Beijing’s Near Futures
Our goal in this research studio was to gain an understanding of Beijing from the point of view of its particular mode of regulation and accumulation. We also sought to identify gaps between the rhetoric of urban development promulgated by the state and the reality of the built environment. Once we had explored these potential contradictions, the research mainly focused on the possible future implications of the existing system of urban development as latent existing challenges were extrapolated out into the intermediate and long term futures. The ambition of SCI-Arc’s work in China was to ask fundamental questions about the Chinese city and to formulate a vision of the future of development unconstrained by the existing received discourse on the city. By looking at plausible futures based on existing conditions, our aim was to provide an outsiders perspective on the city that is grounded in enough reality to provide for a provocative discussion on the future of urbanization.
Published in September 2009. This book is a compilation of the studio works of the students from the Future Initiatives Program of the Southern California Institute of Architecture. Students: Sasha Monge, Bethsabee Sabbah, Avani Sheth Faculty: David Bergman, Peter Zellner All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form without the prior permission from SCI-Arc. Printed in USA.
Beijing’s Near Futures
Introducing Beijing a. Historical Overview b. Statistics and Facts c. Beijing’s urban development over the past 50 years d. Beijing’s 11th Five-Year Plan
9 10 12 15
Special Economic Zones a. Location of Special Economic Zones b. Zhongguancun Science City c. Financial Street d. Central Business District
28 31 35 41
Olympic City a. Beijing Olympic City b. Case studies of World Olympic Cities c. Beijing’s Plan for the Olympic City
58 64 72
Future Proposals a. Traditional Infill b. Where is the bird? c. Sell the bird’s nest! d. Vastness = Power e. ctrl C, ctrl V
78 86 92 100 106
Copy, Paste, Alter a. Design Approach b. Figure Ground Diagrams c. Figure Ground Combinations d. Site Density Distribution e. Individual Forms f. Combination Low, Mid and High Rise g. Stacking Diagram h. Activity Diagram i. Block Reference Diagram j. Block Diagrams
122 123 126 128 129 134 136 138 140 142
Addendum a. Study of Single Use Cities b. Urban dictionary c. Bibliography
156 160 162
Introducing Beijing
Introduction
| 7 |
Introduction
| 8 |
southern end of the Forbidden city. This east-west transport connection, some forty kms long, was more of a political move than an act of functional necessity. There, buildings were placed side by side in an egalitarian fashion, whereas buildings on the imperial axis were hierarchically placed. Similarly, the old city walls were razed and replaced by ring roads, and many of the old residential districts of hutongs (courtyard houses) were turned into modern high-rise buildings, and department stores. In fact, the Communist Party considered the old buildings to be icons of the corrupted past and set the goal to turn Beijing into a modern industrial city: “convert consumer cities into producing cities” according to Mao. In order to ensure the well functioning of the city, the government decided to lay down the infrastructure around the city: ring roads were added in a circular fashion over a period of 50 years. The long-term implications of Mao’s decisions would soon appear to be devastating for Beijing. Not only has Beijing lost its cultural heritage and identity, but any attempts to revive its history have also been a mere aesthetic move. Beijing has developed into a modern international metropolis that feels placeless and soulless. The recent Olympic games have tried to reconcile Beijing’s present with its cultural past, yet it does not really mark the beginning of a new identity for the city. Is the symbol of Chinese culture merely enough to represent the richness of Chinese history?
Introduction
Beijing’s history goes back 3,000 years, making the city one of the oldest in the world. Situated in a plain surrounded by the Inner Mongolian Highland and the Great Northern Plain, the city’s location is strategic for both the defense and protection of its territory. Beijing was the capital of several imperial dynasties, beginning with the ancient state of Yan up to the Qing dynasty. Beijing is now the capital of the People’s Republic of China. The remnants of the Chinese cultural heritage can be seen in the old city, where the imperial past is characterized by large structures relating to each other in meaningful cohesion. The central part of Beijing called Imperial City, including the Forbidden City and the surrounding gardens, was initially planned and constructed during the Yuan dynasty in the 15th century. The layout of the Forbidden City was to follow existing palaces in Nanjing, the Southern capital of China. The layout was based on a central axis, emphasizing hierarchical order and ascent to divinity, and culminating in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the ritual center of the empire. The old city was surrounded by walls meant to protect and provide security for the people. After the fall of the last dynasty in 1911 and the creation of the People’s Republic in 1949, the city’s dynamic changed dramatically. In an attempt to establish a new secular order in Beijing, Mao Zedong, then founder and Chairman of the People’s Republic of China, broke the divine axis by establishing an East-West axis at the
| 9 |
Historical Overview
Introduction
| 10 |
Statistics and Facts
Government *Beijing is under the control of the national government rather than the surrounding provinces. *The city has its own appointed officials. *Beijing city is an independently administered municipal district. *Beijing Municipal Government is located on the 2nd Road in the Dongcheng District. *Party Secretary: Liu Qi; Mayor: Guo Jinlong. *Beijing City: 16 districts and 2 counties, including Dongcheng, Xicheng, Xuanwu, Chongwen, Chaoyang, Haidian, Fengtai and Shijingshan in or close to the Beijing city proper and Fangshan, Mengtougou, Changping, Tongxian, Shunyi, Daxing, Huairou, Miyun, Pinggu and Yianqing in the outer suburbs. *Township: 317, a total of 134 district offices and 183 townships. Area *16,800 square kilometers, 160 kilometers from east to west and over 180 kilometers north to south. *Urban area of 87.1 square kilometers *38% of the city is flat land (6,390 square kilometers) and 62% mountains (10,417 square kilometers). Population *Resident population of 17 million people *Density: 4th rank in China *City’s population density is 11,500 people/ sqkm; Beijing municipality: 800 people/ sqkm *Birth rate: 8.32%, mortality rate: 4.92%, the natural growth rate: 3.4% (2007). * 56 ethnic groups live in Beijing; 96% of the city’s population is Han.
Economy (2008 estimates) *GDP: US$ 151.12 billion *Per capita GDP: US$ 9,082 Transportation *Subway: opened in 1971, now has 9 lines that cover most of Beijing *Roads and expressways: total of 5 ring roads (without counting the first ring road, which is not officially defined); very congested. Architecture *3 styles in Beijing: traditional, “Sino-Sov” and modern. *Traditional: some examples are the Forbidden City, the Imperial Ancestral Temple and the Temple of Heaven *”Sino-Sov”: built between the 1950s and 1970s, one example is the Art’s District 798. *Contemporary: noticeable in the Beijing CBD and Financial street; CCTV Tower.
