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Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Airport Revolution Sudhir Sarup

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“New Skies” India’s Airport Revolution Published By:

SK ArchiDesign & Media Services Pvt. Ltd., Regd. Office: Q–25, Ground Floor, Jangpura Extension, New Delhi–110014, India Tel: +91.11.43271406. Mob: +91.9990608400. Email: archidesigngroup@gmail.com Web: www.archidesigncoffeetablebook.com Editor–in–Chief: Sudhir Sarup Creative Visualisation: Mukesh Singh, Sudhir Sarup, Photographs: By the Architects, Airports Authority of India, Private Owners & Mr. Ashok Kaul Cover & Kolkata Airport Photographs: Pradip Sen, Mr. V. P. Agrawal Photograph Credit: Cruising Heights ISBN: 978–81–922355–0–9, First Published in 2013. Copyright © 2013 by SK ArchiDesign & Media Services Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India No. of Airport Covered: 31+ Researched Articles and Features on Airport Planning, Sustainability in Airports, Signages etc. Cover Price: Rs. 2,995 per copy. VPP, Packing & Forwarding Extra. International Price: US $ 115 per copy. VPP, Packing & Forwarding Extra.

This book has been published in association with Airports Authority of India and to document the emerging trends in the architectural & engineering of the Airport Designs in India. Every effort has been made to ensure accuracy of all material supplied by the architects, designers & the Airports Authority of India and that the Publishers, printers, the editors and others connected with this publication will not be responsible for any inadvertent error(s). Jurisdiction: New Delhi, India only. All right reserved. No part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any forms or by any means without the prior written permission of the publishers.

Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Airport Revolution Sudhir Sarup

India’s Airport Revolution 6

Introduction by Mr. V. P. Agrawal

Foreword by Ar. Christopher Benninger

History of Aviation Industry

Private & Metro Airports 20

Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi New India’s Fresh Identity

Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai A Star Amongst Airports

Bengaluru International Airport, Bengaluru Milestone of Architectural World

40 48 54 62

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Hyderabad Comparable with the Best Cochin International Airport, Cochin Taking Heritage into the Future Chennai International Airport, Chennai That Winning Feeling Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport, Kolkata Design for the Future

State Capital Airports 72

Srinagar International Airport, Srinagar To Earthly Paradise on Wings

Jolly Grant Airport, Dehradun Be Jolly

Jaipur International Airport, Jaipur Telling Tales of a City

90 96 100 104 110 114 120

Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport, Lucknow Of Flight and Man’s Fascination Biju Patnaik Airport, Bhubaneswar Spirituality Takes Flight Birsa Munda Airport, Ranchi Industrial Might on Flight Raja Bhoj Airport, Bhopal A New Life Swami Vivekanand Airport, Raipur Wings of Hope Goa Airport, Goa The Glorious Wave Port Blair Airport, Port Blair When Sea Shells Inspire

Regional Airports 128

Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport, Amritsar Gateway to the Future

136

Udaipur Domestic Airport, Udaipur Contemporary Vocabulary and Vernacular Architecture

142

Dibrugarh Airport, Dibrugarh Jewel of the North-East

148 154 158 164 170 176 180 186 192 196 200

Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel International Terminal, Ahmedabad Flying Kites Surat Airport, Surat Weaving the Future Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport, Indore Breaking New Ground Vadodara Airport, Vadodara Galloping into the Future Chikalthana Airport, Aurangabad Welcome to the ‘City of Gates’ Trichy Airport, Trichy New Way Forward Mangalore Airport, Mangalore Overcoming All Odds Coimbatore Airport, Coimbatore Weaving an Urban Fabric Madurai Airport, Madurai Charting New Flights Tirupati Airport, Tirupati Religious and Radiant Edifice Indira Gandhi Airport, Visakhapatnam Creating New Potential

Articles & Features 208 212 216

New Generation Airport Designing

222 226 230 234 238 242

Designing the Perfect Air Cargo Terminal

Air Terminals for Tomorrow: An Indian Perspective Airports Authority of India Spreads Wings with Sustainable Development

Airport Retailing on Verge of Take-off Signage: An Important Component of Airport Architecture Renaissance in Design of ATC Towers Art in Indian Airports The Challenge that Lies Ahead

Introduction A

viation industry is a powerful symbol of economic growth of the country and the modernisation in Airline industry have made world like a global village as it has become a strong & effective tool to connect with the world. Airports, the world over are a crucial part of this ever growing industry. But there are a few essential pre-requisites for planning, designing and managing airports. ONE: The structure must be iconic and welcoming for the people as well as the visitors from around globe. TWO: The airport must be built rapidly and should have modular design for future expansions. THREE: The airport & airlines must be accessible to all with a cost effective and an economic fare structure. FOUR: The airport design must adhere to the strictest safety norms and highest environmental standards. And lastly, the airport design should engage and develop the local culture, talent and industry in its catchment area. However, 20 years ago, when Airports Authority of India took upon itself the challenge of modernising & building over 200 airports there was no such guidance available. As a young nation we often looked at the developed world for solutions to the challenges faced by developing world.

V. P. Agrawal

Chairman,

Airports Authority of India

Now, with untiring efforts of some well meaning professionals in the Aviation Industry, a well designed, well researched & a handy Coffee Table Book—“New Skies” is a compendium of world class Airport Architecture which is a reference for aspiring architects of India and for all the emerging countries, at least. With a user-friendly format, the book is full with helpful solutions like it provides insights into the solutions for designing and operationalising an airport in less than 24 months with 20 million-passenger capacity. No small task. The compendium is also dispersed throughout with a message that the most memorable edifices constructed by mankind have been the simple geometric shapes like the Great Pyramids, the Eiffel Tower or the Taj Mahal. The visually aesthetic, factually authentic, “New Skies” has a high shelf value. And since India, as nation is built on the principals of public good, it becomes imperative for civil servants to provide safe and inexpensive access to the larger public. I think with this book we are proud to echo the words of Frank Lloyd Wright, “A building is not just a place to be, but a way to be.” Enjoy reading!

foreword Ar. Christopher Benniger

AIRPORTS EXPLORING THE LIMITS ver a very short span of time India has created thirty-one state-of-the-art airports. This reflects India’s incredible economic expansion and the role of aviation in national development. Moreover, it illustrates India’s rapid adaptability in the design of a totally new building types, complex facilities and evolving designs. Airports demand large, long-span and well lit voluminous spaces, which are the hallmarks of a great architecture. Airports are structurally demanding, functionally complex and iconically the “entry to the nation and to our great metropolises.” Airports are a first-time visitor’s initial impression of India, and a hardened traveler’s old friend. Travel, and the terminals through which people move in millions, are essential to the nation’s economic development and well being. In this book one discovers a meticulous, comparative study of the work of large teams of architects, structural designers, mechanical equipment consultants, landscape architects, interior designers, urban planners and client groups working together in unison to create state of the art facilities spread over the subcontinent.

Airports: The cutting edge building prototype! One could construct a theoretical model of the evolution of architecture bound by two simple performance criterion that have driven structural design, and indeed construction, for the past two millenniums! These paradigms have shaped India’s airports, which are now at the apex of this technological transformation. The first criterion is concerned with the weight of the supportive and spanning structures in proportion to the sizes of the volumes these structural systems enclose. Evolution has been from heavier to ever–lighter structures, enclosing larger and larger spatial volumes. Airports must exploit this principle to be successful. The second criterion seeks the reduced footprint size of supportive structures in plan, in proportion to the length of the spaces they span; support footprints become smaller in inverse proportion to the distances they span. Again, this is the essence of an airport terminal! So historically footprints have become ever smaller, achieving ever–longer spans, enclosing ever–larger volumes with reduced weight of

supportive materials. These are the challenges posed to the designers of airports. As history revealed the secrets of structural systems, support and span disaggregated themselves from one another, and enclosing elements separated out into a third element, with the walls and roofing systems becoming distinct in–fills, separate from the supporting and spanning components respectively. Thus, in Gothic cathedrals one sees columns flowing up and branching out before meeting again at points at the top of the ceiling, with panels of roofing and walls acting more like self–supporting envelopes. Soon after World War II airports, like the 1954 Lambert–Saint Louis Airport by Yamasaki, Hellmuth and Leinweber, employed similar concepts of vast unpartitioned spaces, achieved by groin vaults to generate wonderful volumes and natural light experiences. The 1962 Washington Dulles International Airport by Eero Saarinen employed tensile cables to float a vast catenary roof over the departure hall, suspended from columns bent out in a visual and structural response to the forces suspending the 43 meters wide catenary curve span. If one traces back in history, a comparative case study would be the tremendous weight of the technically innovative Pantheon built in 126 A. D., with a 43.3 meters height and an equal span of unreinforced concrete, creating a shallow dome, compared to the light weight of the steel columns, and 43 meters span of the tensile roof of the Washington Dulles Airport. In the former case the Pantheon’s weight in tons of stone and cement for every thousand cubic meters of space enclosed, reduces to steel weighing one thousandth of that of the Pantheon, for every cubic meter of space! Again in the first case the footprint of the Pantheon covers a quarter of its plan area and spans forty–three meters, while the Washington Dulles Airport supports cover less than three percent of its footprint and span a similar distance in the short direction and two hundred meters in the long direction! Yet, the Pantheon, a kind of airport of the gods, remains the largest unreinforced concrete dome ever built until today. These trends began with stone bearing walls and massive lintels, like Stonehenge, with no roof, and small domestic and votive spaces where the stone wall corbelled in to become the roof; on to the invention of the daring arched

walls in Roman aqueducts, and on to the stone domes of Coptic Churches; then concrete unreinforced, coffered domes such as the Pantheon; ribbed columns and ribbed arches that silhouette the flow of forces within Gothic cathedrals, as forces flow from the top of great halls and volumes down to the foundations. This evolution which unfolded through centuries of trial and error, experimentation and pure daring, suddenly exploded with the age of empiricism, scientific methods and new innovations. Old materials like glass, metal and concrete, became plate glass, steel alloys and cement one hundred and fifty years ago! The Nineteenth Century saw all of these materials evolve from subjective crafts into precise, quantitative industrial processes, whose properties were accurately estimated through mathematical simulation formulae. Glass and steel exhibition halls in Paris and London were the precursors to the “airport prototype” of today! It was in the Gothic era that the most exciting, and ultimately defining innovations took place. For the first time, there is a concept of forces “moving” within structures, and the “tree like” collecting of loads, passing the stresses down from smaller to ever larger supporting arms below; each set of “carriers” below, carefully proportioned to the collecting supports lower down, resulting for the first time, in a structural order describing the invisible orders that shape them! A unity between structure and form was achieved that inspired the visions of architects up to the present era. This becomes more pronounced with the emergence in the Nineteenth Century of vast steel exhibition halls, with the Eiffel Tower in 1889 climaxing this movement of reducing structural weight compared with performance goals. In the Twentieth Century concrete shells, lamella–type framing, and pre and post–stressed concrete that made possible great savings in critical materials, emerged as the way forward. Airports and hangars became the testing grounds to employ these novel and experimental concepts in real–life scenarios. In the Gothic era the wall and the column, that in prior times were one element, became very distinct, allowing for a vastly improved material—glass to fill in large wall areas, transforming the entire concept of space into that of forms revealed by light, rather than ideas of forms revealed by large masses of stone. Leaded, stained and more transparent glass gifted architecture, the incredible rose windows and votive stained glass apertures of the Gothic period. Ribs, purlins and beams were boldly expressed, and flowed down Gothic structures along with the loads they carried as the over–riding stylistic expression. This “reading of structure” set a trend that we see in modern steel and glass structures like Paxton’s Crystal Palace, in 1851; on to August Perret’s reinforced concrete Notre Dame Le Raincy built in Paris in 1923. Pier Luigi Nervi’s understanding and expression of structure in works like his aerodrome hangars in 1938; and in 1955 Eero Saarinen’s Kresge Auditorium at MIT with its 155 tons dome resting on three small supports. All of these concepts feed ideas into the new building typology now known as airport terminals. Modernity, in the technological sense, has deep roots going back into the socially and politically medieval society

of the Gothic cathedral, where a unity was found between structure, function and form. For architects, modernity has a functional and programmatic dimension as well. Ever evolving new functions, like transport terminals, have demanded new spatial and structural innovations and forms. Early historical spaces were indeed very small, usually for domestic functions. From worshiping objects standing alone out–of–doors; on to worshipping modest icons within small chambers in Indian temples; to worshipping people who lived in grand palaces; the shift moved to worshipping knowledge and meaning systems, ideas, concepts and ideologies. Blind belief evolved into skeptical discourses, debates over hypothesis, and participation in decision making, shaping ever–evolving spaces to serve functions demanding visual connectivity and directional movement toward alters, priests and central idols! The modern cathedrals became the factory, the exhibition hall, the office building, the railway station, and today the airport terminus! Airports are the most recent, cutting–edge function that has evolved over the past half century. The airport is amongst the newest of mankind’s concepts! Accommodating more people, and the movement of large masses of people, has become another “paradigm” in the evolution that we have quite simplistically labeled as “modern.” This evolution stretches from the early suspension bridges, and steel rail-bridges; to Robert Maillart’s sleek reinforced concrete bridge over the river Arve in 1936; and includes the great railway terminals of the Nineteenth Century, like Victoria Terminus in Mumbai, or the Rome Railway Terminus in 1950; on through the amazing airport structures like Saarinen’s TWA terminal at JFK; to great airports emerging across India. One of the finest unions between space, function, structure and envelope is Hafeez Contractor’s domestic airport in Mumbai boasting unpartitioned spaces; within a naturally lit departure hall whose large curving trusses honestly express a true marriage between space, function, structure and form. Thus, one can trace intertwining social changes and technological innovations, in a metaphorical wrestling match, demanding and yielding ever–larger volumes, longer spans, employing lighter weight of materials, and less structural mass, and smaller “landing” footprints where the forces of the building touch the foundation supports at the ground level. Indian airports present a more interesting study of “space making” than grandstand icons around the world. They work under similar tight constraints that have moulded all great architecture through the ages, and are not the budgetless grand icons and national follies that are spread over international journals as forms of contemporary amusement. Indian airports are grounded in the reality of climate, available materials, local technology and strict budgets, just as meaningful buildings have always been. These continuously evolving trends in India are the threads from which all architectural fabric is woven; this is the underlying narrative from which the epic story for evermore cutting edge designs evolve. 

Flying in Mythology Ever since the dawn of mankind, the species Homo sapiens has cast envious looks at the birds soaring in the sky and yearned to imitate them. Many of the myths, not only Indian but Greek too, talk about flying men. Greek legends have the story of lcarus who to escape from a prison in Grete flew with wings prepared with birdsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s feathers and got burnt alive because he got too close to the sun. The first mention of a flying machine reportedly occurs in Ring Veda but it depends on that particular shloka (verse) which reads: Painting by Raja Ravi Verma

kṛṣṇáṃ niyânaṃ hárayaḥ suparṇâ / apó vásānā dívam út patanti tá âvavṛtran sádanād ṛtásyâd / íd ghṛténa pṛthivî vy ùdyate . dvâdaśa pradháyaś cakrám ékaṃ / trîṇi nábhyāni ká u tác ciketa tásmin sākáṃ triśatâ ná śaṅkávo / 'rpitâḥ ṣaṣṭír ná calācalâsaḥ Dark the descent: the birds are golden–coloured; up to the heaven they fly robed in the waters. Again descend they from the seat of Order, and all the earth is moistened with their fatness." "Twelve are the fellies, and the wheel is single; three are the naves. What man hath understood it? Therein are set together spokes three hundred and sixty, which in nowise can be loosened." )

In Swami Dayananda Sarawati’s interpretation, these verses become: “jumping into space speedily with a craft using fire and water…containing twelve stamghas (pillars), one wheel, there machine, 300 pivots, and 60 instruments. giving the impression that the lines talked about a flying machine, although the `wheel’ is most likely a metaphorical description of the yearly cycle, and ‘12’ and the ‘360’ are likeliest its months and days. But a clearer picture of a flying machine is available in the Ramayana. Pushpaka Vimana was the first flying machine in Indian mythology. Pushpaka Vimana was originally created by the God of wealth Vishwakarma for kubera, but was later stolen along with Lanka by the demon king Ravana, his half–brother. It was basically a chariot or car that could fly in the air long distances. It signifies that people might have attempted to design airborne vehicles and were curious about flight even in ancient times. Its description of Ravana’s Pushpaka Vimana is first flying Vimana mentioned in Hindu mythology (as distinct from the gods’ flying horse–drawn chariots. According to Mahabharata, the demon king Maya had a Vimana and the epic credits the invention of the flying machine to Yavanas (Greeks). In Mahabharata, Asura Maya, king of Asura (Daitya and Rakshasa), had a Vimana measuring 12 cubits (It is the first recorded unit of length) in circumference with blazing missiles and four Strong wheels. There is also mention of Vimanas in Jain Literature which describe many deities who served Mahavira as “Vimana Vasi” or occupants of Vimanas. According to Vedas, the god Indra, the Sun and several Vedic divinities were using flying chariots or cars pulled by the animals & birds. Flying machines are generally called Vimanas in the Vadic literature of India. Vimana is a Sanskrit word with many meanings ranging from mythological flying machines to palace or temple. According to Indian mythology Vimana is a chariot or car of the devas or gods, capable of traveling through the air. Vimana flew with the speed of the wind. There were different types of Vimanas like some Vimanas were saucer shaped and some like cigar shaped airships or long cylinders. The ancient Indian people wrote complete flight manuals (in Sanskrit) on the control of the various types of Vimanas, however some of then have been translated into English.

