The future will be built on solid foundations
Expertise in steel and foundation construction Ruukki is one of the foremost suppliers of steel foundation structures in Europe. Our home market covers the Baltic Sea region, but our efficient logistics have enabled us to supply solutions also to demanding constructions in other parts of Europe. Ruukki is your expert partner. The solutions we offer are economically competitive and technically first-rate. They are based on versatile knowhow and responsible policy. For us, partnership with the customer means commitment not only to high delivery capacity and punctuality but also consulting at the design and implementation phase, where necessary. When you select Ruukki as your partner, you get all steel components, systems and overall solutions for foundation and traffic structures easily from the same supplier, if necessary. Our versatile product range includes complete foundation systems as well as an overall economic pile type for all ground conditions. Ruukki foundation solutions are based on the following components and systems: grouted piles • RRRR piles • Shaft large Retaining walls • diameter piles • RR steel foundations • drilled piles for one-family and • RD RD casings tubes terraced houses •
Ruukki is a metal expert you can rely on all the way, whenever you need metal based materials, components, systems and total solutions. We constantly develop our product range and operating models to match your needs.
On the following pages you will find more information on the applications of Ruukki foundation structures and the technical details of our component and systems. 2
Solutions for foundation construction
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One-family and terraced houses A steel pile foundation is the overall economic alternative for builders of one-family and terraced houses. Use of steel piles has gained ground with them thanks to many technical and economical advantages. The versatile range of Ruukki steel pile dimensions and products allows selecting the optimal size and length of pile for the foundations of each house. The builder of a one-family or terraced house generally pays the piling contractor just for effective length. Steel piles can be installed using light equipment which conserves the environment and reduces excavation need and costs considerably. A broader package than steel piling which further expedites foundation work is the RR Steel Foundation. It is delivered to the customer pre-designed and installed, if necessary.
ings close to existing buildings since the installation of steel pipes causes less vibration than that of other pile types. The quickness of the installation of steel piles even allows completing large projects reliably and efficiently on a short schedule. Such demands are increasingly voiced especially in industrial construction. Construction of bridges and other traffic infrastructure In bridge construction steel pipe pile foundations are an essential part of the overall structure and its functioning. In small bridges extra intermediate structures can be totally eliminated when piles are connected directly to the bridge deck without bearings. The shorter construction time and effective structural solutions are made use of, for instance, in railway underpass bridges. Use of steel pipe piles has also increased strongly in pile slabs where the soil displaced by driven piles can be reduced to about a quarter of that of traditional piling solutions.
Underpinning of foundations In underpinning projects piling is generally performed in restricted headroom conditions which requires using short pile elements. The advanced splicing technique of Ruukki’s RR and RD piles makes their splicing fast and reliable. Steel piles displace relatively little soil considering their load-bearing capacity which minimizes the impact of installation on buildings already damaged. Moreover, the straightness of pipe piles can be checked after installation, if necessary. Steel piling is a dependable method for underpinning foundations, and many culturally valuable buildings are supported on Ruukki steel piles.
Harbour construction One of the major and most traditional application areas of large-diameter steel pipe piles is harbour construction. The wharves and piers of the most prominent Baltic Sea harbours are founded on steel pipe piles due to their high load-bearing capacity, bending stiffness and bending resistance. Combi-walls of steel pipe piles and sheet piles have become the most com-
Residential and non-residential construction Use of steel piles has increased strongly in traditional residential and non-residential construction, especially where difficult ground conditions and structures subject to heavy concentrated loads exist. Thanks to the high load-bearing capacity and wide range of dimensions, the number of piles can be optimized which makes it safe to lay foundations of new build-
mon structural solutions for wharves since their modifiability allows easy optimization of the capacity and shape of the structure. Harbour structures typically incorporate long piles, and Ruukki has long experience from their delivery and logistics management. That know-how brings major cost savings to any project.
