Architecture Portfolio by Saurabh Madan

Architecture Portfolio Saurabh Madan

Contents

01 From Garrison to Garh Professional Work Windows to Vernacular 2019

05 Stack Roll n’ Tie International Competition Natural Building 2020

09 Forgotten Landscapes Academic Work Undergraduate Thesis 2019

14 Building the Urban Hybrid Academic Work Architecture Design 2018

17 Mad(e) in Mumbai Professional Work Undergraduate Internship 2017-2018

19 Rhythms of Transience Academic Work Architecture Design 2016

23 Research and Documentation Extra Curricular Windows to Vernacular 2016-2019

01 From Garrison to Garh Mandawa Fort

Project Information

Introduction

Role : Junior Architect and Photographer with

The general geology of the region around Mandawa,

Windows to Vernacular

comprises of sandy dunes. The city’s settlement

Site : Mandawa Fort, Mandawa, Rajasthan

structure is that of a typical fortified town.

Built Up Area : 2100sqm

‘Saunthaliya gate’ marks the entrance of the old city, and

Scope of Work :

the most powerful structure of that of the fort sits on the

Research, Documentation through measure drawings

topographical a high ground of the city. The thick walls

and Fabric Status Analysis to understand the built fabric

and deep foundations are the counter design elements

and propose conservation strategies for the fort.

to tackle the soil type of the region.

Stables Courtyard

Brief History of the Fort The fort was built as a garrison by Thakur Nawal Singhji in 1750 and his son Narsinghdasji made Mandawa as his headquarters. Narsinghdasji’s son Thakur Padam Singhji was the righteous ruler of this part of the fort. Mandawa fort was divided between two brothers/ lineages, a central courtyard accessed through a common entrance or pol, connects the two parts of the fort. Both the parts of the fort have been planned in the typical Rajput planning principle’s. However, with time and change in the ruler, additions were made, and they represented the architectural styles or influences of that era.

Stables

South Burj

North Burj

Stores

-0.2 mts

Store

Zenana Rawala

Way to Diwankhana

Shops

Daftar

Chowk + 0.0 mts

Entrance Pol

Ground Floor Plan 0

500

1000

2000

Daaftar

+12.27

+8.58

Stables

+4.47

Stables Courtyard +0.30

Section through Daftar

Zenana Courtyard

+12.27

Zenana South Wing +8.58

Stables Pol +4.47

Stables

Section through Zenena Rewala

Zenana Diwan-Khana

Entrance Pol

+9.95 mts

+6.95 mts

Courtyard Level

Zenana North Wing

Diwan-Khana

+8.00 mts

+4.86 mts

Courtyard Level

Summarised areas of distress with due attention to be given in the priority as mentioned. Detail Fabric status report to be refered for damage in individual spaces. This diagram corelates and summaries so as to obtain a wholistic understanding of the impact of the damage.

Serious Civil Work Damages. To be repaired in phase I. Secondary damages. To be tacked in phase II The rest of the structure has mostly cosmetic damages, that can be tackled as and when needed.

Arch Failure Broken Threshold Debonding due to later addition Debonding corners Earthquake Cracks Floor Cracks (Critical) Floor with cracks (Superficial) Flooring (Wear And Tear) Lintel Failure Overloading Elements Settlement direction Stress Cracks on the Ceiling Stress Cracks on the Walls Water Ingress Weathered Masonry And Plaster Waterproofing Failure

FABRIC STATUS REPORT After documenting, and analysing the evolution of the fort, certain areas of distress were identified. These areas were studied in detail; structural and cosmetic failures were mapped and the reasons of failures were identified.

TERRACE LEVEL | Patang-Khana Repairs to the Burj terrace and second level are done. However further repairs to be done understanding the collective damage of the structure in isolation and also with respect to the adjoining portions of the Fort. The steps leading to the Pataang khanna terrace have serious cracks due to the settling of the Burj, making them structurally weak. The waterproofing on the terrace has failed and worn out.

SECOND LEVEL | Burj Failure in Load Transfer Changing in the layout on this floor has resulted in an unsync structural system. This unintentional error has caused the wall loads to be transfered on to the slabs and with settling impact, the cracks are visible on the slabs below.

FIRST LEVEL | Burj Debonding Cracks Debonding cracks are seen through the staircase well. Stress Cracks Stress cracks are seen through the ribbed dome on the ceiling. Failure of an arch is due to a centrally running crack.

