.com/2014/08/16/yogabooks-and-rocknroll/ 80 Pole dance installation. BAAN, I., 2010. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/66288/ pole-dance-update-so-il 81 Boxing arena at Superkilen. BAAN, I., 2012. Available at: http://www.archdaily. com/286223/superkilen-topotek-1-big-architects-superflex 82 Street workout in Carlsberg. CARLSBERG (courtesy), 2011. Available at: http://www. realdania.dk/samlet-projektliste/carlsberg 83 Urban space in Carlsberg. Photographer unknown. 2011. Available at: http://www.loafonden.dk/inspiration/udendoers-idraet/byrum-paa-carlsberg 84 Boxing in Superkilen. PRICE, K., 2012. Available at: http://opencityprojects.com/a-parkfor-all-ages-copenhagens-red-square/ 85 Artificial landscape in Superkilen. BAAN, I., 2012. Available at: http://www.archdaily. com/286223/superkilen-topotek-1-big-architects-superflex 86 Interactive public art: KASSEM, K., Before I die -wall. Available at: http://candychang. com/before-i-die-in-nola/

indoor playspots like youth centers & educational centers

Interior ping pong. Photographer unknown. 2014. Available at: http://www.bizjournals.com/ 87 sanfrancisco/blog/real-estate/2014/12/coolest-sf-office-spaces-interior-design-tech.html#g1 88 Stand Up Stool. WILKHAHN. Available at: http://www.houzz.com/photos/26926095/WILKHAHN-Stand-Up-stool-Design-Thorsten-Franck-contemporary-other-metro 89 Climbing wall in attic space. LAESER, L., Available at: http://www.houselogic. com/photos/attics/going-attic-conversions-are-smart-remodeling-projects/slide/a-brand-newoutlook/#climbing-the-walls 90 Staircase slide. MICHAELIS BOYD ASSOCIATES. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/pictures/ejef45kme/staircase-slide-england/ 91 Physically active working space. SOMAY, M., 2013. Available at: http://retaildesignblog. net/2013/05/13/prezi-office-by-minusplus-budapest-hungary/ 92 Physically active working space. GENSLER. 2015. Available at: http://www.officelovin. com/2015/04/06/take-look-inside-prezis-san-francisco-office/ 93 ’Spun’, completely symmetrical, rotational chair design, in use.SMART, S., 2015. Available at: http://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/heatherwick-studio-provides-insight-into-creative-process-at-las-hammer-museum#17680 94 Locomotor landscape in activity hall. KEINGART. 2012. Available at: http://keingart. com/portfolio/motoriklandskabet/ 95 King Arthur Swing Table. OXLEY, T., 2015. Available at: http://inhabitat.com/duffy-londons-king-arthur-swing-table-keeps-folks-from-being-excali-bored/ 96 Fiii Fun House for active sitting. DELPINO, D., Available at: http://design-milk.com/clever-fun-restaurant-keeps-kids-mind/ 97 Monkey bars in activity hall. KEINGART. 2012. Available at: http://keingart.com/portfolio/ motoriklandskabet/ 98 The desk that fits to everyone. JASWIG. Available at: http://www.jaswig.com/school/ 99 A metal staircase. MONCADA, A., 2012. Available at: http://www.dezeen. com/2012/09/05/metal-staircase-by-francesco-librizzi-studio/ 100 Light-up swings. AUTHOR OF THE BLOG. 2014. Available at: https://takingthetfromatoz. wordpress.com/2014/10/21/swinging-back-into-childhood-at-the-lawn-on-d/ 101 Ropes in activity hall. KEINGART. 2012. Available at: http://keingart.com/portfolio/motoriklandskabet/ 102 Ball room in activity hall. KEINGART. 2012. Available at: http://keingart.com/portfolio/motoriklandskabet/ 103 Interior running track DÖRTER, E., 2012. . Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/504762/ sahibinden-com-office-erginoglu-and-calislar-architects 104 Fiii Fun House for active sitting. DELPINO, D., Available at: http://www.dezeen. com/2015/02/20/fiii-fun-house-cafe-buenos-aires-iris-cantante-wooden-swing-seats/ 105 Swing table. DUFFY LONDON. 2012. Available at: http://design-milk.com/swing-table-bychristopher-duffy-for-duffy-london/ 106 Locomotor landscape in activity hall. KEINGART. 2012. Available at: http://keingart. com/portfolio/motoriklandskabet/ 107 Slide between floors. HOSEA, C., Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/office/guy-hollaway-architects

dog parks 108 Tyre playground for dogs. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://www.theyellowdogsbarn.com/ 109 Activity playground for dogs. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://www.theyellowdogsbarn.com/ 110 Weave poles for dog agility. ENGLEFIELD, P., Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Dog_agility#/media/File:Border_collie_weave_poles.jpg 111 Dog agility ring. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://images4.fanpop.com/image/ photos/22900000/MosesAgility-dog-agility-22965805-2560-1920.jpg 112 Jump hoop for dog agility. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://www.livinthedoglife.com/ 113 A-frame for dog agility. Photographer unknown. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Dog_going_up_an_agility_A-frame.jpg 114 Tunnel thru for dog agility. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://www.livinthedoglife.com/ local viewpoints 115 Swing as public furniture. KULVE, T., Available at: http://www.designboom.com/design/ public-furniture-interventions-by-thor-ter-kulve/ 116 . Boys in a tree of dog park. Rajasaari, Helsinki ARJANKO, S., 2015 Available at: http://michaellamartin.tumblr.com/ 117 Swinging with landscape. LAMARTIN, M., 2015. Available at: http://michaellamartin. tumblr.com/ 118 Off ground - Playful seating elements with landscape. STRASCHNOW, J., and NYGAARD, G., 2013. Available at: http://www.off-ground.com/off-ground 119 Tiger and Turtle magic mountain. HEIKE, M. and GENTH, U., 2011. Available at: http:// www.designboom.com/art/heike-mutter-ulrich-genth-tiger-and-turtle-magic-mountain/ 120 Five bridges taking walker above and below of the garden. west 8 urban design & landscape architecture. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/architecture/west-8-garden-of-10000-bridges-now-complete/

3.2.6

Cultural, commercial or service spaces

trains, CAFEs and restaurants, SHOPPING MALLs, CINEMAs & night clubs, installations & festivals & POp-UPS Photo vignettes on page 88. The older adolescents become, the more they have opportunities to spend their leisure time in commercial areas such as shopping malls, cafes and cinemas. Fitness can already be seen as a trend that spreads everywhere. This positive phenomenon could be utilized in cultural as well as in commercial contexts. At its best, a playful exercise in public space will cheer up and create trust between people. Because most places in our lives are designed for sitting, we are not used to challenge the automatic sedentary lifestyle. When one starts to think about all the places where physical activity could be improved, one will question the existing habit to sit everywhere. Designers should forget the constant functional separation in order create a vivid and active places. Mixed functions are more likely to ensure the highest satisfaction. In Copenhagen the power plant is harnessed to serve the needs of city dwellers as a ski slope and wall climbing facility. Long-distance trains would be quite possible to upgrade with fitness and gym wagon. The lobbies of communal trains could be harnessed for stretching. In shopping centers there can be found a wide range of possibilities for wild whimsy physical activity like tube sliding, swinging, jumping and wrestling let alone the physically activating furnishing or using of environmental

graphics as marketing tool. One of the halls in movie theater complex could be transformed with various fitness bikes into cinema spinning. Playable activity spots and collective physical activity can occur as corollary activities and as most wondrous installations during many kinds of festivals, cultural events and exhibitions. Often these activating hilarious thrills and sensational experiences end up being the most popular and visited amusements.

play urban !

Photo vignettes of Commercial or service spaces trains, CAFEs and restaurants, SHOPPING MALLs, CINEMAs & night clubs, installations & festivals & POp-UPS 121 The Travelling gym with exercise bikes, cross trainers and running machines. Photographer unknown. 2015. Available at: http://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/traintrain-virgins-new-fitness-coach/ 122 Topped with a ski slope, the Amager Bakke waste-to-energy plant in Copenhagen. AMAGER RESOURCE CENTER, 2013. Available at: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/ energy/2013/08/130801-amager-bakke-europe-waste-to-energy/ 123 Jump store. ADIDAS, Available at: http://tbwa-london.com/project/d-rose-jump-store/ 124 In Moscow, metro riders can trade 30 squats for a free ticket. BELLINI, J., 2013. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/15/tech/apparently-this-matters-squats-moscowsubway/. More for future: http://www.theguardian.com/society/shortcuts/2015/jan/27/mexico-beatobesity-make-commuters-do-squats-for-free-subway-tickets 125 A giant inflatable white activity castle. GETTY IMAGES, 2013. Available at: http:// www.zimbio.com/pictures/B0xmownkR_l/White+Bouncy+Castle+Art+Installation+Invites?mobile=off 126 Seven story tube slide in a shopping mall. BROMMEL. 2010. Available at: http://www. brommel.net/2010_05_01_archive.html 127 McDonaldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bike Thru in Denmark. DDB. 2015. Available at: http://www.mirror.co.uk/ usvsth3m/could-mcdonalds-introduce-table-service--5432417 128 Public art installation 'Sun Salutation'which is a Photovoltaic dance floor. PeciĂąa, W., 2012. Available at: http://viajespeci.blogspot.fi/2012/11/dia-728sept-sibenik-zadar-sukosan.html More information: http://inhabitat.com/croatian-harbour-town-celebrates-natural-forces-with-beautiful-public-art-installations/ 129 Funny inflatable water bubble ball. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://www. alibaba.com/product-detail/HOT-Funny-inflatable-water-jumping-balloon_60097941631.html

