AD-Lib Th e S o u t h A u s t r a l i a n Yo u n g L i b e r a l M o v e m e n t M a g a z i n e Autumn 2017 FedCon 2017 Special Edition
AD-Lib
Disclaimer The opinions expressed herein belong solely to the respective authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editor or the South Australian Young Liberal Movement. Contributions to this edition of AD-Lib are from members and friends of the SAYLM. To contribute to the next issue of AD-Lib or to contact the Editor, email adlib@sayoungliberals.com. Authorised by Mr. Robert Katsambis, President, SAYLM. 104 Greenhill Road, Unley, 5061.
Contents From the Editor 3 From the President 4 Fedcon 2017 report - Rhys Williams
5
FedCon 2017 Day 1 Gallery 8 FedCon 2017 Day 2 Gallery 10 FedCon 2017 Gala Ball Gallery 11 Women in the Liberal Party - Claire Chandler
12
Block chain politics - Henry Davis
15
Trump’s America - Leighton Stuart 18
2
AD-Lib
From the Editor
W
elcome to the Autumn edition of AD-Lib magazine. It’s been a while since our last issue and much has been keeping the South Australian Young Liberal Movement busy in the past few months. Biggest of all, we were proud to host the 2017 Federal Convention over the weekend of January 27 -29. Young Liberals from across Australia converged for a weekend of events, debating, socialising, guest speakers, gala balls and much more. It was a hugely successful weekend and most of that success can be attributed to Jocelyn Sutcliffe, Saffron Ronson, Grace Marryat and Rhys Williams. All four worked tirelessly to ensure the weekend was a standout success, and all thanks go to them for their great work. State Vice-President Rhys Williams has written a few words on FedCon 2017, which you can find on page five. What would a weekend with Young Liberals be without hundreds of photos to remember the time by? Well, pages eight to 11 fixes that! One of the important things discussed at FedCon 2017 was that of getting more women involved in the Liberal Party. Nicolle Flint MP, Member for Boothby, spoke to the convention on this issue and on the paper that she co-wrote for the Menzies Research Centre. A panel discussion followed with many members of the convention directing questions to the guests. Claire Chandler, now the Immediate Past President of the Young Liberal Movement of Australia, was on the panel and made this issue one of her goals during her term as president. Claire has kindly written an article for the SAYLM on page 12 reflecting on her term as Federal YL President and how we can attract more women to the Liberal Party into the future.
Fresh from the inspiring Block Chain summit, Henry Davis lends his thoughts on how he thinks the new technology can transform not just our financial sector, but possibly our political sector too. Controversial? Maybe. Worthy of debate? Definitely. That’s on page 15. Lastly, with Leighton Stuart travelling around the USA in a post-Trump America, he has given his thoughts on how the new President is being received and the daunting challenges the leader of the “greatest nation on earth” now faces, on page 18. Thanks again for picking up AD-Lib. As mentioned before, if you’d like to get involved by writing an article, let me know and we can sit down over a coffee. Writing for AD-Lib is a great way of getting your name out into the wider party and to generate debate around issues you’re passionate about. Cheers, Rowan Thomas SAYLM Communications Director
3
AD-Lib
From the President
S
ince my last report the Young Liberals have been extremely active. This has included hosting the hugely anticipated and highly successful Federal Young Liberal Convention in January, the formulation of the Young Liberal Campaign Strategy, our assistance in the WA campaign and our Christmas break-up at the end of 2016. The opportunity to host the Federal Convention is something that comes once in a blue moon, especially for a smaller state such as ours. Notwithstanding this, the feedback from those attending the Convention in South Australia was that it was outstanding. Young Liberals came to South Australia from all across Australia and New Zealand to engage in a vibrant and at times heated policy discussion, and to participate in a number of social events. This included the pinnacle event of the weekend, the Annual Gala Dinner, at the Mortlock Chamber, attended by 150 people. Across the weekend we were very fortunate to hear from an array of excellent guest speakers. These included Simon Birmingham and Sam Duluk who featured who at opening the event, and throughout we heard from Stephan Knoll, Nicolle Flint, Zed Seselja, Eric Abetz, Morry Bailes and Tony Abbott. The keynote speaker for the Gala Dinner was columnist Rita Panahi, whose address was regarded by all as a highlight of the weekend. A very special thank you must go to our conveners Rhys Williams, Jocelyn Sutcliffe, Grace Marryat and Saffron Ronson who did an outstanding job organising the weekend. Our Communications Director Rowan Thomas performed an excellent job in promoting the event through email and social media, and for designing the graphics for the event. Their great work commenced in the middle of 2016 with the formulation of our bid to host the Convention, and concluded at the end of January this year after months of tireless work. By volunteering their time, skill and effort to serve the Movement and run this highly successful event is beyond significant to say the least. I extend a personal thank you and on behalf of the Movement for their service.