Yanquig Miyun Huairou Great Wa l Chanping Ming Tombs Pinggu Shunyi
Zhongguancun science c ty Mentougou
Haidi n Shij ngshan han Financial Street Fengtai
Olympic C ty Chaoyang 1 2 CBD 3 4
Impe ial C ty
Fangshan
Tongzhou
Daxing
China
Beijing Province
Beijing City
C: Outer suburbs
A: Central City B: Inner suburbs
B 2
A
3 4 5 6
Beiijing Major Roads, 2008
Beijing Ring Roads, 2008
Beijing Districts, 2008
urban construction
rural construction
large industry construction
transportation
Central city
9,350
0
0
0
Inner suburbs
63,990
9,720
2,440
10
Outer suburbs
30,150
90,400
18,670
110
Total (hectares)
103,490
100,110
21,110
120
Source Tempo-Spatial Patterns of Land Use Changes and Urban Development in Globalizing China Yichun Xi
Introduction
| 11 |
C
Introduction
| 12 |
Beijing’s urban development over the past 50 years
Archaeological findings suggest that the site of modern Beijing has been inhabited continuously for more than 3000 years. Its history as China’s capital spans the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. In 936 Liao-Nanjing, on the site of modern Beijing, was established as the most southerly of 5 Liao dynasty sub-capitals. In 1153, under the name of Jin-Zhongdu, Beijing rose to become the most prominent capital of the Jin Dynasty. In 1267, Kublai Khan ordered the transfer of the Yuan dynasty’s capital from Mongolia to a site located by north-east of the destroyed ruins of JinZhongdu, naming it Dadu. Dadu is regarded as the precursor of presentday Beijing. After the fall of the Yuan dynasty, in 1368, Dadu-Beijing temporarily lost its capital status, when the new Ming emperor moved the capital to Nanjing. The third Ming emperor Zhu Di decided to reinstate the Dadu site as the Ming capital, building a new capital there under the name of BEIJING in 1421. In 1644 the first emperor of the Qing dynasty, Shun Zhi, decided to retain the capital in Beijing. Apart from a brief period during the civil war, Beijing has remained as the capital ever since. The urban design of Beijing’s historic city is based on the Yuan Dynasty’s thirteenth-century capital, Dadu. This makes Beijing one of the world’s oldest centrally-planned cities, and an important living example of ancient Chinese city planning.
1949 represents a turning point in Chinese history and urban planning. In fact, not only has the People’s Republic of China been created in 1949, making China a Communist nation, but the Beijing Urban Planning Committee was also established in the same year, and will soon prove to be a catalyst of change for the city. In order to turn Beijing into a modern capital city capable of sustaining 20th century industrialism, the Planning Committee was to invite urban planners and architects from in and outside of China, notably the Soviet Union, who would devise a plan for the urban development of Beijing. Architect Liang-Si-Cheng was one of the architects appointed for the task. He returned from the United States after having studied architecture at the University of Pennsylvania and became the father of Modern Chinese Architecture. His plan for Beijing was to “keep the old city and build a new city outside of the city walls”. The main characteristics of his urban plan for Beijing were: to develop Beijing as the political, cultural, social and industrial center of China; to include a series of ring roads around the city center as main thoroughfares for the city; and to control and limit the expansion of the city to four million inhabitants. Ultimately, his plan was taken into account and in the Spring of 1958, the Planning Committee approved the “Beijing City Construction Master Plan”, which was based on “Scatter- Conglomeration Type” or “Mother-Baby towns”, that is to divide the city proper into independent areas
around the city center, separated by green belts. Industrialization and the construction of communal factories (work units) were in line with the communist ideology of turning Beijing into a producing city. The “Great Leap Forward” would result in higher levels of pollution and congestion. In 1966, at the dawn of the Cultural Revolution, urban construction slowed down; 1973 saw the introduction of the Beijing City Master Plan, but no implementation was put in place and until 1976, the city fabric did not change. The Reform and Openings policies of 1976 improved the situation rapidly due to the move to a market-driven economy. A new plan for Beijing was devised and approved by the Planning Committee in 1983. The “Beijing City Construction Master Plan” emphasized the political and cultural status of Beijing and prioritized the industrial sector as well as provisions for pollution control, and improvement of infrastructure and transportation services. At the same time, historic preservation of ancient cultural relics in Beijing was highlighted. The next city plan was released in 1993 and established Beijing as a true international city. The “Beijing City Master Plan” focused on the modern development of Beijing and integrating hightech industries with the unique historical heritage of Beijing. “The conservation plan for the historic and cultural city of Beijing” was implemented in 2002 and aimed at the protection of what is left of Beijing’s past.
1953
Introduction
| 13 |
1958
1973
1983
1993
Introduction
| 14 |
Beijing’s 11th Five-Year Plan
Introduction
A quick overview of the 11th Five-Year Plan does not reveal the disparity between Beijing’s vision and what is actually practiced on site. In fact, sound objectives are put forward, such as environment optimization and comprehensive development, which can be taking shape in the city. However, a deeper look at the rhetoric and a closer observation of the reality confirm the inconsistency existing between the two. Beijing’s vision consists of “creating a harmonious society” with the ambitious goals of maintaining high economic growth, limiting pollution and waste, and improving education, social security, medical care, etc. In terms of urban development, the plan’s objectives include the development of Beijing into a “livable and modern international city”, using green technology and a “sound planning” to ensure a smooth transition. The lack of clear guidelines and the ambiguous nature of the plan promote the opportunity for subjective interpretations of the plan, ultimately causing the vision to be at variance with reality.
| 15 |
There exists a discrepency between the rhetoric of Chinese officials and what is done in reality on the ground.
“Efforts should be to improve the city town system [...] to build Beijing into a livable and modern international city.”
Introduction
| 16 |
Beijing’s 11th Five-Year Plan, Part II, Section I, (II)
V VISION
R REALITY
R
Tiananmen Square, Beijing
| 17 |
Trial Plaza, Madison Square, New York
Introduction
V
“Efforts should be focused on the following: to build a series of streets with green illumination, and environmentally friendly architecture ”
Introduction
| 18 |
Beijing’s 11th Five-Year Plan, Part III, Section I, (III)
V VISION
R REALITY
R
CBD, Beijing
| 19 |
Fukuoka, Japan
Introduction
V
“Public transportation will be promoted as a priority [...] construction of a city cycling system should be speeded up.”
Introduction
| 20 |
Beijing’s 11th Five-Year Plan, Part III, Section III, (I)
V VISION
R REALITY
R
3rd ring road, Beijing
| 21 |
Bicycle routes and pedestrian ways
Introduction
V
“Urban center construction should be carried out in a scientific and orderly fashion to improve the overall planning and sound urbanization.”