130 Isomeric Slides. HĂ&#x2013;LLER, C., 2015. Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/victoriasadler/carsten-hoeller-hayward-gallery-review_b_7881460.html 131 Table with swings. Fiii Fun House. DELPINO, D., Available at: http://www.dezeen. com/2015/02/20/fiii-fun-house-cafe-buenos-aires-iris-cantante-wooden-swing-seats/ 132 Solstice in Times Square' yoga class. KEITH, S., 2014. 'Available at: http://foundandgathered.com/being-present/ 133 Basketball marketing. Photographer unknown. Available at: https://cornerstoreglory.wordpress.com/2010/10/06/basketball-marketing/ 134 Black Yoga at a music club. HELANDER, M., or HEINIĂ&#x2013;, S., 2015. Available at: http://www. merimort.com/2015/04/29/tuska-festari/ 135 Indoor running track. Auburn University Recreation & Wellness Center. FEINKNOPF, B., Available at: http://feinknopf.photoshelter.com/gallery-image/Auburn-University-RecreationWellness-Center/G0000QjhIBsi.JV8/I0000wdihBrz2ofM 136 BIG Labyrinth in National Building Museum, Washington. ALLEN, K., 2014. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/525004/big-maze-opens-at-national-buildingmuseum/53bd4f17c07a803772000424-big-maze-opens-at-national-building-museum-photo 137 Use only what you need - Denver Water bench. Photographer unknown. Available at: http://www.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/guerrilla-marketing/great-guerrilla-advertising/ 138 Net Hasselt. NUMEN. 2011. Available at: http://www.numen.eu/installations/net/hasselt/ 139 World largest underground trampoline in cavern at Welsh slate mine. WHITE, B., 2014. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2659044/Worlds-largest-undergroundtrampoline-open-enormous-cavern-Welsh-slate-mine.html

Conclusions & discussion

4.1 _ The scope To activate and win the interest of urban youngsters, the place must offer the possibility for encounters in a good and fun way while stimulating them to move. In order to guarantee the nudging offering for bodily activity as often as possible we have to prioritize to visual communication, accessibility and attractiveness of place to ensure motivation. When researching the issue why youth are unable to meet the recommendations for sufficient physical activity in their daily leisure spaces, communication seems to be the key on many levels. Adolescents are sensitive to all social rejection whether it comes from adults or peers. Hilarious, spontaneous and sportive activity needs to gain more acceptance in daily environment both authoritatively and socially. If environment itself would be more visually communicative in positive and nudging ways, whimsies would be visible, acceptable and recommended to all ages which then would spread trust to fellow citizens on the street. Exaggerated caution restricts the physical activity of young people. Let us imagine that youngster sees a tree with strong branches which enable climbing. One imagines the action of climbing which could be mentally relaxing, and physically challenging, but mutes the sensed impulse before fulfilling the action just because it is told not to climb on anywhere as something can happen.

How environmental variables and interventions can nudge and motivate young person to be physically active at leisure time of the day without sense of compulsion? With little hints and nudges the aesthetic and experiential design solutions can spread activating communication all over in the environment. We can either assume and expect that people will use their imagination and activate themselves (what they may not be now doing), or we can assist and enrich their operational range with small gestures in visual environment. Playspots should take place in locations that offer already some added value and makes young people enjoy the place. In order to cut enough leisure time sedentary behaviour the opportunities for light spontaneous physical activity should be present in the places favored by adolescents. Design interventions should be so attractive that one desires to cut sedentary behaviour twice in an hour for couple of minutes without thinking the usefulness of the action. Lowthreshold accessibility and attractive context are two key elements to focus when promoting spontaneous leisure time physical activity for youth. Although my work focused on bodily activity of young people, I feel that playful and free physical activity should be allowed and encouraged for all age groups in urban space. People from all ages may love to rampage if it is only permitted in the social context.

4.2 _Limitations and assumptions During the study process and while interpreting the conclusions of research papers I ended up to the need-based subject with current scoping. The research data related to the generally wide topic about adolescentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s physical activity is endless, but targeted research on spontaneous leisure time play and physical activity therefore scarce. Casual study is not generally speaking the easiest area of research with all variables embodied in the topic. Yet the difficulty of the subject does not give grounds to ignore it now or in the future. The challenging topic and the process of going through endless research and discoveries has increased the desire for knowledge, and at the same time forced me to limit and define the subject itself as well as my own vision of the desired end product. I focused on deep study of the topic instead of building up the implementation oriented real-life project. I am convinced of the importance of inclusive and empathic design, as well as the fundamental multidisciplinary research, which gives evidence-based perspective to design.

My collection of research data contains many gaps and needs for new research. In addition, research about physical play of adolescents has apparently been made to a very minor extent. In the research it is essential to distinguish between the perception and the reality apart from each other. In this work, they are mixed, since the literature review does not include a large sample of young peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perceptions nor the research of actual behaviour occurred. While I aimed to favor often-cited as well as recent publications as references, there might be some studies less valid than others. Since the intention was to reflect the holistic picture of the topic, deepening to the individual articles remained superficial and prioritized to abstracts and conclusions of research papers, the conclusions of which were not always clear and unambiguous. This literature review is based on a qualitative holistic approach rather than precise scientifically quantitative or design exploration.

4.3 _Future suggestions Planning and decision-making concerning daily spaces must be more closely aware of and based on the principles of peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s conscious and unconscious behavior and motivation, as well as current trends and phenomena. Stakeholdersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

urban literacy related to events, megatrends and weak signals is likely to improve the understanding of youth culture, and bring the importance of young peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own voice and inclusion into the design. Visioning in the starting point should

create stronger and bolder good-action-oriented scenarios for the future. Improving everyday life does not always required an enormous amount of money and heavy machineries of public agencies. For citizens already from childhood it would be good to teach the skills and clever boundaries of how it is possible to benefit of the environment in sustainable ways, by developing it independently. At the moment basically everything is regulated, or subject to legal or authority license which physically passivates dutiful citizens. Humans have a built-in need to influence and interact with their living environment. The conventional safe solutions are a waste of resources, if they do not reach the audience and create change towards better action. Evidence-based, future-oriented and positive-minded environmental approach which understands embodied experience and importance of freedom will make a difference. Further research and experimentation

are needed in order to know how playspots for the different target groups can be combined in various places. We live within the limits of the environ-

ment, which mostly guides us towards sedentary behaviour. The findings are partly directly applicable to the design of everyday places of adolescents and adults. For example concerning the spaces of working hours in both schools and working places could benefit from the knowledge gained in this study.

Some suggestions for future research:

The role and persistence of physically activating playspots for occurred physical activity among adolescents ? How can playspots for the different target groups can be combined in various places ? How do events, megatrends and weak signals reflect the playful culture of adolescents ? How to improve nature connection of adolescents with playful physical activity ? The role and persistence of the exergames for occurred physical activity among adolescents ? What impacts can playful physical activity have in different operating environments?

How to ensure social intelligence and locomotor performance of ”diginative”-generations ? How can urban design benefit from youth marketing research ?

Youth marketing author Graham Brown has pictured the megatrends of youth in near future. According to Graham Brown generation Y (born between 1982 and 1994) is now the biggest consumer demographic in the world. 199] It is somehow interesting and important to study a bit the ”Generation Z” (born between 1995 and the present day) in order to get a vague idea about the youth of today and tomorrow. In this study it is impossible get coherent picture when even futurologists certainly can not provide complete answers but because of the attractiveness and importance of the subject designers should take better advantage of the knowledge. At least marketing forces are working extra hard to understand young people’s behavior thoroughly. However, produced understanding should be applied to everyday life and the living environment in the design, because the models concerning use of urban space by young people might be ever harder to predict than any other age groups.

“You can discover more about a person in an hour of play than in a year of conversation. “ Plato 199] BROWN, G. The Total Youth Research Guide to Generations Y & Z. Available at: http://www.totalyouthresearch.com/

TO do list for enthusiasts :

Multidimensional physical activity catalog of functional alternatives for designers including all the variables

eg. ’all the possible ways to play with the ball’ or ’be physically active with water’ a.c.a Opportunity explosion - catalog

Upgrading and updating of the design guidelines and safety regulations for different types of urban playspots to Finnish Building Information Files 200] Implementation of modern physically activating environmental graphics in communal, municipal and state owned facilities Physical activity impact assessment etc. policy tool

(Or.. all energy and resources of producing impact assessment for bureaucracy straight to spatial development for new body culture in urban space!)

Upgrade and changes in legislation and planning process, so that a wider influence of inhabitants on the their own living environment is possible.