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Solutions for foundation construction
The old wooden piles of the Amsterdam CarrĂŠ theatre were replaced by a Ruukki pile system for underpinning of foundations.
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RR piles
Bearing plate
Paaluhattu
External friction splice
Ulkopuolinen jatkos
Internal friction splice Sisäpuolinen jatkos
Maakärki
Bottom plate
Kalliokärki
Rock shoe
also be used. The key advantages of RR piles are the quick and cost-efficient splicing technique, minor displacement of soil, minor vibration disturbance, and high installation resistance.
RR piles (RR60–RR220) are micropiles installed by impact driving or jacking and consist of a longitudinally welded steel pipe, an external or internal friction splice, a pile tip and a pile cap. RR piles are manufactured from steel grade S440J2H developed by Ruukki for piles. RR piles have been type approved in Finland and Sweden. All components of the piles are factory-made which ensures a high quality end product and minimizes the amount of work required on site. The wide range of RR pile sizes and related installation equipment make them an economical alternative for various applications. They are used in foundations of light structures as well as in demanding bridge projects. Installation may take place in a cramped basement or in an unconfined outdoor area. Design and installation of RR piles is done in accordance with the RR Piling Manual. The load-bearing range of the piles in serviceability limit state begins at about 100 kN with the smaller pile extending to about 1,600 kN with the largest pile size. Piles are most often installed using a hydraulic hammer, a drop hammer, a pneumatic hammer or a hydraulic ram. A vibrator may
RR piles
6
Pile type
Dimensions
Steel grade
RR60
60.3 x 6.3
S440J2H
RR75
76.1 x 6.3
S440J2H
RR90
88.9 x 6.3
S440J2H
RR115/6.3
114.3 x 6.3
S440J2H
RR115/8
114.3 x 8.O
S440J2H
RR140/8
139.7 x 8.0
S440J2H
RR140/10
139.7 x 10.0
S440J2H
RR170/10
168.3 X 10.0
S440J2H
RR170/12.5
168.3 x 12.5
S440J2H
RR220/10
219.1 x 10.0
S440J2H
RR220/12.5
219.1 x 12.5
S440J2H
Solutions for foundation construction
RR large-diameter piles
Rock shoe with structural steel dowel
Rock shoe with hardened steel dowel
Rock shoe with hollow dowel
Reinforced bottom plate
installation. Then, piles may be dimensioned as a composite structure of steel and concrete. The key advantages of RR large-diameter piles are high load-bearing capacity, great stiffness and bending strength due to their shape, and high installation resistance due to the strength of steel. The table below shows the stock sizes of RR large-diameter pipes while the table on page 15 shows standard sizes. Other sizes can be manufactured for speciďŹ c projects.
RR large-diameter piles (RR400–RR1200) are driven steel pipe piles consisting of a spirally welded steel pipe and a pile tip, if necessary. RR large-diameter piles are primarily made of S355J2H steel. Highstrength X60 and X70 steel grades may also be used. The maximum length of a pipe pile is 32 metres. Longer piles are spliced by welding. End-bearing RR large-diameter piles are usually equipped with RR rock shoes approved by the Finnish Road Administration (TIEH608/2002/20/2). The most general types have either a structural steel dowel or a hardened steel dowel. All rock shoes are inspected in accordance with the pertaining quality assurance programme. Welding the rock shoe to the pipe pile at an engineering workshop, for its part, ensures high quality. RR large-diameter piles are mostly installed using a hydraulic hammer. Piles can also be installed with a drop hammer moving inside the pile. RR largediameter piles with an open end can under certain soil conditions be installed effectively with a vibrator. The piles are generally reinforced and concreted after
RR large-diameter piles, stock sizes (L = 12 m)
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Pile type
Dimensions
Steel grade
RR400/12.5
406.4 x 12.5
S355J2H
RR500/12.5
508 x 12.5
S355J2H
RR600/12.5
610 x 12.5
S355J2H
RR700/12.5
711 x 12.5
S355J2H
RR800/12.5
813 x 12.5
S355J2H
RD drilled piles
RD drilled piles (RD90–RD700) are special piles, installed by drilling in difficult ground and environmental conditions, which consist of a longitudinally or spirally welded steel pipe, splices where necessary, and, possibly, a drill bit attached to the lower end. The standard steel grade of piles RD90–RD320 is S440J2H. Grade S550J2H may also be used, if necessary. The standard steel grade of RD400–RD700 piles is S355J2H, but grades X60 and X70 may also be used. RD drilled piles are spliced either by using an external threaded sleeve (RD90–RD220) or by welding. Mechanized welding is used especially in foundation underpinnings. End-bearing RD drilled piles are installed by percussion drilling methods using a DTH hammer or a top hammer. The drilling method may be either centric or eccentric. Large-diameter or long RD drilled piles are usually installed using a DTH hammer by the centric drilling method. The smallest drilled piles (RD90– RD115) can be installed by top hammer equipment while rotating the pipe pile, without using separate drill tubes. Selection of the proper drilling and flushing method minimizes disturbance to the environment.