Introduction
| 22 |
Beijing’s 11th Five-Year Plan, Part III, Section IV, (II)
V VISION
R REALITY
R
Informal housing, CBD, Beijing
| 23 |
New York Skyline, USA
Introduction
V
“Overcome the phenomena of duplicated construction”
Introduction
| 24 |
Beijing’s 11th Five-Year Plan, Part III, Section V, (IV)
V VISION
R REALITY
| 25 |
Barcelona, Spain
R
4th ring road, Beijing
Introduction
V
Special Economic Zones
Special Economic Zones
| 27 |
Special Economic Zones
| 28 |
Location of Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
Special economic zones are designated areas in countries that possess special economic regulations that are different from other areas in the same country. Moreover, these regulations tend to contain measures that are conducive to foreign direct investment. Conducting business in a SEZ usually means that a company will receive tax incentives and the opportunity to pay lower tariffs. The SEZ in China has a major role to play in the development of the country and its flourishing Economy. Special Economic Zone or SEZ is a geographical region with a distinct set of Economic laws which are evidently more liberal than the rest of the country. Of the earliest Special Economic Zones that were established, the most famous is the Special Economic Zone in China which was established under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980’s. The development of the Southern Chinese Economic Block can be well understood with a thorough and in-depth examination of these Economic Zones. Established by the People’s Republic of China to encourage foreign investment, the Special Economic Zones in China , like the SEZ in any other part of the world, assures the advent of much needed jobs, technical knowledge, significant tax concessions. China’s SEZ have successfully triggered its economic growth.
Beijing has mainly set up four special economic zones within its metropolitan limits, namely: Central Business District, Financial Street, Zhongguancun Science City and the Olympic Village. The main reason for the government to form these special economic zones was to enhance development through foreign investments. These special zones adopt different favorable policies, they play the role of developing the foreign-oriented economy, generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and also help in accelerating inland economic development. The biggest benefit to the foreign investor when investing in Beijing, is significant tax concession during the early life of the project. These zones are created in those parts of the city where land is available and the land value is very low. These areas are well developed most times, whereas some parts of the city are seen to have reverse effects. If the land value goes up too high, it limits further development of the area. In Beijing, the special economic zones still look under developed and under construction sites are seen at many places. This accelerated economic development has brought forth at the same time considerable regional disparities, economic and social problems. Within The PRC is investing significant resources into developing and improving the infrastructure located within the SEZ. Infrastructure investments in these SEZ’s are usually quite apparent. Today these SEZ play an important role as a trial field, creating many experimental launches, including price reform, transfer of property rights, and housing reform.
Zhongguancun Science City
Central Business District
Financial Street
Area of Study: SEZ
Total SEZ Area
Special Economic Zones | 29 |
Olympic City
Zhongguancun Science City, Beijing, 2009
Special Economic Zones
| 31 |
Science City or Electronic Market ?
Special Economic Zones
| 32 |
Zhongguncuan Science city
Zhongguancun China Science Park (ZCSP) is Beijing’s science and technology centre and was the first state level high-tech research and development zone approved by the State’s Council in the year 1988. It comprises of seven zones: Haidian Zone, Changping Zone, Fengtai Zone, Yizhuang Zone, Jianxiang Technology Zone, Dasheng Technology Zone and the Electronics City. Zhongguancun is a technology hub in Haidian District of Beijing. Situated in the northwestern part of Beijing city, in-between the 3rd and the 4th Ring Road, Zhongguancun is in close proximity to Beijing’s two most important educational institutes. The Zhongguancun science city looks more like a wholesale electronic market at the first sight than a research centre. The so called modern buildings with glazed facades are used as wholesale markets for all kinds of electronic goods, with several venders sharing the same floor space. From the road side, one can not understand what happens inside the buildings, unless one takes a closer look at the floors that are dumped with cartons of the electronics sold. The area seems relatively congested compared to other parts of the city with crowded streets and two wheeler parking taking space of the pedestrian pavements. Those (ZCSP) sectors enjoy a promising market prospect and development potential including information communication and microelectronics, bioengineering and medical technologies, materials science and technologies, clean and recyclable energies, environmental protection technologies and equipment have long been the priority of Beijing Municipal Government in this area.
1
2
3
Special Economic Zones
| 33 |
4
M
M
5
1. Area 123,491 sq. m. 2. Building Footprint 57,790 sq. m. (46%) 3. Green Area 20,329 sq. m. (16%) 4. Figure Ground 5. Infrastructure (Street area): 21,439 sq. m. (17%) 6. Section 6
Financial Street, Beijing, 2009
Repetitive architecture is a trademark of Beijing’s Financial Street.
Special Economic Zones
| 35 |
Financial Street, Beijing, 2009
Green space at the Financial Street
Special Economic Zones
| 38 |
Financial Street
After 7 years’ construction, Beijing Financial Street has by now become a hot spot and a new rising financial center for developing China’s banking and financial services in the capital. Beijing Financial Street lies to the east of the western section of 2nd Ring Road. It starts from Chang’an Avenue in the south and ends at Fuchengmennei Street in the north. Within the circumference of 1 square km, more than 10 skyscrapers have been erected on the street. Over 300 financial institutions including People’s Bank of China, The People’s Insurance Company of China, Commercial and Industrial Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Communication Bank of China, China Securities Regulatory Commission, CITIC Industrial Bank are found in the street. In the coming five years, Beijing government will continue to extend the street to accommodate more financial institutions. Beijing Finance street is being developed by Beijing Street Holding Company, Ltd. The architectural firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; along with SWA landscape architects prepared the urban plan, landscape and the building design guidelines for Finance Street’s Central Park District currently in construction with build-out scheduled for 2008. The building facilities are designed around interior courtyards, a design concept which typifies the ancient Hutong neighborhoods surrounding the Forbidden City. With tall taller buildings lined up on one side of the freeway, the financial street look like a single sided strip development. The area consists of many high end hotels, residences for the expatriates , banks and governmental buildings, all concentrated on a small stretch of the 2nd Ring Road.
1
2
3
Special Economic Zones
| 39 |
4
M
5
M
1. Area 148,003 sq. m. 2. Building Footprint 39,605 sq. m. (27%) 3. Green Area 19,320 sq. m. (13%) 4. Figure Ground 5. Infrastructure (Street area): 39,633 sq. m. (27%) 6. Section 6
Central Business District, Beijing, 2009
Special Economic Zones
| 41 |
The CCTV tower marks the skyline of Beijing’s CBD.
Central Business District, Beijing, 2009
Cars are the main mode of transportation in the district.
Central Business District, Beijing, 2009
Mixed-use buildings are widespread in the CBD.
