Science Stars Green Energy (Youth Month edition) Issue

South Africa -Nordex SE 336MW Turbine project

Credit: Keith Windsor McRostie Quixley

A BUMPY ROAD TO RENEWABLE ENERGY IN SA

DR MPHO NKAMBULE: AI AND RENEWABLE ENERGY

GQEBERHA TEEN SCORES SILVER FOR INNOVATIVE SCIENCE PROJECT

RURAL ENDUMU STUDENT SHINES BRIGHT WITH SOLAR-POWERED CAR

INTRODUCING NUMERI: AFRICA'S FIRST NUCLEAR MEDICINE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FACILITY

CLIMATE CHANGE: IT’S NOT JUST HOTTER WEATHER

EXCITING CAREERS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY

BIOMASS ENERGY

PROS AND CONS OF DIFFERENT RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

FACTS ABOUT THE GROWING WORLD OF GREEN ENERGY

DIY: HOW TO CREATE YOUR OWN UPCYCLED SOLAR LIGHTS HOW SA'S INDUSTRIES ARE EMBRACING RENEWABLE ENERGY

Editor's Note

“LETTER FROM THE EDITOR

A warm welcome to your first Science Stars issue of 2024!

Earlier this month, I came across a local article about the renewable energy ecosystem. It mentioned that over R17.5 billion worth of solar panels were imported into South Africa in 2023 and that biomass projects in the country are gaining traction.

These developments highlight the increasing significance of renewable energy sources for achieving a sustainable future. As we witness this change, we need to understand the basics of sustainable energy and how it affects our environment and society.

We’re excited to present this issue, which dives deep into the key concepts you need to understand sustainable energy, the role of young people in this transition, and how you can contribute to a greener energy future.

Read about Dr Mpho Nkambule (page 14), an electrical engineer from Pretoria, who was recently named the 2023 Engineer of the Year for his groundbreaking work in renewable energy. On page 15, we cover the inspirational story of Rikyle Jordaan, a 17-year-old from Gqeberha, who won a silver medal for his science project at a competition in Bali this year.

On page 17, we weigh the pros and cons of different renewable energy technologies. Don’t miss Sqiniseko Mthethwa’s encouraging story on page 20, and find out how Hoërskool Nylstroom in Modimolle is harnessing the power of the sun to light their classrooms (page 25).

If you’re looking for a fun DIY project, head to page 27 where we provide instructions on building your own upcycled solar lights! Then, take a breather with our fun crossword and maze on page 33 before exploring exciting career options in the renewable energy sector.

Remember to check out upcoming green energy events near you (page 39) and enter our awesome competition for a chance to win an amazing prize (details on page 29).

We’ve worked hard to ensure this issue provides essential information to help you understand energy transition worldwide and to motivate you to take action for a sustainable energy future. We hope you find this issue an invaluable guide to green living, and that it becomes your go-to guide throughout your sustainability journey.

team

Editor: Zakiyah Ebrahim

Graphic designer: Thinavhuyo Desmond Mudimeli

Contributing writers: Alboricah Rathupetsane

Cailyn Scheepers

Dr Joyful Mdhluli

Fulufhelo Mukosi

Lusanda Tamesi

Phenyo Mathapo

Siphokazi Vuso

Science Stars Editor

Professor Mark Swilling

Zahraa Schroader Zodwa Tiki

General Manager: Mutshidzi Nelwamondo

Publisher: Madambi Rambuda

Subscriptions: info@sciencestars.co.za

Copyright 2024 Science Stars (Pty) Ltd. All Rights Reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieved system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission.

The magazine is published by Science Stars (Pty) Ltd.

1 Bridgeway, Century City, Cape Town, 7441

021 830 5200

info@sciencestars.co.za ww w.sciencestars.co.za

Join the

sa advancinglife

Shaping the Future of Medical Research in South Africa

As we celebrate 30 years since the dawn of democracy in South Africa, the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) stands tall as a beacon of progress, dedicated to tackling the pressing health challenges facing our nation and the African continent.

Since its inception, the SAMRC has been at the forefront of medical research, ethics, integrity, and governance. Our journey has been marked by a steadfast commitment to advancing healthcare through cutting-edge research and fostering a culture of inclusivity and equity.

Who are we?

We conduct responsive research as well as fund scientific studies that look into the 10 most important health problems in South Africa. Under the leadership of the National Department of Health, the SAMRC aims to help strengthen the health system of the country, advancing life for all.

At the SAMRC, our mission is clear: to advance the nation’s health and quality of life and address inequity by conducting and funding relevant and responsive health research, capacity development, innovation and research translation.

The aim is to address the quadruple burden of disease facing South Africa – maternal, newborn, and child health, HIV/ AIDS and TB, non-communicable diseases, and interpersonal violence. Through rigorous research, collaboration, and innovation, we strive to improve health outcomes and enhance the quality of life for all South Africans.

With our state-of-the-art laboratories and world-renowned scientists, our research projects include Tuberculosis, HIV/ AIDS, Non-Communicable diseases such as Diabetes and Hypertension, Gender and Health issues, as well as Alcohol, Tobacco and other drug abuse. Our work is aimed at understanding the extent of a particular problem, thereby creating the necessary evidence for data-driven solutions that can inform policy and decision-makers on the implementation of health guidelines.

Our strategic initiatives encompass a wide range of critical areas:

1. Research Excellence: Conducting groundbreaking research to understand and combat the complex health challenges facing our nation.

2. Ethical Framework: Fostering research within a legal and ethical framework, ensuring integrity and accountability.

3. Diversity and Transformation: Championing diversity and transformation within our organization and across the research landscape.

4. Translation into Policy: Translating research findings into actionable policies and practices to drive real-world impact.

5. Fiscal Responsibility: Upholding excellence in fiscal discipline and corporate governance, as evidenced by our multiyear clean audits.

A Transformative Journey

The SAMRC embarked on a transformative journey to promote diversity and equity within our organisation. Through targeted actions and initiatives, we have made significant strides in increasing representation and opportunities for historically disadvantaged groups.

From 2014 to 2024, we saw a remarkable increase in the percentage of research grant funding awarded to Black African health scientists, rising from 30% to 63%. Similarly, the proportion of Black Africans receiving SAMRC scholarships surged from 39% to 72%. These achievements reflect our unwavering commitment to creating a level playing field for all aspiring researchers.

Join Us in Shaping the Future

By joining the SAMRC, you will be part of a dynamic community dedicated to driving positive change and advancing medical research for the benefit of all. Whether you’re a learner interestedin medical research, a seasoned scientist or a budding researcher, there’s a place for you at our table.

As we navigate the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and an increasingly complex global landscape, the SAMRC remains agile, innovative, and resilient. From pioneering vaccine trials to implementing cutting-edge surveillance systems, we are leading the charge in the fight against COVID-19 and preparing for future health crises.

Generation Science (GenS)

The SAMRC hosts the Generation Science (Gen S) job shadowing programme annually, an initiative that started in 2022. GenS aims to motivate and empower students to become the next generation of scientists by actively involving them in the day-today activities of SAMRC laboratory work.

As an organisation, the SAMRC seeks to give back to the local communities it serves. Through capacity building and ensuring that future generations are well-equipped for a career in health science research. The Gen S Programme is one such manner of achieving this, where Grade 11/12 learners interested in science, health and mathematical fields have an opportunity to gain firsthand practical experience in the careers available through the SAMRC that strives to create a better life for all South Africans.

This programme was recently endorsed by the Western Cape Department of Education. GenS takes place at all SAMRC officesCape Town, Durban and Pretoria – in June as part of Youth Month commemoration.

Why Choose the SAMRC?

1. Impactful Research: Make a tangible difference in the lives of millions by conducting research that addresses pressing health challenges.

2. Inclusive Culture: Join a diverse and supportive community that values equity, inclusion, and collaboration.

3. Professional Development: Access unparalleled opportunities for growth and development as you work alongside top experts in the field.

4. Social Responsibility: Contribute to the greater good by translating research findings into policies and practices that improve health outcomes nationwide.

5. Resilience and Innovation: Thrive in a dynamic environment where innovation, creativity, and resilience are celebrated and encouraged.