GROUND LEVEL | Burj Lintel Cracks Unintentional error of introducing an opening without a lintel has caused a crack. Settlement Cracks Slow settling of the structure due to weak soil base and later additions. The earthquake accelerated the process of the otherwise slow settlement, which has lead to cracking on the one half of the dome traveling through to the first entrance from the entrance.

North Burj

Weathering of the Material Erosion and weathering of masonry near the openings.

02 Stack, Roll n’ Tie Elementary School

Project Information International

Competition

Introduction in

The design aims at creating a learning environment,

collaboration with Lets Build my School, a UK

Archstorming

with local and economical materials - Bamboo,

registered NGO.

Mud, tyres and implementing them in innovative and

In Collaboration with Yashasvi Admane and Kinjal Vora

modular construction techniques which are easy to

Site : Marsassoum, Senegal, Africa

understand and can be replicated by the community

Area :

around.

Brief : To focus on innovative, sustainaible and easy to

The structure facilitates air circulation through various

execute building techniques which can democratize

punchers in the mass forming voids which inhabit the

the building process for the whole community of

entrance, kitchen garden and coral for students to

Marsassoum.

grow their own food. Each classroom with a clerestory and ample window enables an airy and healthy space for learning.

Figure 2.1 : Massing Developement

Envelope and Turn

Scoop

C C

Allocate

Phase

Library

Courtyard

+4.55m

+2.4m

+0.45m

Classroom 6

Foundation

Plinth

Floor

Rammed earth trench foundation

After the tyres are added from

Several layers of 5cm mixture of

with a 150mm thk PCC base.

the top. Mud mixture is filled

Earth concrete is poured on top

Rammed Earth is used because

inside and rammed. 400m wide

of the levelled surface. Each layer

its economical and easy to

adobe bsundried bricks are laid

is rammed by feet first and then

execute.

in between.

using a rammer

Walls

Roof

Roof Finish

The walls are made using the

The roof is supported by bamboo

Split bamboo mat is used as

straw and loam roll technique.

trusses and purlins spanning

false ceiling for insulation. Theroof

In this case the rolls are slid in

accross the classroom forming

is finished with metal corrugated

clearstory windows for ventilation

sheet bolted in place.

between

the

vertical

members.

bamboo

and light.

Metal Sheet

Loam and Straw Rolls

Adobe Bricks

WORK IN PROGRESS 0m

4m 2m

Bamboo

Tyres

Split Bamboo Mat

“ Collective memories are supported by a group framed in space and ti

03 Forgotten Landscapes

Sewri through the lens of Collective Memory

Project Information

Introduction

Type: Academic Work

Historically, Architecture has been a vital representation

Semester IX and X, Design Dissertation

of different societies. The citizens of the society build a

Guide : Ar. Ashley Fialho

socio – cultural relationship with the urban form which

Research Question -

the urban form becomes a part of its memory. Thus,

In a modern metropolis like Mumbai which is

the city becomes a locus of collective memory of its

dealing with a memory crisis, how can collective

people.

memory be used as

This thesis attempts to use collective memory as a

a framework to identify, method of

tool to identify and investigate the historic landscapes

conservation of the forgotten and isolated sites of

which narrate the stories of the city and have immense

historical relevance and renew its memory ?

potential of reshaping the urban environment.

collective memory

investigate and device a holistic

ati

p es

It is how we remember things through a social lens .

e ram

urban form

street identity

then becomes the predominant image of the city, and

The city is the locus of the collective m

event places

sense of a place

festive nodes

in du st ria lis

city identity

collective space?

memory.

neighbourhood identity

national identity

standardisation

isolatio n

ion

s clu

at io n

reclaima

iva

tion

tis

selective mobilization of memories

social memory of the city is carried forward through historical sites and historical urban form.

koliwadas

christian villages

textile mills

forts

ime.

the case of MUMBAI

lin e

b ar

sewri wadala reclaimation

eastern

e fre

pro

sewri jetty

ation

zga

sew

reclaim

The Landscape of Sewri East

ide ?!

oposed MT

memoryc

Sewri was a small hamlet on the eastern shore of the Parel island, one of the original seven islands of Bombay with its original inhabitants : The Kolis.(Fishermen) Sewri has a fort that dates back to 1680 built by the British. The landscape of Sewri has gone several changes in the past century leading to constant destruction, creationand transformation of collective memory of its inhabitants and its relationship to the city. The reclaimations affected the dailty livelihood and work patterns of the Kolis; an integral part of their history and culture. Soon, the industries took over the reclaimed land, destroying the beautiful landscape covered with Palmyra. With the building of Harbour Railway line and Eastern Freeway, the historic landscape got isolated from the city and now suffers from a memory crisis. The proposed Mumbai Trans Harbour Link, poses another threat to the landscape, destroying its mangrove ecology and the historical identity.