Special Economic Zones
| 46 |
Central Business District
Beijing’s Central Business District (CBD) is located in the Chaoyang District, in the eastern side of the city. The Financial Street is its counterpart, located on the west side of the city. The two zones represent the financial hub for Beijing. Originally, the idea of a CBD emerged out of the desire to increase land value, and drive all trade and commerce to one convenient central place. In 2001, the CBD Administrative Committee was created to be in charge of planning the CBD, of managing and facilitating investments and of improving the work environment for the upcoming professionals. Also initiated in 2001 was the Comprehensive Plan for Beijing CBD and Temporary Measures for Quickening Beijing. Like most developments in Beijing, it aimed to accelerate the pace of development and construction of the zone. The sooner the zone was realized the sooner the land value would increase. The result was several mid- to highrise buildings scattered over approximately 4 square kilometers. This new development did not take into consideration the existing city fabric which is composed of small residences, local convenient stores and small businesses. CBD Master Plan calls for a green belt that runs north to south and a greenway that runs east to west. Current green space only represents 12% of the total area. If the CBD wants to truly have a green belt running along the major north-south and east-west axis, it will have to increase its green canopy to at least 20%. In 2008, more than 15,000 businesses and other institutions had established their offices here. This includes 130 Fortune 500 companies, 230 overseas financial institutions and 36 headquarters of transnational companies.
1
2
3
Special Economic Zones
| 47 |
4
M
M
5
6
M
M
M
1. Area 1,330,610 sq. m. 2. Building Footprint 343,222 sq. m. (26%) 3. Green Area 153,046 sq. m. (12%) 4. Figure Ground 5. Infrastructure (Street area): 178,711 sq. m. (13%) 6. Section
Olympic City
| 49 |
Olympic City
The Bird’s Nest is the predominant structure in the Olympic City.
The Water Cube’s innovative skin design is an elegant combination of sustainability and technology.
Beyond the smog lies the immense Olympic Forest.
The “Torch Run� statues stand before National Indoor Stadium.
Olympic City
| 58 |
Beijing Olympic City
Beijing was well prepared for the coming of the Olympics. The bigger question is, is Beijing prepared for the aftermath?
| 59 | Olympic City
The Olympic Games gave Beijing the opportunity to create a new image of the city. Since 2001, Beijing implemented the olympic spirit through smiling and good-manner campaigns. The city was completely refaced; old buildings disappeared over night and new ones sprung into sight. New subway lines were built, 500,000 jobs were created and pollution was reduced. The Olympics affected the city in multiple ways, truly creating a new Beijing.
| 60 | Olympic City
Barcelona experienced a major redevelopment for the 92 Olympics, but Beijing’s Olympic City is still 13 times bigger than Barcelona’s. Total Area: 11,526,170 m2 Scale: 1/3400” = 1’-0”
| 61 | Olympic City Figure Ground Analysis Total Building Footprint: 1,093,417 m2 9% of Total Area Scale: 1/3400” = 1’-0”
Olympic City
| 62 |
M
M
M
Street and Walkability Analysis Total Street Area: 1,005,038 m2 9% of Total Area 13% of Site is Walkable Scale: 1/3400” = 1’-0”
| 63 | Olympic City Green Area and Surfaces Considered one of the greenest Olympic venues, Beijing’s green is 54% of the site. Total Area: 6,257,585 m2 Scale: 1/3400” = 1’-0”
Case Studies of World Olympic Cities
Barcelona Beijing Seoul
Mexico City
Olympic City
| 64 |
Atlanta
Sydney
Olympic games have always had an impact on the city hosting them. In fact, the study of world Olympic cities shows that even the smallest investment in the Olympic game led to a change in the urban fabric of the city. Five examples have been chosen in this study according to low, medium and high levels of urban for the post-Olympic
impact and what it means
use of the land and facilities added. Mexico City (1968 Summer Olympics)
was downsized to its original size and returned to its previous use: University stadium.
Seoul (1988 Summer
Olympics) is an example of high urban impact, meaning that changes have been made to the city as a whole, including transportation systems, construction of new airports, roads and renovation of various infrastructures. After the Olympics, Seoul’s Olympic Village was given to the local University for student use, such as dormitories and sport centers. Barcelona (1992 Summer Olympics) is also an example of high urban impact: the city has done a great amount of work at the city scale to host the games. In fact, Barcelona is often seen as the most successful Olympic city and model for future Olympic venues because of the improvement and sound planning of the city for the games.
Atlanta (1996 Summer Olympics) is an example of modest urban impact: the city had focused on building new sport facilities but not on improving the city. Post-Olympic uses of the Olympic stadium were short-lived due to the failing stadium. The last study is Sydney (2000 Summer Olympics), which is also an example of high urban impact. Much as Barcelona did, Sydney improved its city fabric by adding buildings based on ‘green’ principles. The study of those cities will help better gauge how Beijing’s should do about its venues after the games.
2008 Olympic impacted on the city and what the city
Olympic City
Olympic games in Mexico was renovated and enlarged to accommodate more people. After the Olympics, the stadium
| 65 |
is an example of low urban impact because little or no facilities have been constructed. The stadium used for the
Olympic City
| 66 |
1968- Mexico City, Mexico
Area: 327,304 m2 • No major investments • Use of existing facilities • Post-Olympic use of facilities: returned to the Ciudad Universitaria soccer and football teams • Olympic Village converted into housing complex.
Olympic City
| 67 |
1988- Seoul, South Korea
Area: 437,430 m2 • Development of Olympic Village and sport facilities • 3 subway lines, 47 bus routes, • de-polluting the Han river, garbage/hygiene improvement, • New museums and art centers built • Post-Olympic use of facilities: Stadium used as by the Seoul United FC football club and occasionally hosts concert and entertainment venues • Olympic park is used for public activity and housing.
Olympic City
| 68 |
1992- Barcelona, Spain
Area: 877,088 m2 • Development of Olympic Village and 15 new facilities, new marina, coastal ring roads, re-structuring sewage system, renovation of waterfront facilities • Post-Olympic use of facilities: seen as model for Olympic venues because of its impact on the city scale; Stadium used for European championships
Olympic City
| 69 |
1996- Atlanta, USA
Area: 490,532 m2 • Construction of sport facilities: Olympic stadium, aquatic center, gym, basketball • Post-Olympic use of facilities: Georgia State University and Georgia Tech took over part of the Olympic Village for student dormitories • Olympic Stadium used by the basketball team Atlanta Hawks; as well as for concert and entertainment venues.