Join the SAMRC Today

As we look ahead to the future, we invite you to join us on our mission to advance health for all. Together, we can shape a brighter, healthier future for South Africa and beyond. Discover the possibilities at the SAMRC –where excellence meets impact, and innovation knows no bounds.

To learn more and explore career opportunities, visit our website - www.samrc.ac.za or contact us directly. You can also follow us on social media:

@SA Medical Research Council

South African Medical Research Council

@MRCza

Together, let’s make history and transform the lanscape of medical research in South Africa.

Did you know?

The SAMRC has several health promotion activities that aim to understand the risk factors associated with poor health outcomes, whether it is smoking and heavy alcohol consumption, or obesity, physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles, risky sexual behaviour, which lead to the development of illness and disease. Many young people are at greater risk of being exposed to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV, because of their carefree behaviour and lifestyle choices when combined too with alcohol abuse. Also, it is known that several non-communicable diseases can be prevented, by taking control of your health and adopting healthy lifestyle practices.

“ We constantly have former students come back to tell us that they chose to major in science, biotech or related fields because of this experience.”

– Jim Mauch, High School Science Teacher

Quick Facts

• In a typical year, ABE reaches approximately 90,000 students and 1,500 teachers

• Programme curriculum, professional development, and all materials needed are provided free of charge

• Globally, the programme has impacted more than 900,000 students to date

• Independent and rigorous evaluation data found that students exposed to ABE have significant and substantial learning in biotechnology and increased interest and confidence in doing science and biotechnology

• By the end of 2023, ABE anticipates reaching 1,000,000 students because of the Amgen Foundation’s more than $42 million commitment to the programme

• ABE is currently available in the following locations: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Hong Kong SAR, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mainland China, Mexico, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Africa, Türkiye, United Kingdom, and multiple Amgen communities in the United States

Contact Us

Enquiries:

Zibusiso Nyoni

Programme Manager

Email: zibusiso.nyoni@sci-bono.co.za

South Africa

The Amgen Biotech Experience (ABE) is an innovative science education programme that introduces secondary school students to the excitement of scientific discovery. ABE provides secondary school teachers with the loan of research-grade equipment, supplies, curriculum and professional development at no cost.

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology has brought about the discovery and development of a new generation of human therapeutics. Advancements in both cellular and molecular biology have allowed scientists to identify and develop a host of new medicines for patients with serious illness. Biotechnology provides the tools and techniques for modern pharmaceutical research and drug development, and it is critical that future citizens are knowledgeable about this field.

PROGRAMME BACKGROUND

The ABE programme began over 30 years ago through a unique collaboration of Amgen scientists and educators with a passion for sharing the joy of science and discovery. With the vision to bring the excitement of biotechnology to the fingertips of students, they developed a robust curriculum that is now available in 26 locations across the globe. In 2013, the Amgen Foundation joined forces with Education Development Center, a global nonprofit organisation with deep experience and expertise in science education, to establish a Program Office to support and strengthen the programme worldwide.

THE PROGRAMME AND CURRICULUM

The ABE programme integrates a curriculum that allows students to explore the steps involved in creating biotechnology therapies. Aligned with the core biology curriculum, the programme supports the larger goal of fostering scientific literacy. In addition to the curriculum and teacher professional development to understand the lab protocols and science, participating teachers receive a loaned kit, free of charge, with research-grade equipment and supplies that allow students to participate in advanced science laboratories.

THE LABS AND MATERIALS

The ABE labs parallel some of the important steps taken by the biotechnology industry to develop medicines to treat a variety of diseases. The labs incorporate core technologies used by scientists in the discovery of human therapeutics, so that students will better understand the role of biotechnology and the potential impact of this industry on our future. In addition, by engaging in this programme, students may be more motivated to understand the underlying science concepts and perhaps even pursue careers in science. In collaboration with the Amgen Foundation and ABE teachers, LabXchange has created a collection of pathways designed to enhance the ABE lab experience. The pathways are modular to allow you to mix and match concepts and practice with lab techniques in the way that best supports your students.

ABE SOUTH AFRICA

ABE South Africa is supported by and hosted at Sci-Bono Discovery Centre located in Johannesburg, South Africa. Sci-Bono is the largest science centre in Southern Africa with a mission to assist people in South Africa with instilling a culture of science and technology by providing a unique platform to explore and better understand the world of science. ABE South Africa serves teachers and learners in the Gauteng province, targeting schools mostly from marginalized areas.

amgenbiotechexperience.net/ za

Amgen Biotech Experience is an international programme funded by the Amgen Foundation with direction and technical assistance provided by Education Development Center (EDC) 06/20/2023

The Bumpy Road to Renewable Energy in South Africa

By Prof. Mark Swilling and Alboricah Rathupetsane

Renewable energy is the cheapest way to generate electricity. In South Africa, the cost of solar and wind was approximately R0.375 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) and R0.344 per kWh, respectively in 2021. In addition to this, building a utility-scale solar or wind farm requires only 18 to 24 months, a considerably shorter time than coal or nuclear power plants which can take up to a decade. These considerations are critical for addressing South Africa’s electricity crisis as well as our overall carbon footprint, which is important for those exporting industries that need to remain competitive in the global decarbonising economy.

Despite these reasons, however, South Africa’s transition to cleaner energy sources has been a bumpy one. Large-scale implementation started with setting up the Independent Power Producers Procurement Office in 2010 to procure renewable energy through an auction mechanism called the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP). One of the most remarkable outcomes from the REIPPPP was observing how the average price of solar and wind energy reduced over time. Solar dropped from an average of R2.76 kWh in the first bid window to R0.79 kWh in the fourth one. Likewise, wind dropped from an average of R1.14 kWh to R0.62 in the same period.

However, the programme still faced a setback in 2015 when Eskom’s two chief executive officers, Brian Molefe and Matshela Koko, refused to sign the power purchase agreements of the 13 newly selected renewable energy providers from round four. Had the CEOs signed the power purchase agreements, 5GW of additional renewables would’ve been brought online which would have eliminated 95% of the loadshedding that South Africa faced recently. This decision also had the added consequence of snuffing out early renewable energy manufacturing ventures, like LM Wind Power, a Danish global supplier of wind technology blades.

After becoming president in 2018, Cyril Ramaphosa merged the mineral resources and energy portfolios and the new minister, Gwede Mantashe, released an Integrated Resource Plan in 2019 which communicates the national electricity plan. This provided for a very large increase in the number of renewables and the closure of several coal-fired power stations. The REIPPPP auction system was eventually revived in 2021 with bid window 5, but it suffered another setback in 2022 when it was discovered that the network of transmission power lines, substations, and distribution infrastructure was not enough to connect new generation.

According to Eskom’s 2023–2032 Transmission Development Plan (TDP), approximately 14 218km of transmission lines and 106GVA of transformer capacity would need to be built within the decade. As a result, expanding the grid became the central focus of energy planning. Grid construction, however, takes 7-10 years, and requires the domestic sectors to ramp up production to over six times their current capacities. In the meantime, Stage

6 loadshedding in the first quarter of 2023 was normalised which meant an average of 8-10 hours a day without power.

This led to a proliferation of a more market-driven energy transition as rooftop solar installations skyrocketed in the last two years. According to Eskom, rooftop solar installations went from just under 1GW in March 2022 to 4.4GW in June 2023. This is despite rooftop solar being 60% more expensive than utility-scale solar and means South African households and businesses invested approximately R65-billion – R54-billion into this technology in a little over a year.

The decision taken by many South African households and businesses to invest in self-generation indicates a cultural shift that shows that rather than waiting for the staterun energy system to get fixed, people would rather start looking after themselves if they could afford to. Most households installed 3kW while business installations ranged from 15kW systems for small to medium-sized businesses to 10 000kW for big businesses like mines. By March 2023, the South African Energy Regulator (Nersa) had reported that 527 projects with a combined capacity of almost 2.9GW had registered with them.