Curating The Landscape The proposal tries to reconnect the isolated landscape to the city through event spaces, experiential programs, educational programs, social programs and conservation programs. The thesis aims to revive the memory of the landscape through conservation of tangible and intangible heritage and transformation into a thriving public space which is open to all. Thus creating a new collective memory.

18 6

8 10 9

“The public realm of the city of Collective Memory should entail a continuous urban topography, a spatial structure that covers both the rich and poor places, honorofic and humble monuments, permanent and ephimeral forms, and should include places of public assemblage and debate, as well as private memory walks and personal retreats.

11 12

Master Plan : Legend

9. Community & Conservation Centre

1. Sewri Fort

10. M.T.H.L

2. Birdwatching Deck

11. Constructed Wetlands

3. Dargah

12. Park

4. Terrace Garden

13. Performance Space

5. Festive Node

14. Fish Market

6. Vaulted Pavillions for Fests

15. Sewri Jetty

7. Entrance Block

16. Birdwatching Deck

8. Interpretation Centre

17. Timber Boardwalks/ Nature Trail

RESTORED, REPAIRED and CLEANED STONE CORNICE

1000M THICK BUTTRESSED BASALT STONE WALL

50 MM BOX SECTION AS HAND RAILING 25 MM THK STEEK BALUSTER 150 X 150 MM RING BEAM TO SUPPORT SKYLIGHT 12MM STEEL CHEQUERED PLATE AS FLOOR FINISH 75 X 75MM SQUARE BOX SECTION FLOOR JOISTS 150X150 SQUARE BOX SECTION BEAM GLAZING FOR GALLERY SPACE BRACKET ON STANCHION TO FIX THE CUSTOMISED ARCH MEMBER 100 X100 MM STEEL BOX SECTIONS AS CUSTOMISED ARCH 100 X 100 MM SQAURE STEEL BOX SECTIONS

CLEANED AND RESTORES VENTS FOR VENTILATION

100 MM THK EXISTING STONE PAVING

EARTH PACKING LOAD BEARING STONE FOUNDATION RUBBLE SOLING EARTH PACKING

DETAIL : Section through museum in Sewri Fort

25 MM THK TIMBER BOARD 50 X 75 BRACKET TO SUPPORT 300 MM WIDE, 25 MM THK

75X150 MM TIMBER FLOOR

25 MM THK TIMBER RAILING

50 X 175 MM TIMBER POSTS

50 X 200 MM TIMBER GIRDERS 50 X 100 MM TIMBER 115 MM DIA CIRCULAR SPACER 175 MM DIA CIRCULAR SPACER 12 MM THK SCREW ANCHOR BRACKET FIXED TO TIMBER

100 MM DIA HELICAL PILES

DETAIL : Exploded Layers of Timber Boardwalk

04 Building the Urban Hybrid

Warehouses, Distribution Centre, Farmers’ Ecosystem, Public plaza

Project Information

Introduction

Type: Academic Work

The project questions the typology of a Logistic hub

Semester IX, Architecture Design

warehouse through the lens of aesthetic, planning,

In collaboration with Yashasvi Admane

sustainaibilty, equity and the future needs of the city.

Guide : Ar. Shashank Sathe

It keeps in mind the developements that will happen

Site : Uran, Raigarh, Maharashtra

around the site by providing recreational progams and

Brief : To propose a developement plan of for a site

basic amenities for the future residents. The design

selected as a part of an Industrial Township in Uran,

also empowers the local farmers of Uran by creating

Raigarh district of Maharshtra.

an economic setup through organic farms and urban farming workshops. Thus, the project becomes a Multi Functional premise where different stratas of the society

Figure 4.1 : Process Sketches of Section and Elevation Developement

interact and aims to become a Net zero waste model for the future.

Interactive Programs

Social Programs

Renewable energy Systems

Economic Development and Employement

Volumetric Zoning

Circulation

Green Voids

A Common Envelope

Massing different programs on the site on the basis of

Zoning according to the proximity of the programs.

Introducing green pockets as public spaces.