The piles may be drilled through all natural soil layers all the way into the bedrock while deviations in position and inclination remain small. RD drilled piles have a reliable rock contact which allows effective utilization of the pile’s structural load-bearing capacity. Internally concreted − and reinforced, if necessary − RD drilled pipe piles may be dimensioned as composite structures. RD drilled piles Pile type RD90/6.3 RD115/6.3 RD115/8 RD140/8 RD140/10 RD170/10 RD170/12.5 RD220/12.5 RD320/12.5 RD400/12.5 RD500/12.5 RD600/12.5 RD700/12.5
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Dimensions 88.9 x 6.3 114.3 x 6.3 114.3 x 8 139.7 x 8.0 139.7 x 10.0 168.3 x 10.0 168.3 x 12.5 219.1 x 12.5 323.9 x 12.5 406.4 x 12.5 508 x 12.5 610 x 12.5 711 x 12.5
Steel grade S440J2H S440J2H S440J2H S440J2H S440J2H S440J2H S440J2H S440J2H S440J2H S355J2H S355J2H S355J2H S355J2H
Solutions for foundation construction
RD casings tubes
RD casings tubes (RD140–RD270) are protective pipes installed by drilling, made of longitudinally welded steel pipe. The standard steel grade for RD casing tubes is S355J2H. The casing tubes are used, for instance, in drilling water and thermal wells and steel core piles and anchors. RD casing tubes are usually spliced by welding.
The special requirements of installation drilling shown in the adjoining table have been taken into account in the manufacture of RD casing tubes. The high strength of RD casing tubes together with sufficient wall thickness ensure a reliable end result even in difficult drilling conditions. All RD casing tubes are highly weldable.
Technical terms of delivery: EN 10219 RD casings tubes
Length
3000±5mm, 6000±5mm
Degree of end bevel
0° + 60° (one end bevelled)
Product
Dimensions
Steel grade
RD140/5.0
139.7 x 5.0
S355J2H
Root face
1.6mm±0.8mm
Perpendicularity of ends
±0.4°
Internal pipe surface
Internal burr from longitudinal welding removed
Material certificate
EN 10204-2.2
RD170/5.0
168.3 x 5.0
S355J2H
RD190/5.0
193.7 x 5.0
S355J2H
RD220/6.3
219.1 x 6.3
S355J2H
RD270/6.3
273.0 x 6.3
S355J2H
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Shaft grouted piles Shaft grouted RR pile Grout, pressurized if necessary
RR pile element Splice Grout mantle
Grouting holes Collar
Pile toe
Shaft grouted RD pile Grout, pressurized
Grout mantle RD pile element Splice
Drill bit
A collar is attached to the lower end of the driven pile to make sufficient room for the grout surrounding the pile. The grouting holes are located at the lower end of the pile pipe. The sufficient diameter of the drilled RD pile is produced by using a drill bit wider than the pile pipe and high injection pressure, if necessary. The injection holes are located in the drill bit. Shaft grouted piles are usually made of RR/ RD90−140 pile sections. The diameter of the collar or drill bit is usually 140−220 mm.