Olympic City
| 70 |
2000- Sydney, Australia
Area:166,473 m2 • Olympic Village and new Olympic stadium, buildings based on ‘green’ principles, with solar systems and water recycling. • Post-Olympic use of facilities: intended for massive renewal project for the Homebush Bay area • The Olympic park is now holding more than 1,800 events each year, including the Sydney Royal Easter show, Australian football League as well as music festivals.
1988 Seoul, South Korea Area: 437,430 m2
Olympic City
1968 Mexico City, Mexico Area: 327,304 m2
| 71 |
Olympic Cities- Compared
1992 Barcelona, Spain Area: 877,088 m2
1996 Atlanta, USA Area: 490,532 m2
2000 Sydney, Australia Area: 166,473 m2
Olympic City
| 72 |
Beijing’s Plan for the Olympic City
The big question with Beijing’s large scaled Olympic city is: what is Beijing going to do with the surplus space and its buildings? The problem Beijing is facing at present is that the Bird’s
Nest is extremely big. Even after removing
11,000 seats, the iconic stadium is so big that Chinese soccer teams are not willing to play a match at a stadium that will look half empty even when the house is full. And if enough tickets are not sold, it is too expensive for the soccer teams to use the building. Currently, for a small fee, tourists are welcomed to visit the stadium, the Water Cube and the Olympic Forest and enjoy the buildings from the inside. More than 3 million people have visited the stadium since it opened to the public in October 2008. This has become a steady income for the stadium’s owners, but not enough to recover the costs of its building operation. Thousands of visitors come to the Olympic zone each day to experience
proposals for the Bird’s Nest
is to remove all the seating from the building and reuse the space as a high-end shopping mall. The Water Cube is presently open for locals to use. There is a lounge bar on the first floor and the swimming pools are well maintained for use by members only. Though, soon it might find a new use as a movie
theater. This will attract more people
and the buildings will be put to better use other than just as tourist attractions. This will also help Beijing recover the cost of construction sooner. Both the Bird’s Nest and Water Cube will soon close for renovations. The Bird’s Nest will be transformed into a shopping mall which will feature restaurants on the second and third floors, while the Water Cube will be converted into an entertainment
complex with cinemas and restaurants. Along with
these changes, other buildings are expected to develop in the surrounding areas and the entire Olympic zone will be transformed for a new use. Western cultures view the Bird’s Nest is an iconic piece of architecture that Beijing should be proud of and turning it into a shopping
mall seems counterproductive. Will turning the Bird’s Nest into a
shopping mall really work as anticipated? Or will it defeat the purpose of creating iconic architecture that was meant to bring cultures together in a place of respect and harmony?
Olympic City
looking at other uses for the Bird’s Nest and the Water Cube. One of their future
| 73 |
the buildings. Most visitors are Chinese with a few Europeans and people from other nationalities. Beijing is currently
Future Proposals
Future Proposals
| 75 |
| 76 | Future Proposals
5 unauth futures for Olymp
FOR
LE
R SA
| 77 | Future Proposals
horized r Beijing’s ic City
| 78 | Future Proposals
Traditional Infill
Bring the old city fabric into the Olympic City. Traditional Infill attempts to merge traditional and modern architecture in a nondisruptive manner. This will give Beijing the opportunity to preserve its existing iconic architecture and bring back its traditional housing. The hutongs occupy the in-between spaces and the existing Olympic buildings are repurposed for community use.
Future Proposals
| 79 |
Traditional Infill
Future Proposals
| 80 |
Future Proposals
| 81 |
| 82 |
M
Future Proposals
M
M
M
M
Figure Ground Analysis M
Existing Building Footprint 9% Proposed Building Footprint 20%
Traditional Infill
Existing Walkability 13% Proposed Walkability 30%
| 83 | Future Proposals Existing 54% Proposed 35%
Existing 6% Proposed 7%
| 84 | Future Proposals
Existing Site Use
Traditional Infill
Streets Leisure Activities Natural Resources
| 85 | Future Proposals Proposed Site Use Residential Business Institutional Streets Leisure Activities Natural Resources
Future Proposals
| 86 |
Where is the bird?
Add iconic architecture to the Olympic City.
Future Proposals
| 87 |
Beijing has ‘The Nest’ (Olympic stadium) and ‘The Egg’ (National Centre for the Performing Arts), but where is the bird? The idea is to build another iconic piece of architecture in the Olympic zone that will attract more tourists. The Olympic zone is then converted into a contemporary new tourist destination taking precedence over the old Forbidden City.
| 88 | Future Proposals
M
M
M
Figure Ground Analysis
Existing Building Footprint 9% Proposed Building Footprint 10%
Existing Walkability 13% Proposed Walkability 13%
Future Proposals
| 89 |
Where is the bird?
Existing 54% Proposed 54%
Existing 6% Proposed 8%
| 90 | Future Proposals
Existing Site Use
Streets Leisure Activities Natural Resources
Future Proposals
| 91 |
Where is the bird?
Proposed Site Use Residential Business Institutional Streets Leisure Activities Natural Resources
FOR
SALE
Sell the bird’s nest!
Free up the space for new developments.
Future Proposals
| 92 |
Beijing has larger problems to solve than taking care of the Bird’s Nest. The Bird’s Nest was built for a purpose and it has fulfilled its role. Its future is unclear. An option is to sell and transport the Bird’s Nest off-site, freeing up the land for new development.
Future Proposals
| 93 |
Future Proposals
| 94 |
FOR
SALE
Sell the bird’s nest!
Future Proposals
| 95 |
SALE
Sell the bird’s nest!
M
Future Proposals
| 96 |
FOR
M
M
Figure Ground Analysis
Existing Building Footprint 9% Proposed Building Footprint 45%
Existing Walkability 13% Proposed Walkability 13%
| 97 | Future Proposals Existing 54% Proposed 48%
Existing 6% Proposed 5%
SALE
Future Proposals
| 98 |
FOR
Existing Site Use
Streets Leisure Activities Natural Resources
Sell the bird’s nest!
| 99 | Future Proposals Proposed Site Use Residential Business Institutional Streets Leisure Activities Natural Resources
Future Proposals
| 100 |
Vastness = Power
Create a more powerful government plaza.
Future Proposals
| 101 |
The Olympic City becomes the new government center for Beijing. The vast space expresses and symbolizes power. Beijing decides to shift all its governmental activities here leaving the Forbidden City solely as a tourist attraction.
| 102 | Future Proposals
M
M
Figure Ground Analysis
Existing Building Footprint 9% Proposed Building Footprint 7%
Existing Walkability 13% Proposed Walkability 9%
Future Proposals
| 103 |
Vastness = Power
Existing 54% Proposed 50%
Existing 6% Proposed 5%
| 104 | Future Proposals
Existing Site Use
Streets Leisure Activities Natural Resources
Future Proposals
| 105 |
Vastness = Power
Proposed Site Use Business Institutional Streets Leisure Activities Natural Resources
Future Proposals
| 106 |
ctrl C, ctrl V
Make multiple copies of the bird’s nest.