200] RT-building information files. https://www.rakennustieto.fi/index/english.html

4.4 _ Terminology Terminology and additional information as the basis for future research. Active frontage Building frontage which contains elements that promote activity on the street. Active living A way of life that integrates physical activity into daily routines. The implementation into daily life of the physical activity needed to optimize health. (Tremblay et al., (2007) Research that informs Canada’s physical activity guides: An introduction. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 32(S 2E), S1-S8.) A broader concept that incorporates exercise, recreational activities, household and occupational activities, and active transportation. (Sallis, et al., (2006). An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annual Review of Public Health, 27, 297–322.) A way of life that values physical activity and integrates it into daily living. (Active Living Canada, 2010) Active public open space Typically provides more formal recreational pursuits and organised sporting activities (e.g., ovals, soccer pitches). Active spaces within parks may also be hard non-green spaces, such as basketball and tennis courts which are important facilities for physical activity and exercise. Activity generators Features and land uses which attract people, activity and surveillance opportunities, such as picnic areas, cafes, recreation facilities and public seating areas.

Adolescent NOUN A person in the age of adolescence; a youth. ADJ.. 1. Designating an adolescent or adolescents; that is in the age of adolescence. Also: of or belonging to an adolescent or to adolescence. 2. Of an emotion, quality, etc.: characteristic of adolescence. Any person under the age of 18 years of age Body culture See also: Physical cultural studies 201] Built environment The manmade environment where human activity occurs as opposed to the natural environment created by nature. The built environment includes buildings, streets, bridges, and all other manmade structures in urban and rural settings. The term often refers to the features of the human environment designed, constructed, and managed by engineers, architects, and planners. (Alberta Centre for Active Living, 2010) Cardiovascular disease Globally big killer. The term CVD covers all diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and rheumatic heart disease are prominent types of CVD. Co-design An approach in which trained professionals engage directly with end-users in order to develop design solutions that are aligned with user needs, responsive to socio-cultural contexts, and reflective of real-world usage patterns. Co-design posits that design solutions must include both professionals’ “expert” knowledge and user’s “local” knowledge in order to be successful. 202]

201] FRIEDMAN, M.T. and VAN INGEN, C., 2011. Bodies in space: Spatializing physical cultural studies. Sociology of Sport Journal, 28(1), pp. 85-105. 202] CARY. J., & MERON. G., eds. GLOSSARY. Impact Design Hub. Available at: https://impactdesignhub.org/resources/glossary/

Community design Emphasizes participatory planning and active engagement by community members in the design process as a means to catalyze change that is informed directly by the priorities and needs of those communities and led by its members. 203] Community-driven design and community-engaged design Terms whose paramount focus is diverse and inclusive stakeholder participation from the earliest stages of a design or planning processes. 204] Community infrastructure The structures and facilities that make up a neighbourhood. Conducive environments Physical characteristics that support and enable physical activity e.g. environments conducive to walking or cycling etc. Creative placemaking The strategic re-shaping of the physical and social environments around arts and cultural activities as means to create more vibrant and civically engaged towns, cities, and regions. Rooted in collaborative partnerships between public, private, nonprofit, and community organizations. 205] Design for good An umbrella term used by various organizations to describe efforts and projects by focused on the use of design to foster social change. This term is often used as an intentionally broad phrase, meant to encompass any and all efforts to use design to create a positive social impact. 206]

Digital natives A person who has grown up in a world with digital technology such as the Internet and mobile phones A person who was born just before during or after the general introduction of digital technologies and who through interacting with digital technology from an early age, has a greater understanding of its concepts. Not all agree with the language and underlying connotations of the digital native. 207] Discrimination Unequal treatment of persons on grounds which are not justifiable in law Evidence-based design An approach to the design process through which all decisions are made based on research data, verifiable facts, and validated measures, as opposed to decisions made based on aesthetics or subjective assumptions. 208] (EBD) is the process of basing decisions about the built environment on credible research to achieve the best possible outcomes. Evidence-based design is a relatively new field, borrowing terminology and ideas from disciplines such as environmental psychology, architecture, neuroscience and behavioral economics. Exercise (in Finnish liikunta / liikuntaharjoittelu kuntoliikunta) A subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposive in the sense that the improvement or maintenance of one or more components of physical fitness is the objective. ”Exercise” and ”exercise training” frequently are used interchangeably and gene-

203] CARY. J., & MERON. G., eds. GLOSSARY. Impact Design Hub. Available at: https://impactdesignhub.org/resources/glossary/ 204] CARY. J., & MERON. G., eds. GLOSSARY. Impact Design Hub. Available at: https://impactdesignhub.org/resources/glossary/ 205] CARY. J., & MERON. G., eds. GLOSSARY. Impact Design Hub. Available at: https://impactdesignhub.org/resources/glossary/ 206]

CARY. J., & MERON. G., eds. GLOSSARY. Impact Design

Hub. Available at: https://impactdesignhub.org/resources/glossary/ 207] h t t p : / / w w w . u r b a n d i c t i o n a r y . c o m / d e fi n e . php?term=digital+native 208] CARY. J., & MERON. G., eds. GLOSSARY. Impact Design Hub. Available at: https://impactdesignhub.org/resources/glossary/

rally refer to physical activity performed during leisure time with the primary purpose of improving or maintaining physical fitness, physical performance, or health. 209] Part of the physical activity. The motion produced by the muscular energy is exercise, if it is systematic and repeated, and its goal is to maintain or improve one or more feature of physical condition. 210] Glocalization Glocalisation refers to the interdependent processes shaping the local and the global, often enhanced by ICTs. (Horelli, Jarenko et al. 2013) 211] Health A human condition with physical, social and psychological dimensions, each characterized on a continuum with positive and negative poles. Positive health is associated with a capacity to enjoy life and to withstand challenges; it is not merely the absence of disease. Negative health is associated with illness, and in the extreme, with premature death. Health-enhancing physical activity Activity that, when added to baseline activity, produces health benefits.Health related characteristics are for example regularity, moderate load and continuity. Brisk walking, jumping rope, dancing, playing tennis or soccer, lifting weights, climbing on playground equipment at recess, and doing yoga are all examples of health-enhancing physical activity.Health related recommendations include also a certain amount of muscle fitness

209] CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Glossary of Terms http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/everyone/glossary/ 210] SUNI, J., HUSU, P., AITTASALO, M.,VASANKARI, T., 2014 Liikunta on osa liikkumista – Paikallaanolon määritelmää täsmennetään parhaillaan LIIKUNTA & TIEDE 51 • 6/2014 211] HORELLI, L., JARENKO, K., KUOPPA, J., SAAD-SULONEN, J. and WALLIN, S., 2013. New Approaches to Urban Planning-Insights from Participatory Communities. Aalto University.

and business management developmental movement. People who meet the recommendation of health-enhancing physical activity are physically active. 212] Healthy communities Are communities where people come together to make their community better for everyone through collaboration, community ownership, inclusive approaches and long-term, positive commitment. A healthy community will; provide affordable, appropriate, accessible housing, adjust the physical environment for inclusiveness and accessibility, ensure access to key health and supportive services, ensure accessible, affordable, reliable and safe transport, provide work, volunteer and education opportunities, and encourage participation in civic, cultural, social and recreational activities. Hub A central point of revolution, activity, life, interest, etc. Human-centered design A process emphasizing observation, empathy, abstract thinking, prototyping, and iteration while working directly with end users. Its goal is to create solutions that are desirable, feasible, and viable. 213] Impact design A term focused on any design initiatives or projects intended to be evaluated according to qualitative and quantitative social and scientific metrics. Impact Design is concerned specifically with projects whose impacts can be measured based on predetermined metrics. 214]

212] SUNI, J., HUSU, P., AITTASALO, M.,VASANKARI, T., 2014 Liikunta on osa liikkumista – Paikallaanolon määritelmää täsmennetään parhaillaan LIIKUNTA & TIEDE 51 • 6/2014 213] CARY. J., & MERON. G., eds. GLOSSARY. Impact Design Hub. Available at: https://impactdesignhub.org/resources/glossary/ 214] CARY. J., & MERON. G., eds. GLOSSARY. Impact Design Hub. Available at: https://impactdesignhub.org/resources/glossary/

Incidental activity Includes active play and recreation, for example walking the dog, swimming, walking and cycling for recreation, movement within a building to access services, walking for public transport. Inequality in the built environment The unequal impact of environmental influencing on health and wellbeing. These environmental influences may include housing, public spaces, environmental planning, travel and transport, access to nature and environmental problems arising from unsustainable lifestyles and climate change. For example inequality in availability of PA facilities. Intrinsic motivation An incentive to do something that arises from factors within the individual, such as a need to feel useful or to seek self-actualization. Lifestyle activities This term is frequently used to encompass activities that a person carries out in the course of daily life and that can contribute to sizeable energy expenditure. Examples include taking the stairs instead of using the elevator, walking to do errands instead of driving, getting off a bus one stop early, or parking farther away than usual to walk to a destination. Light physical activity 1,5-3 MET (metabolic equivalent value) like sedate walking. There’s an evidence that light physical activity improves the fat and sugar metabolism in slow muscle cells, which triggers the body to salutary physiological responses. The dose-response relationship for various health status indicators of the light movement are currently unknown. 215]