Shaft grouted RR and RD piles are primarily shaftbearing micropiles where shaft resistance between soil and pile is improved through continuous shaft grouting. These piles are suitable for frictional soils where the high skin friction of grouted piles allows using essentially shorter piles. The shaft grouting method may be used with both RR and RD drilled piles. In both cases the grout is fed into the pile from the top and then discharges into the space and soil surrounding the pile through the grouting holes at the bottom section of the pile.
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Solutions for foundation construction
Retaining walls
RR large-diameter pipe piles can be built into a continuous combi-wall by welding interlocking sections or complete sheet piles onto them. In a combi-wall the pipe piles act as the load-bearing structure, and the sheet piles make the wall continuous. In a pipe pile wall the piles are joined by interlocking sections welded onto them. Steel pipe pile-based retaining walls are used in harbours for both wharves and piers. A quite common application is also as a permanent underground retaining wall structure. Combi- and pipe pile walls have clearly better resistance against vertical loads than regular sheet-pile
walls. Combi- and pipe pile walls also have excellent bending stiffness and resistance considering the used material. The pipe piles of retaining walls are generally installed open-ended, but can be equipped with pile shoes or toe reinforcements. They are usually installed by a hydraulic hammer or a vibrator. Retaining walls delivered by Ruukki include pipe piles, pipe accessories if necessary, and welding of interlocking sections or entire sheet piles to pipe piles. Application of various corrosion protections is also possible.
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RR steel foundation
The RR steel foundation is intended for one-family and terraced houses and performs correctly from the building physical viewpoint while also being risk-free. It is the solution to many problems related to the functionality and laying of traditional foundations. The base floor beams of the RR steel foundation are supported directly on piles without any separate footing structures. RR or RD steel piles cut above ground level and the steel beams form a natural ventilated crawl space. The RR steel foundation eliminates the risk of moisture rise from soil to structures as well as prevents harmful radon from entering the interior of the building. The foundation can be clad with the desired plinth system. The RR steel foundation sets no specific requirements on the base floor structures which most often are of wood or hollow-core slabs.
The RR steel foundation of a one-family or terraced house, including piling, can be completed as quickly as in a few days thanks to the quick joining technique and high degree of prefabrication. Soil conditions or seasons impact installation relatively little. The RR steel foundation requires only minimal earthmoving and excavation, drainage and frost protection. The foundation also ensures effective servicing of structures and building systems as well as allows modification of spaces. A Ruukki delivery always includes design and manufacture of the floor beams. If necessary, we deliver a ready-made foundation including any possible plinth structure and base floor − installed.
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Solutions for foundation construction
Long-term durability Foundation structures are generally designed to correspond to the service life required of the building or structure. Where steel foundation structures are designed and protected considering the ambient conditions, the result is a long-lasting and safe solution. The dimensioning of the service life of steel structures, soil corrosion rates and the use of various coatings are presently widely mastered. In the design of piles, soil corrosion is factored in by overdimensioning pile wall thickness. Recommended corrosion allowances for different soil conditions are presented in the table below. Internal corrosion of a steel pipe pile closed at the top and bottom is negligible. In harbour structures and other aggressive conditions it may be beneficial to protect piles with an external coating. Ruukki delivers RR400−RR1200 piles with a triple coating according to standard DIN 30670. In this method a thin epoxy film is melted onto a jet-cleaned steel pipe, and adhesive and polyethylene films are extruded on it over the entire pile length. During cooling extremely strong bonds form between the components of the coating which ensures the adherence and good chemical and mechanical properties of the coating. In this solution the epoxy film protects the pile against corrosion and the polyethylene film protects the epoxy film against damage. The beams of the RR steel foundation are usually hot-dip galvanized. A common zinc layer thickness of structural hollow sections is 150 Ðm (always over 100
External triple layer pile coating
Polyeteeni Polyethylene Adheesiokalvo Adhesive film Epoksi Epoxy
Teräs Steel
Putkien ulkopuolinen 3-kerrospinnoite.