An illustration of a Bleriot XI plane.

An illustration of a Roger Sommer Biâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;plane.

Above : J.R.D. Tata posing in front of the De Havilland Puss Moth (originally owned by Deccan Airways Hyderbad) he flew on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the first airmail service in India.

The recent view of the godown area of Naini Junction, which was used to store letters received by the first airmail flight for further despatch b

Below: Licence copy of Aviator of JRD Tata in 1929.

Inauguration of The Aeronautical Society of India headquarters by the then Prime Minister P

Foundation laying ceremony of the Aeronautical Society of India building on December 24, 1961.

History of Indian Aviation Industry T

he historical evidence of the first planes brought to the country is accredited to His Highness the Maharaja of Patiala who sent a British Engineer CW Bowles to Europe to look at the new art or science of flying and brings a couple of planes with him. Maharaja’s ambition was fulfilled when in December 1910, Bowles returned with a Farman biplane made in England and a Gnome-Bleriot monoplane fitted with two seats. Unfortunately, neither of these aircraft became the first to get into the air. In early December 1910, a party from Belgium and two from England also came to India with several aeroplanes. Their idea was to showcase flying and naturally exploit any business opportunities that might arise out of the demonstrations. The first of these landed in India in Bombay (now Mumbai) by a merchant ship. This aircraft then set off for Allahabad with the intention of demonstrating the aircraft at the Industrial & Agricultural Exhibition due to be held there shortly. It arrived on December 5 and assembled the planes in five days at the polo ground right next to the Exhibition Grounds. So, first time the first flight touched the Indian sky on December 10, 1910 in Allahabad.

by the Railways. A view of the Safdarjung Airport, New Delhi.

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on April 4, 1963. The building came up at Indraprastha Estate, New Delhi.

Despite aeroplanes hitting India aerial sky space so early, the industry in the country can be seen rather delayed. One of the major deterrent can be the first world-war that broke out just few years later and which interrupted the progress of aviation in India for a while. The Royal Air Force inaugurated its first station in India at Ambala. But the Indian Air Force (IAF) was launched by an act of the Governor General on October 8, 1932. One week later on October 15, 1932, J.R.D. Tata founded first indigenous Tata Airlines, a division of Tata Sons Ltd. On that very same day J.R.D. Tata himself flew a single-engine De Havilland Puss Moth carrying air mail from Karachi’s Drigh Road Aerodrome to Bombay’s Juhu Airstrip via Ahmadabad. Initial service included weekly airmail service with a puss Moth aircraft between Karachi and Madras (now Chennai) via Ahmadabad and Bombay, covering over 1,300 miles. In its very first year of operation, Tata Airlines flew 160,000 miles, carrying 155 passengers and 10.71 ton of mail. In the next few years, Tata Airlines continued to rely for its revenue on the mail contract with the Government of India for carriage of surcharged mail, including a considerable quantity of overseas mail brought to Karachi by Imperial Airways. The same year, Tata Airlines launched its longest domestic flight—Mumbai to Trivandrum with six-seater Miles Merlin. In 1938, it was renamed as Tata Air Services. Following the end of World War II, a regular commercial service was restored in India and Tata Airlines became a public limited company on 29 July 1946 under the name Air India. Meanwhile in December 1940, Seth Hirachand Walchand launched Hindustan Aircraft Limited (HAL) with the help of an American and the State of Mysore. In March 1948, after the Independence of India, 49% of the airline was acquired by the Government of India, with an option to purchase an additional 2%. In return, the airline was granted status to operate international services from India as the designated flag carrier under the name Air India International.

keeping pace with the world had infused the need for airports to be modernized meeting the international standards and comfort levels for business and leisure travelers. With the latest of aircrafts and Dreamliners flying in Indian Sky, the need for modern airports was translated into modernization programme by the Airports Authority of India. Yes, we can certainly say,“Sky is the limit.”

Various type of Airmail Tickets issued by Indian Post.

In 1953, all airlines of India including Air India and Indian National Airways were nationalized to from Indian Airlines Corporation. The airlines was set up under the Air Corporation Act, 1953 with an initial capital of Rs. 32 million and started operations after legislation came into force to nationalize the entire airline industry in India. Two new national airlines were to be formed along the same lines as happened in the United Kingdom with British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways (BEA). Air India took over international routes and India Airlines Corporation (ICA) took over the domestic and regional routes. The jet age began for IAC with the introduction of the pure-jet airliner in 1964, followed by Boeing 737-200s in the early 1970s. Vayudoot, the regional airline, established in 1981, was later reintegrated. By 1990, Airbus A320-200s was introduced. Privatization too sparked a boom. The economic liberalization process initiated by the Government of India in the early 1990s ended Indian Airline’s dominance of India’s domestic air transport industry. Mushroom growth of private airlines saw the emergence of a new era in air-traffic and the aviation industry became a win-win situation for all. The pro-active measures taken for making this growing industry modern and

Above Left: Sarla Thakral poses in front of an aircraft. Above Right: U.K. Parekh was the first Indian woman pilot trained in India. Her aviators’ certificate is shown here. Bottom: Aban Pestonji Chenoy was the first lady pilot of Hyderabad in 1938.

Private & Metro Airports Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi  Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai  Bengaluru International Airport, Bengaluru  Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Hyderabad  Cochin International Airport, Cochin  Chennai Airport, Chennai  Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport, Kolkata 

New India’s Fresh Identity Indira Gandhi International Airport N e w

The capital of India is also is pride and joy. Its star–crossed affair with power saw it becoming home to a diverse mix of invaders, rulers and dynasties, most famously the Mughals and the British. As a result, the city is a seamless amalgamation of diverse cuisines, dialects, architecture and art forms. Situated on the bank of the river Yamuna, Delhi or ‘Dilli’ as it is fondly called has always had enough room in its heart for all the people that claim it to be their own. And this is why Delhi is the essence of India – diverse, yet in harmony.

Architect:

HOK

Hong Kong

D e l h i

International departures at Indira Gandhi Airport.

New Delhi, the capital city of India, is the face of change. Any change that touches an Indian home and heart somewhere has a seed in New Delhi. Yes, its about this historical city being the political nerve centre of an even more historic country, it is also about Delhi having its unique heartbeat that resonates with joy and pride inside every Indian. The Indira Gandhi International Airport is such a shining example of change.

o many, the Indira Gandhi International (IGI) airport is their first impression of India. In it’s early years it served the purpose of a nascent economy, but with the country’s unparallel growth the IGI needed to re–establish itself as the face of a booming India! As the Indian economy grows from strength to strength, the Indira Gandhi International (IGI) airport too set upon a path of expansion to serve its people better as a transit point for movement of international tourists, businessmen, diplomats for departure to other Indian destinations. Under the supervision of the Delhi International Airport Ltd (DIAL) a consortium led by an Indian developer, GMR Group, and

Mudras at display in arrival concourse.

Ticketing and checking counter.

Spacious VIP lounge and spectacular interior with shopping facilities for passengers.

Indian sculpture on the long concourse.

Lounge with cafeteria at upper level.

The lucid plan of the shopping concourse with curvaceous forms.

The breathtaking display in shopping.

including Fraport AG, Eraman Malaysia, India Development Fund and Airports Authority of India, IGI is now positioned as an international airport at par with some of the best on the globe! The airport, covering a 1,900–acre site, has two runways 10/28 (12,500 ft 3,810 m) and also an auxiliary runway 09/27 (9,229 ft 2,813 m). The main runway 10/28 is also one of the few runways in Asia that is equipped with a CAT III–B instrument landing system allowing landing in visibility as low as 50 m. The airport has six terminals including: domestic terminals 1A, 1B and 1D, the international terminal 2, the Haj terminal and international cargo terminal. And once the expansion is completed, the total terminal floor space will add upto almost 190000 m². Designed by HOK, working in consultation with Mott McDonald, UK, IGI airport exploits open curvaceous forms in order to reduce ecological impacts, to manipulate light and structure to waymark the passenger routes through the terminal. The imagery is appropriate for the next century; the emphasis upon public transport access to the airport, the efforts devoted to passenger legibility and the approach to airport design in the widest sense. The structural and architectural design can be found in perfect harmony at the IGI. The sense of structure

is evident in the enormous curved beams and braced columns. Columns, beams, lattice girders and sweeping lantern lights are guiding material in that direct, deflect and assemble weary passengers. At IGI the approach to design is one of animating the key routes through the terminal with a different form of structural and spatial articulation at each zone, employed to suggest hierarchies of use. Part of IGI airport’s clarity derives from the handling of the cross–section of the airport. The terminal departs from the orthodox pattern of separating international from domestic movements into separate terminals. Instead a single building handles all flights with the organizational complexity handled not by separate buildings but by using six different floor levels in the terminal and by lateral zoning of the long air side boarding and arrival wing. To help resolve the confusion that the use of a single multifunctional terminal entails, the design places particular emphasis on a large lofty public concourse. At the air side, the terminal has another grand lofty space – the departure lounge. Whereas the canyon is urban, vertical and rectangular in quality, the departure lounge is wide and rounded, and has detailing that evokes that of the aircraft outside the apron. Also, while the canyon is mainly rooflit, the lounge is lit by curved windows, which look out

across the runway and downwards, to the aircraft being prepared for take off. The sophistication of the terminal extends to the lesser parts. The car parks, Metro station, control tower and access roads subscribe to the same values. Bold engineering and daring architecture complement each other. Nehru once wrote that ‘New Delhi is the visible symbol of British power, with all its ostentation’, but no one with any design interest fails to be impressed by the sheer scale and beauty of these buildings and the subtle blending of Indian influence. From Chandni Chowk to India Gate and Connaught Place, Delhi presents an amalgamation of traditional and modern edifices. Following in the same vein, the IGI airport represents the judicious blend of imperial and modern architecture. It provides a new modern gateway to emerging India. The expansion plan was aimed at creating a world– class, high–tech airport with capacity increased from 15 million to 37 million passengers per annum. In keeping with these targets the airport was designed with an ultimate capacity of 100 million passengers per annum. The 450000 m² scheme included the redevelopment of the existing international airport and the construction of the new Terminal 3 (T3). Work started in early 2007 and was aimed for completion in two phases over 39 months. Demonstrative of remarkable project management and cooperation of all the service providers and contractors involved, the project was completed ahead of schedule – in 37 months – a rare feat that deserves applause. The completion of the first phase coincided with the Commonwealth Games in October 2010. T3 will have 55 newaircraft stands served by boarding bridges and 30 remote parking bays!

Like all major airports, security threats are a real concern for the IGI airport. It being a major transportation hub and a symbol of India adds pressure to the already stringent security checks. On an average, currently, the IGI Airport adds 20 minutes to your journey time thanks to its cautionary methods. In most of Europe and the US, body search security checks and the X–ray of hand baggage are done only after ticket check. However, in India all visitors to the airport terminal are subject to security examination on arrival. It may be tiresome, but it makes for more secure airs and peace of mind. Traditionally, Delhi has always been about huge spaces, vast lands. The IGI compound was no different in that aspect and provided an easy route towards the expansion of the existing airport. With airport express links, its modern facilities and state–of–the–art design, this airport is definitely a trendsetter in India. The scale at which the expansion has taken place is a testimony to the fact that if reliable members of the private sector are involved, they can lead to milestone ventures, successful projects and work towards the greater good of a country, even one as vast and varied as India. The new terminal at the IGI airport will make Delhi a world–class aviation hub along the lines of other established hubs like those in Bejing, Dubai and Singapore. The new IGI terminal is testimony, not only of India’s growing economic might, it is also an icon of its people’s hopes, aspirations and dreams! It is indeed, an ideal gateway to a great country. 

LEFT TOP: Arrival concourse. RIGHT TOP: Arrival gates. RIGHT BOTTOM: City side night view.

Project Particulars Commencement Date: Foundation Stone for Terminal 3 was laid on 17th February 2007 Completion Date: 31st March 2010 Approx. Cost: Rs. 12700 crores Architects Team: HOK EPC Contractor: L&T Landscape Architects: EDAW

A Star Amongst Airports Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport M u m b a i

Food corner at Chhatrapati Shivaji Airport.

The financial heart of India is also the city of dreams – Bollywood. And in both cases, ambition, drive and a never–say–die attitude count. Probably that’s why Mumbai, or Bombay as it is better known, was crowned the ‘Alpha World City’. An archipelago of seven islands, Mumbai is as famous for its Chowpati Beach and Gateway of India as it is for India’s largest stock exchange.

The financial capital of India, its dream merchant city, Mumbai boasts of having the busiest airport in the Indian sub-continent. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA) is positioned to be the new gateway to the world.

he Mumbai International Airport Ltd. (MIAL), a consortium led by GVK, India’s leading infrastructure

developer

collaboration

with Bidvest Airports Company, South Africa and the Airport Authority of India, was awarded the contract to modernise the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA), marking the emergence of a new generation of airport architecture in India with its passenger facilities, infrastructure and efficient management at par with global standards. MIAL's vision for CSIA is to be one of the world's best airports that consistently delights customers and to be the pride of Mumbai. The approach to the Terminal 1A-the arrival canopy gives the terminal and ancillary buildings a powerful

Night view of the Airport.

order. The fusion of structural and architectural design is

India's and South Asia's largest and most important

imposing. The sense of structure is evident in the pillars

aviation hub, handled more than 30 million passengers

strapped by arches, designed to lend clarity and order to

and 65,000 tonnes of cargo in 2011–12. It is also the first

the whole ambience. 15 meter columns fan out to form a

Indian airport and second in Asia to be accredited with

canopied roof with integrated apertures that allow dappled

prestigious ISO–14064–1:2006 certification for Carbon

light to filter into the check–in hall.

Emission Accounting. Formerly called Sahar International

There are two departure lounges, one for the international fliers and the other for the domestic ones. The façade of the building is fully glazed thereby offering

were merged and renamed after the 17th century Maratha Emperor.

fine view across apron and runway. Throughout the

There is rhythmic correspondence between the

terminal, specially designed screens filter direct sunlight

plan and sections of the airport. The design is split into

helping to keep building cool and at the same time also

various parts, each subscribing to the same geometric and

lending it a unique Indian character.

structural logic. The domestic and international arrival

The airport, with its five operating terminals spreading over an operational area of 1,450 acres, is

Airport and Santa Cruz Domestic Airport, the two airports

terminals, check–in pavilions, departure segments, etc. all have a strict order – rationalism tempered by professional clarity. The Indian penchant for blending traditional

Arrival canopy at Mumbai International Terminal.

Domestic arrival.

art with modern sophistication is evident in undulating roof, whose wave–like profile rises and falls to reflect the importance of the accommodation inside. The lofty structure exploits the ‘stack effect’, to encourage natural ventilation and establish circulating air currents. The curves of the terminal reflect in direct fashion the elliptical and elongated profiles of the planes. Both the main terminal building and the boarding wing share an affinity in colour, curvature and construction. One could imagine the boarding wing in particular being a section through an enormous aircraft of the future with its flattened curvature of the air side profile, the lightweight structural framework with exposed ribs and diagonal bracing. As one approaches the terminal building along a beautifully landscaped road, the sculptural form of the check–in hall roof makes a dramatic first impression. Inside the main concourse block, architectural structure and roof lighting help to articulate the complex pattern of movement within the public area. Columns and beams create such a powerful visual order that different activities within the spaces below are contained fairly happily. The fabric roof of CSIA acts as a powerful central element within the composition. The various passenger movement patterns, shops, check–in and security control exist beneath the attractive undulations of the roof. The activities beneath are ordered by rows of elongated columns which help direct the flow of people towards the departure gates. Mumbai is an airport terminal where space, light and structure are not subsumed by the bustle of movement and retail activity. Another benefit of the unusual fabric roof is the way it glows at night, establishing a welcoming beacon in the darkness. Improved access roads, kerb–side management and signage system impart modern outlook to the airport. In order to enhance the capacity and passenger experience, the first domestic terminal IA was thrown open to air travellers in 2007. Then international terminals 2B and 2C were given facelifts. An Ultra bar at terminal 1C provides a symbolic separation between the air side and land side. There is a laidback ambience for weary passengers at CSIA. The almost 2,000 m2 covering duty–free shopping space with its vast selection of global brands adds

Arrival Domestic Terminal.

splendor to the airport. The availability of global brands of categories from watches to perfumes makes an exhilarating experience. The planners have meticulously tried to exploit and encash the ‘dwell time’ of the passengers. From food courts, premium lounges, Wi–Fi zones and retail outlets, a whale of opportunities are available for entertainment, shopping and window shopping at the airport. The canyon and departure lounge are hugely built and give principal experiences at CSIA. Airports are one of the major targets of terror attacks in India. Mumbai terror attacks remind us to be wary of any complacence in airport security, Hence the string, multi–layer and multi– prong security detail employed — there are three distinct approaches to effective security design – surveillance, space syntax and territoriality. Surveillance is done both directly by security staff and indirectly via CCTV cameras. At a busy airport like Mumbai it is by no means easy to design terminals at optimum levels of space syntax. However, CSIA has six new passenger boarding bridges, which provide seamless connectivity between terminals 1A and 1B. Designed with high roof and glass façade, it has seating possibilities for 9000 passengers and those who are there to greet them! MIAL has left no stone unturned to increase airport capacity and operation efficiency of the air side. Firstly, it has upgraded the runway. As part of the overall modernisation

Arrival gate.