215] SUNI, J., HUSU, P., AITTASALO, M.,VASANKARI, T., 2014 Liikunta on osa liikkumista – Paikallaanolon määritelmää täsmennetään parhaillaan LIIKUNTA & TIEDE 51 • 6/2014

Local open space (LOS) Is usually small parklands that service the recreation needs of the immediate residential population.LOS is primarily used for recreation and may include small areas of nature space.LOS is unlikely to be used for any formal or informal sport. Locomotor skills 216] Locomotor movement is when you move from one place to another. Locomotor skills include rolling, balancing, sliding, jogging, running, leaping, jumping, hopping, dodging, galloping, skipping, floating and moving the body through water to safety. Natural exercise 217] Exercise which combines the pleasure and benefit, eg. raking leaf, snow removal, cleaning, berrying, (Non-exercise activity + spontaneous physical activity) Norm A standard or pattern of social behaviour that is accepted in or expected of a group. or s A person who spends leisure time passively or idly, esp. in watching sport on television, without participating in physical exercise. Cf. couch potato 1975 Australian 24 Nov. 2 Victoria’s Minister for Youth, Sport and Recreation, has commissioned a new ocker character to help him in his latest campaign to get people off their backsides and into fitness activity. His name’s Norm and he appeared for the first time last night on TV.

Megatrend An important shift in the progress of a society or of any other particular field or activity; any major movement. General tendency or direction of a movement/ change over time. A megatrend is a major trend, at global or large scale. - A trend may be strong 216] Australian curriculum. Glossary. Available at: http://www. australiancurriculum.edu.au/Glossary?a=HPE&t=Locomotor%20skills 217] e.g. PESOLA, A., 2013 Luomuliikunnan vallankumous, (eng. The revolution of natural exercise)

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or weak, increasing, decreasing or stable. There is no guarantee that a trend observed in the past will continue in the future. Megatrends are the great forces in societal development that will very likely affect the future in all areas over the next 10-15 years. 218] MET-value = the standard metabolic equivalent The standard metabolic equivalent is a unit used to estimate the amount of oxygen used by the body during physical activity. 1 MET = the energy (oxygen) used by the body at rest, while sitting quietly or reading a book, for example. The harder your body works during the activity, the more oxygen is consumed and the higher the MET level. Moderate physical activity Exercise that increases heart rate and breathing rate. Moderate-intensity physical activity. On an absolute scale, physical activity that is done at 3.0 to 5.9 times the intensity of rest. On a scale relative to an individual’s personal capacity, moderate-intensity physical activity is usually a 5 or 6 on a scale of 0 to 10. See Measuring Physical Activity for more. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity It includes all activity of which energy consumption is between 3-10 MET. Monitoring Regular data collection activities that collect an in-depth snapshot of behaviours (e.g. physical activity, sedentary behaviour) or measures (e.g. body size, daily steps) in a population. Multiculturalism Seeing, understanding and finding good in cultural differences.

218] A Glossary of Terms commonly used in Futures Studies, Produced by the Forward Thinking Platform and supported by The Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR) September 2014, http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/315951/Glossary%20of%20 Terms.pdf

Natural environment Environments created by nature. Nature Spaces Provide a setting where people can enjoy nearby nature and protect local biodiversity and natural area values. Nature spaces provide opportunity for low-impact recreational activities, such as walking, cycling, picnicking, playing, watching or exploring natural features. Nature spaces may include bushland, coastal areas, wetlands and riparian habitats, and geological and natural features. Sites are managed to enable recreational access while protecting local ecological and biodiversity values. Neighbourhood aesthetics Neighbourhood aesthetics determine the general appeal and presentation of the neighbourhood and whether it provides a pleasant pedestrianorientated environment Design features that contribute towards the physical qualities and aesthetics of the street environment and that are relevant to walking include: the surface type and condition of footpaths; curb heights; the provision of street furniture, lighting and trees; vegetation; building setbacks; as well as the attractiveness of the area, and its maintenance. Neighbourhood open space (NOS) Serves as the recreational and social focus of a community. Residents are attracted by the variety of features and facilities and opportunities to socialise. NOS can assist to engender sense of place and protect specific conservation values through retention of nature spaces. NOS may be used for junior sport or sports training if appropriate space is available. Neighbourhoods to function effectively, including: sporting and recreational facilities, community centres, child care and after school, centres, libraries and cultural facilities; and such other services and facilities for which development contributions may reasonably be requested.

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Nudging Persuasive action/design/technology is used to ”nudge users into the right direction”, that is, toward a desired behavior. In the context of sustainability, this is a more sustainable behavior. Designed to change attitudes or behaviors of the users through persuasion and social influence, but not through coercion (Fogg 2002) Organised sport and recreation Involves participation in fixtured sporting events or activities which require the supervision or expertise of an instructor e.g. aerobics etc. Participatory design An approach which actively involves and engages all potential stakeholders in the design and planning process from the very start of a project in order to allow the community to inform and direct the project and take ownership over its progress. Passive public open space Passive public open spaces often refer to areas with features such as lawns, trees, landscaped gardens and shrubbery, lakes, fountains, picnic areas, seating and/or walking trails that promote less active or lighter physical activities, or as places for gathering and socialising. Ped shed Is a measure of the walkable catchment area of a specific destination. Operationally, it is defined as the ratio of the actual area within a five- to ten-minute walking distance (i.e. 400m service area along street network) to the theoretical area within a five- to ten-minute walking distance (i.e. 400m Euclidean / as the crow-flies distance buffer) from a given point or destination. [28] Higher ratios indicate better levels of walkability and access. The Western Australian Liveable Neighbourhoods Guidelines indicates that a good target is to have 60% of the area within a 400m walking distance of a mixed-use neighbourhood centre.

Physical activity (in Finnish: liikkuminen) Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle that increases energy expenditure above a basal level. The physical activity is, therefore, all the movement meeting the criteria above, regardless of the context, setting and goal. Most commonly, the movement shall be considered separately during leisure time, at work, and the transition from place to place. Physical activity is classified as intensity, most typically a light, moderate or vigorous. Sleep MET-value (Multiple of the metabolic equivalent) is 1.0, which corresponds to the oxygen consumption of 3,5ml / kg / min. 219] Physical Cultural Studies Physical Cultural Studies (PCS). As PCS examines “expressions of the physical (including, but by no means restricted to sport, exercise, fitness, leisure, health, dance, and movement-related active embodied practices) (Friedman, van Ingen 2011) 220] Physical environment An aspect of the ecological model used in the Physical Activity for All project. In the project, the physical environment refers to the physical surroundings which may influence people’s behavior and may include, for example, natural surroundings, the weather, or the built environment. Physically inactive People who don’t meet the recommendation of health-enhancing physical activity are physically inactive. 221] Baseline activity. The light-intensity

219] SUNI, J., HUSU, P., AITTASALO, M.,VASANKARI, T., 2014 Liikunta on osa liikkumista – Paikallaanolon määritelmää täsmennetään parhaillaan LIIKUNTA & TIEDE 51 • 6/2014 220] FRIEDMAN, M.T. and VAN INGEN, C., 2011. Bodies in space: Spatializing physical cultural studies. Sociology of Sport Journal, 28(1), pp. 85-105. 221] SUNI, J., HUSU, P., AITTASALO, M.,VASANKARI, T., 2014 Liikunta on osa liikkumista – Paikallaanolon määritelmää täsmennetään parhaillaan LIIKUNTA & TIEDE 51 • 6/2014

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activities of daily life, such as standing, walking slowly, and lifting lightweight objects. People who do only baseline activity are considered to be inactive. Play NOUN 1 activity engaged in to amuse oneself 2 an attitude or manner not to be taken seriously 3 the act or practice of employing something for a particular purpose 4 a clever often underhanded means to achieve an end VERB 1 to engage in activity for amusement 2 to pretend to be in appearance or behavior 3 to spend time in aimless activity 4 to deal with (something) usually skillfully or efficiently 5 to risk (something) on the outcome of an uncertain event Playspot An attractive space or place that nudges towards spontaneous physically active play behaviour Playground 1. A piece of ground used for playing on, esp. one attached to a school or in a public park. 2. In extended use: any place of recreation. Playgrounds are commonly classified into traditional (swings, slides, climbing frames), contemporary (more designed environments, different materials) and adventure playgrounds (children construct their own spaces). (Jansson 2010) Hayward et al. cited in Jansson 2010) + favourite/own places of kids

Playscape A landscape for play; spec. a children’s play area in which play equipment is arranged in an integrated design, often incorporating existing landscape features. The term playscape has been used to emphasise the need for better play environments, instead of fixed-equipment playgrounds (Jansson 2010) Eriksen; Frost cited in Jansson 2010) Public open space Is a social space such as a park or town square that refers to land reserved for the purpose of structured and unstructured sport, recreation and social activities. Quality of life Ability to enjoy normal life activities. Recreation An activity of leisure for free time often done for enjoyment and can be considered healthy, fun and social. Recreation spaces Provides a setting for informal play and physical activity, relaxation and social interaction Recreation spaces enhance physical and mental health through activity that provides relaxation, amusement or stimulation. Recreation spaces can be accessed by all to play, socialise, exercise, celebrate or participate in other activities that provide personal satisfaction or intrinsic reward. Recreation spaces include gardens and open parklands, community gardens, corridor links, amenity spaces, community use facilities, civic commons or squares. Restorative environment An environments that promotes recovery from stress, mental fatigue or other psychologically or psychologically adverse conditions. 222]

222] STEG. L., van den Berg. A. E., and de Groot. J. I. M. eds. 2012. Environmental Psychology: An Introduction.