Future Proposals
| 107 |
Successful building types are excessively repeated in Beijing. The logic of this copy - paste urbanism is applied to the iconic architecture of the Olympic City.
| 108 | Future Proposals
M
M
M
Figure Ground Analysis
Existing Building Footprint 9% Proposed Building Footprint 14%
Existing Walkability 13% Proposed Walkability 13%
Future Proposals
| 109 |
ctrl C, ctrl V
Existing 54% Proposed 43%
Existing 6% Proposed 3%
| 110 | Future Proposals
Existing Site Use
Streets Leisure Activities Natural Resources
Future Proposals
| 111 |
ctrl C, ctrl V
Proposed Site Use Residential Business Institutional Streets Leisure Activities Natural Resources
Future Proposals
| 112 |
Phasing Diagram
Phase 1
Phase 2
Existing
Existing
Demolition
Demolition New
Future Proposals
| 113 |
ctrl C, ctrl V
Phase 3 Existing Demolition New
Phase 4: Completion
Future Proposals
| 114 |
Stacking Diagram
Plots Built-up Green Car Access Metro Line
Future Proposals
| 115 |
ctrl C, ctrl V
Future Proposals
| 116 |
Activity Diagram
Future Proposals
| 117 |
ctrl C, ctrl V
Copy Paste Alter | 119 |
Copy Paste Alter
Copy Paste Alter | 120 |
Beijing’s Olympic City Transformed by Copy, Paste, Alter
The Copy – Paste proposal turns this repetitive tendency to Beijing’s advantage. The Olympic City’s icons are mutated and repeated to fill in surplus vacant space in the Olympic City. This proposal understands Beijing on its own terms and puts its logic into practice.
Copy Paste Alter | 121 |
Beijing has a fetish for iconic architecture. But at the same time, the repetitive nature of development dominates the city. Beijing acknowledges its tendency to follow and copy from other sources to transform itself into a modern city.
Design Approach
Copy Paste Alter | 122 |
1 Olympic Site = 103 Tiananmen Squares
To get a better understanding of Beijing’s urban density compared to other city densities, we studied the figure ground of several cities. For highdensity cities we looked at Manhattan, Paris and Barcelona. For mid-density cities we studied Century City in Los Angeles, Marseille, and Tunney’s Pasture in Canada For lowdensity cities we looked at Irvine and University of Gainsville in Florida. And finally, we also looked at USC and Georgia Tech as examples of a combination of high to mid density and mid to low density urban capes. Beijing is an example of a mix urban density, however, the transition from one to the next happens as a result of rapid, uncoordinated urban growth. The mix and match diagrams attempt to explore this transition from one urban density to another. In plan, we have provided a strong edge between one density and the next, but in vertical density, the transition is smoother and more gradual. The diagram to the right is a scale study of public spaces. We compared the Olympic City size to other well known open public spaces such as Tiananmen Square, Central Park and Forbidden City. The Olympic City is in all cases much larger, which means that programming and occupying the site will be much harder and require more than just the public element. Public and semi-private / semi-public spaces will need to be introduced to diversify the site and avoid large, unused public spaces.
=
1 Olympic Site = 5.5 Central Parks
=
1 Olympic Site = 5 Forbidden Cities
=
Copy Paste Alter | 123 |
Figure Ground Diagrams
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
University of Florida, Gainsville
Copy Paste Alter | 124 |
Irvine Business Complex, Irvine
Century City, Los Angeles
Copy Paste Alter | 125 | Manhattan, New York
University of Southern California, Los Angeles
Figure Ground Combinations
Mid Density
Low Density
IBC, Irvine
Century City
M
M
Copy Paste Alter | 126 |
M
M
Low Density
High Density Manhattan
University of Florida
M
M
High Density
Mid Density
Century City
USC, Los Angeles
Urban Zoning Envelopes and Density Curve Profiles
Option 1
Option 2
High - Low - Mid
Mid - High - Low
Low Density
High Density
University Of
Manhattan
Florida
M
M
Mid Density
Mid Density
Georgia Tech
Georgia Tech
High Density
Low Density
Manhattan
University of
M
Florida
Option 3
Option 4
High - Mid - Low
Low - Mid - High
Copy Paste Alter | 127 |
M
M
Site Density Distribution
General Density Distribution
Copy Paste Alter | 128 |
Los Angeles Skyline
Section
Density Curve
Built-up Density
Site
Proposed Skyline for Beijing’s Olympic City
High Rise
Mid Rise
Low Rise
High Density
Medium Dentisy
Low Density
Individual Forms
Copy Paste Alter | 129 |
Low Rise Forms
Copy Paste Alter | 130 |
Mid Rise Forms
Copy Paste Alter | 131 |
High Rise Forms
Copy Paste Alter | 132 |
Copy Paste Alter | 133 |
Copy Paste Alter | 134 |
Combination Low, Mid and High Rise
Copy Paste Alter | 135 |
Copy Paste Alter | 136 |
Stacking Diagram
Built-up Green Car Access Metro Line
Copy Paste Alter | 137 |
Copy Paste Alter | 138 |
Activity Diagram
Copy Paste Alter | 139 |
Copy Paste Alter | 140 |
Block Reference Diagram
High Rise Development Residential
30%
Commercial
15%
Entertainment
15%
Amenities
5%
Parking
10%
Green
15%
Research Center
30%
Health Science Center
20%
Practical training
10%
Amenities
10%
Parking
20%
Green
10%
Mid Rise Development Administration
10%
Academic
30%
Cultural
20%
Amenities
12%
Parking Green
6% 22%
Copy Paste Alter | 141 |
Low Rise Development
Block Diagrams Low Rise Block - Research and Development Center
Office Research
Research Centers
Copy Paste Alter | 142 |
Health Sciences
Health Sciences
Mid Rise Block - University Campus
Book Store
Student Lounge
Copy Paste Alter | 144 |
Student Union
Cafeteria
Administration
Library
Bird’s Nest Multi-disciplinary Sports Center with classrooms and offices
High Rise Block - Residential / Commercial Mix Use
Mix Use Towers
Mix Use Towers
Copy Paste Alter | 146 |
Residential Tower
Sky Bridge
Businesses
Copy Paste Alter | 148 |
Copy, Paste, Alter takes the simple act of repeating a form to the next level by altering, transforming and merging the form into infinite combinations. This future proposal enables the Olympic City to reach its full potential as a vibrant urban hub by adding residential/commercial mix use developments, a university campus and a research center. The zone is reintegrated into the city fabric and it no longer stands alone as the “Olympic City.� Instead it serves as an example for Beijing’s future developments.