Now in 2024, the operational REIPPPP-procured renewable energy is still sitting at approximately 6.3GW. The country’s 2023 Integrated Resource Plan took a step back from its predecessor by allocating less renewables to the energy mix and favouring pricier alternatives like gas and nuclear. This reverses the direction that was established by other earlier policies like the Energy Action Plan, which includes approvals for 30GW of renewables with no reference to extending the life of coal-fired power plants; Cabinet-approved National Infrastructure Plan 2050 (NIP 2050) and the Cabinet-approved Nationally Determined Contribution to global climate agreements.

The government needs to start steering this energy transition in a more coordinated, committed manner in order to unlock the economic opportunities that await South Africa in greener value chains.

Energetic Behind-The-Scenes Efforts To Resolve South Africa’s Power Problems

The National Science and Technology Forum (NSTF) held its first Discussion Forum for 2024 on 24 and 25 April. The event focused on the energy crisis in South Africa – a topic that features annually on the NSTF’s agenda.

The government has been addressing the crisis in various ways, and while the government focuses on national power supply, transmission and distribution, various initiatives address the energy crisis at a more local level.

The following were highlighted by a selection of speakers on the themes of a just energy transition, industry focus and participation, the policy and regulatory environment, and skills development.

A just energy transition

Presenters agreed that the transition extends beyond energy to involve the whole economy and society.

Mr Devan Pillay, Head of Employment Strategy at the Presidential Climate Commission (PCC), explained that there are three transitions taking place. “If we look at where we are right now, we have a high

vulnerability to climate change; low-productivity and carbon-intensive economy; a weak public sector; limited implementation capacity; extreme levels of unemployment, inequality, and poverty; and a decreasing per capita income. These created a solid foundation for the just transition – an entire societal change.”

The three transitions are decarbonisation, adaptation and resilience, and a just transition looking at society in terms of capacitation for employment, skills development, and social protection.

“When discussions began to gain momentum for the just transition and before the just transition framework, the four most atrisk sectors were identified, namely coal, automotive, agriculture, and tourism,” Pillay continued.

Mr Kendy Madisha, Spokesperson for ActionSA on Energy & Mineral Resources, emphasised that whatever solutions are proposed as Eskom is “fixed” must not leave communities behind. He showed how communities are connected, especially the danger of illegal connections, particularly to children playing among these electric lines.

Mr Steve Nicholls, Head of Climate Mitigation at the PCC, shared that unemployment in Mpumalanga is around 40%. “So, even if we made a one-to-one job swap for people who lose their jobs because of the coal transition and gain jobs in the renewable energy sector, you will still have unemployment of 40%, “he said, adding: “This is not just. We need to do more than that.”

“While there would be jobs gained through the introduction of renewables, we must ask ourselves whether those jobs will be created in the coal regions – where they are needed – and if not, what interventions are being developed to avoid exacerbating our unemployment, poverty and inequality challenges and all of the social ills that we know result from those,” said Ms Tshwanelo Rakaibe, a Senior Researcher at the CSIR’s Energy Centre.

Ms Aradhna Pandarum, Head of the Just Energy Transition Department at The Impact Catalyst, agreed, “Many people think about the just transition as just being about renewables, but it’s so much more than that. Once we realise that, we can start planning better in terms of the landscape or the ecosystem.”

Mr Bernd Oellermann from the National Cleaner Production Centre South Africa (NCPC-SA) at the CSIR, said that the just transition is a major touchpoint with industry. The latter is mostly focused on business and operational aspects, “Many often do not participate in the conversation about the just transition because of time commitments – this is a challenge globally. However, industry must be a core player in the just transition and specifically in our context, the just energy transition. While South Africa has done some great preparatory work, we seem to be struggling a bit in implementing at industry level,” he added.

Industry focus and participation

Ms Robyn Vilakazi, Skills Development and Quality Assurance Executive at the Energy and Water Sector Education and Training Authority (EWSETA), briefly shared about one EWSETA project in partnership with the CSIR’s Energy Industry Support Programme where 15 Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) received incubation or capacity-building assistance to encourage innovation, promote the development of intellectual property, and support South Africa’s industrialisation goals. The target is to empower 75 SMMEs in five years.

Explaining the many reasons why loadshedding has decreased, Mr Chris Yelland, Managing Director of EE Business Intelligence (Pty) Ltd, said, “Because of the weak economy, GDP growth is flat and therefore electricity demand follows suit. At the same time, the energy intensity of the South African industry has been decreasing: The amount of electricity the country uses to produce a unit of GDP has been declining as the move is away from an energy-intensive industry towards more services and light manufacturing. Heavy energy-intensive industries are under pressure, part of which is due to dramatic increases in electricity prices year on year causing businesses to tighten their belts and use electricity more efficiently. The latter is also true across the economy, including residential and other sectors.”

Policy and regulatory environment

Ms Hlengiwe Radebe, Renewable Energy Technical Adviser at C40 Cities, shared the potential impact of electricity regulations, “Recent amendments to national electricity regulations present an opportuni-

ty for South African cities to directly address and contribute to energy security concerns and the associated socio-economic and environmental issues. “With these amendments, municipalities are enabled to procure new generation capacity from, for example, the independent power producers or building their own.”

Strategic guidelines, regulations and policymaking cannot be separated from implementation. Mr Davin Chown, Managing Director of the Genesis Eco-Energy Developments and Genesis Infrastructure and Renewable Energy Group, acknowledged that South Africa is good at debate and policy formulation. However, the nation is not excelling at getting things to a point where they work practically so that implementation can start.

Concerning guiding documents at the city level, Mr Paul Vermeulen, Chief Engineer of Renewable Energy at City Power Johannesburg, said that the City expects energy services to be provided for people in informal settlements. Johannesburg has about 312 informal settlements comprising more than 180 000 structures which are not connected to the grid.

Policy formulation in this regard seems to be a challenge. “The policy thus far focuses on supporting alternative energy solutions that would include lighting, cooking and heating to informal settlements as interim measures,” he said.

these energy services are only an interim provision until a permanent solution – relocation or in situ upgrading of the settlements – is accomplished as per the Housing Act. The City has programmes in place to upgrade and electrify informal settlements, but it can only do that where it is legally permitted in terms of, among other criteria, land ownership.

Mr Adrian Stone, Manager of Data Management and Integration Platforms, Sustainable Energy Markets, in the City of Cape Town Energy Directorate, shared the City’s various expansion planning studies regarding loadshedding mitigation and said that the complexities of obtaining regulatory approval for recovering supply costs that represent a premium in a novel structure mean that loadshedding mitigation is not just a planning and procurement problem but also a regulatory problem. A strong regulatory argument for recovering costs through the tariff exists, showing that the benchmark cost of loadshedding mitigation is not Eskom Megaflex.

“Independent technical and legal studies that support the regulator in key decisions could look at whether it is economically supportable for a municipal utility to mitigate loadshedding with an expensive peaking plant and pass the costs in the tariff. Both technical and legal studies are needed to support the regulator. It is very much on its own, and I sympathise with its vulnerable position in making these different difficult tariff decisions,” he said.

The Just Energy Transition Implementation Plan 2023–2027, flowing from the Just Energy Transition Investment Plan, estimates that R2.7 billion is required for skilling of the just energy transition. This amount is over and above the existing funding going into the skills ecosystem, roughly about R20 billion.

Equally important are monitoring and evaluation, and getting to a culture of continuous learning, flexibility, adaptability, change, being resilient, and developing cross-cutting skills that would be easily moved to another profession or another technology development value chain.

Vilakazi concluded with a quote from then Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa at the second Human Resource Development Council Summit in 2016: “It’s a call to action to make South Africa a learning and skilled nation, a nation that has highly skilled people in all facets of life.”

AI AND RENEWABLE ENERGY WITH DR MPHO NKAMBULE

By Cailyn Scheepers

Is AI the future of improving renewable energy? AI optimises the storage and distribution of energy from renewable sources. By considering various factors such as demand, supply, price, and grid conditions, AI algorithms determine the best times to store energy, when to release it, and how much to distribute.

One engineer in particular has been recognised for his research. Dr Mpho Nkambule, an electrical engineer from Pretoria, has been named the 2023 engineer of the year at the recent South African Institute of Electrical Engineers (SAIEE) Annual Awards ceremony, which celebrates the accomplishments of electrical engineers within the industry.