Ðm). According to long-term corrosion tests in Finland, zinc corrodes less than 0.5 Ðm per year in rural climate and about 1 Ðm per year in urban climate, for instance, in the metropolitan area.
Loss in material thickness (mm) above or below the water table due to corrosion Soil conditions
Required design working life (years) 5 years
25 years
50 years
75 years
100 years
Undisturbed natural soils (sand, silt, clay, schist…)
0.00
0.30
0.60
0.90
1.20
Polluted natural soils and industrial sites
0.15
0.75
1.50
2.25
3.00
Aggressive natural soils (swamp, marsh, peat…)
0.20
1.00
1.75
2.50
3.25
Non-compacted non-aggressive fills (clay, schist, sand, silt…)
0.18
0.70
1.20
1.70
2.20
Non-compacted aggressive fills (ashes, slag…)
0.50
2.00
3.25
4.50
5.75
Note: 1) The values given are only for guidance. Local conditions should be considered. 2) Corrosion rates in compacted fill are lower than those in non-compacted fill. In compacted fills the figures in the table should be divided by two. 3) The values given for 5 and 25 years are based on measurements, whereas the other are extrapolated. Source: European Committee for Standardization EN 1993-5. Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures - Part 5: Piling. (EN 2003)
The loss of material thickness due to atmospheric corrosion may be taken as 0.01 mm per year in normal atmospheres and as 0.02 mm per year in marine conditions (EN 1993-5, ch. 4.4).
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Design and execution and validity of the end-driving criteria can be ensured by dynamic or static test loadings. The geotechnical capacity of piles supported on rock is ensured by drilling the pile sufďŹ ciently deep into solid rock. The integrity of the rock is determined by percussion drillings. The selection of pile installation equipment and the analysis of driveability or drillability are a key part of steel pile design. In the selection of equipment for driven piles it must be ascertained that the equipment is able to install the piles to the depth required to attain the necessary geotechnical capacity. Selected equipment must also be effective enough to mobilize the required bearing capacity in dynamic test loading. Alternatively, a separate test hammer can be used. Moreover, it must be seen to that the equipment used do not damage the pile during installation. Correspondingly, in the selection of the drilling equipment and method for drilled piles, and during the installation of the piles, it should be ascertained that it is possible to install the piles at the design depth in solid rock, possible obstructions in the soil can be penetrated, and that the environmental impacts of the drilling are minimized.
Steel pipe piles are designed in accordance with valid European (CEN) and/or national codes, standards and norms. The extensive size range and steel grades of Ruukki steel pipe piles are the ideal choice for designing an overall economical foundation. Structural design of piles may be based either on a steel structure, or in the case of concrete-ďŹ lled piles on a steel-concrete composite structure. Corrosion of steel piles is generally taken into account by subtracting the corrosion allowance corresponding to the design life of a structure from the wall thickness of the cross-section. Geotechnical design of piles is based on static bearing-capacity formulas or methods based on sounding resistance. The geotechnical capacity of a pile is the sum of toe and shaft resistance. The load-bearing capacity of driven RR piles is usually based on toe resistance while that of shaft grouted piles results from shaft resistance. The geotechnical capacity of driven piles can be determined during installation by dynamic piling formulas and advance piling simulations based on the stress wave theory. The geotechnical capacity of piles
Steel grades of Ruukki steel pipe piles Steel
Carbon
grade
equivalent
Chemical composition, max.