The Model
Copy Paste Alter | 150 |
Copy Paste Alter | 151 |
Copy Paste Alter | 152 |
Copy Paste Alter | 153 |
Addendum
Addendum
| 155 |
Study of Single Use Cities
At the southern most tip of the Asian landmass, flaunt eastward by the south China sea and westward by the Indiana ocean, separated from Singapore by a narrow channel of water lies the southern most state of Malaysia - Johor. Its
Johor
geographical location at the confluence of the East-
Malaysia
for political and economical control in the straits of
West shipping route is a sign of historic struggle Malacca. The name Johor means jewel in Arabic, which tells a story of its commercial and trading history in gems, precious stones and metals such as tin and gold. This strategic position prospered the Johor royal empire in the 16th century and played an important role in turning Johor into a thriving ultra port by the mid 17th century. This geographical factor is significant to the present and future development of Johor as it aspires to be a fully developed state by the year 2020. Its close proximity to Singapore has been an attractive factor in investing in Johor. It has plentiful supply of industrial services, commercial
| 156 |
other support services. Strategically located by a
Addendum
floor space as well as cheaper skilled labour and
output, Johor is fast developing into a major
4 hour flight time from major international cities, which accounts for 14 % of worlds economic logistics hub with rapid growth of its air and sea terminals, rail services and communication industries. The states seaports of Paseguda, Tanjong Pelepas, and Tanjung Langsat have been attracting some of the major shipping lines. Positioned between one of Malaysia’s most dynamic development zones, Senai airport is poised to become the new regional logistics airport of southeast Asia. These infrastructure enhancements have attracted many of the worlds leading multinational cooperation to locate their manufacturing plants, logistical marketingdistribution bases and international procurement centres in Johor.
Toulouse is home to the aerospace industry in France and Europe. Located in southwest France, some six hundred kilometers away from the capital, Paris, Toulouse is the fourth largest city in France with a little more than one million inhabitants. Its history dates back from the Roman Empire, when the city used to be a major metropolis of Western Europe. However, Toulouse had to wait until the 20th century to become a major hub and center of
Toulouse France
research and education widely known in all Europe. In 1970, France, Germany and the United Kingdom proposed an initiative to form an Economic Interest Group or GIE in Toulouse around Airbus Industry in order to spur development and technological advances in the aerospace industry. Airbus now produces around half of the world’s jet airliners. The company alone employs 60,000 people scattered in the European Union, including France, Germany, UK and Spain. The Aerospace industry in Toulouse represents one of the largest space center in Europe, with
Space, Europe’s largest satellite manufacturer and CNES’s Toulouse Space Centre (CST). A total of 500 affiliated companies are present in Toulouse and provide some 120,000 jobs in the aviation and space flight industries. Starting in 2005, the cluster of aerospace companies and research centers in Toulouse was given a new name: “Aerospace Valley”. Since its inauguration, the “Valley” has reached a budget of 460 million Euros and instigated more than 220 projects. The aim of the “Valley” is to “create 40,000 new jobs within the next twenty years” and to “consolidate the cluster’s world number one position in civil aeronautics.”
Addendum
system, the SPOT satellite system, Thales Alenia
| 157 |
the headquarters of Airbus, Galileo positioning
Silicon Valley is a leading high-tech hub where a high concentration of companies involved in the semiconductor and computer industries are located. The area originally got its name for the large number of silicon chip innovators and
Silicon Valley California
manufacturers that settled here back in the late 1960‘s, early 1970‘s. Silicon Valley is located in the Santa Clara Valley in the southern end of San Francisco bay. San Jose, the capital of Silicon Valley, is the tenth largest city in United States with a population of 1,006,892 people. The Valley has a long history with technology and research centers. In 1909, the US Navy Research and Technology center was located here. To help support the navy base, multiple technology firms move to the area. When the navy moved out in the 1930’s, NASA took over the area. This allowed for the old companies to stay and for new ones to move in. In 1951, the Stanford Industrial Park was created to help allocate graduating students who were interested in technology
Addendum
| 158 |
research. The area provided inexpensive housing which was ideal for newly graduated students, and there was plenty of industrial space in the valley for new companies to open. Today, San Jose is the third largest high-tech city in the United States right after New York and Washington metropolitan area. It has the highest concentration of high-tech workers with 285.9 per 1000 workers. There is a total of 225,300 high-tech jobs that pay an average of $144,800 salary, one of the highest salaries in the country. The Silicon Valley maintains its position as a world renowned technology center. Notable companies located here are Google, Apple Inc., Adobe Systems, e-Bay and Yahoo!. There are also three major universities that keep the research and learning environment alive: Stanford University, San Jose State University and Santa Clara University.
Tsukuba Science City is a research and education center in Tsukuba City in southwest Ibaraki Prefecture. In the early 1960s, it was decided to move research institutes affiliated to government offices and national educational institutes to ease overconcentration of population in the Tokyo Metropolitan area and to promote science and technology as well as advance of education. As of 2008, the city has an estimated
Tsukuba Japan
population of 207,394 and a population density of 730 persons per km². Its total area is 284.07 km². Tsukuba is sometimes considered part of the Greater Tokyo Area. By 1980, 43 national organizations for research and education had moved to the 27-square kilometer (10.4-square mile) site in Tsukuba. Tsukuba Science City leads scientific and technological research in Japan. In 1985, it hosted the international Tsukuba Science Expo. Beginning in the 1960s, the area was designated for development. Construction of the city centre, the University of Tsukuba and 46 public
to stimulate scientific discovery. Its constituent municipalities were administratively united in 1987. By the year 2000, the city’s 60 national research institutes and two universities had been grouped into five zones: higher education and training, construction research, physical science and engineering research, biological and agricultural research, and common (public) facilities. These zones were surrounded by more than 240 private research facilities. Among the most prominent institutions are the University of Tsukuba (1973; formerly Tokyo University of Education); the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK); the Electrotechnical Laboratory; the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory; and the National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research. The city has an international flair, with about 3,000 foreign students and researchers from as many as 90 countries living in Tsukuba at any one time.