Binding the different programs together by one

Grounding the Volume

Structure

Loading Zone

Office Spaces

The palletes are barcoded in directory ,segregated and loaded on the trucks in this zone.

The office spaces for Voltas and Beko are planned bedides the vertical green void with external light and ventilation.

Invertor room

Kitchen and Dining

Transparency

Green Void The green void is planned to serve as a spill out for the dining area and an event space whenever required.

Entry and R

The entranc volume servin point from different use

Levels

Reception

ce is a high ng as a pause where the ers disperse.

Staff area and Toilets

Green Void The vertical void is strategically planned to serve as a visual and recreational treat to the users in the different zones

Urban Magnets

Training Centre The trainees can observe the whole warehouse and the green area and learn

Solar Roof

Unloading Zone The palletes are unloaded, barcoded in directory and segregated in this zone.

Forklift Parking

Section through the offices and staff area of the warehouse.

05 Mad(e) in Mumbai Undergraduate Internship

General Information

Introduction

Undergraduate Internship

Incepted by Kalpit Ashar and Mayuri Sisodia, MAD(E)

Duration : 4 Months

IN MUMBAI, is an young international design practice

Work :

involved with Architecture, Urban Design, Interiors

1. Shooting and editing a video documentary for the

and landscapes. The studio draws from diverse

research and design project : The Toilet Manifesto.

national and international exposure of its principals

2. NSC, Mumbai exhibition hall facade redesign.

and their involvement with design academia. MAD(E)

3. Exhibition design of the studio at When is Space?.

IN MUMBAI takes its shape in madness of Mumbai

4. PMAY Affordable mass housing competition.

city. This crazy patchwork of ideas, experiences and

5. Studio’s Website Development and design.

materiality forms repository and laboratory for the studio. It is a point of beginning for its speculation and practice.

To the left : Visualisation of the website designed and developed for the studio on different devices. To the right : Exploded isometric of the proposed NSC exhibition hall in Mumbai with its redesigned brick facade.

The Toilet Manifesto @ When is Space?, JKK, Jaipur ‘When is Space?’ discusses contemporary architecture and space-making practices in India. Mad(e) in Mumbai was a part of the 31 artists presenting as at When is Space?, curated by Prasad Shetty and Rupali Gupte. The Toilet manifesto was presented as a part of the third category of space making practices ie. concerns reagarding the city.

Exhibition at Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur

*Did not participate in the design of the toilet typologies. The panels were recomposed for the purpose of this exhibition.

Few typologies of toilets which were recomposed according to the exhibition design at J.K.K. A central piece was designed around the column and transported to Jaipur to display the models of each typology.

06 Rythms of Transience A Nature and adventure Resort

Project Information

Introduction

Type: Academic Work

The site is located in Karjat which slopes towards the

Semester V, Architecture Design

Palasdari lake on 3 sides. The aim of the design was to

Guide : Ar. Rupa Seth

capitalize on the lake views and nature around for the

Site : Karjat, Maharashtra

users coming from the urban areas around ie. Mumbai

Brief : To design a Nature and Adventure Resort

and Pune. The design follows a grid, with a focus on

near Palasdasri Lake for people living in urban areas

reconnecting nature and architecture by strategically

around.

puncturing the volumes while rearranging them around courtyards of different scales, thus forming a seamless campus. Materials like brick, bamboo, concrete were chosen to contrast the natural surroundings with their solid and silent appearance, thus forming a slilent locus

Figure 6.1 : Initial sketch of the entrance.

for the performance of nature around.

Breathe

Congregate

The rising roof from the ground and the semiopen courtyard space defines the entrance. One passes through the different semiopen and open spaces to enter the anchor of th design: The Central Courtyard

The conference building is meant for the formal events. The buffer space in front allows a seamless transition from the open courtyard to the conference area and a place for discussion and discourse.

Eat

Play

The restaurant is divided into multiple semiopen and open dining spaces arranged around a internal courtyard. These dining spaces capitalise on the lake views and the recreation spaces around.

The recreation area consists of an active roof facilitating different adventue activities. The block open to the green spaces on all the four axes.The stepped roof is used as an amphithreatre during informal events.

Celebrate The public spaces of the resort are anchored around the central courtyard which acts as the mediator between each block. All the blocks are punctured to create a seamless network of open and semiopen spaces, thus responding to the climate and the typology of a nature resort.