Mechanical properties fy
fu
A5
Impact strength
CEV max
C
Mn
P
S
min
min
T
KV min
[%]
[%]
[%]
[%]
[%]
[MPa]
[MPa]
[%]
[°C]
[J]
S355J2H
0.39
0.22
1.60
0.035
0.035
355
490-630
20
-20
27
S440J2H
0.39
0.18
1.60
0.020
0.018
440
490-630
17
-40 *)
27
S550J2H
0.39
0.12
1.80
0.025
0.015
550
600-760
14
-20 *)
27
X60
0.43
0.15
1.60
0.030
0.030
413
517
18
0
27
X70
0.43
0.15
1.70
0.030
0.030
482
565
18
0
27
Availability of steel grades by products is indicated on product-specific pages. *) With material thicknesses exceeding 10 mm impact strength requirement must be agreed separately.
The accuracy of the contents of this brochure has been inspected with utmost care. Yet, we do not assume responsibility for any mistakes or direct or indirect damages due to incorrect application of the information. Right to changes is reserved. 14
Solutions for foundation construction
Pile dimensions Z =Pile impedance I =Moment of inertia Wel =Section modulus
A =Cross-section area Au =External surface area Ab =Pile base area D [mm]
t [mm]
M [kg/m]
A [mm2]
Au [m2/m]
Ab [mm2]
Wel [cm3]
I [cm4]
60.3 76.1
6.3
8.4
1069
0.19
2856
13.1
6.3
10.8
1382
0.24
4548
22.3
Cross-sectional values reduced by corrosion allowances of 1.2 mm and 2.0 mm
EI [kNm2]
Z [kNs/m]
A1.2 [mm2]
A2.0 [cm4]
I1.2 [cm4]
I2.0 [cm4]
39.5
83
84.8
178
EI1.2 [kNm2]
EI2.0 [kNm2]
43.4
846
703
29.8
23.9
63
50
56.1
1099
916
65.0
52.8
137
111
88.9
6.3
12.8
1635
0.28
6207
31.6
140.2
295
66.4
1304
1089
108.4
88.7
228
186
114.3
6.3
16.8
2138
0.36
10261
54.7
312.7
657
86.8
1711
1432
244.5
201.4
514
423
114.3
8.0
21.0
2672
0.36
10261
66.4
379.5
797
108.5
2245
1966
311.3
268.2
654
563
139.7
5.0
16.6
2116
0.44
15328
68.8
480.5
1009
85.9
1594
1251
355.3
275.4
746
578
139.7
8.0
26.0
3310
0.44
15328
103.1
720.3
1513
134.4
2788
2445
595.1
515.2
1250
1082
139.7
10.0
32.0
4075
0.44
15328
123.4
861.9
1810
165.4
3553
3210
736.7
656.8
1547
1379
168.3
5.0
20.1
2565
0.53
22246
101.7
855.8
1797
104.1
1935
1520
636.0
494.6
1336
1039
168.3
10.0
39.0
4973
0.53
22246
185.9
1564.0
3284
201.9
4343
3928
1344.1
1202.7
2823
2526
168.3
12.5
48.0
6118
0.53
22246
222.0
1868.4
3924
248.4
5488
5073
1648.5
1507.1
3462
3165
193.7
5.0
23.3
2964
0.61
29468
136.3
1320.2
2773
120.3
2238
1760
984.1
766.9
2067
1610
219.1
6.3
33.1
4212
0.69
37703
217.8
2386.1
5011
171.0
3390
2848
1898.6
1582.4
3987
3323
219.1
10.0
51.6
6569
0.69
37703
328.5
3598.4
7557
266.7
5748
5205
3110.9
2794.7
6533
5869
219.1
12.5
63.7
8113
0.69
37703
396.6
4344.6
9124
329.4
7292
6749
3857.0
3540.9
8100
7436
273.0
6.3
41.4
5279
0.86
58535
344.0
4695.8
9861
214.3
4254
3576
3749.6
3132.6
7874
6579
323.9
12.5
96.0
12229
1.02
82397
916.7
14846.5
31178
496.5
11012
10206
13262.9
12226.7
27852