4
After FedCon our main priority has been in developing the Young Liberal Campaign Strategy for the 2018 State Election. We are currently in the stage of drafting and consultation. This strategy has occupied a very considerable portion of the Executive’s attention and will continue to do so. The strategy is predicated on the foundation that our manpower should be allocated to the target seats, those being the seats that we currently do not hold which are winnable, and those seats which we hold and need to defend. In previous campaigns we have not been able to optimise our volunteers in terms of allocating manpower across the seats which require the most attention. In addressing this, our new strategy is based on the premise that the best thing that we can do for people in safe Labor seats is to help secure a Marshall Liberal Government, which can only be done by focusing our efforts on key seats. I look forward to updating the Council when this plan has been further developed and finalised. The SA Young Liberals were also greatly involved in the WA election, which included a significant amount of phone canvassing and fly-in support. As usual, a good number of SA Young Liberals flew over to WA to assist in the campaign. Although the result was unfortunate, a number of our younger members gained valuable insight into electioneering which will be important for 2018. Our friends in WA were very impressed with the way in which South Australians conducted themselves and gave up their time to assist. I extend a huge thank you to all those involved. In summary, we continue to run an active movement with the two dominant focuses being to engage our members and give them value, and to serve the Party in the capacity as an election machine. We look forward to hosting a number of events in the near future, including the State Convention and the annual Young Liberal Ball, so keep a look out on your emails and on social media for updates. Robert Katsambis SAYLM President
AD-Lib
FedCon 2017
Vice-President Rhys Williams reflects on an outstanding FedCon 2017 and all those who helped make it such a success.
T
he South Australian Young Liberal Movement was proud to host Young Liberals from across Australia earlier this year. The 2017 conference of the Federal Young Liberal Movement (YLM) was held in Adelaide from 27-29 January.
Social events were also a large part of the conference and allowed Young Liberals the opportunity to build relationships with members from other states. These events included;
On Saturday 28 and Sunday 29 day sessions of Federal YLM Council were held at the Arkaba Hotel. At these sessions, Young Liberals debated policy and heard from a range of policy-focused panels and guest speakers,
•
•
•
Welcome to Adelaide cocktail event, The Queen’s Head, North Adelaide Federal YLM Gala Ball, The Mortlock Chamber, State Library of South Australia Farewell event, CLF House, Kent Town
We were also pleased to welcome a delegation of New Zealand Young Nationals
5
AD-Lib
to Adelaide as part of the strong relationship our Parties’ youth divisions maintain. Not only did our conference receive a great wrap from the Kiwis and interstate Young Liberals, but it was also the most profitable FedCon ever, raising nearly $11,000 for the Federal YLM. These funds will allow the Federal YLM to fund more places on future Electoral Development Officer (EDO) Programmes, which support Young Liberals going interstate to campaign for the Liberal Party in the weeks before state elections. It is safe to say, the performance of Adelaide’s FedCon will ensure many interstate Young Liberals will join us on the hustings in the final weeks before the 2018 State Election.
6
For those mightn’t know, the annual conference of the Federal YLM is held in different cities each year. State Young Liberal divisions can submit bids to the Federal YLM Executive to host YLM FedCon in their state. South Australia’s bid was put together by Jocelyn, Saffron, Grace, Rowan and myself, this group organised the 2017 conference once our bid was chosen. Over the last several years, involvement from South Australian Young Liberals in the national Liberal cause has grown significantly; South Australia’s university Liberal Clubs are sending larger delegations to the Australian Liberal Students’ Federation’s (ALSF) Annual Council, more SAYLM members are
AD-Lib
flying interstate to help Liberals on their local campaigns, more SAYLM members are engaging with national policy campaigns run by the Federal YLM, and active membership within the SAYLM has continued to grow. Altogether, this surge of activity within our division made 2017 a fantastic year for YLM FedCon to be hosted by us in Adelaide.
support the efforts of the Federal YLM, especially as it continues to lobby the Federal Government to reform Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act.