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Sedentary behaviour Is a term used to describe time spent doing physically inactive tasks that do not require a lot of energy. Despite the common perception that sitting down and being inactive ‘does no harm’, there is increasing evidence that certain activities, and in particular lengths of inactive time, are in fact harmful. 223] Sedentary behaviour refers to any waking activity characterized by energy expenditure ≤ 1.5 metabolic equivalents and a sitting or reclining posture. In general this means that any time a person is sitting or lying down, they are engaging in sedentary behaviour. Common sedentary behaviours include TV viewing, video game playing, computer use (collective termed “screen time”), driving automobiles, and reading. 224] This definition of sedentary behaviour has been published in the journals Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism 225] http://www.sedentarybehaviour.org/wp-content/ uploads/2012/05/Letter-APNM-2012.pdf 226] Physical inactivity of immobility period comes from the Latin word Sedere (in English, ”to sit”). It includes all activity in sedentary or lying down position whose energy consumption is not more than 1.5 MET. Abundant sedentary behaviour, especially sitting, is an independent risk factor for mortality and many diseases. Amount of sedentary behaviour and the health risks associated with it are independent of an amount of brisk and strenuous physical activity. 227]

Sedentary lifestyle Little or no physical activity incorporated into everyday life. 228] Self-organisation Is an emergent property of adaptive complex systems, something in which government does not predominate. Self-organisation needs to be perceived as structurational for presentday society (Boonstra & Boelens, 2011; Fuchs, 2006). Self-organisation refers in this book to the active citizens and their endeavours at the neighbourhood level actions, such as building a community house, local web sites and guerilla gardening. (Horelli, Jarenko et al. 2013) 229] Service design An interdisciplinary approach to the design, planning, and implementation, and improvement of the interface between users, service organizations, and systems that shape our daily lives, such as healthcare, transportation, and education. 230] Service design: The application of design methods and tools to the creation of new service systems and service activities with special emphasis on perceptions of quality, satisfaction and experience. Activity of planning and organizing people, infrastructure, communication and material components of a service in order to improve its quality and the interaction between service provider and customers. The purpose of service design methodologies is to design according to the needs of customers or participants, so that the service is user-friendly, competitive and relevant to the customers.

223] Healthy Active by Design 2015. GLOSSARY OF TERMS. Available http://www.healthyactivebydesign.com.au/glossary-terms-0 224] Healthy Active by Design 2015. GLOSSARY OF TERMS. Available http://www.healthyactivebydesign.com.au/glossary-terms-0 225] Healthy Active by Design 2015. GLOSSARY OF TERMS. Available http://www.healthyactivebydesign.com.au/glossary-terms-0

228] Healthy Active by Design 2015. GLOSSARY OF TERMS. Available http://www.healthyactivebydesign.com.au/glossary-terms-0

226] Healthy Active by Design 2015. GLOSSARY OF TERMS. Available http://www.healthyactivebydesign.com.au/glossary-terms-0

229] HORELLI, L., JARENKO, K., KUOPPA, J., SAAD-SULONEN, J. and WALLIN, S., 2013. New Approaches to Urban Planning-Insights from Participatory Communities. Aalto University.

227] SUNI, J., HUSU, P., AITTASALO, M.,VASANKARI, T., 2014 Liikunta on osa liikkumista – Paikallaanolon määritelmää täsmennetään parhaillaan LIIKUNTA & TIEDE 51 • 6/2014

230] CARY. J., & MERON. G., eds. GLOSSARY. Impact Design Hub. Available at: https://impactdesignhub.org/resources/glossary/

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Social media = SOME Social media are works of user-created video, audio, text or multimedia that are published and shared in a social environment, such as a blog, podcast, forum, wiki or video hosting site. More broadly, social media refers to any online technology that lets people publish, converse and share content online. Sport spaces Sport spaces provide a venue for formal structured sporting activities such as team competitions, physical skill development and training. Sport spaces are designed to accommodate playing surface, buffer zones and infrastructure requirements of specific or general sporting activity. Players and spectators attend with the express purpose of engaging in organised sporting activity, training or competition or watching the game. Most sport spaces can be accessed by community members for informal sport and recreation. 231] Standing There’s no physical activity while standing still and energy consumption is maximum 1,5 MET. Still muscle activity is stronger while standing compared to sitting which may affect on health results when comparing the long-term sitting to long-term standing.That’s one reason why standing is not part of sedentary behaviour concept. 232] Street smart A person who has a lot of common sense and knows what’s going on in the world. This person knows what every type of person has to deal with daily and understands all groups of people and how to act around them. This person also knows all the current shit going on in the streets and the ghetto and everywhere else and knows how to make his own right decisions, knows how

to deal with different situations and has his own independant state of mind. A street smart person isn’t stubborn and actually listens to shit and understands shit. 233] Strength / resistance training Any physical activity or exercise that uses the force of a muscle against some form of resistance to build muscle strength, endurance, and size. Sustainability Improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. 234] Urban Larger, more densely populated areas, such as cities and metropolitan areas. (Alberta Centre for Active Living, 2010) Vigorous-intensity physical activity. On an absolute scale, physical activity that is done at 6.0 or more times the intensity of rest. On a scale relative to an individual’s personal capacity, vigorous-intensity physical activity is usually a 7 or 8 on a scale of 0 to 10. See Measuring Physical Activity for more. Vigorous-intensity physical activity. On an absolute scale, physical activity that is done at 6.0 or more times the intensity of rest. On a scale relative to an individual’s personal capacity, vigorous-intensity physical activity is usually a 7 or 8 on a scale of 0 to 10. See Measuring Physical Activity for more. Exercise that substantially increases heart rate and breathing, and is likely to cause sweating.

231] Healthy Active by Design 2015. GLOSSARY OF TERMS. Available http://www.healthyactivebydesign.com.au/glossary-terms-0

233] http://www.urbandictionary.com

232] SUNI, J., HUSU, P., AITTASALO, M.,VASANKARI, T., 2014 Liikunta on osa liikkumista – Paikallaanolon määritelmää täsmennetään parhaillaan LIIKUNTA & TIEDE 51 • 6/2014

234] IUCN/UNEP/WWF. Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living. (Gland, Switzerland: 1991).(IUCN - The World Conservation Union, UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme, WWF - World Wide Fund for Nature).

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Visibility The ability of users of a space to see and be seen, ensuring surveillance by the maximum number of people. Weak signal A half-hidden idea or trend that will affect how we do business, what business we do, and the environment in which we will work; a new and surprising signal from the receiver’s vantage point; sometimes difficult to track down amid other noise and signals; a threat or opportunity to your organization. In general, any information that is difficult to detect or distinguish because of the noise in the system. There are three varieties of weak signals. Any difficult to detect signal which indicates a linear trend in the development of some idea or system. A non-linear, hard to predict trend that has yet to reach mainstream recognition. An early indication of a potentially important new event or emerging phenomenon that could become an emerging pattern, a major driver or the source of a new trend. Note: This information/change can be social, demographic, technological, environmental, economic, and psychological. What is observed is warning us about the possibility of occurrence of unexpected future events. Weak signals can be searched for and identified through horizon scanning for example 235] YOLO You only live once. The excuse of Z-generation for reckless living

235] A Glossary of Terms commonly used in Futures Studies http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/315951/Glossary%20of%20 Terms.pdf

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Acronyms POS Public open space PA Physical activity MVPA Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity MET Metabolic equivalent WHO World Health Organization HiAP Health in all policies SB Sedentary behaviour RT Rough and tumble play EBD Evidence-based design

Useful links Electronic publications Activating architecture and urban planning, Rasmus B. Andersen, Centre for Sports and Architecture, The Sports Confederation of Denmark, The Ministry of Social Affairs Nuorten Helsinki. Nuorten Kaupunki. Helsingin kaupunki. Kaupunkisuunnitteluvirasto. HELSINKI SUUNNITTELEE 2014:4. Helsingin kaupunki.