25676
406.4
10.0
97.8
12453
1.28
129717
1204.5
24475.8
51399
505.6
10926
9912
21340.7
19281.4
44816
40491
406.4
12.5
121.4
15468
1.28
129717
1477.9
30030.7
63064
628.1
13941
12928
26895.6
24836.3
56481
52156
457.0
10.0
110.2
14043
1.44
164030
1535.7
35091.3
73692
570.2
12325
11184
30628.9
27693.0
64321
58155
457.0
12.5
137.0
17456
1.44
164030
1888.2
43144.8
90604
708.7
15737
14597
38682.4
35746.5
81233
75068
508.0
10.0
122.8
15645
1.60
202683
1910.2
48520.2
101893
635.2
13735
12466
42386.1
38344.9
89011
80524
508.0
12.5
152.7
19458
1.60
202683
2352.6
59755.4
125486
790.0
17548
16279
53621.3
49580.1
112605
104118
508.0
14.2
172.9
22029
1.60
202683
2645.6
67198.6
141117
894.4
20118
18849
61064.5
57023.3
128236
119749
559.0
10.0
135.4
17247
1.76
245422
2325.6
65001.1
136502
700.3
15145
13748
56822.5
51428.6
119327
108000
559.0
12.5
168.5
21461
1.76
245422
2868.0
80161.8
168340
871.4
19358
17961
71983.2
66589.3
151165
139838
559.0
14.2
190.8
24304
1.76
245422
3228.3
90230.7
189485
986.8
22201
20804
82052.1
76658.2
172310
160982
610.0
10.0
148.0
18850
1.92
292247
2781.9
84846.6
178178
765.3
16554
15029
74213.3
67194.1
155848
141108
610.0
12.5
184.2
23464
1.92
292247
3434.6
104754.7
219985
952.7
21169
19644
94121.5
87102.3
197655
182915
610.0
14.2
208.6
26579
1.92
292247
3869.0
118003.9
247808
1079.2
24284
22759
107370.6
100351.4
225478
210738
610.0
16.0
234.4
29858
1.92
292247
4320.7
131781.4
276741
1212.3
27563
26038
121148.2
114129.0
254411
239671
660.0
10.0
160.3
20420
2.07
342119
3268.8
107870.5
226528
829.1
17937
16286
94396.3
85495.1
198232
179540
660.0
12.5
199.6
25427
2.07
342119
4039.6
133306.4
279944
1032.4
22944
21293
119832.2
110931.0
251648
232955
660.0
14.2
226.2
28810
2.07
342119
4553.4
150263.1
315553
1169.7
26326
24675
136788.9
127887.6
287257
268564
660.0
16.0
254.1
32371
2.07
342119
5088.5
167921.2
352635
1314.3
29887
28237
154447.0
145545.7
324339
305646
711.0
10.0
172.9
22023
2.23
397035
3805.9
135301.4
284133
894.2
19347
17568
118449.4
107309.5
248744
225350
711.0
12.5
215.3
27430
2.23
397035
4707.3
167343.2
351421
1113.7
24754
22975
150491.3
139351.4
316032
292638
711.0
14.2
244.0
31085
2.23
397035
5309.0
188735.2
396344
1262.1
28409
26630
171883.3
160743.4
360955
337561
711.0
16.0
274.2
34935
2.23
397035
5936.4
211039.8
443184
1418.4
32259
30480
194187.9
183047.9
407795
384401
762.0
10.0
185.5
23625
2.39
456037
4383.9
167028.4
350760
959.2
20757
18850
146276.7
132551.0
307181
278357
762.0
12.5
231.1
29433
2.39
456037
5426.0
206731.0
434135
1195.0
26565
24658
185979.3
172253.7
390557
361733
762.0
14.2
261.9
33360
2.39
456037
6122.6
233271.2
489870
1354.5
30492
28585
212519.5
198793.9
446291
417467
762.0
16.0
294.4
37498
2.39