I’d like to thank all SAYLM members who attended FedCon and making it such a success. It is so important we all continue to
Rhys Williams is the State Vice-President of the SAYLM.
I hope to see many of you at YLM FedCon 2018, wherever that may be!
77
AD-Lib
FedCon 2017
8
AD-Lib
Day 1: Welcome to Adelaide - The Queen’s Head
9
AD-Lib
Day 2: Guest speakers, policy debates and panel discussions
10
AD-Lib
Day 2: Gala Ball - Mortlock Chamber, State Library
11
AD-Lib
Women in the Liberal Party Claire Chandler, Immediate Past President of the Young Liberal Movement of Australia, reflects on her term and why engaging more women to become involved in the Young Liberals is vital for the future of the Liberal Party.
T
he Liberal Party has a strong tradition of female political engagement. The first woman in federal parliament, the first woman in Cabinet, and the first female Foreign Minister have all been members of the Liberal Party. These achievements, and many more, have happened without the use of quotas like our friends in the left; rather, they have occurred through the pursuit of true merit in line with our core values of liberalism and opportunity. However, the statistics speak for themselves; with dwindling numbers of women joining our Party and our female parliamentary representation going backwards following the 2016 federal election, the Liberal Party is facing a gender crisis. More concerning is the fact that within the Young Liberal Movement, the future of our Party, the number of women drops from around forty percent of the total membership at the senior level to less than thirty percent. That’s why, upon my election to the Federal Presidency of the Young Liberal Movement in January 2016, I set a goal to not only encourage women into positions of leadership within the Young Liberals, but also empower our individual Divisions to engage with women more effectively within the broader membership. Twelve months later at our Federal Convention in Adelaide recently, a panel of speakers including Nicolle Flint MP, Member for Boothby, and myself had the opportunity to reflect on what we as a Party have undertaken to rectify this issue, and where we can still improve.
12
As Ms Flint pointed out during that panel, the argument for increased female involvement and representation within our Party is, at a crudely fundamental level, a retail issue: women make up fifty percent of the population, so we need women to vote for us in order to win government – and, as the 2010 election (where women voted in overwhelmingly in favour of a Labor Party led by Julia Gillard) showed us, women like to vote for other women. The logical extension of this is, at the highest levels of the Party, we need great women in parliament to attract the female vote; and at the micro level, we need great women in our membership to attract and support female members. In 2015, the Federal Executive of the Liberal Party of Australia recognised the urgent need to better engage with women. As part of this process, that same body commissioned a Women’s Working Group to investigate and consult on the issue of female engagement and report back to the Executive with a set of recommendations for the Liberal Party to consider. In 2016, the Women’s Working Group provided these recommendations to the Executive, one of which was that “the Young Liberals Federal Executive should develop their own specific gender diversity reform strategy for Generations X and Y and report to Federal Executive and Federal Council annually.” Following the approval of these recommendations by the Federal Executive, the federal Young Liberal Movement established its own working group, comprising a number of senior Young Liberals, including senior young women, nominated by each division. The
AD-Lib
purpose of this panel was to workshop and devise a set of practical actions to form the Movement’s women’s engagement strategy, which can now be found on the Movement’s website. This strategy encompasses a number of recommendations to be implemented at both the federal and divisional level; however most important of these, at least to my mind, is the establishment of the Women’s Engagement Committee to focus on this ongoing issue and ensure that narrowing the gender divide within the youth wing of the Party continues to be a priority. This Committee, to be co-chaired by myself and current Federal President Aiden Depiazzi, will be constituted of representatives from each division and aim to specifically address some of the cultural barriers to engagement which exist in the Young Liberals. The next step for us as a Party – and I believe perhaps the most challenging one – is understanding how we translate stronger engagement with female members into promotion of more women to leadership and parliamentary positions. To an extent, I think building up a stronger female base within the Party will, through natural attrition, see some improvement to this metric. But a greater and more powerful element is the encouragement of a culture that embraces women as leaders not more, but just as much as men. It requires
us all to disregard someone’s gender, by simply asking ourselves “are they the best person for the job?” Don’t get me wrong; I certainly do not think quotas are the answer to our gender problem – the thought of obtaining a position, be it in a branch, on a committee or in a parliament, purely on the basis of my gender repulses me as a Liberal. And I know all too well that politics is sometimes an aggressive, boisterous, cut-throat vocation and, to an extent, one’s survival in the game is determined by one’s ability to adapt to one’s surroundings. However, as I mentioned in my outgoing speech at Federal Convention, we as a Party need to look at how we are perceived and critically examine how we can evolve that image to make political engagement meaningful to all members, but particularly for women. We have some fantastic women in our ranks within the Young Liberals, and we have some fantastic men who champion their cause; but if we are to maintain a strong pipeline of female talent we need to actively foster and nurture those members, particularly in the YLs, to give them the best possible chance to seek leadership opportunities – be it as community leaders, professional leaders, leaders within the Party, or ultimately as parliamentarians.