Legend 1. Reception Block 2. Event Space 3. Conference Area 4. Restaurant 5. Recreation Area6. 6. Playground 7. Garden 8. Tents 9. Twin Villas 10. Twin Cottages 11. Zipline Track 12. Service Entry 13. Service Area 14. Staff Area 15. Palasdari lake

6 5

8 11

07a Stories of Saur

Retracing forgotten narratives.

Project Information

Introduction

Type: Research and Documentation

My name is Saur and this is my story..

In collaboration with Windows to Vernacular summer

My rugged terrain was altered to create places

project team, 2019

to sow the first seeds to build the first house. In a

Site : Saur Village, Garhwal Region, Tehri District,

series of firsts, a year received rainfall like no other, A

Uttarakhand

sudden downpour, that destroyed anything in its path.

Scope of Work : Physical Documentation of the

Crumbling to regain the strength and stability the terrain

village to understanding building processes and water

was wiped of its glory, with flatter terraces, shallower

systems(Ghouls) used in the entire village, tracing the

slopes and suddenly created meadows. Providing my

narratives of the village and their culture.

new inhabitants with land so fertile, that a variety grew through the year, reducing their dependency to the world beyond me. Years passed by the land continue to yield, sometimes even more than what they need.

Figure 7a.1 : On Site Drawings of Paramlalji’s House

They finally found a place they called home.

The houses were generally 2 storeyed with the ground floor reserved for cattle and storage of fodder for winters. The heat released from the cattle kept the upper habitable rooms warm in winters. Walls are made of a metamorphic stone with mud plaster with slate finished timber roofs.

Right side shows A typical house in Saur.

06b Phyang, Leh

A sustainaible existence Project Information

Introduction

Type: Research and Documentation

Ladakh is a land of spectacular features. Located on

In collaboration with Windows to Vernacular summer

the Tibetan plateau bounded by the great Himalayas

project team, 2017

in the south, the vast Karakoram ranges in the north

Site : Phyang Village, Leh District, Ladakh and

transverse by two parallel chains the Zangskar Range

SECMOL

and the Ladakh Range. Tucked away in a small nook

Scope of Work : Physical Documentation of selected

of this mighty environment, on a south-facing valley

houses in the village to understand the building

of the Indus River, is the quaint village of Phyang,

processes, typology and their culture. To understand

enveloped in an expanse of trees and barley fields.

the solar passive techniques used in SECMOL

Located in the north-eastern part of the state of

campus and their alternative education sysytem.

Jammu and Kashmir, the village lies to the west of Leh city, merely 19 kms away. The city is thus easily accessible and yet untouched by the hustle bustle of

Figure 7b.1 : On Site Drawings of Norbu House in Phyang

the city, thus preserving its pristine beauty.

Overlooking the entire Phyang valley, stands the

neighboring mountains, pagbu (mud blocks) from

beautiful 150 years old Skiltang House. It is an

their fields and wood from the trees such as Poplar

outstanding example of the traditional architecture

or Willow. Stones were used to construct the lower

found in Leh. The name possibly suggests ‘central

floors, mud blocks for the higher floors and wood for

house’ as ‘skil’ means ‘in the middle’ and ‘tang’ stands

flooring and roofing.

for ‘rooms.’ The house was constructed using locally available materials such as rocks quarried from the

Right side : Exhibition at Academy of Architecture

SECMOL, An Alternative, A Hope SECMOL is not a conventional school, but a place to pursue practical, environmental, social and traditional knowledge, values and skills. This documentary tries to capture the life of students, staff and volunteers and what the campus means to them.

06c Khidki to Khirku

Kangra, Himachal Pradesh Project Information

Introduction

Type: Research and Documentation

Khirku is a village of the Gaddi tribe, an indigenous

In collaboration with Windows to Vernacular summer

shepherd tribe of Himachal Pradesh. It gets its name

project team, 2016

from the ‘khidak’ tree, which grows here in abundance.

Site : Khirku Village, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh and

And is located in the Kangra District of Himachal

Dharmalaya

Pradesh, between the towns of Kasba and Rakkar.

Scope of Work : Physical Documentation of selected

The first settlers of Khirku came here around 200 to

houses in the village to understand the building

300 years ago, from the Bharmour region of Himachal.

processes, typology and their culture. Understanding

As the story goes, two brothers settled here and built

the building process in Dharmalaya and compare it

the first mud homes of the region. As their families

with the traditional processes used in Khirku.

grew and the village population increased, the village expanded its boundaries too and grew to its current

Figure 7c.1 : Final Drawings of a Kapoor House in Khirku

size consisting of 17 households.