Websites www.activelivingresearch.org www.play-scapes.com www.nuortenhyvinvointikertomus.fi www.centerforactivedesign.org

Illustration credits All illustrations and graphics by author unless otherwise mentioned p. 34 Arjanko, S., Graphic illustration inspired by The evolution of man parodies (Original artist unknown). Available at: http://3. bp.blogspot.com/-fFKLRcsl9UE/TaoKmgvYx2I/AAAAAAAAAKk/dIpCfZl4lfg/s1600/ Human%2BEvolution.jpg

Printed publications Mind in Architecture - Neuroscience, Embodiment, and the Future of Design. ROBINSON, S. and PALLASMAA, J. eds., 2015. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Luomuliikunnan vallankumous PESOLA, A., 2013, (eng. The revolution of natural exercise) Pelkokierre. Pelon politiikka, turvamarkkinat ja kamppailu kaupunkitilasta. KOSKELA, H. (2009) (The Spiral of Fear. Politics of Fear, Security Business, and the Struggle over Urban Space) Helsinki: Gaudeamus

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VALTAVAARA, M., and PEURAKOSKI, T., 2014. Nuoret pääsivät suunnittelemaan ostoskeskuksia. 4. March. Helsingin Sanomat. Available at: http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/ a1393830542390 12

TUJULA, R., 2013. Onko lasten kömpelyys ylisuojelevien vanhempien vika? 24. Sept. YLE Available at: http://yle.fi/uutiset/onko_ lasten_kompelyys_ylisuojelevien_vanhempien_vika/6846352 29

VAN EXEL, N., DE GRAAF, G. and BROUWER, W.B., 2006. “Everyone dies, so you might as well have fun!” Attitudes of Dutch youths about their health lifestyle. Social science & medicine, 63(10), pp. 2628-2639. 151

TUOHINEN, P., 2015. Vain harva kuolee väkivaltaisesti – maailman pahimmat tappajat ovat hiljaisia. Helsingin Sanomat, Ulkomaat. 1.Feb. Original reference of illustration: WHO; (http://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/ a1422680209208) 87

VATTULAINEN, T., 2015. Tutkimus: Liikunta ei poista istumisen terveyshaittoja. 20, Jan. Helsingin Sanomat. Available at: http:// www.hs.fi/ura/a1421722481553 19

TWAIN, M. 1876. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, http://www.twainquotes.com/Work.html 106 VÄISÄNEN. R., 2013. Koiria on nyt enemmän kuin koskaan. 8. Oct. yle.fi, Kotimaa. Available at: http://yle.fi/uutiset/koiria_on_nyt_ enemman_kuin_koskaan/6868244 195 VALENTINE, G. and MCKENDRCK, J., 1997. Children’s outdoor play: exploring parental concerns about children’s safety and the changing nature of childhood. Geoforum, 28(2), pp. 219-235. 101, 112 VALTAVAARA, M., 2014. Asvalttipihat ja kelvottomat pyörätiet lannistavat liikkujan. 7. April. Helsingin Sanomat. Available at: http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/a1396756988699 25 VALTAVAARA, M., 2014. Kauppakeskukset syrjäyttivät nuorisotalot. 4. March. Helsingin Sanomat. Available at: http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/a1393830577715 18

VEITCH, J., TIMPERIO, A., CRAWFORD, D., ABBOTT, G., GILES-CORTI, B. and SALMON, J., 2011. Is the neighbourhood environment associated with sedentary behaviour outside of school hours among children? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 41(3), pp. 333-341. 102, 178, 179, 199 WARD THOMPSON, C., 2013. Activity, exercise and the planning and design of outdoor spaces. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, pp. 79-96. 75, 76, 110, 169 WILLS, A., 2010. The Yoga Laboratory: Creating Space for Teens to Find Their Way Into Yoga. 8. March. Shantigeneration.com. Available at: http://shantigeneration.com/ the-yoga-laboratory-creating-space-forteens-to-find-their-way-into-yoga/ 47 World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) 51 YLE, Uutisluokka Amanda, Kreetta, Sara and Veera Kajaanin Keskuskoulu, 2014. Uutisluokka: Liikunnan harrastaminen loppuu useimmiten yläkouluiässä. 28. April. YLE Available at: http://yle.fi/uutiset/uutisluokka_liikunnan_harrastaminen_loppuu_useimmiten_ylakouluiassa/7206406 46

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YLE. WHO: 2010. Joka kolmas lapsista sohvaperunoita. 30.March. YLE Available at: http://yle.fi/uutiset/who_joka_kolmas_lapsista_sohvaperunoita/5537468 33

Photo credits 01 Kruglikov, V., 1959. Playing on the street. 10 April. Available at: http:// www.togdazine.ru/article/7844 02 MAICA, 2011. With mobile apps on the sofa Available at: http:// www.istockphoto.com/photo/childrendabsorbed-with-new-technologies16016075?st=28ece7c 03 Horacio, S., Broken from sitting. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/magazine/mag-17sitting-t.html?_r=0 04 Bjarke Ingels Group. 2010 Amager resource center, Topped with a ski slope, the Amager Bakke waste-to-energy plant in Copenhagen, Available at: http:// www.dwell.com/green/article/europeanplants-generate-energy%E2%80%94andpride%E2%80%94-waste 05 Smart, S., Spun chair, rotationmolded ”Spun”-chair by designer Thomas Heatherwick. Available at: www.heatherwick.com/magis-spun-chair/ 06 MALTA, B. 2014, Inactivité, A TwoLegged Chair That Prevents Inactivity by Forcing the User to Maintain Balance http:// benoitmalta.com/inactivite-part-i 07 WALLACE, D., 2008. We are lifelivers. Panoramic Hill, Oakland, California. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidwallace/2256874441/

08 DELEAU, S., 2012. Trapeze in a living room. Available at: http://projectnursery.com/2012/06/behind-the-scenes-withoeuf-giveaway/ 09 BAAN, I., 2013. Stairs in House K by Sou Fujimoto. Available at: http://www. metalocus.es/content/en/blog/house-k-soufujimoto 10 Photographer unknown, 2015. Xero gravity rock climbing gym Available at: http://www.weekendnotes.com/xero-gravity-climbing-gym/ 11 BROWN, J., Ladders in a house. Available at: http://www.remodelista.com/ posts/childrens-rooms-indoor-climbing-andsliding-spaces 12 BAAN, I., 2008. Tatami in House N by Sou Fujimoto. Available at: http://www. mooponto.com/2012/05/08/house-n-soufujimoto-architects/ 13 ROSE, A., Playroom With Climbing Wall and Monkey Bars. Available at: http:// photos.hgtv.com/photos/viewer/modernplayroom-/modern-playroom-with-climbingwall-and-monkey-bars 14 WATANABE, B., 2012. The Monkey cave. Available at: http://www.unrealhawaii.com/2011/11/the-monkey-cave/ 15 MICHELINI, S., 2015. Pigalle Duperré is a colourful basketball court tucked between a row of Parisian apartments. Available at: http://www.dezeen. com/2015/08/12/pigalle-duperre-ill-studioparis-basketball-court-multicoloured-installation/ 16 WALTER”. 2014. A trampoline built into the sidewalk in Berlin. Available at: http://agrainofwalt.blogspot. fi/2014_07_01_archive.html

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17 Photographer unknown. Psycho Gym. Available at: http://www.houzz.com/photos/15715234/Psycho-Gym 18 Photographer unknown. Garden boxing. Available at: http://www.houzz.com/ photos/1633743/South-Austin-Landscapetraditional-landscape-austin 19 Photographer unknown. Rooftop yoga. Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/carolyn-gregoire/rooftopyoga_b_3352742.html 20 COURTESY of Carretero, A., and Klocker, C. Siempre Fiesta (or Always Party). Closed street filled with sand. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/487114/playfullyreimagining-madrid-s-urban-realm 21 WALLACE, B., 2014. Hammocks on Governor’s Island. Available at: http://wallamble.com/2014/08/30/ello-govna/ 22 Photographer unknown. Tetherball. Available at: http://www.amazon. com/Spalding-Recreational-Tetherball/dp/ B015VJHG42 23 PADILLA, A., 2013. Human hamster wheel by The Carp Shop. Available at: https://ajpadilla.files.wordpress. com/2013/01/maag-human-hamster-wheelmatt.jpg 24 LLOYD, A., 2014. Box Hill Gardens Multipurpose Area. Available at: http://architectureau.com/articles/box-hill-gardensmultipurpose-area/#img=6 25 HIROYOUKI, O., 2014. Hammock net. Dragonfly park. Available at: http://www. archdaily.com/608876/dragonfly-park-varchitecture 26 Photographer unknown. Street workout and outdoor cross fit. Available at: http://www.uno.dk/crossfit

27 Photographer unknown. Stairs around the 8-house by BIG. Available at: http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_ m04p3zRkUI1qjtb6bo1_1280.jpg 28 Photographer unknown. PIT IN cycle-desk by Store Muu. Available at: http://inhabitat.com/store-muus-cycle-indesk-transforms-your-bike-into-a-chair/ 29 BLOUIIN, O., 2012. Musical Light Swings on the Streets of Montreal. Available at: http://www.thisiscolossal. com/2012/09/musical-swings-on-thestreets-of-montreal/ 30 Photographer unknown. ”Fast lane” Slide in a subway inspired by ”Fun Theory”. Available at: http://www.psfk. com/2010/06/volkswagen-builds-fast-laneslide-in-a-subway.html and https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=W4o0ZVeixYU 31 BELLINI, J., 2013. In Moscow, metro riders can trade 30 squats for a free ticket. Available at: http://edition.cnn. com/2013/11/15/tech/apparently-thismatters-squats-moscow-subway/. More for future: http://www.theguardian.com/society/shortcuts/2015/jan/27/mexico-beatobesity-make-commuters-do-squats-forfree-subway-tickets 32 MALHOTRA, S., 2012. Urban hacktivists set up a DIY swing at a bus station in Moscow. Available at: http://thecityfix.com/ blog/friday-fun-bus-station-art/ 33 ESKEROD, T., Street boxer at Superkilen park in Copenhagen. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/286223/ superkilen-topotek-1-big-architectssuperflex/5088d2b428ba0d75750000e8superkilen-topotek-1-big-architects-superflex-photo 34 LAURITZEN, M., 2006. Skateable bus stop. Available at: http://www.europeskate.com/quiksilver-integrates-skateablearchitecture-in-the-community/