Addendum
1970s. The city became operational in the 1980s
| 159 |
basic scientific research laboratories began in the
Urban Dictionary air quality
Ex: Soho Developments at the CBD
a measurement of the pollutants in the air; a description of healthiness and safety of the
grid
atmosphere
a rectangular system of coordinates used in
WHO (World Health Organization) acceptable
locating the principal elements of a plan.
particulate matter: 20 micrograms/meter3 Beijing: as bad as 400 to 810 micrograms/meter3
hutong a neighborhood composed of a series of alleys
authenticity
that form courtyard housing and communal living
the quality of being authentic; genuine; native to one’s society or culture
integration an act or instance of combining into an integral
communism
whole; extending urban parameters to all parts of
the political and economic doctrine that aims to
the city
Addendum
| 160 |
replace private property and profit-based economy with public ownership and communal control of at
prefecture
least the major means of production
the office, jurisdiction, territory, or official residence of a prefect; somewhat self-governing
consumer society
entity
a community in which buying and selling is predominant over production
ring road
Beijing consumes more than it produces; 15% of
motorway road that often originally enclosed the
China’s imports go to Beijing
built up area and was later encroached upon by developed areas.
district
Today Beijing has 6 ring roads.
a division of territory, as of a country, state, or county, marked off for administrative, electoral, or
urban/rural sprawl
other purposes; a region or locality
to spread out, extend, or be distributed in an
Beijing has six inner districts Chaoyang,
irregular manner
Chongwen, Dongcheng, Xicheng, Haidian and Xuanwu
urban planning the activity of determining the future physical
dynasty
arrangement and condition of a community,
a sequence of rulers from the same family, stock,
involving an understanding of the present
or group
condition, a forecast of future requirements, a
Forbidden City
proposals to implement the plan
plan for the fulfillment of these requirements, and Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. Home of the Emperor;
single use cities
ceremonial and political center of Chinese
Designated areas solely dedicated to a perticular
government.
use or industry. Either supported by the local government or informally developed, single use
gated communities
cities continue to be the leading hub of their own
a group of houses or apartment buildings pro-
sectors. Manchester is an example that urbanised
tected by gates, walls, or other security measures
due to the textile manufacturing industry
Addendum
| 161 |
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Mars, Neville. Burb, New Urban China # 35.
www.savills-china.com/news/content.
http:/burb.tv/
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Pasternack, Alex. “Beijing’s New Year’s Fireworks
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beijing.htm.
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| 162 |
Chinadialogue. www.chinadialogue.net
Games. Beijing Olympic Action Plan. August 2008.
April 18, 2009
http://en.beijing2008.cn/59/80/
Addendum
June 3, 2009
Chung, Chuihua Judy, and Bernard Chang. “Great
The official website of the BEIJING 2008 Olympic
column211718059.shtml June 1, 2009
Leap Forward.” Cologne: Taschen, 2001. UIC School of Architecture. Off-Grid Scenarios: Dixin, Xu. “China’s Economic Zones.” Beijing
Solution for the endless City. July 14, 2009
Review, No.50, 1981.
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July 7, 2009 Wang Zi, Yang Hu, Song Chao and Feng Yuan. Grievink, Hendrik Jan. Urban China - Counter
Documenta magazine online journal, 2005.
Mapping Creative Industries #33. Nov. 2008.
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May 12, 2009 Yang, Tao. “Morphological Transformation of the Hu, Xiao. “Preserving the old Beijing: the first
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conflict between Chinese architects and the
www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-
Communist government in the 1950’s.” History
a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&q=1993+c
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ity+plan+for+beijing&aq=f&oq=&aqi=
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Yueh, Johanna. “Beijing Olympic venues slowly
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| 163 |
| 163 |
Addendum
Addendum
www.aerospace-valley.com/ www.aerospace-valley.com/en/the-cluster/ presentation.html www.beijingpage.com/ www.bjinvest.gov.cn/english/gn/200608/ t127053.htm www.btmbeijing.com/contents/en/ business/2004-10/coverstory/greatcity www.city-data.com/world-cities/BeijingGovernment.html
Addendum
| 164 |
www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-citiesdensity-125.html www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Valley www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Sicheng www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=3902 www.urbanrail.net/as/beij/beijing.htm www.unescap.org/esid/psis/population/ database/chinadata/beijing.htm 1958 master plan: www.bjghy.com.cn/English/ Planning_and_Development/1957_1958.html
Addendum
| 165 |
Image References for Olympic Buildings’ Memorabilia: 1. www.iconocast.com/H1/News1_0.jpg 2. www.media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photos/01/0f/d5/4e/bilbao-river-scene-near.jpg 3. www.eliciabuzz.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/ boston-skyline.jpg 4. www.yorku.ca/anderson/Images/silicon_valley_3. jpg 5. www.images.businessweek.com/ ss/08/06/0623_tech_friendly/image/01_silicon_ | 166 |
6. www.static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Media/Pix/
Addendum
valley.jpg
7. www.media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-
pictures/2008/02/08/silicon460.jpg
s/00/15/69/6d/etap-hotel-toulouse-centre.jpg 8. www.blog.ratestogo.com/wp-content/ uploads/2008/06/toulouse-square.jpg 9. www.isae.fr/modules/resources/download/ default/Vie%20etudiante/img/toulouse.jpg 10. www.upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/7/76/Singapore-Johor_Causeway.jpg 11. www.4.bp.blogspot.com/_JVukpr3Twk4/
Addendum
| 167 |
20. Orange chair
31. Pastry
www.a2-2a.blogspot.com
www.jenius.com.au
10. Jewel crown
21. Green crocs and lawn lamp
32. Hat
www.showchina.org
www.alibaba.com
www.gallery.ventyrecountystar.
11. Lego
22. Ash tray
www.chine-informations.com
www.coolbuzz.org
12. Nike black shoe
23. Bread
www.kicksonfire.com
www.yeinjee.com
13. Watch
24. Stamps
www.luxuo.com
www.chinaexpat.com
14. Brown Nike shoe
25. Postcard
www.jeedjaad.wordpress.com
www.chinadaily.com
| 168 |
15. Red watch
26. Pure gold model of bird’s nest
www.follyfancier.files.word-
www.luxist.com
www.chinatoday.com.cn
press.com
Addendum
Image References:
16. Diamond ring
27. Silver lawn lamp
37. Cake
www.rublog.com
www.clubsnap.com
www.weddingsatwork.com
17. Tourguoise ring
28. Teapot
38. New 10yuan bill
www.pearlsjewllery.com
www.nbnl.golbalwhelming.com
www.pocketburgers.com
18. Gold ring
29. Child’s model
39. Lego bird’s nest
www.gallery.rhino3d.com
www.en.beijing2008.cn
www. renegadebs.com
19. Chairs
30. Foodstuff and Potato fry nest
40. Flash USB drive
www.yankodesign.com
www.Kitschow.blogspot.com
www.diskonkey.blogspot.com
com 33. Hairstyle www.caipcaip.blogspot.com 34. Speakers in black and silver www.zedomax.com 35. Speakers set www.popgadget.net 36. Bamboo replica