He received this award for his groundbreaking research in the renewable energy field. Nkambule is particularly interested in the use of hybrid machine learning and AI-produced solutions to enhance solar photovoltaic energy (PV) and battery energy storage systems performance.

PV is a non-mechanical device that converts sunlight directly into electricity. Some PV cells can convert artificial light into electricity. Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy.

The use of battery energy storage systems stores electricity in batteries for on-demand power supply. The phrase “battery system” includes the battery design, engineering, and deployment. Various energy sources like gas, nuclear, wind, and solar can charge BESS, making it important for stabilising grids and enhancing renewable energy reliability.

All in all, the combination of AI and renewable energy systems look to bring promising results in the future.

A Grade 12 learner from Paterson High School in Gqeberha has been awarded a silver medal for his innovative science project at the International Science Technology Engineering Competition (ISTEC) held in Bali, Indonesia this year.

Rikyle Jordaan proudly represented South Africa while showcasing his innovative research project titled, “Building a resilient grid: Leveraging solar, wind, and hydro power for improved reliability”.

The 17 year old constructed a miniature power grid that effectively utilised solar, wind, and hydro energy sources. By integrating these renewable energy resources, his research was an important contribution to addressing South Africa’s persistent energy crisis.

This achievement follows the success of his project titled, “Renewable Energy Combo Pack” presented at the Eskom Expo International Science Fair held in Boksburg in 2023.

The project highlighted an innovative combination of solar, hydro, and wind energy sources aimed at promoting sustainable and renewable energy practices.

Rikyle, who is also the head boy of his school, said science fascinated him because there are always problems to be solved.

“There is always something out there to look out for. It is our responsibility as scientists to explore the solutions,” he says.

From a young age, Rikyle was curious as to how things work and why they work in that specific way. “I tend to be quite inquisitive to the point where my relatives would say that I ask too many questions,” he adds. “They didn’t satisfy my young hungry mind with the knowledge it was yearning for.”

But school brought out his love for science, particularly his teachers who have a love for teaching this subject, he explains.

The top matriculant aims to further his studies after matriculating and pursue a degree in Mechatronics at Nelson Mandela University (NMU).

Paterson High School principal and Grade 12 Mathematics teacher, Rose De Doncker, said Rykel represented the school community, the Eastern Cape and South Africa with grace and honour.

“His passion for science and his dedication and hard work has finally been realised on an international stage. We are immensely proud of this young man. We know that great things await him in the future.”

FROM CURIOUS KID TO AWARD-WINNING SCIENTIST: RIKYLE JORDAAN POWERS UP WITH INNOVATION

The Gqeberha teenager scored silver for his science project at the International Science Technology Engineering Competition (ISTEC) in Bali this year.

By Siphokazi

Vuso

IS BIOMASS THE GREEN GIANT WE NEED?

Biomass energy is on the rise, but is it a sustainable solution? We explore the potential and pitfalls of this renewable resource.

By Zakiyah Ebrahim

Unlike fossil fuels which evolve over millions of years, biomass is a renewable energy type which uses organic matter - in other words, living things - to make fuel or generate electricity. Think of it as leftover stuff living things produce.

Essentially, biomass uses waste from plants or animals, or even waste products from organic sources (garbage, wood, crops, etc.) that can be converted to energy. Examples of biomass are plant matter, food waste and human and animal waste.

There are three ways we can make use of biomass energy :

- Burning (such as burning wood)

- Rotting (when food and some types of wood rot they release methane gas that can be used as fuel)

- Growing crops as a source of biofuel

Ultimately, all the energy in biomass comes from the same original source: the Sun.

Imagine the Sun as a giant battery for life: plants capture this sunlight energy directly, while animals get theirs by eating plants. This energy is stored inside them, as chemical energy, like tiny batteries. Biomass energy then releases that stored energy so that it can be changed into usable energy, such as fuels, electricity or heat.

Did you know? When biomass is burned to produce energy, the carbon dioxide emissions of that process are balanced by those that the plant absorbed while it was alive. This is why it is often referred to as ‘carbon neutral’ fuel. But biomass energy can also be a non-renewable energy source.

So, can we really power our world with leftovers?

Biomass might not be the prettiest form of renewable energy, but it’s a clever way to turn trash into treasure. However, we need to be mindful of how we use it to avoid harming ecosystems and releasing greenhouse gases.

Let’s take a quick look at some of the advantages and disadvantages of biomass.

It’s a clean, renewable energy source.

If trees and crops are sustainably farmed, they can offset carbon emissions when they absorb carbon dioxide through respiration.

Unlike other renewable energy sources, such as wind or solar, biomass energy is stored within the organism, and can be harvested when it is needed.

If biomass feedstocks are not replenished as quickly as they are used, they can become nonrenewable.

Most biomass requires arable land (land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops) to develop.

Burning biomass releases carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and other pollutants. If these pollutants are not captured and recycled, burning biomass can create smog and even exceed the number of pollutants released by fossil fuels.

THE PROS AND CONS OF

RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

The future of more sustainable forms of energy is possible through different renewable energy technologies that use energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro and biomass. We explore some pros and cons presented by these technologies.

By Phenyo Mathapo

Renewable energy technologies have the potential to provide sustainable access to green industrialisation and energy, providing a better alternative for energy compared to the burning of fossil fuels. Here, we explore some of the pros and cons these different renewable energy technologies share.

PROS

Provides an unlimited source of energy

Renewable energy technologies enable access to an infinite supply of energy sources, such as the sun, wind, water and waste from plants, food, animals, and industrial materials.

Cost-effective option

These technologies are low maintenance and provide an affordable way of generating power. This low maintenance further results in long-term savings on operating costs, as refuelling is not necessary.

Energy independence

Creating these technologies relies on natural energy sources and reduces reliance on foreign energy sources. This can further assist in improving a nation and its civilisation by providing confidence in their ability to sustain themselves.

CONS

Sporadic

Since renewable energy technologies rely on the whims of nature, the result isn’t guaranteed due to unpredictable natural conditions. This also contributes to geographic limitations, as different locations depend on the compatibility and availability of the technologies.

High upfront costs

When the process begins, the cost of these technologies can be high, including the materials needed, production, and installation of these different technologies.

Possible carbon footprint

While these technologies provide an alternative to fossil fuels, they are not entirely carbon-free. This could be due to emissions that may occur during processes of production and installation, such as with biomass energy.

The benefits and disadvantages above depend on environmental, financial, technical, social, economic, and administrative factors. These pros and cons are important factors to keep in mind when thinking about adopting renewable energy technologies for different nations.

Renewable energy technologies should aim to provide a climate-safe future where sustainable developments can occur without harming humans or our ecosystems. This further allows them to work towards solving energy shortages in a manner that benefits our planet.

RENEWABLE ENERGY COMPANIES IN SOUTH AFRICA

South Africa is a leader in renewable energy, and these four companies are at the forefront.

By Cailyn Scheepers

Here is a list of the top four renewable energy companies in South Africa.

1. Acciona Energia SA

Though based in Spain, Acciona Energia came to South Africa in 2012. Thereafter, they built the Sishen Plant in Northern Cape, which is one of the largest photovoltaic plants in the world. They also provide sustainable solutions for infrastructure and renewable energy projects.

2. EDF Renewables

Locally based, EDF develops, finances, operates, builds, and owns commercial renewable energy facilities. One of their projects includes the Waainek Wind Farm in the Eastern Cape, which produces energy equivalent to powering 20 000 South African homes.

3. JUWI Renewable Energies (PTY) LTD

JUWI South Africa is part of the JUWI Group, which is one of the world’s leading renewable energy companies. In 2019, PAN African Resources partnered with JUWI and became the first mine to go solar in South Africa.

4. Mainstream Renewable Power LTD

Up to now, Mainstream Renewable Power has been the most successful company in the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP). Not only were they the first to develop and build the country’s first wind and solar farms in Round 1 of the programme, but they have also created over 1 800 jobs for South African citizens.

3

4

7 FACTS ABOUT THE GROWING WORLD OF GREEN ENERGY

Think sunshine and strong winds are just weather?