TOP: Expansion of Terminal. BOTTOM: Food court at the Terminal.

plan, it has finished the re–carpeting and reconstruction of

Such terminal cannot be conceived as solitary, singular,

the secondary runway. The runway shoulders have been

high–technology enclosures any more, they need to form

widened up to 15 meters. These have been made compatible

urban assemblies, with neighbourhood buildings such

to operations of new generation aircrafts like the A–380.

as hotels and car parks playing subsidiary roles in an

Six new taxiways, including two rapid exit taxiways have

architectural sense. And in achieving that and much more,

been added to enhance operational efficiency.

the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport’s star shines

The New Integrated Passenger Terminal, T2, marks

brighter. 

the advent of the twenty–first century airport in India. It projects new social and technological trends and changes in the management of airports. It is a focus for a wide diversity of human activities from travel to leisure, shopping, health clubs and plane–spotting to conferences. Mimicking an urban scene at the planning level, the terminal is arranged in plan with streets and squares, gardens and towers, districts and neighbourhood. When 50 million or more passengers pass through an airport every year, there are ramifications for design.

Milestone of Architectural World Bengaluru International Airport B e n g a l u r u

The Garden City of Karnataka has always been famous for its beautiful landscapes and a soothing climate. In the due course of time, Bangalore has positioned itself as an IT hub of the subcontinent. All across its 2190 square kilometers, there is history coming together with computer chips.

Architect:

HOK

Hong Kong

Bengaluru International Airport.

The new airport in the magical city of Bengaluru is proof of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s indelible mark on Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture, history and unparalleled growth.

engaluru, famed for IT revolution and the largest biotechnology hub in the country, is internationally known as the Silicon Valley of India. Business and leisure tourists flock this bustling commercial precinct, the capital city of Karnataka, from around the world for its salubrious climate, scenic beauty and many places of interest in its vicinity. An International Airport to match its needs and status was an outstanding necessity for continued commercial success as well as to meet the rising flow of tourism in the fifth most populous city of the country. This laid the foundation of Bangalore International Airport Limited (BIAL), a greenfield private sector owned and operated airport for the first time in India.

Artistic view of expanded Terminal.

Functional plan.

Artistic view of expanded Terminal.

Front elevation.

The first phase of new airport was completed and became operational in May, 2008. Envisaging a seamless expansion in size and capacity of the airport facilities over the next 10 to 15 years, based on the passenger and cargo growth, the airport is ambitiously being developed as an ‘Aerotropolis’, which means an airport city where layout, infrastructure and economy are centered on a major airport, as happened around seaports in the 18th century. The rectangular shaped modern integrated terminal has a total floor space of 73,347 square meters. The apron can hold up to 42 (Code – C) aircrafts at a time, including eight in-contact stands. Although the airport has a capacity to handle over 12 million passengers a year, expansion of passenger facilities has already started. The ultramodern design of Bengaluru International Airport incorporates the sensibilities, identities and culture of the garden city, an epithet Bangalore enjoys inspite of growing urban pressure. The airport buildings are modern, yet simple with architectural ingenuity to achieve greater functional efficiency. In August 2010, BIAL announced the expansion of the current terminal (T1), which will be spread over an area of about 150,556 square meters. The challenge to expand the existing building in such a way as to give the entire complex an uplift with new design and stronger architecture to compliment the scale of the site, was achieved by a dramatic swooping and curving roof, under which the building sits. The roof is the unifying element for the new and existing, bringing all together as one composition. Many unique design features have been placed in view of the long-term needs of a modern international terminal, but with strikingly distinctive architecture language. The sizeable columns in “H” shape inside, serve as the central spine carrying the M&E services, thus creating obstacle-free spaces. The transparent, ecological building with natural light filtering though the sky lights in the roof, and with plants inside the building, creates a comfortable indoor climate. The airport’s linear flows, intuitive design, and passenger centric service, make BIAL a very convenient airport for the passengers. The terminal building, with a simple and repetitive structure and a generous span allows for the airport functions

and commercial areas to be laid out efficiently and flexibly. The building is divided into three levels – the first two levels lead to the departure on the first floor and arrivals at the ground floor. The third level is utilized for the International flights which is independent of the other two levels. Facilities including Check-in, complete baggage handling and baggage claim facility are at the ground floor, while the storage and technical areas are in the basement. The architectural concept of the Terminal 1 under construction is based on the idea of a dramatic swooping and curving roof, under which the building sits. The roof is the unifying element for new and existing facilities, bringing both together as one composition. It also forms a dramatic canopy to the main entrance, offering passengers and public a giant covered area, protected from the weather. The undulating wave form provides the Terminal with greater physical presence. This design of the T1 reflects the best industry practice and will continue to cater to 24 hour operations, under all weather conditions. With all its facilities meeting the IATA standards, the airport will be able to handle 28 aircraft movements an hour. The expanded terminal will have 90 Common-Use Terminal Equipment (CUTE) enabled check-in counters and 30 self-check-in counters. The terminal will also have 20 boarding gates and 15 Code C /Code E, and 1 Code F Contact Stands, and a total of 72 Code C/21 Code D, 34 Code E and 1 Code F aircraft parking stands all of which will have a fueling pit. BIAL is the first airport in India to be connected by an offsite Air Turbine Fuel (ATF) pipeline meeting international quality standards. A 33 km underground pipeline running from Devanagonthi to the airport fuel farm has a capacity to pump over 156,000 liters of ATF per hour. As Bangalore is speeding up for larger challenges in the backdrop of growing IT and industrial success, the new airport has become the catalyst to set the pace. Nothing less than this new airport infrastructure, built with the vision for future, would have complemented the growing need of the mega city on the move that houses enormous numbers of ‘temples of modern India’ and attracts the best brains from the country and abroad. The modern marvel of Southern India is indeed an architectural milestone that whizzes the growth engine of the rising Bangalore. 

Comparable with the Best Rajiv Gandhi International Airport H y d e r a b a d

The capital of Andhra Pradesh has many names for people who love its essence. The city of pearls, the city of Nawabs or the Biryani City – howsoever you may call it, this city bears witness to the beautiful harmony between Hindu and Muslim traditions, architecture and way of living.

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Hyderabad.

Hyderabad is one of the fastest growing cities and the sixth largest metropolitan region in India. With its central location, its new airport will serve as a hub for domestic passengers, international passengers and cargo traffic.

wice rated as the best airport in the world in its category of 5–15 million passengers per annum capacity by the Airports Council

International (ACI), the Rajiv Gandhi International Airport at Hyderabad is a shining example of the Public–Private Partnership (PPP) model. Located at Shamshabad, about 25 km away from the city and boasting of a 4,260 meter runway that is among the longest in South East Asia, the stylish airport has been designed by Hong Kong based

Architects:

Winston Teng Shu Gudmund Stokke Hong Kong

architects Winston Shu and Gumund Stokke. While designing an airport, it is important to create a sequence of spaces that are attractive to the users, provide easy orientation, are comfortable and at the

The unique architecture inside the Departure Area.

LEFT: Going to departure lounge. RIGHT TOP: The night view. RIGHT: The built form. BOTTOM: Dynamic air side view.

same time contribute to a clear and simple design which is easily understood. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport has been designed with these basic principles in mind and the result is quite spectacular. It is also the first airport in the country to have no demarcation between international and domestic terminals and can handle 40 million passengers and 1 million tons of cargo annually in the final phase. The design of the terminal building is based on a very simple composition with a central building connected to the Airport Village and the traffic forecourt at the landside. At the airside, the pier wings extend from each side of the central building. The central building has separate levels for departing and arriving passengers. This makes for very efficient and simple passenger logistics. The departure level is located 11 meters above ground level. At this level there are checkâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;in counters, ticket offices, immigration control, security controls, airline offices and an extensive offer of shopping and food and beverages. In the pier wings, there are the circulation and waiting areas that form a vital part of an airportâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s requirement.

CLOCKWISE: Air side view. A side view of the Airport. ATC tower. International checkâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;in counters inside. Night view of Airport.

The natural light filter in the roof.

These areas also have several food and beverage outlets.

passengers a year. To achieve this, both airside and landside

Located in the same wings are exits to the passenger

expansions have been planned and a further acquisition of

boarding bridges for the departing passengers and arrivals

land to the north and south will allow construction of a third

corridor for arriving passengers. This is in addition to the

and fourth runway system.

lounges and offices.

The non–polluting airport has a 100,005 m2

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport is a technological

glass encased terminal that brings unmatched natural

marvel. Not only does it exploit the latest technological

light into the structure. Furthering its claim to being a

advances in airport construction, it employs technologies

green facility, the airport has been certified as a LEED

that leave an enviably low carbon footprint. The

Silver structure by the USGBC and is among a handful

passenger terminal building comprises of a five–level

of airports to have achieved this honour. The airport

reinforced concrete frame supported on pad foundations,

consumes 25% less energy than what a similar facility

covered with a structural steelwork roof which spans up

without

to 45 meters in length. A lightweight fabric roof structure

consume. Reduced overall conductance for the walls and

covers the pick–up and drop–off areas along the frontage

roof, high performance glass with low shading coefficient

access to the airport. The design has provided flexibility

and optimum visual light transmittance, overhangs and

to enable future expansion that will ultimately cater for

vertical fins to reduce solar gains, efficient chillers and

a capacity of over 40 million passengers annually. The

efficient lighting using T5 lamps — all contribute to its

most central feature of the landscape within the site is

respectable carbon footprint!

two longitudinal rounded ridges forming a shallow valley – needless to say, they have contributed to the layout of the runways, the terminals and the access system.

the

environment–friendly

features

would

The Rajiv Gandhi International Airport proves how a regional city can become the hub of international activities, like many American and European cities. As

In its final form, the airport will have two parallel

it completed its third year of commercial operations on

runways with a separation of 2,400 meters. Each of the

23 March 2011, Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in

two terminals is planned parallel to the runways and a

Hyderabad continues to set benchmarks for the world to

common landside area is formed using two traffic loops,

aspire to. 

characterized by a wide axial park connecting the two terminals. The beautifully landscaped park will provide shaded promenades, meeting places, water features and a future elevated monorail. This area will also have several hotels, parking area, a railway station and service functions. The 70 meters high air traffic control tower, the tallest in the country is built on a raft foundation and comprises of a reinforced concrete slip–formed core with a steelwork cabin structure to the upper five levels of the tower to support air traffic and apron control areas. An extensive wind tunnel testing of the tower resulted in the perforated cladding and stark features to mitigate lateral accelerations induced by monsoon winds. The upper steelwork cabin structure includes a column–free perimeter to allow uninterrupted views over the airfield. At the Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, an ambitious master plan has been put in place to cater to 50 million

Gudmund Strokke

Winston Shu

Project Particulars Commencement Date: March 2005: Foundation stone laying ceremony Project Completion Year: Commencement of Operations at 00:01 hrs on 23rd March, 2008 Architects: Winston Teng Shu, Gudmund Stokke Project Cost: Rs. 2,920 Crores Structural Engineer : The design consortium consisted of COWI of Denmark, AVIAPLAN of Norway and STUP Consultants of India Landscapists: Belt Collins of Singapore

Taking Heritage into the Future Cochin International Airport C o c h i n

The traditional facade at arrival.

Cochin or Kochi, as it is lovingly called, is a major seaport in Kerala. It is also a beautiful tourist destination with breathtaking scenic views. With a coastline of 48 kilometers, beautiful sunsets and great food spread over 95 km2, Cochin is Kerala’s Pride.

As the 4th largest airport in India in terms of international air traffic and 7th in domestic traffic, the International Airport ferries a large volume of foreign travellers and Indian expatriates to the Gulf countries.

ochin, the Queen of the Arabian Sea and southern India’s window to the world especially the Arabian countries, is home to the country’s

first airport terminal developed under Public–Private Partnership. Championed by the Cochin International Airport Limited (CIAL), the airport represents India’s essence – a classical, traditional soul with a modern outlook. The CIAL pioneered the concept of private investment in the airport sector by incorporating it as a public limited company and it received investments from nearly 10,000 non–resident Indians from 30 countries. With its traditional Kerala style architecture and design, the Cochin International Airport has a distinct

Architect:

Kitco Ltd. Cochin, India

ambience that is warm and welcoming, and at the same time, truly world–class. The airport’s white washed walls, columns and sloped red tiled roofs are highly distinctive

City side view of Cochin International Airport.

Main entrance of Cochin Airport.

of Kerala, but behind its exterior, CIAL has developed a

desks are the usual security and passport checks, beyond

modern facility with a state–of–the–art security and inline

which stretch shops, restaurants and a world–class Duty

baggage system and top–line departure system recently

Free shopping experience.

installed by Glidepath. Following a modular expansion plan, the new international terminal was recently inaugurated as part of the current airport development initiatives and based on demand, there is the possibility of a second runway being built in the near future.

enforcing safety regulations of the times and passengers are requested to cooperate with airline officers with the security checks at every phase to enable a hassle–free travel experience. The terminal has been so designed

As with all airports, security and clearly distinct

to facilitate check points without causing any hindrance

passenger movement patterns form the core of the design

or compromising on the privacy of the passengers. The

intent at the Cochin airport terminal. Passengers enter

Airport has a runway length of 3400 meters, one of the

the terminal mainly through a large centrally placed

largest in the country along with Link Taxi Tracks that

concourse, immediately meeting check–in desks arranged

connect to the Apron – sufficient to park five wide–bodied

at right angles to the long axis through the building. The

aircraft and five narrow bodied aircraft at a time. A

check–in–hall is a grand space not very different from

separate Isolation Parking Bay is also available to meet

nineteenth century railway stations with wide promenades

any contingency of hijack, bomb threats etc.

and a dramatic overhead structure. Beyond the check–in

The Cochin airport ensures safety by strictly

Weight processing area.

Waiting area.

Considering

its

proximity

many

religious

destinations, Cochin Airport has dedicated air–taxi services for passengers to travel to major pilgrim destinations in Kerala as well as to major cities like Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode. The Airport in association with Bharat Airways has started Air–taxi services to Sabarimala, a major Hindu pilgrim centre in the State as well as non– scheduled services to other parts of the country. Pawan Hans and K–Air Charters also operate from Cochin Airport, for non–scheduled private chartered services. Looking towards more growth opportunities, one of the major futuristic projects of Cochin Airport is CIAL Aerotropolis or Airport City at a total area of two square kilometers. The concept of the aerotropolis was proposed to ensure additional revenue sources for the growth of the company and to increase airport traffic through tourism and allied activities. Cochin airport through its subsidiary — Cochin International Aviation Services Limited (CIASL) has commissioned a 12,500 m2 built up MRO facility on a Waiting area.

property of 130,000 m2. The first phase includes hangars for two narrow–body aircraft with facilities for line

Corridor.

maintenance run–up bay, workshops, aircraft parking and a taxi–way link. The second phase proposes an additional two narrow body hangars along with two wide–body hangars, more parking bays and workshops. The main aim of CIAL has been to position itself as a pioneer in aviation infrastructure and to generate sustainable and profitable revenue streams by establishing a strategic hub in southern India. In addition to providing better services to established ports such as those in the Middle East, Europe and America, efforts are underway to enhance connectivity through Chennai, Colombo to Far East. With such varied avenues for growth and exploration the future of CIAL can only look better. 

Working outline.

Project Particulars Commencement Date: 1994 Completion Date: 1999 Approx. Cost: Rs. 300 Crores Architects Team: KITCO Ltd. Structural Experts: KITCO Ltd. Landscape Architects: KITCO Ltd. Checkâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;in counters.