456037
6849.7
260973.3
548044
1522.5
34630
32723
240221.6
226496.0
504465
475642
813.0
10.0
198.0
25227
2.55
519124
5002.8
203363.9
427064
1024.3
22167
20131
178153.0
161469.6
374121
339086
813.0
12.5
246.8
31436
2.55
519124
6195.8
251860.3
528907
1276.3
28375
26340
226649.4
209966.0
475964
440929
813.0
14.2
279.7
35635
2.55
519124
6994.2
284314.9
597061
1446.8
32575
30539
259103.9
242420.6
544118
509083
813.0
16.0
314.5
40062
2.55
519124
7828.3
318221.7
668266
1626.6
37001
34966
293010.8
276327.4
615323
580288
813.0
18.0
352.9
44956
2.55
519124
8741.7
355350.0
746235
1825.3
41896
39861
330139.1
313455.7
693292
658257
914.0
10.0
222.9
28400
2.87
656119
6349.0
290147.2
609309
1153.1
24959
22670
254307.1
230570.5
534045
484198
914.0
12.5
277.9
35402
2.87
656119
7871.1
359708.4
755388
1437.4
31961
29672
323868.3
300131.7
680124
630277
914.0
14.2
315.1
40141
2.87
656119
8891.6
406344.5
853323
1629.8
36700
34410
370504.4
346767.8
778059
728212
914.0
16.0
354.3
45138
2.87
656119
9959.3
455141.8
955798
1832.7
41697
39408
419301.7
395565.1
880534
830687
914.0
18.0
397.7
50668
2.87
656119
11130.5
508664.8
1068196
2057.2
47226
44937
472824.7
449088.1
992932
943085
1016.0
10.0
248.1
31604
3.19
810732
7871.1
399849.7
839684
1283.2
27779
25233
350602.3
317964.5
736265
667725
1016.0
12.5
309.3
39407
3.19
810732
9766.2
496123.1
1041858
1600.0
35582
33036
446875.7
414237.9
938439
869900
1016.0
14.2
350.8
44691
3.19
810732
11038.6
560762.0
1177600
1814.5
40865
38320
511514.6
478876.8
1074181
1005641
1016.0
16.0
394.6
50266
3.19
810732
12371.6
628479.4
1319807
2040.9
46440
43894
579232.0
546594.2
1216387
1147848
1016.0
18.0
443.0
56436
3.19
810732
13835.7
702854.2
1475994
2291.4
52610
50064
653606.9
620969.0
1372574
1304035
1220.0
10.0
298.4
38013
3.83
1168987
11405.5
695737.9
1461050
1543.4
33419
30360
610420.2
553821.4
1281883
1163025
1220.0
12.5
372.2
47418
3.83
1168987
14169.3
864326.6
1815086
1925.3
42824
39766
779008.9
722410.1
1635919
1517061
1220.0
14.2
422.3
53792
3.83
1168987
16028.9
977764.6
2053306
2184.0
49197
46139
892446.9
835848.1
1874139
1755281
1220.0
16.0
475.1
60520
3.83
1168987
17980.7
1096821.7
2303326
2457.2
55925
52867
1011504.0
954905.2
2124158
2005301
1220.0
18.0
533.6
67972
3.83
1168987
20128.6
1227843.9
2578472
2759.8
63377
60319
1142526.3 1085927.4
2399305
2280448
15
CFI03.002EN/10.2005
Rautaruukki Oyj Harvialantie 420, FI-13300, Hämeenlinna, Finland www.ruukki.com +358 2o 592 5873
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Copyright Š 2005 Rautaruukki Corporation. All rights reserved. Ruukki, More with Metals, Rautaruukki, RR pile, RD pile, RD casing tube and RR steel foundation are trademarks of Rautaruukki Corporation.