Think again! Here are 7 interesting facts about renewable energy and how they’re shaping our future.

Compiled by Zakiyah Ebrahim

1. Enough sunlight hits the Earth every hour to power the entire planet for a year! That’s a lot of potential clean energy.

2. South Africa is the leading producer of wind energy in Africa, with several large wind farms up and running.

3. The energy in moving water, called hydropower, has been used to generate electricity for over 100 years. Hydropower is also the largest renewable energy worldwide – it produces over twice as much energy as wind, and over four times as much as solar!

4. Solar panels are becoming more affordable and efficient all the time: the cost of solar panels has dropped by 80% since 2010.

5. The green energy sector is creating millions of new jobs around the world: it saw a job boom in 2021, with employment reaching over 12.7 million, up from 12 million in 2020.

6. It is estimated that 90% of the world’s electricity can and should come from renewable energy by 2050.

7. Food scraps and other organic waste can be broken down to create biogas, a renewable fuel source. South Africa is exploring biogas production and has a multimillion-rand biogas plant in Bronkhorstspruit, Gauteng.

Sources: National Geographic Society, Scielo, CNBC, WeForum, The Economist, the UN, News24

RURAL ENDUMU INNOVATOR

SHINES BRIGHT WITH SOLAR-POWERED VISION

Driven by a love for understanding how things work, Sqiniseko’s exploration of robotics and renewable energy began with a simple desire to solve real-world problems.

By Lusanda Tamesi

From the heart of eNdumu, a rural community in KwaZulu-Natal, Sqiniseko Mthethwa’s childhood was filled with curiosity and a thirst for knowledge. Despite the challenges of limited resources and technology, Sqiniseko’s journey from a small rural area to the forefront of innovation is a testament to passion and perseverance.

A learner at Mandla Mthethwa School of Excellence, Sqiniseko found himself captivated by the world of science and technology. It was here, with dedicated teachers and a nurturing community, that the seeds of his passion for technology and robotics were reaped.

Sqiniseko’s interest in technology began when he was young and liked learning how machines work. “I loved figuring out how things worked and would take things apart to see how they worked inside, as I learned more about science and technology in school, my interest grew,” he says, adding:

“I was inspired by the idea of creating solutions to solve real problems, which made me explore robotics and renewable energy technologies.”

He started a big project, making a solar-powered car that can drive itself. This idea came from his love for renewable energy and automatic systems. Seeing how energy shortages affect rural areas, Sqiniseko wanted to find a way to help. This led him to showcase his project at Eskom Expo International Science Fair (ISF).

Sqiniseko describes his solar electric car as a smart toy that runs on the sun’s energy. It can “see” the road using sensors and move around obstacles without human help. By using solar power, the car promotes eco-friendly transportation.

Beyond his project, Sqiniseko envisions a future where South Africa relies on clean and green technology. He believes in the power of renewable energy to create a sustainable future. His project is a sign of hope for a world focused on long-term well-being.

Sqiniseko faced many challenges on his path to innovation. Despite obstacles like limited resources, he remained determined and continued to learn and grow. His participation in the ISF and International Science Technology Engineering Competition (ISTEC) is seen as a chance for young inventors to show their skills and encourage a culture of innovation.

According to his teacher, his project demonstrates the impact of innovation in solving real problems. By combining renewable energy with automatic technology, Sqiniseko is making a mark in sustainable transportation. He plans to pursue a career in mechatronics or electrical engineering, shaping the future of innovation.

In eNdumu, Sqiniseko’s bright ideas light the way towards a future full of passion and purpose. His journey from curiosity to creation inspires generations to think creatively. As he moves forward, it’s clear that Sqiniseko’s brilliance will continue to shine.

A POWER GRID FOR ALL

South Africa’s plan to expand its power grid could benefit everyone, not just with electricity access, but with job creation. Read on as we explore the potential for a national project with local impact.

By Alboricah Rathupetsane

South Africa needs to build over 14 000 km of power transmission infrastructure (or grid) before 2030 to achieve energy security. The grid includes power lines, electrical towers and transformers that are responsible for transporting electricity from the power stations where electricity is generated to the substations where it can be distributed to households and businesses.

By expanding the grid, more solar, wind and other forms of alternative energy resources can be connected and used to power South Africa more sustainably. But expanding the grid is a massive, national undertaking that involves Eskom, different government departments and the private sector.

This infrastructure megaproject is also important because it creates significant

construction and manufacturing demand, which can help boost local companies and potentially create more jobs. However, if implemented locally, this project would require the domestic sector to ramp up productive output from approximately 300 km per year of transmission lines to over 2000 km per annum – over six times the sector’s current build rate!

This is because this scale and speed of grid construction has never been done in South Africa and would therefore require local manufacturing and EPC (Engineer, Procure, and Construct) companies to expand their operations. However, this is not an easy feat. Some of the pre-conditions that need to be addressed for local companies to grow capacity include:

Having a certain level of market certainty: Increasing a company’s productive capacity requires investment – to buy more equipment, train staff or even hire more people. These companies need to know how much demand to expect over the short- and medium- to long-term to make capacity-building decisions.

The challenge of finding a technically trained workforce: South Africa has a shortage of accredited engineers capable of undertaking the required work. Plus, less than 1% of the high schools in South Africa are technical high schools. To have a technically skilled workforce in the long term, there is a need for more technical high schools.

The grid expansion is a big project, and most local companies don’t have the guarantee facilities that would satisfy the project developers. This means that to participate, small local companies will need to be backed by financial institutions, such as the Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) or the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC).

South Africa’s grid expansion project is still gearing up to start, offering not only a means to secure electricity access for all but the potential to bolster the local economy.

NUCLEAR MEDICINE RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE (NUMERI) FACILITY A WORLD-FIRST FOR CANCER,TB DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL RESEARCH

South Africa’s investment in advancing nuclear medicine research to address critical health challenges, including various cancers and tuberculosis (TB), has been boosted with the official opening of the Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) in May 2024.

Unveiled by the Minister of Higher Education, Science and Innovation, Dr Blade Nzimande, Gauteng Premier Mr Panyaza Lesufi, the University of Pretoria (UP) and other stakeholders, NuMeRI is Africa’s first nuclear medicine research and development facility.

It is located next to the Steve Biko Academic Hospital in Pretoria. NuMeRI is set to advance drug development and clinical research and provide cutting-edge diagnostics and treatment in relation to cancer, TB and other major diseases that are burdening public health.

The UP Health Faculty, as well as iThemba LABS and the Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa (Necsa) are major partners in this initiative, which has also received praise from the global community.

It is one of the 13 research infrastructure facilities established by the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) under the South African Research Infrastructure Roadmap. The Department invested R85 million towards the establishment of NuMeRi.

Nzimande said that NuMeRI will enhance South Africa’s research in medicinal chemistry, which will speed up the development of drugs to address national priority diseases

such as cancer and TB. “This will enable new pharmaceuticals to reach market sooner and give South African pharmaceutical development a competitive edge with global equivalents,” he said.

Another important aspect is the development of high-level human resources in nuclear medicine. According to the Minister, this infrastructure is expected to triple the current number of clinical PhD degrees and increase six-fold basic science PhD degrees in South Africa. To date, 20 master’s and 15 PhD students have completed their studies, with a further 17 master’s and 22 PhD students currently completing their studies.

Speaking at the launch, the Interim Vice-Chancellor and Principal of UP, Professor Themba Mosia, said: “The NuMeRI facility … is the first of its kind on the continent and a flagship of the use of nuclear for good.”

Nuclear medicine uses small amounts of radioactive material combined with a carrier molecule in the body to see how organs or tissue are functioning to diagnose diseases more easily. It then selectively targets and treats the diseased area in the body with molecular precision, sparing healthy adjacent cells.

Dr Lehlohonolo Majake, CEO of the Steve Biko Academic Hospital, reiterated the importance of early detection when it comes to cancer treatment. “By finding diseases early we can intervene in the early stages and significantly improve treatment outcomes and save lives.

The possibilities that NuMeRi presents are endless, added Majake, and it offers hope to patients and medical professionals.

Issued by the Department of Science and Innovation.