CIAL air cargo.

That Winning Feeling Chennai International Airport C h e n n a i

Chennai, formerly known as Madras and located on the Coromondal Coast of the Bay of Bengal has a wide industrial base for hardware manufacturing, healthcare industries and it is India’s largest exporter of software. Covering an area of 174 sq. km., it is abuzz with markets, temples, textiles and a wide range of classical art forms.

Night view of the Airport.

The Airport Authority of India conducted a limited global competition for the design of the Kamraj Domestic Terminal Phase II at the Chennai Airport with annual passenger traffic of 10 million passengers and 3,300 peak hour passengers. The new extension to the existing International terminal will cater to the growing needs of South India’s culture capital.

he new Chennai airport will house a Domestic Terminal,

International

Terminal,

associated departure flyover and a multilevel

car park accommodating 1200 cars to be constructed in Phase 1. Phase 2 will include a face–lift to existing terminals and a central atrium encompassing retail areas. A metro station is being planned within the airport complex. The new terminals are elegant and modern structures

Architects:

with dramatic, hovering wing–like roofs. The super

Charanjit S. Shah Gurpreet Shah Creative Group

the basis of an innovative plan that is centered on two

New Delhi, India

efficient organisation of security and circulation form lush sustainable gardens. Unlike any other airport in the world, these gardens are visible throughout the terminals

View of Domestic Terminal.

Sectional of terminal showing vertical garden.

Detail of vertical garden.

creating a unique dialogue between interior and exterior spaces. The building and courtyard concept stems from a fully integrated approach to sustainable planning and design. The terminal building’s open–web, steel super structure subtly rises to support twin–curved roofs that define a light and open 260 meter long column–free terminal. Skylights highlight the geometry of the trusses, further defining the structural framework to allow natural light to permeate the terminal with a constantly changing pattern of shade and shadow. With a pre–cast 1 km long elevated road weighing 160 tons and 76 ‘V’ support columns, the structural engineering employed on the Chennai Airport terminals has no parallel in the subcontinent. The terminal is uniquely designed with 37 m high and 30 m wide roof in truss with an exclusive bend. It is going to set new standards in airport design with a rare combination of aesthetics and structural innovation coming together to create a unique space. View showing Arrival Tube passing through vertical gardens.

Elevation of proposed international & domestic terminals along with the connector tube and flyover.

Section through multilevel car park and terminal.

Section of arrival glass tube.

CLOCKWISE: Departure hall. Passengers arriving through ellipitical tube. Vâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;shaped Column. Arrival carousels for Domestic Passengers. Arrival corridor from Aero Bridges.

View of the canopy.

Taxi stand at the Terminal.

Baggage claim area.

View of vertical garden & connecting tube.

Vâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Column.

Aerial view of Chennai Airport.

The elevated road bears with it a ‘connector tube’.

Currently, the construction work of terminals is

This connector tube runs between the V columns and also

compelete. City side development, flyover along with

introduces walkalators for ease of passenger movement.

connecting tube is at advance stage of construction. Testing

The elliptical glass tube makes its way amidst the

and commissioning of terminals is under progress. AAI

beautifully landscaped garden and thus strengthening the

has established a separate architectural wing to monitor

alliance between man and nature.

the development works at Chennai airports and they

A high level of sustainability in nearly every aspect of design, including restoration of the native landscape,

promise to deliver an airport terminal that will wow and awe its users. 

passive energy conservation strategies, material selection, onsite storm water detention and on–site waste water treatment and dispersal systems is being aimed at. The parking area is devoid of hard surface, while the use of Green pavers (High Impact Polypropylene) with over 90% porosity recharges the ground water. The use of Aerated Autoclaved Concrete blocks ensures thermal insulation,

Prof. Charanjit S. Shah Gurpreet Shah

just as the ‘vertical garden’ – a stainless steel structure

Project Particulars

lattice supports vibrantly coloured greens. Even the parking garage has been designed to have a roof replete with sustainable flora – the ‘green gate’ to the terminal.

Commencement Date: 2008 Completion Date: 2012 Approx. Cost: Rs. 2015 Crores Structural Consultants: M/s. Charu Engineering Consultant Architect Team: Prof. Charanjit S. Shah, Mr. Gurpreet Shah, Mr. Rahul Dixit MEP Consultatns: M/s. V.S. Kukureja & Associates Global Associates: Gensler and Federic Schwartz Architects, USA

Design for the Future Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport K o l k a t a

The trandite with view.

Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta, is as famous for being the erstwhile centre of the Raj era as it is for Rabindra Sangeet and the Hooghly River. Home to a boisterous bunch of people and a plethora of art forms, West Bengal covers an area of 1480 km2.

Architects:

S. R. Sikka Virendra Khanna RMJM–SAA Consortrium New Delhi, India

Design for the Kolkata Airport reflects India’s vision for a world–class terminal that incorporates cutting–edge technology with the cultural stamp of a region rich in history and arts.

rom Rabindranath Tagore and Vrindavan to the Raj, from the ‘sondesh’ to the Howrah bridge, Kolkata,capital of West Bengal is a melting pot of cultures, times and people. With the city bursting at its seams, it was in dire need for better infrastructure to support its lofty ambitions. The Kolkata Airport is a major step in that direction. Aimed to control air traffic of over 20 million of passengers a year, the new Air Traffic Control Complex is designed to accommodate the latest radiological equipment and to meet the highest level of comfort and efficiency for its users. Originally floated as a design competition focusing primarily on the Domestic Terminal and its anticipated future expansion, the flexibility of the concept proposed by the winning architect not only addressed the immediate

View of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport.

View of the facade.

Ticket counters.

LEFT: Waiting area.

Perspective section.

Rain water Re–cycling system. Integrated Terminal Arrangement.

needs of the domestic terminal, but also made for an improved master plan for the airport as a whole. At the time, there were already very advanced plans to build a separate international terminal, but the strength of the design allowed the Airport Authority of India to revisit this decision, and integrate the International Terminal into the RMJM master plan and create an Integrated Terminal, with a 120,000 m2 domestic wing and a 60,000 m2 international wing. The form of the building starts from the most simple of concepts. The building should be perceived as a single spacious volume, through which passengers can easily flow from the roadway to the aircraft. The building’s interior should emanate a sense of calm, uncluttered spaces that

offer a place for passengers to relax, away from the stress of their long journeys. However, in the reality of modern airports, the volume of space is by necessity punctuated by facilities such as security, check–in counters, baggage handling areas, as well as the wide range of lounges, shops, cafes and other amenities now offered to a passenger. These spaces sit side by side in the landside section of the building with a spectacular roof — the defining feature of the building – unifying these spaces to retain the perception of a single large volume. The landscape concept for the airport terminal is rooted in the rich cultural heritage of West Bengal. It is

conceived as one of the biggest pieces of land art inspired by works of literary giant Rabindranath Tagore. One of the major design objectives was permitting as many of the mature trees in front of the existing terminal to be retained as possible. The new master plan shows a single loop design which allows us a short–cut directly to the new terminal, hence, a more gracious approach retaining vast amount of existing mature trees. The land art connects the building with its environment, the outside with the inside and creates a unique landscape. It also offers two distinct spatial experiences – the vastness of the grand central garden and the intimacy of the internal courtyards. The grand central garden, designed across two levels separated by a sweeping curve, brings to life Tagore’s famous paintings and poems.

Art at Kolkata Airport.

Compared to the simplicity of the lower level, the upper level of the garden is richly textured and patterned. The pattern, which is unique in nature, comes in many variations – lending it a dynamic quality. Inspired by letters and words extracted from one of the famous poems from ‘Gitanjali’, it becomes an art form for people to enjoy. As sculptural hedges to wander through, sloped walls to lean against, benches to sit on and pathways to walk on, the pattern glides from outside to the inside of the building. The environmentally responsive canopy design consists of the setback of the double–wall system of the canopy, which is an effective measurement for controlling the direct solar heat gain. The central canopy roof area of around 24,000 m2 is the ideal catchment area for rainwater harvesting. The monsoon from the Bay of Bengal brings forth the abundant annual rainfall of 1,582 millimeters. More than 26,000 m3 of rainwater could be potentially harvested each year for irrigation.

Over–all view.

North facing roof lights and a central courtyard floods the interior with natural light. The large front windows shaded by the overhanging roof are, in fact, ventilated double walls buffering the heat generated from sunlight. The roof is designed to harvest rainwater, which is stored and reused for both irrigation and to service the building services etc. Uniting these design elements is the roof of the structure designed to resemble shimmering silk. Paying tribute to India’s national anthem, a Tagore inspired pattern makes its way across the entire ceiling further joining the open planned space. 

Interior view of Terminal.

Retail shop at Kolkata Airport.

Departure concourse. ATC tower view.

Gates. Night view.

S. R. Sikka

Virendra Khanna

Project Particulars

Departure gates.

Project Commencement: September 2007 Construction Commencement: December 2008 Architect: RMJMâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;SAA Consortium Structural Engineers: M/s. Mehro Consultants Contractor: ITD â&#x20AC;&#x201C;ITD Cementation Consortium

State Capital Airports Srinagar International Airport, Srinagar  Jolly Grant Airport, Dehradun  Jaipur International Airport, Jaipur  Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport, Lucknow  Biju Patnaik Airport, Bhubaneswar  Birsa Munda Airport, Ranchi  Raja Bhoj Airport, Bhopal  Swami Vivekanand Airport, Raipur  Goa Airport, Goa  Port Blair Airport, Port Blair 

To Earthly Paradise on Wings Srinagar International Airport S r i n a g a r

City side view of Srinagar International Airport.

Srinagar has always had a way with tourists – people left the snowy paradise mesmerized with its snow clad peaks, Mughal Gardens and the Dal Lake and its beautiful houseboats. Today this mountain capital gets ready to reclaim its rightful stature as ‘paradise on earth’.

Jammu and Kashmir has been through a lot of disturbance. Through it all, its people have fought hard to live and smile! The Srinagar International Airport salutes the spirit of its people.

rinagar is a beautiful gateway to the Kashmir valley framed by Karakoram, Zanskar and Peer Panjal ranges of the Himalayas. One of the most

beautiful places on earth is also strategic towards India’s security. Srinagar airport is a defence airport where the Airports Authority of India (AAI) maintains a civil enclave since 1979 to facilitate civilian traffic. Srinagar Airport is at a distance of 12 km from the city centre of Srinagar. Spread over an area of 67.1 acres and at an altitude of 1700 meters (5435 ft.) above mean sea level, the north facing Terminal Building is a fascinating silhouette of the lower Himalayan range which has been emulated in the form of the Terminal Building. The imposing sloping roof structure is also crucial to stand heavy snowfall and

Architect:

Harpal Singh Airport Authority of India New Delhi, India

optimise air-conditioning for interiors. The radial plan form of the building is a stark break from the conventional linear prototype designs. The convex profile on the air side accommodated higher number of

Night view of Srinagar Airport.

FACING PAGE: Public Concourse area. RIGHT: VIP waiting lounge. BELOW: Check in area.

Overall, the design results in a very vivacious interior volume, and is very different from the conventional designs of airports. The terminal design hopes to offer a whole new perspective to the image of the city of Srinagar, and reinstate its position as a prime tourist destination. “With its inception, the new terminal building promises to put Srinagar on the international tourist map directly. One can only imagine the immense possibilities and avenues it opens up for the people of the region”. “It would be safe to say that this project will contribute to the progress of the region in commendable ways with throwing positive light on the beautiful city”. 

Baggage claim area.

incontact aircraft bays, while on the concave profile of city side, it emerges in a welcoming stance focusing at the porch. The integrated Terminal Building with total area of 16900 sq. m. is a state-of-the-art facility where building materials have been well exploited to compliment the design concept of ‘transparency’. Vast use of steel and glass in the structure, besides the latest specialised materials like ACP cladding, insulated profile sheet roofing on space frames structure and frameless glazing further the concept. Built on a space frame structure, the staggering curvilinear roof profile is intended to introduce clerestory lights, and open the two edges of the building for glazing. Stepped roof levels helps break the rigidity of the volume while the radial tubular interlocking form imparts a more fluid imagery. The glazed edges contribute to the daylight factor of interiors. The cut-outs on the facades acquire a faint resemblance to the celebrated arches of traditional designs. The Terminal Building is also equipped with modern amenities like Passenger Boarding Bridges (PBB’s), central air-conditioning and heating system etc. Special considerations have also been made to facilitate Haj pilgrims in the New Terminal Building. The peak hour capacity of Terminal Building has been upgraded from 500 passengers to 950 passengers. The airport car parking lot can now accommodate 250 cars at a time.

Multi level facilities at the Airport.

ABOVE: Air side view. BELOW: Site plan of Srinagar International Airport.

Harpal Singh

Project Particulars Commencement Date: February 2009 Approx. Cost: Rs. 90 Crores Architect: AAI (in house) Mr. Harpal Singh, Mr. Vinod Punyal Structural Consultant: Vivek Garg, Assoc Str Engg, Mahintura Consultant Pvt. Ltd. N

Be Jolly Jolly Grant Airport D e h r a d u n

With the Himalayas, Shivalik hills surrounding the city and the rivers Ganga and Yamuna passing through, Dehradun is a prominent tourist destination. Famous for the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Dehraduni basmati riceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, exceptional bakeries and lychee the hill station covers an area of 300 km2.

View of Dehradun Airport.

The State of Uttrakhand depends on tourism - the backbone of its economy. It is ironical then, that the State has severely limited air connectivity. Jolly Grant Airport is the only airport to be situated in the Gharwal region of Uttrakhand.

he Jolly Grant Airport, Dehradun had rather humble beginnings, with its infrastructure capable of supporting only small aircrafts.

However, with the upgradation plans in way, it could easily take on the bigger aircrafts and a larger number of passengers. Being upgraded by the Airport Authority of India for operation of B-737/A-320 class of aircrafts, the new airport is designed considering the traffic potential and requirement projected by airlines. Apart from becoming a full-fledged airport, it is now contemplating

Architect:

introducing night landing facility. This will facilitate

Harpal Singh Airport Authority of India

24-hour landing and take off facilities for the airplanes

New Delhi, India

making it an important airport of northern India.

City side view of Jolly Grant Airport.

FACING PAGE: Waiting lounge overlooking air side. RIGHT: Ground floor plan of the airport. BELOW: East side elevation section.

Jolly Grant Airport occupies a total land area of

towards the scenic site of the Shivalik foothills and river

250 acres. A newly constructed airstrip at Jolly Grant is 2140 metres long and 45 metres wide.

basin. The staggered roof profile has been designed to

The new Domestic Terminal Building has an area of

The most striking feature of the new terminal

4200 square meters. The building has been updated with

building is its wing styled roof made primarily in steel.

the most modern facilities, with a peak hour capacity of

The roof has translucent skylight set into more than 5

150 passengers. The annual handling capacity of the

percent of its area. The ceiling skylight is designed to

terminal is approx. 1.22 lacs.

provide natural light to main concourse check in and

The site is close to the Jakhan River and is flanked by Shivalik range on its eastern side and the quaint charm

incorporate skylights.

baggage claim area thus reducing the need for artificial lighting.

of hills around the site provided an apt gateway to this

Uttrakhand is still to come of age as far as civil

tourism State. The massive steel and glass building with

aviation sector is concerned, although Jolly Grant

exposed structural framework and a maximum span of

Airport is a key initiative to accelerate this sector. With

24 m (which allows an open planning concept), the

its commencement a new chapter has been added to

terminal building has acquired a vibrant character as its

the Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aviation sector. Jolly Grant Airport stands to

glass envelope reflects the landscape imagery while its

emerge as an important aviation junction in Northern

space frames make for a striking superstructure. The glass

India in near future. ď Ž

envelope of the terminal opens up the interior visually

CLOCKWISE: Natural Light Filter in Lounge. RIGHT FACING PAGE: Air side view of terminal. BELOW: City Side View of the Airport.

Harpal Singh

Project Particulars Commencement Date: December 2007 Completion Date: July 2009 Approx. Cost: Rs. 125 Crores Architect: AAI (in house) Mr. Harpal Singh, Mr. Debashis Khan

Telling Tales of a City Jaipur International Airport J a i p u r

Jaipur, once the playground of the Rajputs and Royal families is today, home to tastemakers and industrialists. Capital to the courageous north-western State of Rajasthan, the Pink City covering an area of 200.4 km2 is the touristsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; favourite destination, thanks to its colourful heritage.

Landscape.