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35 CATERS, 2011. ’Transfer Accelerator’ In Utrecht Helps Dutch Passengers Slide To Their Train. (Courtesy of HIK Ontwerpers) Available at: http://www.dailymail. co.uk/news/article-2019842/Ive-just-slipped-office-Station-slide-brightens-morningcommute.html

44 STRASCHNOW, J., and NYGAARD, G., 2013. Off ground - Playful seating elements for public spaces. Available at: http://www.off-ground.com/off-ground

36 DOWNEY, B., 2011. Wedging. Try to pass the brooms. Available at: http://www. braddowney.com/work/2011/wedging

46 Photographer unknown. Copenhagen harbor bath. Available at: http://jdsa.eu/ bad/

37 TVEDERGAARD, A., 2009. Amager Strandpark in Copenhagen. Available at: http://www.juniorbusiness.dk/ferie-medboern-i-koebenhavn.html

47 LAERKE, I., Harbour bath Copenhagen. http://idalaerke.com/ and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg. com/originals/af/6a/bc/af6abc3c387921f230892ea97d8f50b6.jpg

38 DE SMEDT, J., 2015. Kalvebod Waves top down. Available at: https://instagram.com/p/j9bUgywZN8/ 39 MCFCRANDALL, M., 2015. Underpass park in Toronto. Available at: https://mcfcrandall.wordpress.com/tag/fiya/ 40 NAGY, B. M., 2011.Rålis skatepark. Available at: http://www.panoramio.com/ photo/63065209 41 BRILLET, F., and LELIEVRE, N., 2014. Urban furniture for physical activity. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/ design/florian-brillet-nicolas-lelievre-jcdecaux-mens-sana-in-corpore-sano-urbanfurniture-09-28-2014/ 42 GWYN, C., 2014. Skateboard painting. Available at: http://www.designboom. com/art/matt-reilly-skateboard-paintingmana-contemporary-08-03-2014/ 43 HVIID, A., 2011. 3,500 pieces of white rope Under the Canopy. http://www. publicspace.org/en/works/g372-rebskoven and http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-life/copenhagen-x-gallery/cases/temporary-urbanspaces-at-carlsberg/

45 Photographer unknown. Kalvebod Waves. Available at: http://jdsa.eu/kal/

48 Photographer unknown. Copenhagen harbor bath. Available at: http://jdsa.eu/ bad/ 49 Photographer is the writer of the blog. 2012. 3,500 pieces of white rope Under the Canopy. Available at: https:// alittlecheeseanddanish.wordpress.com/tag/ rope-forest/ 50 DANKS, S., Berkeley Adventure Playground. Available at: http://www.healinglandscapes.org/blog/2011/09/engagingour-grounds-intl-green-schoolyard-conference/ 51 Photographer is the unknown man behind the blog writer. 2015. Pigalle Duperré basketball court. Available at: http:// www.theballoondiary.com/pigalle-duperrebasketball-court/ 52 BRAJOVIC, M., Brazilian pavilion with farming and net landscape. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/628436/ brazil-pavilion-nil-milan-expo-2015-studioarthur-casas-atelier-marko-brajovic 53 STRASCHNOW, J., and NYGAARD, G., 2013. Off ground - Playful seating elements for public spaces. . Available at: http://www.off-ground.com/off-ground

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54 XIAOXI, S., 2009. A pair of swing seats on a billboard frame. Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2009/12/08/theunbearable-lightness-of-being-by-mesarchitectures/

63 Photographer unknown. 2005. Climbing at Parc Des Cormailles. Available at: http://www.play-scapes.com/play-design/ contemporary-design/parc-des-cormaillesagence-ter-ivry-sur-seine-france-2005/

55 west 8 urban design & landscape architecture. Five bridges taking walker above and below of the garden. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/architecture/west-8-garden-of-10000-bridges-nowcomplete/

64 Photographer unknown. 2012. Mountain gym. Available at: http://www. play-scapes.com/play-design/contemporary-design/mountain-gym-makoto-tanijiritokyo-2012/

56 CHALMEAU, S., 2012. The basket tree. Available at: http://www.designboom. com/art/alta-architects-basket-tree-innantes-france/ 57 BURO SANT EN CO. 2012. Roombeck the Brook. Available at: http://ballistamagazine.com/features/buro-sant-en-co/ 58 TOSHIYUKI, Y,. 2015. Forest loops. Available at: http://www.contemporist. com/2015/02/14/this-sculpture-is-designed-for-kids-to-climb-on/ 59 BURO SANT EN CO. 2012. Roombeck the Brook. Available at: http://ballistamagazine.com/features/buro-sant-en-co/ 60 COBE. 2014. Giant stepping stones at Israeliâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s square. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/architecture/ cobe-israels-square-copenhagen-denmark-12-26-2014/ 61 KENPEI. 2006. Wide slide for togetherness. Available at: http://www. play-scapes.com/play-design/contemporary-design/enormous-irresistible-playgroundslide-somewhere-in-japan/ 62 MYLES, R,. 2014. A giant climbable aardvark, wearing a golden party hat. Available at: http://www.florentijnhofman. nl/?id=190

65 SCHWARTZ, M., and her architects. 2013. Landscaped park. Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/03/11/perforated-metal-pavilions-martha-schwartzpartners-fengming-mountain-park/ 66 COBE. 2014. The reprogrammed design of Israeliâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s square. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/architecture/ cobe-israels-square-copenhagen-denmark-12-26-2014/ 67 Photographer unknown. 2012. Mountain gym. Available at: http://www. play-scapes.com/play-design/contemporary-design/mountain-gym-makoto-tanijiritokyo-2012/ 68 GETTY IMAGES. Swing for even fifteen swinger. Available at: http://www. dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2131790/ When-playtime-wasnt-ruled-elf-safety.html 69 BUNTE, M. V., 2014. Motu Viget tire swing. Available at: http://photos.mlive. com/grandrapidspress/2014/09/motu_viget_tire_swing_in_grand_8.html 70 SAVORELLI, P., Activating corten steel-made cylinders for skating, relaxing, playing and amplifying sounds. Available at: http://divisare.com/projects/231772-CS-Architects-Archea-Associati-BTC-Biennale-The-Cord

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71 KÖRBES, J., and DONDERS, T,. 2010. Gigantic swings, fabricated from used tires, wooden poles and a whole lot of metal bolts and cables. Available at: http://refunc. nl/?p=1489#content-wrapper 72 DHEUVEL, A., 2013. Superkilen skating facade. Available at: https://annevdheuvel.wordpress.com/2013/05/15/ superkilen-copenhagen/ 73 CATERS NEWS AGENCY. 2012. a 51 m long rubber trampoline road, Fast Track in a Russian forest. Available at: http:// www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/ dec/03/trampoline-architecture-installationfast-track 74 ALI, B., 2014. Underpass swing park. Available at: http://milwaukeeparks. blogspot.fi/2014/06/the-swing-park-newimproved.html 75 Hjortshøj, R., Teen playground. Available at: http://www.play-scapes.com/ play-design/contemporary-design/teenplayground-kato-x-victoria-slangerup-denmark-2013/ 76 Hjortshøj, R., Teen playground. Available at: http://www.play-scapes.com/ play-design/contemporary-design/teenplayground-kato-x-victoria-slangerup-denmark-2013/ 77 TANSEY, A. R., 2010. Pole dance installation. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/66198/pole-dance-preview-so-il 78 KORNBECH, E. L., 2014. Carlsberg hammocks. Available at: http://mereimellem. dk/ordet-er-dit/utopia2014e-carlsbergbyen-green-city/ 79 MORT, M., 2014. Rocking yoga. Available at: http://www.merimort. com/2014/08/16/yoga-books-and-rocknroll/