“Images are supplied”

Sustainability

R EP OR T 2 0 2 4 CARBO N TRAN S PAR E NC Y

Carbon dioxide concentrations are rising yearly, mostly because of the fossil fuels that people are burning for energy.

73% 52% 21% Waste Diversion Compost Recycle 48% 34%

How can I help the planet?

Start by decreasing your carbon footprint. Below are a few ways you can start being more ecoconscious.

O S S I L F U E L S D I V ES T E D R E DUCT I O N O F GRE E NHOU S E E M I S SI ON S

By Cailyn Scheepers

LIMPOPO HIGH SCHOOL USES SOLAR TO POWER CLASSROOMS

Renewable energy in schools is growing by the day. Although the majority still use fossil-fuelled electricity, some schools use alternatives. Such schools include Hoërskool Nylstroom in Modimolle, Limpopo.

The school has collaborated with Solarise Africa, a pan-African energy leasing company, to help reduce their carbon emissions using solar panels and heat pump installation. They hope this will inspire their youth to embrace a sustainable future. In 2023, Solarise Africa won the African Unicorn Award for Green Tech & Energy. The company has projects in South Africa, Kenya and Rwanda.

The solar power installation will result in an estimated 3 333-tons of CO2 emissions saved! The combined energy saved from the water heating system and solar PV system amounts to a huge 143MWh annually.

Anton du Plessis, headmaster of Hoërskool Nylstroom, says: “By harnessing renewable energy, we are not only reducing our carbon emissions but also creating a learning environment that empowers our youth to actively contribute to a greener future.”

The solar plant will also allow Hoërskool Nylstroom to replace 40% of its energy consumption with clean, renewable sources. The school anticipates saving a massive R639 000 with this contract, adds Solarise Africa co-founder and COO Sakkie van Wijk.

Solar plant panels at Hoërskool Nylstroom.

Credit: ITWeb.co.za

Credit: ITWeb.co.za

Solar plant panels at Hoërskool Nylstroom.

HOW TO CONTRIBUTE TO A GREENER ENERGY FUTURE THROUGH COMPOSTING

1-TYPES O COMPOST BINS:

-Simple Compost Bin: This is a great option for beginners. You can use a repurposed trash can (or 25l bucket) with holes drilled for ventilation.

-Three-Bin System: This is more efficientfor managing your compost pile. One bin is for collecting fresh scraps (greens), another for browns (like dried leaves), and a third for the finished compost.

-Tumbling Composter: This is a rotating bin that accelerates the composting process.It is ideal for smaller spaces or those who want faster results.

4-CREATING A BALANCED COMPOST PILE:

A good rule of thumb is to maintain a 3:1 ratio of browns to greens.

-Start with a layer of browns on the bottom for drainage.

-Alternate layers of greens and browns throughout.

-Chop or shred larger materials for faster decomposition.

-Moisten the pile with water when it feels dry, but avoid making it soggy.

2-CHOOSING A LOCATION:

-Pick a well-drained spot in partial shade with easy access for adding scraps and mixing the pile.

-Avoid placing it too close to your house or windows due to bad smells.

3-INGREDIENTS FOR YOUR COMPOST PILE:

-Greens: These are nitrogen-rich materials that provide moisture and kickstart decomposition. Examples include: vegetable and fruit scraps (coffee grounds too!), grass clippings, and tea bags.

-Browns: These are carbon-rich materials that provide structure and air circulation to the pile. Examples include: shredded cardboard, brown leaves, twigs, and straw.

5-MIXING THE COMPOST PILE:

-Use a shovel or a garden fork to mix your compost pile weekly (more frequently in hot weather).

-Mixing the pile allows for air circulation, speeds up decomposition, and helps maintain consistent moisture levels.

6-HARVESTING YOUR COMPOST:

-It can take anywhere from 3 months to a year for your compost to mature, depending on the size and management of your pile.

-Finished compost will have a dark, crumbly texture and an earthy smell.

-Use your compost to amend potting soil, directly in your garden beds, or around trees and shrubs.

COMPOSTING TIPS

-Avoid adding meat scraps, dairy products, or oily food waste as they can attract pests and create unpleasant odors.

-If you notice unpleasant smells, it likely means your pile lacks air or moisture. Add brown materials for aeration or turn the pile more frequently.

-There are numerous resources online and in libraries that offer detailed guides on composting.

S O L A R L I G H T S

MATERIALS

INSTRUCTIONS

Clean, empty jars in various sizes (depending on your desired light effect)

Solar lights (look for ones with removable lights): You can find these at most hardware stores or online Choose a size that fits comfortably inside your jar

Drill and drill bit/ screwdriver

Clear glue (optional)

Decorative items (optional): paint, stencils, twine, pebbles, etc

Wash your jars thoroughly and remove any labels

Here's where you can unleash your creativity! Paint your jars or cans solid colors, create designs with stencils, or wrap them with twine for a rustic touch

INSTRUCTIONS

Carefully drill/poke a hole in the lid of your jar The size of the hole should match the diameter of the solar light's stake (the part that usually gets pushed into the ground)

INSTRUCTIONS

If your solar light has a removable stake, detach it If not, you may need to get creative and improvise a way to secure the light inside the jar You can use a dab of clear adhesive or wedge the light in place using pebbles or marbles

INSTRUCTIONS

Use a variety of jar sizes and shapes to create a cluster effect

Line the bottom of your jar with pebbles or sand to create a base and add weight for stability

For a whimsical touch, add fairy lights or glow sticks inside the jar instead of a solar light

When choosing paints, choose outdoor-grade acrylics to ensure they withstand the elements

Place the solar light assembly inside your jar, making sure the solar panel is facing upwards to collect sunlight Test it out in a sunny spot during the day to allow the battery to charge By nightfall, your creation should illuminate your garden or patio with a warm, ecofriendly glow!

HOW SA’S INDUSTRIES ARE EMBRACING RENEWABLE ENERGY

By Zodwa Tiki

South Africa stands at the forefront of renewable energy adoption in Africa, with various initiatives and projects driving the transition towards a sustainable energy future. From rural communities to urban centres, renewable energy solutions are transforming the country’s energy landscape, fostering economic growth, and promoting environmental stewardship.

The Jeffreys Bay Wind Farm stands out as a significant renewable energy initiative located between the towns of Jeffreys Bay and Humansdorp in South Africa’s Eastern Cape province. The project swiftly began supplying substantial amounts of clean, renewable electricity by mid-2016, effectively catering to the energy needs of South African households. This endeavour has notably curbed annual carbon emissions. Beyond its environmental impact, the wind farm delivers tangible benefits to the neighbouring communities!

These advantages include the advancement of socio-economic development, facilitation of local economic inclusion, and employment opportunities that inject financial resources into the area, and the fostering of trust within the community. Through collaboration with the Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) programme, the project actively involves previously marginalised groups, addressing historical inequalities.

The Northern Cape province hosts one of South Africa’s flagship renewable energy projects, the Kathu Solar Park. Kathu Solar Park, a concentrated solar power (CSP) thermal energy power plant located near Kathu in South Africa’s Northern Cape province, began its operations in January 2019, harnessing the power of leading CSP technology to contribute renewable energy to the national grid. Construction of this solar endeavour commenced in May 2016, and by February 2019, it was fully operational.

Beyond its role in advancing South Africa’s renewable energy goals, Kathu Solar Park has become a catalyst for economic growth and job creation in the region. Its impact extends far beyond the confines of its physical footprint, with ripple effects felt in the neighbouring communities of Kathu, Kuruman, and surrounding villages.

By providing stable electricity to approximately 179 000 South African households, especially during peak demand periods, the solar park ensures not just power but also security and resilience for the region’s energy infrastructure. Through job opportunities and economic stimulation, it has emerged as a transformative force, showcasing

the potential of solar energy to drive progress on multiple fronts.

In 2022, significant strides were made in renewable energy with the installation of three solar power units in eKhenana, Wentworth, and eMalahleni. Situated in Cato Manor, eKhenana saw the establishment of a pioneering communal electricity hub and library housed within a container.

This innovative facility boasts essential amenities such as lights, a fridge, and a television, providing a vital resource during times of load shedding. Residents can gather here to access electricity, boil water, and utilise the facilities, fostering a sense of community resilience.