With its rich cultural history, the city of Jaipur inspires in ways more than one. From its historic forts and beautiful textiles to its vibrant colours, the capital of Rajasthan enchants everyone who sets foot on its soil.

aipur, the magnificent Pink City of Rajasthan tells tales of valour and pride. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s forts, palaces and museums have attracted tourists from all

over the world. The bazaars of Jaipur selling precious stones, exotic jewellery and the iconic blue pottery add to the rich fabric of its history and architecture. Over the past few years, the city has undergone a

Architect:

transformation from being more than a beautiful city for

S. R. Sikka Sikka Associates

people from far and near, it becomes obligatory to make

New Delhi, India

tourism to being a business hub of North India. To serve travelling to the city easier.

Water body. View of the Terminal.

Indirect lighting.

With the aim of catering to the rising air-traffic and

The design was proposed to be carried out in two

boosting tourism, it was proposed to plan an International

phases of construction. Phase-I was completed in 2008 and

gateway to the Capital of Rajasthan. The existing terminal

covered an area of 18,000 sq. m. and is now in operation

was not able to accommodate more than 500 passengers

whereas the planning of Phase-II of the terminal is at

and at most four aircrafts â&#x20AC;&#x201C; it could not keep pace, with

the design stage, and construction is likely to commence

rising demand of new times.

in near future. In developing the building shape and in

At the planning level, the new terminal building achieves three important objectives. First, to make for an efficient apron side profile so as to allow optimum traffic control and aerobridge connectivity. Secondly, a curvilinear profile along the city-side entrance so as to define the

the detailed design of its skin, the architect ensured the facility reaches the highest international standards of Air Terminal architecture. Natural daylight is maximized through introduction of a court between the main space and the gate lounges.

building extent around the external landscape better and

While the overall design is a contemporary global

to expose the entire frontage better to the passengers

note, carefully selected elements at various locations add

arriving from the city-side. Thirdly, the two different forms,

a local flavour of Rajasthan. This is seen in the sandstone

one straight and other curvilinear are arranged around a

piers on the city-side which emulate fortress wall. Other

green belt due to which passengers can enjoy an open view

elements include interior column cladding in red stone,

while moving through various levels in the airport.

flooring in veined granite to a sand duneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s impression.

Art connection.

The finishes of the Terminal Building in both exterior and interior find inspiration from the natural resources. The roofing is of modern Loyd Interlocking Sheets, flooring in polished local Rajasthan Granite which brings in the local flavour. Keeping in view the hot summer climatic conditions, a substantial-sized porch has been planned for providing complete protection from the city side traffic. Indirect lighting in the interior is another notable feature of the design. Integrated concept of landscape which reflects the richness of Rajasthan has been an underlying feature of design development. Use of Dhaulpur stone for various elements of landscape design and provision of large waterbodies have added richness to the overall experience of this complex. ď Ž The curvilinear form of Terminal Building from air side.

The section emphazing passenger vision towards.

Arch. profile.

Site plan. Boarding bridge.

Ground floor plan.

First floor plan.

Second floor plan.

TOP: Departure check-in. BOTTOM : Baggage claim.

S. R. Sikka

Project Particulars Commencement Date: July 2006 Completion Date: September 2008 Approx. Cost: Rs. 400 Crores Architect: M/s. Sikka Associates Structural Engineer: M/s. Mehro Consultants

Of Flight and Man’s Fascination Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport L u c k n o w

Home to the fabled Umrao Jaan and Awadhi cuisine, Lucknow, the seat of Nawabi culture straddles rich cultural traditions and brisk economic growth with equal ease. Located at an elevation of 123 meters above sea level, this magical city covers an area of around 3,204 km2. The city is famous for its ‘tehzeeb’, politeness, cuisines and ‘Sham-e-Awadh’. It is also a traditionally hot political seat.

City side view of the Terminal.

The paper plane with its, folded wings – a symbol for that elemental flight that catches our fancy as children, inspires an airport that holds new promise for a historic city.

ucknow-the

city

Nawabs

and

fondly

remembered as Awadh is a city of culture, poets, artists and the fabled Umrao Jaan.

With beautiful gardens, chikkan fabrics and cuisine, Lucknow is also known as the Golden City of the East The Constantinople of India. If the culture, tradition lend the famous city an undeniable aura in the past, rapid economic growth has kept Lucknow in the spotlight. The Lucknow architecture and design uses the

Architects:

Sumit Ghosh Sudipto Ghosh S. Ghosh & Associates New Delhi, India

famous craftsman style and the fusion of the arts into its architecture. Unlike other buildings in the city that bear local influences, the Airport terminal is an ode to man’s rather new ambition – flying.

Night view of Terminal at Lucknow Airport.

City side view of Terminal.

TOP: Site plan. RIGHT: Check-in counters. BOTTOM: Corridoor view.

The notion of flight and manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fascination with it captures every child, as he folds his paper plane to launch it into the sky â&#x20AC;&#x201C; that paper plane became the starting point for the design of the Lucknow Airport. Large wing-like cantilevers on either side of the 200 m long terminal building suggest lightness and swiftness. The building itself appears as a dynamic object preparing to take flight. Inside, the gently curving ceiling gives the feeling of being under the belly of a giant vessel. The terminal is designed as a one and a half floor integrated terminal for international and domestic travellers in an area of 20,000 sq. m. There are two security holds on the ground floor for connectivity by bus and two on the first floor for approach to the aircraft through passenger boarding bridges. Three passenger claim belts of 60 m lengths have been provided for the arriving passengers.

TOP: Airport 3D view. BOTTOM: Interior view of Lucknow Airport.

These not only bring revenue to the airport but also

The ground floor consists of a cafeteria of 4415 sq. ft.,

make flying a much more pleasurable experience. The

retail areas of 3440 sq. ft. and business centre in an area

airport is disabled friendly, i.e. there are no mobility

of 245 sq. ft. whereas the first floor has a VIP lounge in an

thresholds at the airport and all floors are accessible by

area of 720 sq. ft. and a snack bar in 440 sq. ft. area.

lift.

Two corner blocks, towards the north-east and The structure is formed by a set of variable span

north-west of the terminal building portray the load

portals with fixed connections spanned across by variable

bearing lakhori brick buildings of the Residency in

space trusses that form the final form of the ‘wings’. The

Lucknow. With the intricate patterns of chikankari —

design of the section of the portal has been arrived at using

Lucknow’s famous embroidery emulated in glazing, this

a composite of rolled sections forming an overall dimension

airport building is as rooted in the city it serves as it is

of 733 mm by 375 mm. The maximum span of the portals

poised to take flight. 

is roughly 43 m. The maximum cantilever achieved by the space trusses is 24 m.

LEFT: Baggage claim area. RIGHT: Waiting Area.

SGA TEAM

Project Particulars Commencement Date: December 2007 Completion Date: June 2010 Approx. Cost: Rs. 125 Crore Architect: S. Ghosh & Associates Principal Designers: Sudipto Ghosh Associate Designers: Mitesh Kapadia, Rshmi Vkharia, Neem Rshnaiwala, Ketan Bhartia Structural Consultant: Descon United Pvt. Ltd.

Spirituality Takes Flight Biju Patnaik Airport B h u b a n e s w a r

Side view.

Known for its distinct architecture and ancient temples, Bhubaneswar is not only an important pilgrim destination, but also a great city for culture enthusiasts. Bhubaneswar, as we know it today was designed by the famous German town planner, Otto H. Koenigsberger. Located just 3 kms. from the city centre towards the southern part of the city, the Biju Patnaik Airport in the capital city of Odisha brings in devotees of all kinds.

Bhubaneswar, an important temple city of India, is famous for its architecture and its temples. Originally known for the 2000 temples dotting its lands, it is today the economic centre of Odisha.

eplete with all the needs of a modern day discerning traveller, instant connectivity and strategic location, the Biju Patnaik Airport

is being re-designed to position itself as an International receptor of passenger planes and wide-bodied aircrafts. In keeping with the rapid pace of industrialization taking place in Odisha, the Airports Authority of India (AAI) has planned a new integrated international airport complex at Bhubaneswar, which is under construction and is likely to be completed by the end of 2011. As part of the new plans, 280,000 m2 more space has been added for the expansion of the runway and a new terminal building with state-of-the-art facilities will form the focal point of the endeavour. Also in the pipeline are multiplexes, shopping complexes, a hotel and other commercial establishments under the public-private

Architects:

Vijay Behal Nishant Panjiyar Behal Joshi and Associates New Delhi, India

partnership (PPP) near the airport, to support 970 domestic passengers and 348 international passengers at a time. Located at an elevation of 138 ft., the airport boasts of two runways. While one of them is 4,524 ft. long, the

City side view.

Ground floor plan.

Vijay Behal

Nishant Panjiyar

Project Particulars Commencement Date: 2010 Approx. Cost: 14554.00 Lakhs Coordinating Engineer: Mr. Kamaleshwar Nath Tiwary Structural Consultants: M/s Technical Consultants, New Delhi Architects: Mr. Vijay Behal, Mr. Nishant Panjiyar

First floor plan.

Baggage claim area.

other extends to about 7,359 ft. The extension of the

width by the over-sailing terminal roof. Keeping its carbon

airport is a perfect example of how existing terminals

footprint in mind, the design strives to avoid overheating

can be enlarged without destroying the original design

while also providing a high level of natural light. The glass

concept. The extensions consist of two wings that extend

faĂ§ade will be protected from direct sunlight by deep roof

the present terminal, with a new terminal built alongside

overhangs. Elsewhere high performance heat reflective,

one of the wings. Whereas the original terminal was built

off line coated toughened glass will be employed to avoid

of powerful concrete forms, the new buildings are mainly

colour distortion.

glazed with steel frames and light weight roofs. Not only is this a nod to modern construction technology, it will also provide an interesting aesthetical contrast and a very definitive character to the over-all project.

Modern airports are becoming large complex transportation

interchanges,

where

you

can

move

freely between car, bus, rail, metro and aircraft, more importantly, they are becoming hubs of human interaction

Within the new terminal a double-height roadside

like never before. It is the integration, often within a single

concourse will distribute passengers into departures at high

building as is the case in new Bhubaneswar airport that

level with arrivals underneath. As is usual in terminals of

distinguishes twenty-first century airports from their

this size, the road is bi-level and sheltered for nearly its full

predecessors. ď Ž

Industrial Might on Flight Birsa Munda Airport R a n c h i

Ranchi, famously known as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Manchester of the Eastâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, covering almost 35 sq. km., is a fast developing centre of trade and commerce. Its traditional role as a base for sericulture and manufacturing of shellac continues to fuel its growth.

Exit from NITB.

Jharkhand may be a newly formed State and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s capital Ranchi may just be coming to terms with its commercial and industrial might in eastern India, but the Birsa Munda Airport is already facing saturation in terms of the gap between demand and usage.

t a distance of approximately 5 km. from the city, the Birsa Munda airport covering 546 acres of land, currently offers only domestic

operations having been expanded to meet the growing passenger demands over the past year. With an eye on the growth of the city as an industrial hub, it was imperative to provide not only better domestic travel, but also make for international flights. The result is an integrated facility catering to both international and domestic passengers over an area of 19,676 m2.

Architect:

The proposed design allows for a peak hour capacity

Virendra Khanna Virendra Khanna & Associates

of 500 passengers for domestic and 200 passengers for

New Delhi, India

100

international travel. The design concept allows for a smooth flow of passenger traffic through the terminal

City side view.

101

building with a focus on the operations and maintenance

concourse on the ground floor and departure lounges on

of the facility. Another big component of the design was

the first floor. Customised lighting designed to highlight

to provide for sufficient flexibility to allow for a phased

the space frame adds drama and aesthetic appeal to the

development in line with the city’s growth to accommodate

spaces.

the design traffic predictions of 2016-17.

While an airport building faces limitations towards

Being compact, the terminal building needed

being classified as ‘green’ in the truest sense, in keeping

efficient design, and in this case, function came first. It

with the intent towards a comprehensive, holistic design,

is testimony to the architect’s command over design that

various features have been incorporated while designing

function became a design feature and a lot of it came out of

the terminal building in order to minimise its carbon

the structural engineering of the building. The structural

footprint. For example, an overhanging roof on the

framing system consists of a column-beam arrangement,

north-west axis with the external surface designed to tilt

enabling the structure to resist both vertical and lateral

inwards, reduces exposure. As insulation towards radiant

loads as well as allowing for future expansion. The column

heat, designers have specified high performance glass to

grid spacing varies considerably through the building,

reduce heat load on the building. Maximum utilisation of

from slightly shorter spans in the domestic departure to

day lighting and illumination level sensors ensure reduced

phenomenally larger ones in the check-in hall, increasing

artificial lighting, enabling energy saving.

utility of the bays and creating poetic spaces.

Visionary projects of this scale and complexity need

As is with most airports, the roof is an eye catching

to remain sensitive to the environment. The Ranchi

feature. Consisting of six steel umbrellas, including the

Airport is a prime example of what sensitive thought can

entrance canopy, it is supported by a tubular space frame

achieve. It is with the same enthusiasm that the Airports

which will remain exposed in selected double height

Authority of India is determined to more develop Indian

areas such as the check-in hall, baggage claim, visitors

airports at par with the rest of the world. 

City side view.

102

TOP: International security hold. BOTTOM: Food court.

Virendra Khanna

Project Particulars Commencement Date: January 2010 Approx. Cost: Rs.138 Crores Architect: M/s. Virender Khanna & Associates Structural Enginneer: Mehro Consultants

103

A New Life Raja Bhoj Airport B h o p a l

One of the oldest cities of India, Bhopal occupies the northwestern portion of Madhya Pradesh and occupies the central most region of the country. This â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;City of Lakesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is a blend of culture, history, tradition and modernity.

Front side elevation.

With the existing airport terminal building handling an unprecedented volume of passengers, requirement for a new terminal building was inevitable. The city of Bhopal received a new lease of life for its people, industries and culture when the project was announced.

he city of Bhopal, previously known as Bhojpal in memory of its founder, the late King Bhoj, is in many ways the geographic heart of India.

Capital to one of the biggest and most centrally located States, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal is a blend of beautiful landscape, lakes and rivers, historic monuments and

Architect:

growing industries. And keeping an eye on its growth,

D. K Sharma D. K & Associates

in counters and two immigration counters for departures

New Delhi, India

104

the new terminal building shall accommodate 14 checkand three for the arrival.

Concourse area.

105

After a careful design study of the various airport

vehicle traffic, parking area, landscaping etc. The design

terminals in India, it was found that in most of the

of envelope is based on free form shell spread over 16,500

airports, a majority of them being rectangular, only the

square meters supported on 12 pyramidal struts and

central part was being optimally utilized. Based on this

peripheral supports. The structure has two distinct

understanding, a semi circular curvilinear pattern was the

skylights for better daylighting which also saves energy

final outcome for design and development. The structure

for lighting during daytime. Structure of the shell has a

of the proposed terminal was inspired by the image of

uniform bi-directionally curved steel box section. Each

an aircraft taking flight, with its wings spread wide. The

junction of the shell is specially fabricated to suit the

building with all its lights is supposed to give an impression

complex angle required to make free form surface possible.

of a celestial body resting on the lands of Bhopal.

This is achieved through special Digital Steel Fabrication

The newly proposed terminal building is aligned along the north-west side of the existing Terminal Building with a specially designated area of about (520x125) meters. Adjoining area of approx two hectares has also been designated on city-side for the proposed

106

Technique. The building envelope has a multilayer insulated metal roof, which is a thermal, sound and visual barrier. Pyramidal struts which are intermediate supports and also designed by compressive optimization and detailing, follow engineering forms. The support structure

Clockwise: Landscape plan. Concept design. Roof plan.

Airside aerial view.

Baggage check area.

Roof design.

Security hold.

Air side view.

Curved glass canopy.

107

Sectional view across terminal building.

Parking view at night.

The entrance gate.

Concourse area.

108

for glazing system is optimized by using peripheral support column grid substructure. This makes the peripheral skin remarkably light, transparent and aesthetically pleasing. The building structure has large spans with open spaces for flexibility and easy operations. For reasons of aesthetics, the structural shape is curvilinear rather than the simple to execute straight-lined ones. Efficient plumbing fixtures have been installed in the building which would save water and reduce the demand of water in the building. A captive Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) for treatment of the entire domestic and kitchen waste generated by the complex shall provide approximately 135 KLD of recycled water, which shall be used for cooling tower make-up. In order to achieve power savings owing to the cooling load variations, variable speed pumping system is being installed for the chilled water system. All air handling units shall be of double skin construction resulting in substantial gains in performance and savings in acoustic/thermal treatment of AHU rooms. A comprehensive building management Ground floor plan.

system is envisaged for the entire complex. The system shall include control and monitoring of HVAC system as a part of it. All HVAC equipments shall be automatically controlled through the building management system.ď Ž

D.K. Sharma

Project Particulars

First floor plan.