Glimpses of the one week volunteer program at Dharmalaya.

The Wisdom of Didi Contractor On Camera : Ronak Savla, Devendra Duggad, Saurabh Madan Video Editing : Saurabh Madan It explores the idea of sustainaible and consious living through Didi’s perspective understood through a series of discussions with her.

Khidki to Khirku On Camera : Ronak Savla, Devendra Duggad, Saurabh Madan Video Editing : Ronak Savla, Saurabh Madan The documentary narrates the history, everyday life, and culture of the shephard tribe living in Khirku.

The Building Process

1 1 1

2 2 2

The learnings ar Dharmalaya were compiled in a form of a construction manual with a ste p by step animation of Dharmalaya’s main building on campus. Following is a glimpse of the animation done to explain the building process.

Foundation of the load bearing structure done using Foundation of the load bearing structure done using stones (random rubble). stones (random rubble). Foundation of the load bearing structure done using stones (random rubble).

The first concrete band running around the structure The first concrete band running around the structure to hold it together. This acts as the plinth for the to hold it together. This acts as the plinth for the structure. structure. The first concrete band running around the structure to hold it together. This acts as the plinth for the structure.

The load bearing walls made of sun baked adobe The load bearing walls made of sun baked adobe bricks laid using mud mortar. bricks laid using mud mortar. The load bearing walls made of sun baked adobe bricks laid using mud mortar.

Window and door frames placed while laying the Window and door frames placed while laying the walls using plumb bob and U tube. walls using plumb bob and U tube. Window and door frames placed while laying the walls using plumb bob and U tube.

3 3 3

5 5 5

The second concrete band running around the structure The second concrete band running around the structure at lintel level keeping the structure intact and making it at lintel level keeping the structure intact and making it earthquake resistant. earthquake resistant. The second concrete band running around the structure at lintel level keeping the structure intact and making it earthquake resistant.

7 7 7

Wiremesh with a layer of ferroconcrete laid over Wiremesh with layerlayer of ferroconcrete laidof over the chachra. A athick of mud is laid the the chachra. A This layer of mud is laid of over the ferroconcrete. entire makes the floor. Wiremesh with athick layer ofsystem ferroconcrete laid ferroconcrete. entire makes the floor. the chachra. A This thick layersystem of mud is laid of the ferroconcrete. This entire system makes the floor.

9 9 9

4 4 4

6 6 6

Bamboo/ wooden beam/joists are; placed forming Bamboo/ wooden beam/joists are; placed forming the base for the floors. Bamboo chachra (bamboo split the base for the floors. Bamboo chachra (bamboo split into a flat sheet) placed over the bamboo members. into a flatwooden sheet) placed over the bamboo members. Bamboo/ beam/joists are; placed forming the base for the floors. Bamboo chachra (bamboo split into a flat sheet) placed over the bamboo members.

8 8 8

The The laid laid The laid

10 10 10

window frames placed and fixed. The wall is window and once fixed.the Thewindow wall is on eitherframes side ofplaced the frame on either side ofplaced the dried frame once frame is set and window frames andproperly fixed.the Thewindow wall is frame is set on either side of and the dried frameproperly once the window frame is set and dried properly

The load bearing walls laid according to the design The lintel load bearing walls laid according to the at design The band running across the structure lintel The lintel band the structure lintel level running acting asacross a according tie member. The load bearing walls laid to the at design level running acting asacross a tie member. The lintel band the structure at lintel

Wooden/bamboo rafters acting as the first member of Wooden/bamboo rafters acting thebearing first member the roof system laid over theasload walls of the roof system laid over theasload walls of Wooden/bamboo rafters acting thebearing first member the roof system laid over the load bearing walls

Wooden/Bamboo purlins are placed over which Wooden/Bamboo are placed over which the chachra is placedpurlins perpendicular to the direction the chachra is placed perpendicular to the direction of the bamboo/wooden members. Wooden/Bamboo purlins are placed over which of the bamboo/wooden members. the chachra is placed perpendicular to the direction of the bamboo/wooden members.

A layer of Ferroconcrete laid over the chachra. The tiles A layer of Ferroconcrete laid over The tiles or roof sheets are placed overthe thechachra. ferroconcrete. or roof sheets are placed overthe thechachra. ferroconcrete. A layer of Ferroconcrete laid over The tiles

11 11 11

level acting as a tie member.

12 12 12

or roof sheets are placed over the ferroconcrete.