Similarly, the solar power unit in Wentworth plays a crucial role in mitigating the impact of loadshedding and power outages in the area. By harnessing solar energy, the community gains a reliable source of electricity, reducing dependence on the grid and enhancing energy security. In eMalahleni, the focus of the project is on empowering poor communities by establishing locally-owned energy hubs. These hubs are envisioned as community assets akin to clinics or schools, providing essential services and fostering self-sufficiency. Through initiatives like these, marginalised communities gain access to clean, sustainable energy while simultaneously fostering economic empowerment and community development.

Corporate entities in South Africa are also embracing renewable energy solutions to reduce their environmental footprint and operational costs. Woolworths, a leading retail chain, has invested in rooftop solar PV installations across its stores and distribution centres. As part of a pilot project, Woolworths installed a 30 kWp rooftop solar PV system at its Cape Town head office, aiming to address potential electricity blackouts and diminish the company’s carbon footprint.

Additionally, Woolworths implements various energy efficiency measures, including a Building Management System for light switching and air conditioning, alongside an online monitoring metre system known as MOL. The MOL system provides real-time insights into energy and water consumption, facilitating the identification of areas needing attention for improved efficiency. It also aids in detecting leaks, offers management online profiles of daily electricity consumption and billing, fosters staff awareness, and enables accurate forecasting and budgeting, thereby enhancing overall sustainability practices within the organisation.

Kathu Solar Park. Image credit: Kathu Solar Park gallery

Construction of Jeffreys Bay wind farm in 2014. Image credit: Jeffreys Bay Gallery

The solar hub at Khenana has a library, a fridge and television. Image credit: Nombulelo Damba-Hendrick for GroundUp

The rooftop solar PV system at Woolworths’ Head Office, Cape Town. Image credit: Western Cape Government website

OBJECTIVE:

Get Ready to Win A SOLAR-POWERED INVERTER

GREEN ENERGY INNOVATION CHALLENGE

The Green Energy Innovation Challenge aims to empower and inspire young individuals to develop innovative and sustainable green energy concepts that address local energy needs and contribute to environmental conservation.

ELIGIBILITY:

- Participants must be between the ages of 12 to 27 years.

- Participants must be in high school, TVET, or artisan level.

- Teams or individuals can participate.

COMPETITION CATEGORIES:

Wind Energy Innovations

Solar Power Solutions

Biomass Energy Concepts

Water and Hydropower Initiatives

COMPETITION GUIDELINES:

- Participants must submit a detailed proposal outlining their green energy concept, including its importance, environmental impact, and implementation plan.

- Proposals should focus on sustainable energy solutions that are cost-effective and suitable for SA communities.

- The winner will be selected based on creativity, innovation, practicality, and potential impact.

- The deadline for competition entries is 31 July 2024.

CLIMATE CHANGE: IT’S NOT JUST HOTTER WEATHER

Climate change is one of the greatest existential threats we face. The consequences of us not taking speedy action is disrupting the balance of nature, and, in turn, our everyday lives. Let’s explore how climate change threatens more in our lives than just the weather.

By Zahraa Schroader

Our oceans

Known as the ‘lungs’ of the Earth, the oceans are responsible for absorbing around 90% of all the heat trapped by greenhouse gases and capturing 25% of all carbon dioxide emissions. But as emissions increase, temperatures increase, and sea levels rise. Within a few years, our favourite beaches might no longer exist – and coastal towns may be flooded or eroded.

These emissions also increase the chances of seawater invading freshwater bodies, which we rely on for farming and consumption. Rising sea levels could also lead to erosion of sewerage systems and power plants.

Our jobs and employment opportunities

How should people get to work if they are frequently ill? Or work outside in higher than normal temperatures? How should they travel through hazardous weather conditions?

Communities who rely on fishing and eco-tourism are at risk of losing their livelihoods as the ocean becomes more acidic, and ecosystems disappear via climate change. Changes in weather patterns and increased heat can lead to a decline in crop yields and affect livestock.

Our society – and future

The United Nations Global Compact on Refugees said that, “climate, environmental degradation and disasters increasingly interact with the drivers of refugee movements”. Severe floods can wash away rural slums and destroy homes. Extreme weather events are dangerous and can lead to loss of life, and make it difficult for healthcare systems to keep up. And recovering from such (frequent) disasters is extremely expensive.

Have you noticed how everything is linked? The actions of today will either worsen the effects of climate change on every part of our lives, or they will help us reach a new balance with nature.

Our human health

A changing climate might not create new health threats, but it can worsen existing ones. Worsening air quality – from wildfire smoke and ozone smog – harms our health. A rise in global temperatures is linked to increased summer-related deaths.

This could also mean that insect-borne diseases, like malaria, become more prevalent as their carriers can thrive longer in the warmer seasons. And the changes in weather might affect how some diseases or allergenic pollen species are spread.

FIND WORDS LINKED TO

careers

By Zakiyah Ebrahim

7 EXCITING CAREERS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY

Since more and more people are thinking about the planet, the renewable energy industry is booming. Read on as we explore 7 green jobs you can dive into. Plus, we point you in the direction of where you can study and scholarship and bursary opportunities available.

Thinking about the environment and the future of energy? Renewable energy is a growing field that uses natural resources like sunshine, wind, and water to create electricity. These resources are constantly refilled by nature, making them sustainable solutions for our energy needs.

As more people become interested in protecting the environment, there’s a growing demand for professionals in the renewable energy industry. This offers exciting opportunities for you to explore careers that you’ll find both interesting and meaningful.

Let’s look at 7 potential career paths you could pursue in renewable energy.

1. Recycling Worker

Imagine being on the frontlines of reducing waste: recycling workers are like detectives sorting through a giant mix of materials. They separate items like glass, plastic, paper, and wood to ensure they get recycled properly.

Sometimes, they have to use heavy machinery to break things down or separate them efficiently. But it’s not just sorting – recycling workers also make sure they’re following safety rules and keeping an eye out for any materials that could be dangerous. It’s a job that combines teamwork, problem-solving, and a passion for protecting the environment.

2. Environmental Technician

Environmental technicians travel to different locations, sometimes outdoors, to collect samples of air, water, or soil. These samples are like clues that scientists use to understand and prevent pollution from harming our environment. Think of it as a hands-on job that lets you be part of the solution, keeping our planet healthy.

3. Environmental Scientist

Environmental scientists use their knowledge of science to solve real-world challenges. They might be researching ways to reduce waste, advising lawmakers on environmental policy, or tackling areas with heavy pollution. Think of designing experiments, analysing

data, and developing solutions to make our planet cleaner and healthier.

4. Urban Planner

Urban planners design the places where we live, work, and play, ensuring everything fits together – homes, businesses, transportation, and even how we get our energy. In the world of renewable energy, these planners focus on sustainable practices.

They collaborate with engineers, builders, and even the government to create and refine designs that integrate eco-friendly elements. It’s a hands-on job where you can directly impact the future of our cities, making them functional, sustainable, and ready for the challenges ahead.

5. Air Quality Engineer

Air quality engineers design and maintain systems that ensure we breathe healthy air, both indoors and outdoors. They tackle things like emissions, ventilation, and even unwanted particles in the air.

In the world of renewable energy, these engineers might develop eco-friendly ways to purify the air, working alongside other energy experts to create a cleaner and healthier future. If you want a career that involves science, problem-solving, and a passion for keeping our air fresh, this might be the one for you.

6. Environmental Specialist

Environmental specialists study how people and activities impact the environment by analysing samples and data to understand the problem. They develop plans to prevent future issues or fix existing ones. It’s a job where you can be a champion for the environment, using science to find solutions and create a healthier planet for everyone.

7. Environmental Health and Safety Officer

Environmental health and safety officers are like the real-life superheroes of our environment. They create and enforce plans to keep people safe from things like hazardous materials, contaminated water, and even pests in homes and workplaces. They travel to different locations, inspect spaces, and develop solutions to prevent health risks like food poisoning and diseases.