Commencement Date: September 19, 2008 Completion Date: September 2010 Approx. Cost: Rs. 150 Crores Architect: D. K. & Associates, New Delhi Principal Architect: Ar. D. K. Sharma Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Team: Devendra Kr. Mangal, Manoj Kaundal, Rajiv & Pavan Rathi Building and External Development: CE Con Engineers Roofing and Facade: Vector Design, Pune Plumbing & Fire Suppression: Soni Consultants Landscape & Electrical: Interigal Design HVAC & BMS: Armstong Engineering Acoustic & PA Systems: Advance Acoustic Research CCTV, FIDS & Signages: M. C. Manglanathan Road Consultants: Gifford India Pvt. Ltd. Contractors: BGSCT PL MSKEL Consortium (JV)

109

Wings of Hope Swami Vivekanand Airport R a i p u r

Raipur, capital of Chhattisgarh with a population of 1,560,667 is the administrative headquarters of Raipur District. It was formerly a part of Madhya Pradesh. Raipur is sometimes referred to as the “rice bowl of India”, where hundreds of varieties of rice are grown. The Mahanadi river flows to the east of the city of Raipur, and the southern side has dense forests.

Architects:

Charanjit S. Shah Gurpreet Shah Creative Group New Delhi, India

110

City side view of Terminal.

Airports play a crucial role in giving a city its identity. They stand as bold and imposing structures holding relevance in not only the regional context but the global context as well. The Raipur airport terminal is a prime example.

aipur, the capital city of Chattisgarh, has been witness to a tremendous growth ever since its formation. The annual passenger capacity of its airport is estimated to reach around 10 million by the year 2015. The aspirations of this young capital city, its industrious people and of the immense possibilities of growth of its aviation industry find resonance in its new terminal building’s distinct form. The organic form of the terminal, having its genesis in an ‘Avian’, was conceived with sliced dome at the centre and multiple wings elevating the roof profile towards the sky. The slicing of the roof profile would help maximize the daylight, while at night it would emit the internal lighting into the sky thus making its presence felt from afar. The architects have used Kalzip sheet roofing, Dunpalon translucent skylights, large span space roofing system and the curb side canopy done with ACP sheets and

City side view of the New Expandable Terminal Building at Raipur Airport.

Artistic aerial view of Raipur Airport.

111

toughened glass to give an extremely high-tech expression to the building, making it the visual pride of the capital city of Chattisgarh. The design of the rear side or the air-side corridor holds its inspiration from a ‘spaceship’, which is achieved using a louvered tube form. The herculean task of making the detailed 3-D AutoCAD model of more than 14,500 tubular members and transforming it into shop drawings was a huge undertaking, but the architect’s team delivered! The iconic roof of the building is an indigenous design with 3-Dimensional curvilinear roof form spanning 120 m. with 39 m. maximum clear span and 12 m. cantilever at air side. The roof consists of 12 unique trusses with skylights creating a floating effect. Each truss is supported by steel columns with flaring arms and popularly called the ‘tree columns’ by the workers on site! They not only help in reducing the span but form an important aesthetic feature in the vast indoor space.

There are also other elements of services that have been integrated with the visual and aesthetic expressions of architectural awareness and visualization. The most vibrant areas like the departure lounge and the waiting areas have been distinctively provided with relief and interesting features like indoor landscape courtyard and water bodies etc. The internal sunken green courtyard with running water channel and elements of Bastar art of Raipur represents the rich cultural heritage of Chhattisgarh, while the vast landscape development incorporating green car parking at the city side with appropriately designed mounds and contours behaves as a visual barrier from the ongoing traffic movement. It is a high-tech aerodynamic terminal which offers a smooth transition to the passengers from its flight in the sky to the city and its form reflects its function. 

Structural skin and exploded perspective schema of the roof. ABOVE: Roof structure drama of light and shadow.

Longitudinal Section the terminal building.

LEFT: Section of roof structure permitting skylight.

112

Transverse section of the terminal building.

Day lit view of visitors concourse and commercial area with art work.

Tree Coloumn at Raipur Airport.

Charanjit S. Shah

Gurpreet Shah

Project Particulars Commencement Date: September 2008 Project Completion Year: 2012 Approx. Cost: Rs. 136 Crores Architect: Creative Group, New Delhi Team: Prof. Charanjit S. Shah, Gurpreet Shah, Abhishek K. Sinha Structural Consultant: Vijay Rewal Associates The cheerful greens as incorporated in the section.

113

The Glorious Wave Goa Airport G o a

Sun, Sand and Sea have never come together the way they do in Goa. Renowned for its impressive scenic beauty, golden beaches and vibrant nightlife, the beautiful island of Goa is a melting pot of cultures on the western coast of Indian Peninsula.

Aerial view of the Terminal.

The wave represents aspirations - the aspirations of a nation which is quickly becoming a technological and economic giant on the global platform. The wave represents the freedom that Goa being a global tourist hub offers to the numerous tourists. The wave represents ecstasy - the ecstasy which no individual visiting Goa can miss.

hat can be more definitive about Goa than those amazing beaches and the frothy waves crashing the Island’s edges? Little

wonder then, that the wave in it’s free-flowing and its curvilinear glory is the inspiration behind the tourist State’s gateway to the world. The building envelope consists of long curved glass façade which gives the

Architects:

Kalpana Sethi P. C. Mettal Sujoy Dey AAI Team New Delhi, India

114

building a transparent and modern look. This new integrated terminal building will cater to both domestic and international passengers with a peak hour capacity of 2040 domestic and 800 international passengers combined together into 2840 passengers as against 700 of the existing terminal.

City side view.

115

City side view.

Side view of the Terminal Building.

116

MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING BASEMENT1

95 CARS

BASEMENT2

95 CARS

GROUND FLOOR

95 CARS

FIRST FLOOR

95 CARS

SECOND FLOOR

95 CARS

TERRACE FLOOR

95 CARS

TOTAL

570 CARS

TOTAL CAR PARKING = 475 COVERED PARKING + 95 TERRACE PARKING + 105 SURFACE PARKING = 675 CARS

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

TOTAL COACH PARKING = 35 COACHES

TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

Satellite picture of site plan of Goa Airport.

ABOVE: Multi level car parking. BELOW: Sketch of Goa Airport.

117

Goa road side view.

118

Construction in progress.

The airport site is surrounded by the sea on one side

right inside the terminal which is most apt for a place like

and the main highway on the other, limiting the scope

Goa. Different types of specially designed glasses are used

of expansion, thus the need to accommodate maximum

which give vibrancy and holiday flavor to the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

built-up area for limited ground. This building is more

interiors. Many back-lit double height feature walls

efficient in terms of the economics achieved as compared

strategically placed near the escalators and staircase

to any other contemporary airport of India or the world.

create visual interest and guide the passengers to move

Apart from having an iconic form, the new terminal building, designed on a vast area of 62,000 sq. m. is everything a modern airport of one of the major international tourist destinations should be. 68 checkin counters on one side and separate domestic and international departure hall on the other side mark the ground level. The first floor houses security check for international and domestic passengers, immigration

along a certain path. As in this terminal the flow of passengers is designed vertically, these type of feature walls are essential in providing visual cues for passengerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movement. The use of textured granite stone on the flooring is reminiscent of the Goan sea beaches. Compact laminated panels, a recyclable green material, is used as wall cladding which provides a visual softness to the interiors. The construction of the terminal is underway and the

counters for the arriving international passengers as well

next time you visit Goa, this iconic building will welcome

as provision of concessionaries. Its vibrant interiors, set the holiday and party mood

you and will set you in the mood for entertainment and on the path to self discovery. ď Ž

Project Particulars

Kalpana Sethi ED (PLG)

Sujoy Dey

P. C. Mettal Jt. G.M. (Arch.), AAI

Project Commencement Year: 2008 Architectural Team: Kalpana Sethi , P.C. Mettal, Sujoy Dey Project Cost: 397 Crores Enginnering Consultant: M/s. Creative Group, New Delhi MEP Consultant: M/s. Spectral Services Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Structural Consultant: M/s. Vijay Rewal Asociates Pvt. Ltd.

119

When Sea Shells Inspire Port Blair Airport P o r t

Port Blair is an important part of India’s history and its fight for independence. Home to the Cellular Jail and its many stories, the largest town in the Andaman Islands is a major base for the Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard.

B l a i r

Night view.

When nature inspires design, seas and mountains can motivate the mind and move the designer’s sensibilities. With sandy beaches defining Port Blair, sea shells became the starting point for the new airport’s building that is sure to wow users.

s an archipelago with 572 islands among which 36 are inhabited and all of them are treasure chests of peerless beauty, Andaman

& Nicobar Islands deserve attention. As it’s capital, Port Blair is gearing up to welcome a new generation of tourists and will soon boast of a new airport terminal building. With a proposed built-up area of 39,000 m2 the terminal will be a shining example amongst modern

Architect:

D.K Sharma D.K & Associates New Delhi, India

120

airports facilities. In a location abound with natural beauty, it was only logical that the inspiration for the building of the new terminal be found amongst nature–on the island’s

Aerial view of the Terminal.

121

CLOCKWISE FROM TOP: Evolution of the design. Concept design. Back elevation.

122

sandy beaches to be precise. With the humble sea shell for inspiration, the design concept of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Evolving from Natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; took a concrete shape, that of a shelter. Supported through peripheral steel columns and a central beam, the 40,000 m2 passenger terminal building has a span of 240 m., with two spans of 125 m. being column-less â&#x20AC;&#x201C; allowing for a free-flowing space below for efficient operations and better traffic movement as well as an undulating roof structure that mimics the shell. The central steel arc is not only supporting 11 trusses on either side, it will also house ducts to carry out rain water and house the complexities of service maintenance. Drains, electrical conduits and other service lines, which would further be distributed along the trusses making it an efficient system for services distribution and reducing the complexities of service maintenance.

123

TOP: Walk way. BOTTOM: Entrance of Terminal Building.

The terminal accommodates 1500 peak hour passengers with 750 pax each for domestic and international passengers. With 28 check-in counters, it has 12 common-use self-service (CUSS) check-in counters and the latest in-line scan system for departure and arrival baggage handling for arrival passengers. In fact the shell shaped structure takes advantage of the natural topography, so that the baggage claim area is at a lower level. The passengers enter at the upper level and descend to the aircraft. The lounges both international and domestic overlook the air side, offering a majestic view to the passengers. Making the interiors more region specific, two bio-walls and a central aquarium will bring nature into

124

the built mass, just as waiting areas for both domestic and international passengers exposed to apron will allow them the exciting view of the airside movement. Not only that, the new airport terminal at Port Blair will indeed be a green building. The entire terminal is lit by 100% natural lighting 12 hours a day which is achieved by skylights along the roof. In addition, the outer glazing is made of low-emittance glass which lets in the light and keeps 80% of the heat out reducing the need for air-conditioning. The sea shell-like ‘Integrated Terminal Building’ will serve both the Domestic as well as International passengers with a unique design approach welcoming them on to the sun, sands and waves of Port Blair the minute they set foot. 

D. K. Sharma

Project Particulars Approx. Cost: Rs. 374 Crores Architect: D. K Sharma & Associate, New Delhi Principal Architect: Ar. D. K. Sharma Architect’s Team: Manoj Kaundal, Vinod Pardhe & Pavan Rathi Structural Consultants, Building and External Development: CE Con Engineers Roofing and Facade: Vector Design, Pune MEP Consultant: Spectral Services Consultant Pvt. Ltd. Landscape Consultant: Integral Design Road Consultants: Gifford India Pvt. Ltd.

Detailed view of entrance canopy.

125

126

Regional Airports Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport, Amritsar  Udaipur Domestic Airport, Udaipur  Dibrugarh Airport, Dibrugarh  Ahmedabad International Terminal, Ahmedabad  Surat Airport, Surat  Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport, Indore  Vadodara Airport, Vadodara  Chikalthana Airport, Aurangabad  Madurai Airport, Madurai  Trichy Airport, Trichy  Mangalore Airport, Mangalore  Coimbatore Airport, Coimbatore  Tirupati Airport, Tirupati  Indira Gandhi Airport, Visakhapatnam 

127

Gateway to the Future Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport A m r i t s a r

Night view of the air side.

Amritsar, the seat of Sikh history, covers an area of 114 km2 and is home to the revered Golden Temple. With the spiritual site as its nucleus, Amritsar reveals the undulating historical experience of the city, 219 meters above the mean sea level.

Amritsar has long been a focus of touristsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; attention for religious, commercial and emigration purposes. As the regional node of development activities, it has faced a rapid increase in demands for an international airport terminal. The new terminal building at Amritsar marks the future for the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development as it opens with a bigger capacity and better services at par with international standards.

merging as the second largest airport of the Northern Region, Amritsar airport manifests itself as a national landmark amongst the

Airports of India. This airport has been strategically developed so as to take over traffic operations from IGI Airport, Delhi, besides sustaining its own traffic load which has been predicted to grow at a rate of 12% in domestic and 12% in international segment. By virtue of its area, counting more than 40,000 sq. m., this state-of-the-art facility boasts of a peak hour

Architect:

handling capacity up to 1600 passengers. Keeping in mind

Harpal Singh Airport Authority of India

the plan for a new airport was approved to be executed in

New Delhi, India

128

the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cultural, religious and strategic importance, two phases. Phase I completed in 2005, September and

City side view of Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport.

129

Graphic Model of Structural System Employed in Design of The Terminal Building.

View of city side area.

was declared operational by 2006 March. The second

the type of passengers required, suggest the feasibility of

phase of the project was completed, as the new integrated

the linear profile of the airport, accounting for minimum

terminal building was inaugurated on February 25, 2009.

distance to be traversed by the passenger entry to and

The new terminal is more than three times the area of the

from boarding.

initial stage.

The passenger concourse is a double height space

At Amritsar Airport, the structure is of steel and

running 200 mts. in length uninterrupted. The atrium

glass, because of implied economic and structural

on the ground floor holds a model of the Golden Temple,

advantages. The terminalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interiors evoke semblance to

opening upto 22 mts. in height. The one and a half level

the regional flavours, as an eclectic theme of traditional

design includes two double height areas, in the security

design elements dictate the visual impressions.

hold and in baggage claim area. The convex-concave

The

design

was

strategically

formulated,

Modular Expansion scheme, providing flexible expansion requirements of the future. Also, the assorted data for

130

View of security hold area.

profile of the roofing in section, imparts an impression of buoyancy, reducing the visual bulk of the volume. This fluid form is visually inviting and non-conforming to any rigid impression, reinforcing its distinct character.

Structural system adopted.

131

North side elevation.

Air side view.

Maximum span glazing curtain walls have been used with bow string truss configuration, providing clear view from inside the terminal building as well as from outside. The roofing is finished in â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;seamlessâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; aluminium profile, with provisions for skylights. This feature adds to the daylight in interiors besides the artificial lighting provisions. The building is clad in laminated glazing along its vertical surface, which has been specifically used for reducing overall heat gains and its sound barring properties. The enormous spatial configuration of the interiors poses a serious issue of acoustic design. In order Over view of the Airport.

to achieve the desired ambient noise level conditions, the treatment of interiors for acoustic was one of the primary issues. The treatment design was planned keeping in view the low frequency, mid-frequency and high frequency absorption, glazed areas and long double height spaces. The metal sheeting on the ceiling was designed for isolation and absorption of characteristics by providing slit holes and ribs with open areas of more than 25%. Wall treatment has been done with perforated aluminium composite panel of custom design slits in shape for better absorption and diffusion property, and aluminium composite panels, toughened glass panels, acoustic tile at ceiling in low height areas. ď Ž

Roof design showing the metal sheeting.

132

Site plan of the Airport.

City side view of the Airport.

133

134

CLOCKWISE (Bottom left): Baggage claim area. Visitor walking area. Baggage claim area. Check-in counters

Harpal Singh

Project Particulars Commencement Date: June 2009 Approx. Cost: Rs. 145 Crore (after completion) Architects: AAI (in house), Mr. Harpal Singh, Mr. Debashis Khan Structural Consultant : Vivek Garg, Assoc Str Engg, Mahintura Consultant Pvt. Ltd.

135

Contemporary Vocabulary and Vernacular Architecture Udaipur Domestic Airport U d a i p u r

This City of Dawn covers an area of 37 km2 at an altitude of 598 meters above the sea level. Tales of its heroic past, love and valour are strewn across Udaipur’s fairy-tale palaces, lakes, temples, gardens and narrow lanes. One of the most sought after tourist spot, it is in Udaipur’s narrow lanes that James Bond once drove the local auto-rickshaws in the 1983 released Octopussy.

Air side view.