13
AD-Lib I think we are still a way off having a party culture – even a general political culture – that truly considers women on equal footing to men; a culture where women feel confident and, more importantly, encouraged to put their hands up for leadership positions; and where we can have just as many women as men engaging in preselections, policy debate, and broader political life. This doesn’t mean promoting women for the sake of promoting women; it means broadening our pool of talent and considering women for opportunities when they arise. All of this being said, there is certainly good news to tell in this space. I’ve seen real, positive change in the Party over the last twelve months - especially in the Young Liberals. This issue is front-of-mind for our divisional executives, not only because of the federal strategy but also because it’s something our members are passionate about. One only has to scroll through each division’s Facebook page to see not only are we holding more events angled at women, but even at events without that specific focus there are more women are attending. As recently as our Federal Convention in Adelaide, not only were we fortunate to host fantastic female speakers (including the aforementioned Ms Flint as well as columnist and commentator Rita Panahi), but we also saw
14
women from across the country engaging in policy debate in numbers not previously seen at a federal Young Liberal gathering. They didn’t have to be called upon to speak, nor did they have to raise their voice any higher than a man’s to be heard; they just had to know that their views were appreciated and that people were willing to listen. Above and beyond anything else achieved through my term as Federal President, it will be our Adelaide convention and how comfortable and respected our women felt to be there, that I will look back on with pride. Though I certainly would never claim sole responsibility for these changes, I hope that the conversations I’ve had with both the men and women of our Movement, as well as the new practices my executive implemented through the engagement strategy, will pave the way for a new generation of women to love, serve and embrace the Liberal Party in the same way I have had been privileged to. Knowing the women of the Young Liberals the way that I do, I am completely confident that these efforts will continue in the most capable of hands. We are at our strongest as a Movement when we value the contributions all of our members can make. Claire Chandler is the Immediate Past President of the Young Liberal Movement of Australia
AD-Lib
Block-chain Politics Henry Davis looks beyond what Block-chain can bring to FinTech and explores what it could mean for our own political backyard.
Y
ou may of heard of a thing called the “blockchain” especially in association with these new fandangaled Bitcoins which are all the rage with the kids these days. This new technology is causing quite the stir in many industries promising to cause disruption in the way we as a society do business. What is blockchain? Blockchain is really nothing that magical or mysterious; it’s essentially just a public ledger where everyone can track what happened to any given Bitcoin. It also gives you a fair bit of extra security as the central repository of data is spread to multiple devices making it much harder for hackers to hack. It also updates every 10 minutes or so. This ability to track an individual bitcoin or fraction of a bitcoin gives consumers the ability to track the movement of money through the system. Blockchain can be applied much more widely than just to bitcoins. It can be applied to anything from a peck of apples to a t-shirt even to a single electron. This will allow anyone to see, at any given time, who took a cut along the supply chain. This level of transparency is being demanded by consumers who want to verify that a product claiming to be environmentally friendly hasn’t passed through the hands of some evil conglomerate who perhaps shipped their bok choy using a nuclear-powered submarine (or a company who also transports beef in an unethical manner who you don’t want to support).