Where to study

If you’re interested in studying for any of the careers mentioned on the left, check out these tertiary institutions for more information:

University of the Witwatersrand : www.wits.ac.za

University of Mpumalanga : www.ump.ac.za

Rhodes University : www.ru.ac.za

Cape Peninsula University of Technology : www.cput.ac.za

University of Pretoria : www.up.ac.za

North-West University : www.nwu.ac.za

ONLINE:

UNISA: www.unisa.ac.za

UCT Online: The University of Cape Town also has an Energy Efficiency And Sustainability online short course which runs over eight weeks and requires students to put in 8–10 hours per week. For more information, visit www.uct-online.getsmarter.com

BURSARIES AND SCHOLARSHIPS

The Globeleq Scholarship Fund (GSF)

The GSF Engineering is open to students who:

- are South African citizens.

- are studying mechatronic or electrical engineering.

- are studying a National Diploma or Bachelor’s in Technology.

- have an interest in renewable energy.

- will be doing their 1st year or higher, excluding any bridging courses or extended programmes.

Approximately 48 beneficiaries have been selected each year. For more information on applying, visit www.globeleq.co.za where you will find the relevant online form. (Only online applications are considered.) Enquiries can be emailed to bursaries@ excelatuni.com

The Nedbank External Bursary Programme

The aim of the bursary programme is to address South Africa’s scarce-skills shortages, with a specific focus on Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM) and Green Economy skills.

There is a strict criteria for selection, including:

- Only South African citizens will be considered.

- You must have a proven financial need, as determined by household income.

- You must have obtained the following minimum academic results: An average of 65% in the year that you are applying for the bursary, i.e. in grade 12 or at university level, and an average of 65% for the required subjects aligned to the degree you plan to study at university.

- You must have obtained admission to a South African public university or university of technology for the Undergraduate or Honours qualification you plan to study.

Applications are open until 31 July 2024. For more information, visit www.nedbank.co.za and search “The 2025 Nedbank External Bursary Programme”.

Turbines at the Darling Wind Farm in South Africa.

Credit: flickr.com/warrenski

Did you know that wind power generation began in the UK and US in 1887 and 1888? However, modern-day wind power is considered to have been first developed in Denmark, where horizontal-axis wind turbines were built in 1891 and a 22.8 metre wind turbine began operation in 1897.

As for South Africa, wind power was only introduced in June 2000. The South Africa Wind Energy Programme (SAWEP) launched the Darling National Demonstration Wind Farm as a National Demonstration Project. The project consisted of four German-designed wind turbines that produced 1.3MW of electricity each.

Today, wind turbines operate on a straightforward principle: rather than using electricity to generate wind like a fan, they harness wind to produce electricity. The wind turns the propeller-like blades of the turbine, which spin a rotor connected to a generator, thereby creating electricity.

SOUTH AFRICA’S DARLING WIND FARM

By Cailyn Scheepers

Darling Wind Farm was one of the first three wind farms in South Africa. It is located 70 km north of Cape Town, between Darling and Yzerfontein on the west coast of South Africa. The plant consists of four Fuhrländer horizontal axis wind turbines.

Currently, the Darling Wind Farm sells its green electricity through two Power Purchase Agreements: one with the City of Cape Town and another with POWERX. Through these agreements, the farm’s four wind turbines supply 8 million kWh of green electricity to the grid, reducing the country’s carbon footprint by 8 000 tons of CO2 per year!

Nice to know: If you’re looking for some great photographs, you can drive fairly close to the wind turbines. They look especially striking against the beautiful blue Cape Town sky. Standing at around 50 metres tall, they are equivalent to a 17-story building from ground level.

POWER PLANTS IN SOUTH AFRICA:

PIONEERING GREEN ENERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

By Fulu Mukosi

Hey there, energy enthusiasts! Today, we’re diving into the fascinating world of power plants in South Africa and how they are shaping the country’s green energy land scape. Get ready to explore some intriguing facts and discover the exciting career prospects that lie within this dynamic industry.

1. The Rise of Renewable Energy

South Africa is experiencing a remarkable shift towards renewable energy sources, aiming to minimise its carbon footprint and ensure a sustainable future. Traditional coal-fired power plants dominated the landscape, but the winds of change are blowing.

2. Solar Power: Harnessing the Sun’s Energy

South Africa is blessed with abundant sunshine, making solar power a prime contender in the country’s renewable energy mix. Vast solar farms, such as the Jasper Solar Energy Project and the Sishen Concentrated Solar Power Plant, are emerging across the nation, harnessing the sun’s rays to generate clean electricity.

3. The Wind Energy Revolution

With its vast coastal areas, South Africa has great potential for harnessing wind power. The Sere Wind Farm, located in the Western Cape, is one of the largest on the African continent, generating enough energy to power thousands of homes. Wind turbines dot the landscape, gracefully converting the power of the wind into electricity.

4. Hydropower: A Source of Clean Energy

Although South Africa’s hydropower potential is limited compared to other countries, it still plays a vital role in the renewable energy landscape. The Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme, situated in the Western Cape, acts as a giant “battery,” storing excess energy during off-peak hours and releasing it during peak demand, effectively managing the power grid.

5. Exciting Career Prospects

As the green energy revolution unfolds, numerous career opportunities are emerging in South Africa. From engineers specialising in renewable energy systems to researchers pushing the boundaries of innovation, there is no shortage of exciting paths to pursue. Environmental consultants, energy analysts, and project developers are also in high demand, ensuring a smooth transition to a sustainable energy future.

6. The Importance of Energy Efficiency

While South Africa embraces renewable energy, it’s equally crucial to focus on energy efficiency. Efforts to reduce energy consumption through smart grid technologies, energy-efficient appliances, and sustainable building designs are gaining momentum. Energy auditors and efficiency experts play a vital role in optimising energy consumption and reducing waste.

7. Embracing a Green Mindset

Transitioning to a green energy future requires a collective effort. South Africa encourages individuals and communities to adopt greener habits, such as reducing energy consumption, embracing public transportation, and promoting recycling. By working together, we can make a significant impact in preserving our environment for future generations.

South Africa is at the forefront of the green energy revolution and exciting career prospects await those passionate about renewable energy. So, whether you’re a high school student pondering your future or a university student seeking a green career path, the power plants of South Africa offer a world of possibilities. Let’s join hands in shaping a greener and brighter future for all!

GREEN ENERGY EVENTS HAPPENING NEAR YOU

By Lusanda Tamesi

Making green energy happen takes teamwork! Think about it: behind each green energy concept is collaboration of innovative people coming together, planning, and conducting the planned activities. These plans come together at events where policymakers help shape a sustainable future.

Read on to find out about upcoming green energy events you can attend! For events where you can’t find a direct website, visit www.10times.com – an events website around the globe.

Tshwane Energy Summit

Hosted by the Tshwane Economic Development Agency (TEDA), the Tshwane Energy Summit is set to bring together industry leaders and key stakeholders in the energy sector. With South Africa facing an extreme energy crisis, this summit is set to discuss the energy crisis and showcase alternative energy development. This two-day event will feature local and international exhibits.

Date: 19 – 20 June 2024

Venue: SunBet Arena, Pretoria

Be sure to visit their website www.teda.org.za for more information.

5th SAIMM school on Manganese Ferroalloy production

The Secunda Petrochemical and Energy Roadshow, an annual event in Secunda, is calling everyone in the petrochemical and energy field to come together and connect. Explore new technologies, exchange ideas with industry peers, and discover potential business ventures. From technical showcases to meeting the engineers behind groundbreaking projects, this event promises to be both informative and inspiring. Don’t miss your chance to be part of this vibrant community and advance your career in the petrochemical industry!

Date: 03 – 05 July 2024

Venue: Boardwalk ICC, Gqeberha, Eastern Cape, South Africa

Africa Renewables Investment Summit 2024

Africa Renewables Investment Summit seeks to accelerate renewable energy investment in African countries by linking institutional investors, project developers, policymakers, energy utilities, regulators, corporates and the most influential energy sector decision-makers under one roof. Key experts will gather at ARIS to dissect solutions to rapidly energise Africa. There will be lots of opportunities to meet investors.

Date: 25 – 26 September 2024

Venue: CTICC, Cape Town, South Africa