80 BAAN, I., 2010. Pole dance installation. Available at: http://www.archdaily. com/66288/pole-dance-update-so-il 81 BAAN, I., 2012. Boxing arena at Superkilen. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/286223/superkilen-topotek-1-bigarchitects-superflex 82 CARLSBERG (courtesy), 2011. Street workout in Carlsberg. Available at: http://www.realdania.dk/samlet-projektliste/ carlsberg 83 Photographer unknown. 2011. Urban space in Carlsberg. Available at: http:// www.loa-fonden.dk/inspiration/udendoersidraet/byrum-paa-carlsberg 84 PRICE, K., 2012. Boxing in Superkilen. Available at: http://opencityprojects. com/a-park-for-all-ages-copenhagens-redsquare/ 85 BAAN, I., 2012. Artificial landscape in Superkilen. Available at: http://www. archdaily.com/286223/superkilen-topotek1-big-architects-superflex 86 KASSEM, K., Interactive public art: Before I die -wall. Available at: http://candychang.com/before-i-die-in-nola/ 87 Photographer unknown. 2014. Interior ping pong. Available at: http://www. bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/realestate/2014/12/coolest-sf-office-spacesinterior-design-tech.html#g1 88 WILKHAHN. Stand Up Stool. Available at: http://www.houzz.com/ photos/26926095/WILKHAHN-Stand-Upstool-Design-Thorsten-Franck-contemporary-other-metro 89 LAESER, L., Climbing wall in attic space. Available at: http://www.houselogic. com/photos/attics/going-attic-conversionsare-smart-remodeling-projects/slide/abrand-new-outlook/#climbing-the-walls

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90 MICHAELIS BOYD ASSOCIATES. Staircase slide. Available at: http://www. forbes.com/pictures/ejef45kme/staircaseslide-england/

100 AUTHOR OF THE BLOG. 2014. Lightup swings. Available at: https://takingthetfromatoz.wordpress.com/2014/10/21/swinging-back-into-childhood-at-the-lawn-on-d/

91 SOMAY, M., 2013. Physically active working space. Available at: http://retaildesignblog.net/2013/05/13/prezi-office-byminusplus-budapest-hungary/

101 KEINGART. 2012. Ropes in activity hall. Available at: http://keingart.com/portfolio/motoriklandskabet/

92 GENSLER. 2015. Physically active working space. Available at: http://www. officelovin.com/2015/04/06/take-lookinside-prezis-san-francisco-office/ 93 SMART, S., 2015. ’Spun’, completely symmetrical, rotational chair design, in use. Available at: http://www.wallpaper.com/ architecture/heatherwick-studio-providesinsight-into-creative-process-at-las-hammer-museum#17680 94 KEINGART. 2012. Locomotor landscape in activity hall. Available at: http://keingart.com/portfolio/motoriklandskabet/ 95 OXLEY, T., 2015. King Arthur Swing Table. Available at: http://inhabitat.com/ duffy-londons-king-arthur-swing-tablekeeps-folks-from-being-excali-bored/ 96 DELPINO, D., Fiii Fun House. Available at: http://design-milk.com/clever-funrestaurant-keeps-kids-mind/ 97 KEINGART. 2012. Monkey bars in activity hall. Available at: http://keingart. com/portfolio/motoriklandskabet/ 98 JASWIG. The desk that fits to everyone. Available at: http://www.jaswig.com/ school/ 99 MONCADA, A., 2012. A metal staircase. Available at: http://www.dezeen. com/2012/09/05/metal-staircase-by-francesco-librizzi-studio/

102 KEINGART. 2012. Ball room in activity hall. Available at: http://keingart.com/ portfolio/motoriklandskabet/ 103 DÖRTER, E., 2012. Interior running track. Available at: http://www.archdaily. com/504762/sahibinden-com-office-erginoglu-and-calislar-architects 104 DELPINO, D., Fiii Fun House. Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2015/02/20/ fiii-fun-house-cafe-buenos-aires-iris-cantante-wooden-swing-seats/ 105 DUFFY LONDON. 2012. Swing table. Available at: http://design-milk.com/swingtable-by-christopher-duffy-for-duffy-london/ 106 KEINGART. 2012. Locomotor landscape in activity hall. Available at: http://keingart.com/portfolio/motoriklandskabet/ 107 HOSEA, C., Slide between floors. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/office/guy-hollaway-architects 108 Photographer unknown. Tyre playground for dogs. Available at: http://www. theyellowdogsbarn.com/ 109 Photographer unknown. Activity playground for dogs. Available at: http:// www.theyellowdogsbarn.com/ 110 ENGLEFIELD, P., Weave poles for dog agility. Available at: https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_agility#/media/ File:Border_collie_weave_poles.jpg

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111 Photographer unknown. Dog agility ring. Available at: http://images4.fanpop. com/image/photos/22900000/MosesAgility-dog-agility-22965805-2560-1920.jpg 112 Photographer unknown. Jump hoop for dog agility. Available at: http://www. livinthedoglife.com/

121 Photographer unknown. 2015. The Travelling gym with exercise bikes, cross trainers and running machines. Available at: http://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/ article/train-train-virgins-new-fitness-coach/

113 Photographer unknown. A-frame for dog agility. Available at: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dog_going_up_an_ agility_A-frame.jpg

122 AMAGER RESOURCE CENTER, 2013. Topped with a ski slope, the Amager Bakke waste-to-energy plant in Copenhagen. Available at: http://news.nationalgeographic. com/news/energy/2013/08/130801-amager-bakke-europe-waste-to-energy/

114 Photographer unknown. Tunnel thru for dog agility. Available at: http://www. livinthedoglife.com/

123 ADIDAS, Jump store. Available at: http://tbwa-london.com/project/d-rosejump-store/

115 KULVE, T., Swing as public furniture. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/ design/public-furniture-interventions-bythor-ter-kulve/

124 BELLINI, J., 2013. In Moscow, metro riders can trade 30 squats for a free ticket. Available at: http://edition.cnn. com/2013/11/15/tech/apparently-thismatters-squats-moscow-subway/. More for future: http://www.theguardian.com/society/shortcuts/2015/jan/27/mexico-beatobesity-make-commuters-do-squats-forfree-subway-tickets

116 ARJANKO, S., 2015. Boys in a tree of dog park. Rajasaari, Helsinki Available at: http://michaellamartin.tumblr.com/ 117 LAMARTIN, M., 2015. Swinging with landscape. Available at: http://michaellamartin.tumblr.com/ 118 STRASCHNOW, J., and NYGAARD, G., 2013. Off ground - Playful seating elements with landscape. Available at: http:// www.off-ground.com/off-ground 119 HEIKE, M. and GENTH, U., 2011. Tiger and Turtle magic mountain. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/art/heikemutter-ulrich-genth-tiger-and-turtle-magicmountain/ 120 west 8 urban design & landscape architecture. Five bridges taking walker above and below of the garden. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/architecture/west-8-garden-of-10000-bridges-nowcomplete/

125 GETTY IMAGES, 2013. A giant inflatable white activity castle. Available at: http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/ B0xmownkR_l/White+Bouncy+Castle+Art+In stallation+Invites?mobile=off 126 BROMMEL. 2010. Seven story tube slide in a shopping mall. Available at: http://www.brommel.net/2010_05_01_archive.html 127 DDB. 2015. McDonaldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bike Thru in Denmark. Available at: http://www.mirror. co.uk/usvsth3m/could-mcdonalds-introducetable-service--5432417

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128 Peciña, W., 2012. Public art installation 'Sun Salutation'which is a Photovoltaic dance floor. Available at: http://viajespeci. blogspot.fi/2012/11/dia-728sept-sibenikzadar-sukosan.html More information: http://inhabitat.com/croatian-harbour-towncelebrates-natural-forces-with-beautifulpublic-art-installations/ 129 Photographer unknown. Funny inflatable water bubble ball. Available at: http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/ HOT-Funny-inflatable-water-jumping-balloon_60097941631.html 130 HÖLLER, C., 2015. Isomeric Slides. Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost. co.uk/victoria-sadler/carsten-hoeller-hayward-gallery-review_b_7881460.html 131 DELPINO, D., Fiii Fun House. Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2015/02/20/ fiii-fun-house-cafe-buenos-aires-iris-cantante-wooden-swing-seats/ 132 KEITH, S., 2014. 'Solstice in Times Square' yoga class. Available at: http:// foundandgathered.com/being-present/ 133 Photographer unknown. Basketball marketing. Available at: https://cornerstoreglory.wordpress.com/2010/10/06/basketball-marketing/ 134 HELANDER, M., or HEINIÖ, S., 2015. Black Yoga at a music club. Available at: http://www.merimort.com/2015/04/29/ tuska-festari/ 135 FEINKNOPF, B., Auburn University Recreation & Wellness Center. Available at: http://feinknopf.photoshelter.com/galleryimage/Auburn-University-Recreation-Wellness-Center/G0000QjhIBsi.JV8/I0000wdihBrz2ofM

136 ALLEN, K., 2014. BIG Labyrinth in National Building Museum, Washington. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/525004/ big-maze-opens-at-national-buildingmuseum/53bd4f17c07a803772000424big-maze-opens-at-national-building-museum-photo 137 Photographer unknown. Use only what you need - Denver Water bench. Available at: http://www.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/guerrilla-marketing/great-guerrillaadvertising/ 138 NUMEN. 2011. Net Hasselt. Available at: http://www.numen.eu/installations/net/ hasselt/ 139 WHITE, B., 2014. World largest underground trampoline in cavern at Welsh slate mine. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2659044/Worldslargest-underground-trampoline-open-enormous-cavern-Welsh-slate-mine.html

Urban Play

Thesis work Autumn 2015 Sassi Arjanko

Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture Department of Architecture Creative Sustainability