While the design of the building has been inspired by the local architecture of the region, the new terminal at Udaipur is a state-of-the-art complex having all international modern facilities.

daipur, a district of Rajasthan populary known as the Venus of India is an extremely popular tourist destination. It is known for its beautiful lakes,

temples, palaces, Maharana Pratap Memorial, Saheliyon ki Bari, Haldi Ghati etc. and its natural landscape. The Maharana Pratap Airport is the city’s domestic airport located at a distance of 22 km. from the centre

Architects:

Suresh Goel Sandeep Goel Suresh Goel & Associates New Delhi, India

136

of the city, situated at an elevation of 1,674 ft. with one terminal and one runway. With the growing tourist traffic to the place, the modernization of Udaipur Airport was inevitable, and as a sign of things to come, its runway is being extended by 9,000 ft.

Night view of Domestic Terminal.

137

138

The Airport edifice with regional motifs metamorphosed.

139

140

LEFT: The cafeteria at the heart of the lounge. RIGHT: Interior view of the Terminal.

The design of the terminal building has been inspired by the local architecture of the region. The design celebrates the fusion of contemporary vocabulary form with the traditional architecture. The “Jharokha” element of Rajasthan architecture in particular and shades of Udaipur green and white marble add unique touch to the Udaipur airport. With an eye on the future possibilities of it being an international airport, the design of the complex has been done with provisions for expansion, further modernisation and addition of Front Elevation.

varied facilities. It has modern facilities like aerobridges, escalators, lifts, conveyer belts with CCTV, latest audio visual system etc. Centrally air-conditioned and designed to be disabled friendly, the building will also house a modern art exhibition gallery. The architect with 39 years of rich architectural experience has designed the complex, ecofriendly and

Rear elevation.

on green building principles. The maximum use of solar energy, low energy consumption electrical fittings, water harvesting, water recycling through S.T.P and water treatment plant and special colour glass have been used for low heat transmission. 

Apron side elevation.

Section A.

Suresh Goel

Sandeep Goel

Project Particulars Section B.

Commencement Date: 19/12/2005 Project Completion Year: 2007 Principal Architect: Suresh Goel Architectural Team: Sandeep Goel -Team Leader Sanaulla - Architect Project Engineer: Mr. S. S. Ghai Project Cost: 125 Crores Structural Engineer: Mr. P. L. Goyal Services Consultant: Mr. Mukesh Asija Landscapists: Mr. Ayush Ranjan

141

Jewel of the North-East Dibrugarh Airport D i b r u g a r h

Covering an area of 3,381 km2, Dibrugarh is located along the banks of the legendary Brahamaputra river. Surrounded by tea gardens and a hazy outline of Himalayas in the background, the district has been a favourite of off-beat tourists and tea connoisseurs since the days of the Raj.

Side view of Domestic Airport.

Dibrugarh, the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Tea Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of the north-east is a sight to behold. A major part of it being an extensive plain formed by the Brahmaputra and its major south bank tributary-the Buri Dihing, this north-eastern Indian city holds promise as a business and tourist destination.

arked by Dhemaji district on the north, Tinsukia district on the east, Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh on the south-east and

Sibsagar district on the north and south-west, Dibrugarh is an important activity hub in the north-east. Where there was only a dilapidated, shed-like airport building, not sufficient to meet the growing demand of Arunachal Pradesh, a new airport terminal, equipped with the best engineering systems and modern facilities promises to

Architect:

Roopak Kothari Kothari & Associates New Delhi, India

142

bring the State more prosperity. The site for the new terminal of area 10,536 m2 is located at the north-east of the existing terminal building. The allocated area for the apron is a square land across

Main view of the Dibrugarh Domestic Airport.

143

73,440 m2. The terminal is proposed in a trapezoidal site of about 69,120 m2. The apron design would accommodate three A321 airplanes with two aerobridges directly connected to the terminal building located about 16 meters from the nose line. The overall design of the apron is similar to the existing apron design. Located along the north-west edge (nose line) due to functional requirement, the terminal building ensures that there is ample space on both sides of the linear terminal building for future expansion. The airside enjoys the flexibility of adding two to three aerobridges. A future expansion would allow for about 1.5 times the existing capacity (250 departures and 250 arrivals) of passenger handling. Conceived to be an architectural response to the heavy rainfall (the roof slopes down by about 12 degrees on to a large continuous gutter, which takes water of the kerb roof as well), the building defined by a continuous sloping roof punctuated with skylights expresses the forward thinking mind-set of its people. Yet, the main architectural feature the ‘Y’ columns reminiscent of the bamboo structures of the

Site Plan.

region are thoughtfully interpreted for a contemporary look comparable to airports anywhere in the world. The terminal design benefits from an abundance of daylight from the continuous skylights spaced out evenly across the roof, thus providing a good, uniform ambient light and a view of the clouds above. It is proposed to have indirect lighting, with metal halide floodlights to shine light upwards onto the clean white surfaces of the ceiling. The down lighting would be controlled and balanced out with the daylight with intelligent automated sensor systems.

Elevation -1

The approach road leading up to the porch would be lined up with palm species like ‘bismarkia nobilis’, latania species and ‘phoenix’ which can grow in heavy rainfall and do not attract many birds. The parking lot and the landscaped green have been planted with a mixture of flowering trees like plumeria species, delonix regia and ‘jacaranda’ which

Elevation -2

are medium sized trees, perfect to provide shade. Meanwhile, the entire area beyond the loop road has been left untouched as green fields for future growth. The public concourse houses the concessionaires, airport manager, VIP room, toilets and entry to a nice glazed

Elevation -3

cafeteria overlooking a beautiful landscape court with water falls and a view of the natural rainfall while waiting in the concourse. The concourse is centrally placed with entry to the check-in area towards the left and exit from the baggage claim from the right. The emphasis is on transparency and openness. 

144

Elevation -4

Arrival side baggage claim area.

Side view.

145

The waiting lounge.

146

View of airside from lounge.

Roopak N. Kothari

Project Particulars Commencement Date: 22nd Nov. 2005 Completion Date: 28th Feb. 2009 Approx. Cost: Rs. 60 Crores Architect: Kothari & Associates, New Delhi Principal Architect: Ar. Roopak N. Kothari Architects Team: Ar. Matisha Kothari, Ar. Tapaswini Das, Asst. Ar. Subhdarshan Interior Team: Ar. Matisha Kothari, Ar. Tapaswini Das Structural Experts: Er. Manish Gupta, Er. Sanjiv Nehra Engineers: Er. Vikas Jain, Er. Vinod Sharma Landscape Architect: Ar. Saket Jain, Ar. Tapaswini Das

Airside view of the Terminal Building.

147

Flying Kites Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel International Terminal A h m e d a b a d

Located on the banks of the River Sabarmati in the northern part of Gujarat, Ahmedabad is spread over 205 km2. The city abounds with a rich and vibrant cultural life and a booming textile industry.

View of Ahmedabad International Terminal.

The International Kite Festival is an appropriate metaphor for Ahmedabad with its people coming together on their terraces to revel in the basic joy of flying. The cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new masterpiece - the International Airport Terminal is designed to pay homage to the city of Ahmedabad and the buoyant spirit of its people.

Architects:

Roopak Kothari Kothari & Associates New Delhi, India

CPG Consultants Singapore

148

hmedabad is a city whose architecture is a combination of imagination and reality, thereby leaving an indelible mark. Regarded as a major centre for the textile and pharmaceutical industries and reputed for the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s premier institute of management, it also features many temples of the Jain sect amongst other significant mosques and the famous step wells unique to the northern part of the country. The planning concept for this proposal is of a one-and-a-half level terminal building. In essence, this allows for single-storey passenger processing with only waiting/ boarding areas at an upper level.

Night view of Domestic Terminal.

149

The cantilevered design.

150

It is the steel construction technology that makes it possible to have a modern structural resemblance to the traditional kite-form which is proposed together with a modular play of lightand-surface in materials. The kite-shaped cutouts form skylights, while the remaining surface area surrounding each of these, is to be a membrane of ceiling finish from below, and roofing above. Each bay of this main roof is made up of two end-to-end folded trapezoid framing-trusses that balance on an inverted skeletal-pyramid set of prongs and Y-prop columns respectively. The cantilever-end of each roof-plane flies-up to greet and shelter passengers at kerbside, while on the other side of the support it flies across the longer span of the main departure and arrival halls. Upon clearing the departure processes, passengers are ready to relax and enjoy the convenience of an Airside Retail Hub strategically located for last-minute spending and eating. The deck is divided into shops overlooking the processing halls on its inner side, while on its outer side, a cafĂŠ sized to cater for delayed flights, faces a more significant indoor landscape space and the aircraft apron beyond. The local sandstone used in the public areas takes on a more rustic, roughhewn character as the backdrop to a ground level water feature, within which large bell-shaped potted trees mark the soaring height of this atrium space.

View towards Departure Immigration.

City side elevation.

Airside elevation.

Front Elevation

Rear Elevation

Side Elevation

151

Structural frame work

Frame

The articulation of the roof and ceiling as a 3-dimensional composition of skylight and membrane panels requires it to be essentially free of M&E services. It is proposed that air will generally be circulated from the surfaces above the low-rise shops and the back walls. For the larger volumes, namely the main Departure and Arrival halls, thermal stratification of air-conditioning and heating is proposed. This means that the energy for cooling (or heating) is concentrated on only the first 3-4 meters of space more closely affecting the comfort of passengers, and effectively controlling it at a consistent 23 degrees. Louvers will help screen the direct penetration of sunlight through the larger areas of glazing.

152

The terminal design benefits from an abundance of daylight from the skylights and shear-glass and louver facades. Complementing this within the Main Hall is the use of indirect lighting, with metal halide floodlights to throw light upwards onto the clean white surfaces of the ceiling finish and the underside of the opaque roof planes. It is proposed to include two Passenger Loading Bridges for the initial terminal. These are to be aprondrive type with two arms, in order to cater for aircraft up to the capacity of B744. The terminal design places an emphasis on clarity and efficiency of the layout, such that way finding should be self-evident. ď Ž

CLOCKWISE: View of departure/ check-in hall. Structural frame work. A view of Terminal Building from air side. Kerbside view-arrivals

Water body.

Roopak N. Kothari

Project Particulars Commencement Date: 2nd Feb. 2007 (Phase-I) 28th Feb. 2008 (Phase-II) Completion Date: Finishing stage Approx. Cost: Rs. 260 Crores Architect: Kothari & Associates, New Delhi Architects Team: Ar. Roopak N. Kothari, Ar. Matisha Kothari, Ar. Geetanjali Malik, Ar. Atul Singh Chauhan & Ar. R. S. Dheer Arch. Consultants: CPG Consultants, Singapore Landscape Architects: Ar. Matisha Kothari, Ar. Geetanjali Malik

Interior view.

153

Weaving the Future Surat Airport S u r a t

Surat formerly known as Suryapur, is the Commercial Capital City of Gujarat famous for Textile and Diamond business. It is also India's eighth largest metropolitan city. Situated on the left bank of the Tapti River the population of Surat with its twin city Navsari is above 6.2 million as of 2010. It has one of the highest GDP growth rates in India at 11.5% as of 2008.

City side view.

The creative concept for this unique airport reflects the spirit of the town. In harmony with a town famous for it textiles and diamond trade, the airport design is a post-modern triumph.

ocated on the banks of the River Tapti, Surat is one of western Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s major ports and trading towns. Formerly known as Suryapur, it is a

prominent commercial hub occupying a pivotal position on the Ahmedabad-Mumbai corridor at NH-8. The existing airport in Surat is located at State Highway No.66 towards Dumas in Magdalla area and has facilities like Air Traffic Services, Rescue and Safety services and Communication and Navigation facilities. AAI took

Architects:

Kalpana Sethi A. G. Joshi Airport Authority of India New Delhi, India

154

over the assets of Surat Airport from State Government for operations of ATR-72 type of aircraft. However, during the course of events it was decided to upgrade airport facilities suitable for operation of wide bodied aircraft such as B-737800/AB-321.

Front view of Surat Airport.

155

City side view.

156

After careful study of passenger loads, air traffic

steel structure roof with skylights usher better ambient

volumes and safety enquiries, the architect embarked on

lighting within the terminal building. This modern and

a mission to deliver to this small but important destination

aesthetically appealing building is supported on RCC

an airport it truly deserves.

frame structure.

A Terminal Building suitable to cater for 125 arriving

The terminal building is passenger friendly having an

and 125 departing passengers has been developed with a

area of 8731 sq. m. with all modern facilities, suitable for

future provision for aerobridges. The Master Plan was

handling of 125 departure and 125 of arrival passengers

developed for modular and linear type of Terminal Building

per hour. The commercial developments such as modern

concept. A standard linear design is most appropriate in

shopping plazas, multiplexes, hotel and infotainment park

the absence of any site constraints and the modular system

have been planned in the vicinity of Terminal Building.

helps to accommodate provisions for future expansion.

The airport infrastructure and buildings such as new ATC

With the concern to reduce their dependence on artificial lighting, the latest trends in terminal designs

tower-cum-technical block, fire station, E&M workshop, electric sub station, are all constructed.

focus at using daylight through vast roof spans and

As one would expect, the building has been designed

facades. In this respect, the use of steel structure is

in line with the IATA norms, but â&#x20AC;&#x153;A quarter circular

considerably justified. This trend followed through at

arching cover the drop off road, clad in attractive, multi-

Surat as well where the terminal building is enveloped

coloured Alucobond material lifts up the building and

by curtain glazing to bring in light, not only minimizing

brings in a bit of the infectious Surat zest into aviation architecture.â&#x20AC;? ď Ž

energy waste during day time, but also offering majestic view to the passenger from security hold areas. The

Kalpana Sethi

Project Particulars

Covered entrance to the Terminal.

Commencement Date: December 2007 Completion Date: July 2009 Approx. Cost: Rs. 49.41 Crores Architects: AAI (in house) Ar. Kalpana Sethi & Ar. A.G. Joshi

157

Breaking New Ground Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport I n d o r e

View of the Terminal Building.

This understated central Indian city is the largest one in the State of Madhya Pradesh. With a rich historical background, culture and tradition, Indore is a beautiful mesh of several rivers and their bounty.

Indore, also called the Mumbai of Madhya Pradesh, is the hug of business activities of western India. The growing importance of the city warrants good connectivity. Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport, named after Indore's popular ruler from yore addresses the city's growing appetite; situated 8 km. to the south-east of the city, the airport has one terminal, used for both domestic as well as international flights; considering it's the 22nd busiest airport in India, its not matter of size.

ndore is faced with challenges of re-defining its future. The existing Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar (DABH) Airport terminal has served well in the

past but lacks the ability to expand feasibly or change with future conditions. The growing demand of time for efficient connectivity is the primary reason for the new integrated terminal development. The beauty of the new terminal at the DABH Airport lies in its ability to dynamically adjust to future conditions, situations and market forces. Based on

Architects:

these factors, the existing terminal may either be integrated

Ar. Savita Ar. Sumit Ar. Namit Muralage

into the new terminal or continue to function separately.

New Delhi, India

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The new terminal has been envisaged as a landmark for the city, with its architectural style reflecting the culture and history of Indore and its spirit saluting the growing city and its people.

Air side view of the Airport.

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LEFT: Aerial view of Terminal Building (cityside & airside). LEFT BOTTOM: Air side view of Terminal. RIGHT TOP: Waiting area. RIGHT BOTTOM: Food court.

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LEFT: City side view of the Airport. RIGHT (TOP): Air side view. MIDDLE: Waiting lounge. BOTTOM: Interior view of the Airport.

The concept behind the new terminal was to allow

translucent glass which angles down towards the vertical

for a quick and efficient construction and to give DABH

circulation core that will take departing passengers up

Airport a first class terminal that is operationally efficient.

to the international and domestic security areas, the

This terminal which will initially serve a great portion of

departure concessions and hold rooms.

domestic passenger activity will also be a more efficient revenue generating model and a modern outlook will reflect in the terminal building that is spacious, transparent and open. In keeping with these philosophies, the building design is modern, organic, dynamic and flowing like the economy of Indore and the energy of its people. On a walk through the completed building one would notice many

daylight into the interior of the terminal eliminating the need for artificial illumination during most normal daylight hours. This will reduce the energy costs by almost eliminating lighting demand during daylight hours and greatly minimizing the heat.

architectural and structural elements of the design. The

At the roadway edge, the arched trusses flow from

building envelope serves dynamically as an over reaching

the interior to the exterior and become a canopy that

shape, yet allows for a flexible use of the one and a half

covers two and a half lanes of the roadway at the terminal

storey interior as well as the canopy over the kerbside.

curbside. The geometry of the flowing roof and skylights

The trusses support skylight windows that allow light to

give the building a strong sense of direction that guide

filter through high energy performance insulating window

passengers from curb side to air side.

panes of the skylight system giving a soft glow to the

The front and rear walls of the terminal are constituted

colourful terminal interior. Upon entering the terminal,

of self-supporting glazed curtain walls. Using readily

departing passengers can see check-in areas which are

available local or India feasible assembly technologies,

strategically placed to allow for simple and fast use.

the terminal building tries to use materials that allow for

The check-in areas have been designed such that they

a fast and simple construction program. ď Ž

are easy to expand - physically and technologically. The check-in areas are backed by lightly illuminated wall of

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Skylights and clerestory windows will filter natural

Project Particulars Approx. Cost: Rs. 120 Crores Architect’s Team: M/s. Muralage, Ar. Savita – Rohit, Ar. Sumit – Ira, Ar. Namit Structural Experts: Technical Project Consultants, New Delhi Services Consultants: M/s. Spectral Services Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Noida Landscape Architects: M/s. Muralage

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Galloping into the Future Vadodara Airport V a d o d a r a

Vadodara, formerly known as Baroda is also called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Sanskari Nagariâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; for its rich cultural traditions. Situated on the banks of Vishwamitri river, the city covering around 149 square kilometers is famous for its palaces, parks, temples and museums.