In a nutshell, it gives the ability for consumers to have all the information they could ever want to follow the supply chain from woe-togo and make an informed decision about the companies they purchase their goods from. Vote 1: Blockchain for President Another area where people are concerned about accountability and transparency is in politics. People get very annoyed when they vote for someone and that person “backflips” or changes their mind. Take Nick Xenophon for example who is playing the hockey pokey with the gay marriage plebiscite (and here I thought he was against the pokies). When you have fair-weather politicians like Nick changing their mind faster than a babysitter’s boyfriend when the car pulls up, no wonder voters want to take the decision out of the hands of politicians and vote themselves. The other challenge voters are struggling to reconcile is that whilst they might agree with liberal policies on economics, immigration or left hand turns, they might agree with the greens on nuclear and so vote greens rather than liberal as they consider that policy to be more important than the others. It’s this lack of choice, transparency and accountability that voters are crying out for which blockchain can deliver. How would it work? Every citizen could be given a token representing their vote which is then recorded on a public ledger (don’t worry about anonym-
15
AD-Lib ity that’s half the point of blockchain). That citizen could then chose to personally vote on every single issue that comes before parliament or could chose to give that token to someone else to vote on their behalf on every issue, or only on a select issue. That vote token could be given to Liberals on economics, Labor on workchoices, Ken Henry on tax reform or Kim Kardashian on gun control. Now before you get outraged at the idea of allowing someone else to use your vote, that is exactly what happens now. We vote for someone at an election, they get 53% of the vote and are supposed to then govern for the next 4 years using the vote we gave them as a mandate to govern; except in South Australia of course where that doesn’t happen, the lights don’t work here why would you think that our democratic system would work? Kim Kardashian isn’t even Australian! – said the reader. Well if an individual wants to give her control of their vote on a certain issue, then who am I to say they can’t? Whilst at the beginning some people might well treat it as
16
a joke, I think a reform like would cause people to take politics very very seriously. Under this system if there is a recession due to bad economic policy they can’t blame the treasurer; they only have themselves to blame. I think what would end up happening is that people would largely assign their vote to a major party, it is just much simpler and easier. At Burnside Council we regularly have agendas over 600 pages long I don’t expect everyone in the community to read every detail of Burnside’s new blue stone curbing policy and the same applies for state and federal. Whilst most people would be happy to assign their vote on the day to day business of the country, if Ken Henry or another individual makes a stirring speech and runs a campaign he could well find himself with enough votes to put a reform through Parliament on his own. Any individual could potentially get something through the Parliament. Stability: One of the biggest criticism of this idea might be stability. “It would be chaos!” – said the reader, “…we wouldn’t know who the P.M.
AD-Lib
was!” Well if we implemented this we would need a complete separation of powers and have an administrative arm of government run by a president but of course we can keep the Queen, she is just fantastic… why wouldn’t you keep the queen? Apart from that it is actually a much more stable system. People would be able to see live who had the most votes on an issue. It might be that Green who were opposed to nuclear held the majority when voting no to nuclear, however over time the case could be made that we should explore nuclear and those votes might shift over and when you get 51% of the vote BAM! Instant new policy on Nuclear. That policy might well come with a sunset clause not to change the policy for 5 years who knows. #stabilityachieved.
case if you get enough votes. So in an extreme example there might well be a policy which gets 50.5% of the vote to enslave everyone in Melbourne and for them to make us free coffees and run pop up bars for the rest of Australia. Laughable, but what about taxing everyone in Sydney an extra 25% because they have better surf than Henley Beach. This is something that could potentially get up which would act to the detriment of everyone and go against our basic moral intuitions. So blockchain for PM? Maybe… Something to think about. Let me know what you think. Henry Davis is a member of the SAYLM and is on the YL Policy Committee.
Utilitarianism: The biggest problem I can see with blockchain politics is one that it suffers from the same basic flaw as Utilitarianism which is that there is no concept of justice in Utilitarian Ethics. You can justify any atrocity so long as the payoff outweighs the damage or in this
17
AD-Lib
TRUMP’s America Leighton Stuart spent two months travelling a post-Trump America. He discusses how the new President is being received and the almighty challenges he faces as leader of the “free world”.
