Preserving fragile peace in Northern Ireland

President Joe Biden’s four-day visit to Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, which began on April 11, has provided an overall opportunity to highlight our important — and complex — relationships with both Ireland and Britain. These ties span significant economic, military security and above all historical dimensions.

Northern Ireland is geographically part of the island of Ireland, but under the sovereignty of Britain. England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland make up the United Kingdom. The majority of Northern Ireland’s population is Protestant, while Ireland is overwhelmingly Catholic. Ireland overall was under British rule until 1921. Independence relieved considerable political pressure, but Northern Ireland has remained a source of tension and — periodically — violence. U.S. leaders have been influential in efforts to broker and maintain peace, over many years.

Former U.S. Sen. George Mitchell, D-Maine, was central to the successful peace negotiations. On St. Patrick’s Day in 1977, U.S. Sens. Ted Kennedy, D-Mass., and Pat Moynihan, D-New York, joined with fellow Democrats Gov. Hugh Carey of New York and U.S. House Speaker Tip O’Neill from Massachusetts in urging IrishAmericans and others to stop sending money to violent groups.

President Biden’s successful trip has reflected both these political and more personal dimensions. The president addressed an enormous audience at a cathedral in County Mayo, where his family has strong roots.

“Over the years,” he said, “stories of this place have become part of my soul, part of my family lore.”

During a visit to Knock Shrine, President Biden had the opportunity to talk with former U.S. Army Chaplain Fr. Frank O’Grady, who gave last rites to his late son Beau Biden.

Former President Bill

Clinton arrived on April 14 for celebrations marking the 25th anniversary of the Good Friday Agreement, also known as the Belfast Agreement, which ended the sectarian violence that had plagued Northern Ireland — and both Ireland and Britain — from the late 1960s.

The understanding, actually two agreements, signed on April 10, 1998, involved the details of power-sharing among Northern Ireland’s political parties and also the governments of Britain and Ireland. Despite challenges and occasional crises, this historic peace accord overall has held. President Biden made a point of visiting with five leaders from the main political parties of Northern Ireland. Events related to Northern Ireland reach well beyond the province. Britain after a long ordeal implemented Brexit, departing the European Union. Ireland remains a staunch EU member. Britain is a military power within NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), while Ireland is a neutral nation. Wider relationships may prove crucial. The G8 (Group of Eight) nations held a summit in Northern Ireland in June 2013. Members emphasized economic cooperation. The venue selected also underscored progress toward peace. The Northern Ireland summit also reconfirmed commitment to wider strategic cooperation. The participants agreed to work to ensure negotiations to end the