T
ravelling up and down the east coast of the U.S gives you some form of context for the greatest, mightiest nation on the planet. No other nation state in human history has had as great an impact on the planet as the United States. They have the largest fighting force ever known to man, the biggest economy in the world, and cultural pulling power like no other. On January 20th, 2017, Donald J Trump was sworn in as the 45th President of the United States; the man in charge of all of this. His election victory in November of last year came as a shock to many in the political establishment. Polls everywhere pointed to a resounding Clinton victory. Indeed, in one respect Clinton did win the election; the popular vote. But it was in the all-important electoral college where Trump seized the day. Rumours abound in the U.S, particularly in Washington as to the Trump Presidency. Some speculate as to what Trump’s next move will be, others as to his mental capacity, and some even suggest that his candidacy was merely an attempt to prove to himself that he could reach the most powerful office in the world.
18
If some of this grandiose language in this piece regarding the United States has captured your attention, it’s because I am personally fascinated by America. America’s revolution was an armed insurrection like no other. It concerned the right of the state over the citizen, and whether citizens were entitled to representation in that state, a debate that is still going on today. America was the first place to actually codify the civil rights we in the Western world now take for granted. Freedom of speech, assembly, religion, of property rights. I continue to be fascinated by Americas people and what they see as their place in the world. After all, the saying goes, when America sneezes, Australia catches a cold. At present, we are in an age of what is termed the ‘imperial presidency’, where the President wields such power they become equivalent to an emperor. That concept would have scared the founding fathers who fought and won a long and bloody war against such a monarch. However, this concept of an imperial presidency makes the current conversation about Trump all the more fascinating, mostly because his major plans have so far been foiled. Trump’s first immigration ban which prevented all migration from a specified list of
AD-Lib countries was quickly blocked by the 9th circuit court following mass demonstrations throughout the U.S. Protestors occupied airports, congressmen acted as attorneys for those seeking asylum and mayors around the country re-iterated their support for their sanctuary cities. Trump has now rolled out yet another attempt at doing much the same and it too has met with much the same protest. On healthcare, which was a cornerstone of the election, the Republicans under Speaker Paul Ryan have only just moved to repeal and replace Obamacare, which they contend is costly and not solving any of America’s healthcare woes. But none of this is the most interesting part of Trump’s presidency in my opinion. Two things could lay claim to this title, and both could, in the end, bring down his reign. The first of course is the Russia hacking scandal. More and more leaks every day seem to suggest that there was some form of contact, possibly collusion, between the Trump Campaign and Russia. Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-IA) and Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) joined together to demand a formal briefing from the FBI on the “circumstances that led to the recent resignation” of now former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn. During my time in the U.S. I was fortunate enough to meet with Sen. Grassley who also serves as the head of the Senate Judiciary Committee. Further, the Senate Intelligence is now actively investigating Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. Election. More likely to cause headaches for the Trump Administration, certainly in the longer term, is Trump’s perceived lack of agenda. Congressional Republicans seemed confused and could offer no explanation as to Trump’s legislative agenda for the next 4 years. That’s dangerous for a number of reasons. Firstly, without actually implementing any of his signature economic or social policies, he risks alienating the support base that actually delivered him to 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue come the 2020 Presidential Election. Secondly, it also opens up Trump to a challenge from within the Republican Party. In the course of the Primary, Trump certainly made his fair share of enemies on the Hill. It wouldn’t surprise me if any of a number of Republicans decided to challenge Trump for the nomination in 2020. People like Marco Rubio, Paul
Ryan, or even Mike Pence may decide to make a tilt at the Oval Office. But these aren’t the only challenges facing Trump. America’s economy has only reached the same output levels as just before the 2008 financial crisis, the gap between the top earners and those at the bottom is ever-widening, more and more Americans struggle to afford even a basic standard of healthcare, and to top it off, its ethnic and racial frictions remain in many areas. If Trump is to have any chance of instituting his agenda and making America great again, he will need to summon the power of the imperial presidency. Trump has so far failed to utilise the sprawling executive branch that he heads. His first immigration ban, for example, (disregarding the merits of such a policy) was poorly conceived and badly rolled out. Trump and the White House have so far failed to act on policy in a considered way, instead jerking from side to side on various issues with little communication with Congress or the press. If Trump wants to serve 8 years in the role, he will need to quickly and capably move to implement his election commitments. Can a divisive President really make America great again? Only God knows, but one thing is for certain: if any nation is able to overcome a challenge as monumental as these, it is the United States of America. Leighton Stuart is a member of the SAYLM.
19
AD-Lib Autumn 2017 www.saylm.org.au