View of front overhang and the kerb area.

To enhance the capacity of the passenger and introduction of international services, the idea of a new integrated terminal building came out - designed to cover an area of approximately 17,500 sq. m. This airport would be able to serve upto 700 passengers per hour.

eveloped as an industrial hub, Vadodara is a city synonymous with automobiles, engineering and chemicals. Its rich cultural

heritage finds resonance in the existing Vadodara airport terminal building with its distinct regional architectural style playing an important role. It is assumed that in the coming years the passenger growth will increase by 11.4% and the existing 6500

Architects:

Charanjit S. Shah Gurpreet Shah Creative Group New Delhi, India

164

sq. m. terminal will no longer be capable of handling such a large number of passengers. The new building is an ultra-modern structure with large roofing that spans the entire length of the terminal. This has made way for a light and open, column-free

Aerial view of the Vadodra Airport.

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terminal with expansive curtain walls that create a feeling

The design of the new terminal was conceived with a

of spaciousness. The skylights follow the geometry of the

philosophy to increase the efficiency of resources and the

trusses, further opening the structural framework to allow

architect has envisioned it as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;Green Buildingâ&#x20AC;?.

natural light to permeate the terminal. The triangulated

Introduction of skylights and the clear circular openings

structural scheme and repetition of the basic structural

will facilitate natural ventilation apart from just introducing

module result in maximum resourcefulness and assist

a new spatial experience to the space. In keeping with the

in limiting the overall depth of the structural envelope,

green concept, bricks have been replaced by AAC blocks

girders are post tensioned and the beams and slabs

that ensure thermal insulation, besides aiding in quick and

that will frame into these girders will be designed using

easy construction.

conventional reinforced concrete construction methods. This system has been adopted to ensure maximum flexibility for possible in future operational changes to the terminal.

LEFT: Site plan. FACING PAGE: Floor plan with Circulation Pattern.

The terminal at Vadodara lays emphasis on the central zone with a visual connection in all direction enabling clear demarcation between air side and land side alongwith intuitive way finding. One of the most

167

interesting components of the layout is the design of the stepped pool between the visitors’ concourse, the checkin hall and baggage claim hall. Sound of flowing water accentuates the experience inside the terminal and creates a memorable experience for passengers. The location of the terminal and the apron are consistent with the airport master plan. The location of new integrated terminal allows for the overall expansion of the airport to continue with minor disruption to the adjacent infrastructure. The city side development incorporates a road network to connect to the existing main

highway

system.

check-in

counters

are

provided as per the peak hour passenger processing rates along with the provision of screening lanes with each X-ray scanner and adequate security equipment for security. Three security lanes will be dedicated for domestic passengers and one will be dedicated for international passengers. Sub-surface car parking facility has been provided at the north-east corner of the site. The facility is designed to accommodate 250 car parking spaces and will allow full view of the terminal from the roadway system. “It is the power of imagination which sows the seeds of sailing beyond the line of horizon, achieving the impossible and conforming to the environment while setting milestones”, keeping this in mind Architect Shah embarks upon a new future of Indian aviation infrastrucutre. 

Prof. Charanjit Shah Gurpreet S. Shah

Project Particulars Project Completion Year : 2012 Architectural Team : Mr. Charanjit. S. Shah, Mr. Gurpreet. S. Shah, Mr. Abhishek K. Sinha Project Cost : 150 Crores MEP Consultant : M/s. V. S. Kukreja & Associates Consultants, New Delhi Structural Consultant: M/s. Charu Engineering Consultants, New Delhi

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View of public concourse.

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Welcome to the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;City of Gatesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Chikalthana Airport A u r a n g a b a d

Named after the Mughal emperor, Aurangazeb, Aurangabad is dotted with many historic monuments. From the Bibi-ka-Maqbara to the Ajanta Ellora caves, there is culture, artistry and beautiful craftsmanship in very corner.

Terminal view of Aurangabad Airport.

Aurangabad is a gem in the well-deserved crown of Maharashtra. Ajanta & Ellora caves are heritage sites of great international importance highlighting extraordinary cultural values. Little wonder that, the city of Aurangabad attracts a lot of international tourists. At the Chikalthana Airport, a new passenger terminal building was inaugurated on 21st November 2008, which is equipped with all modern facilities to welcome everyone with arms wide open.

s part of the development plans for the magnificent city of Aurangabad and to aid the heavy air traffic this growing hub of Maharashtra experiences, a state-of-the-art airport was a necessity. It was decided to upgrade facilities at Aurangabad airport in phases. The first phase included extending and strengthening of the runway, a new taxi-track, construction of the boundary wall and other facilities. This phase was completed in 2005. As part of the second phase, a new integrated terminal building and a technical complex were constructed so that it could handle domestic traffic as well. One of the most

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Night view of the Terminal.

171

The steel bean trees with short coloumns.

172

The arrival bay.

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daunting problems faced during the expansion plans for the airport was that of parking spaces for the aircraft. The old apron could only accommodate one wide-bodied aircraft — clearly not a comfortable situation. As a result, the airport in its original format could not deal with the heavy traffic, nor could it achieve its potential.

decorative aspect to the building; the ‘open style’ cantilever design fits into a modern or artistic design for a space, where it is blended practicality with aesthetic appeal. Robust pillars replicating the local architecture of Ajanta and Ellora are not only integral structural elements, but also bring a local resonance to the spaces inside the building.

The new airport not only solves practical problems of multiple aircraft parking spaces and faster turn-around for flights, as all new buildings it stands as proof of the growth of the city and its people. Like all modern terminals the Aurangabad airport grows in the vertical dimension. There is a beautiful use of cantilever beam structures for the overhangs that are a part of various buildings that make up the complex. These overhanging elements provide a

The form of the terminal consists of two separately expressed rectangular forms. The first houses the checkin, arrivals and departure concourse; the second airside concourse faces across the runway. Whereas the block housing, the main public concourse is mainly glazed and transparent, the other — providing direct access to the aircraft is more solid, with apertures cut crisply from panelled impervious walls.

TOP: Site plan. BOTTOM: Night view.

Inside the main concourse block, architectural structure and roof-lighting help articulate the complex pattern of movement within the public areas. Columns and beams create such a powerful visual order that different activities within the spaces below are contained very smartly. A two-way grid of roof-lights helps express the structural bays of the columns and reinforce the fundamental spatial order of the interior. The progression of different concourses within this space and the linking staircases and escalators all obey the structural logic and gesturing of the columns.Like other airports of India,

while designing Aurangabad airport the AAI has taken care that the new airport responds to climate, ecology and nature. It has been designed to reduce the use of energy and employed energy materials of low toxicity and maximize natural sources of light and ventilation.

TOP LEFT: Air side view. TOP RIGHT: Drop off/Pick up area. ABOVE: Airside view of Terminal Building.

Aurangabad has a great potential for drawing more and more international and domestic fliers. The city has excellent rail and road connectivity with the rest of India. And now with a spanking new terminal, the ‘City of Gates’ may well live up to its beautiful name, becoming a major international gateway for India. 

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New Way Forward Trichy Airport T r i c h y

Trichy, famous for its temples and museum, is also one of the most attractive tourist attractions of South India. It is also a fine blend of modern and traditional architecture.

View of Terminal Building.

Tiruchirappalli, situated on the banks of river Cauvery is the fourth largest city in Tamil Nadu. In the earlier days, this majestic city was the citadel of the early Cholas. Trichy, as it is now lovingly known, is a fine blend of the traditional and the modern, built around the Rock Fort.

Architects:

Vijay Behal Nishant Pinjiyar Behal Joshi and Associates New Delhi, India

176

n recent times, Trichy has come to be a blooming commercial centre in Tamil Nadu and is famous for cigars, handloom cloth, glass bangles & glassworks. To cope with its rising profile, the shuttle town has put new emphasis on the development of its infrastructure. In this respect the modernization of Trichy airport has been given priority. Inaugurated on February 21, 2009, the two-storeyed new building, covering an area of 11,777 m2 comprises of a public concourse, landscape court, VIP lounges and CIP lounges amongst a plethora of modern amenities. It can handle a passenger flow of 400 at a given point of time â&#x20AC;&#x201C; double its previous capacity. Apart from this, the major components like common user terminal equipment installation with which different airlines can operate at a given time, public concourse and installation of two aerobridges has changed the face of the complex.

City side view.

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Integrated, electronically controlled and monitored electrical devices and air-conditioning services systems bring the new terminal at par with some of the more advanced terminals in the country. A non-directional beacon is installed at a distance of 3 km. from the airport which will be shifted within the campus to enable the homing device for aircraft handling in an ideal manner and act as a landmark as well. The Airport Authority of India (AAI) has plans to install the control tower at an appropriate location inside the operational area to make the control operations possible with the view direction of 360 degrees. A special arrangement has also been made to make the terminal building competent enough to host medical inspection room under the auspices of a Trichy based corporate hospital. In addition to basic amenities for passengers and service providers, a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;carrouselâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; type conveyor belt imported from Portugal and an efficient, ecology-conscious air-conditioning system, supported with generators of 2,000 KV capacity has also been provided. The airport expansion plan includes construction of a service block, car parking, overhead tank of 1 lakh litre and underground sump of 5 lakh litre capacity.

Ground floor plan.

Provisions for three new aerobridges have been made of which two are already in place. Currently the airport handles ten flights or 1,500 passengers per day in domestic and international sector, a blue-print has been prepared to convert the existing terminal into a cargo terminal. The runway, designed with an elaborate apron, not only allows for great views in the terminal but also makes for adequate space for future expansion of terminal building. ď Ž

First floor plan.

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Behal Joshi

Nishant Panjiyar

Project Particulars Commencement Date: 2010 Project Completion Year : 2011 Approx. Cost: 14554.00 Lakhs Coordinating Engineer: Mr. Kamaleshwar Nath Tiwary Structural Consultants: M/s. Technical Consultants, New Delhi Architect: Mr. Vijay Behal, Shri Nishant Panjiyar

Aerial view of the site.

Arrival lobby.

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Overcoming All Odds Mangalore Airport M a n g a l o r e

With its name derived from the deity Mangaladeviâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, Mangalore was traditionally associated with exporting coffee and cashew nuts. With tall mountains, green fields and charming forests, it is now arguably the most scenic of commercial hubs in the country.

Air side view of Mangalore Airport.

As a gateway to Mangalore and the region inspiringly beautiful southern State of Karnataka, the new terminal complex at the Mangalore Airport presents both the modernity and forward-looking approach of its people as well as its rich culture.

angalore, the only major port of Karnataka, has lot to contend with, most of it is a hillock with the top 20-metre layer covered by Laterite

stone. If that was not an obstacle enough, below this layer is the 2,600-million-year-old hard and un-weathered granite layer â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and this layer can not be affected even by earthquake ranging from two to three on the Richter scale. The new terminal at the Mangalore airport tackles that and a lot more. Completed in December, 2009, the terminal design evolved from the beautiful distinct grandeur and volumetric permanence of the traditional Karnatic architecture

Architect:

intended to fuse the rhythmic beauty of traditional

S. R. Sikka Sikka Associates

architecture with the functionality of Modern Airport

New Delhi, India

180

Terminal planning with notable technical innovations in energy-efficiency sustainable design and forms.

Side view of the Terminal.

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TOP RIGHT: Site plan. BELOW: City side elevation. MIDDLE: Longitudinal section.

The old Terminal Building at Mangalore, operating from an old structure at Bajpe was extremely inadequate in terms of space requirement as well as facilities. Since its inauguration, air traffic into the city increased tremendously as Mangalore has become educational and an IT hub in addition to being the predominant access port to Manipal â&#x20AC;&#x201C; another educational city 60 km. away. IT leader Infosys is already well-established in Mangalore and Wipro aims at setting up a large campus in near future. Needless to say, passenger traffic at Mangalore Airport has been growing steadily for the past seven years with it handling nearly eight lakh passengers in 2010 as compared to the 2.63 lakh passengers in 2004. The new airport project was taken up to be developed in an area of about 2.36 km2 of land. In the first phase a Different views of air side corridor.

43,000 m2 apron was constructed and connected to the second runway. The new terminal building built over 280,000 m2 of land is centrally air-conditioned and is equipped with two aerobridges with a scope for further expansion in the future. It is designed to separately handle domestic and international passengers. The fundamental form of regional buildings â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sloped roofs made of bricks clay tile fired to rich red colour has been adapted by the new terminal structure with the pitched and hipped roof becoming a signature element of the region, and now its new airport.

Air side view of Terminal.

182

Entrance view.

The construction technologies are rooted in local

systems. Rainwater is managed in the roof construction.

practice and that are economically obtainable have

The double shell of roof functions as an â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Energy Parasolâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

been used. Concrete is the principal structural material.

shielding the actual terminal enclosure from the full heat

Masonry materials such as brick and terracotta are

built-up of solar energy, while permitting heated air to

exterior cladding. Glazing is strategically used where it is

vent naturally from between the shells.

most beneficial to the passengersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; experience inside the building. As the two ends of the building are not permanent features because of the possibility of expansion, these have also been kept as glass walls.

The energy of the sun is captured at the outer shell by a reflective surface of ACP panels mounted on the vast terminal roof and oriented to better face the path of the sun, which conserves a significant source of energy for the

Louvered fenestration is another very dominant

operations of the terminal. Light is let into the terminal

feature of coastal architecture, use of which is introduced

selectively and through glazing panels oriented away from

in the building. This protection yields a substantial

the sun. In addition such panels are protected with louvers.

reduction in the heat load on the terminal building, lowering the cooling requirements of the mechanical

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The interior of the terminal is shaped to exalt the

all provided in a configuration that supports current and

experience of the passengers, meeters and greeters. The

optimal airport operations and reflect the best of current

landside concourse is almost an extension of outside kerb

practice.

as it runs along the full width of the terminal. Concourse, with a visitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gallery in front of arrival and baggage claim allows everyone to enjoy a good view of the total arrival process. Light is let in selectively through limited areas of glazing. The grand sense of space enhances the experience of arriving at the beginning of a journey. Basic functionality, airport processing equipment, circulation routes and conveying devices, support spaces, retail and catering concessions and other required elements are

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Indeed, the design of the entire International Terminal has been shaped with the intent to provide a worthy gateway of Karnataka, a unique expression of its people, its culture and its natural environment. As aviation is an emerging sector and only two percent people of India travel by air, the percentage is bound to grow as the Indian economy flourishes. In the emerging scenario, regional airports and cultural and business hubs like Mangalore will benefit tremendously. ď Ž

RIGHT & LEFT TOP: Baggage claim area. BOTTOM: Waiting area.

S. R. Sikka

Project Particulars Commencement Date: July 2006 Completion Date: September 2008 Approx. Cost: Rs. 400 Crores Architect: M/s. Sikka Associates Structural Engineer: M/s. Mehro Consultants

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Weaving an Urban Fabric Coimbatore Airport C o i m b a t o r e

Coimbatore, a major industrial city in south India, situated on the banks of the Noyyal river is the second largest city of Tamil Nadu. Textile, automobile and healthcare industries are spread across its 105 km2.

Arrival gate at Coimbatore Airport.

Coimbatore situated on the banks of river Noyyal is the second largest city in Tamil Naidu. Also known as Kovai, this industrial city is known for its textile factories, engineering firms, automobile parts, etc. The flourishing growth of cotton laid the foundation of Coimbatoreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s famous textile industry that made Coimbatore known as the textile capital of South India or the Manchester of the South. Apart from industrial and business advantages, Coimbatore has great leisure tourism potential.

he Coimbatore Airport is situated about 21 km. from city centre in Peelamedu locality. The approach road from city is very pleasent due to

greenery, wide lanes and attractive advertisement panels. It has an integrated passenger terminal building to cater

Architects:

S. Biswas M. S. Rehman Vijay Yadav Airport Authority of India New Delhi, India

186

for domestic and international passengers simultaneously. There are two hangars, but one is reserved for the Coimbatore Flying Club. The parking bays in the airport can accommodate a maximum of six aircraft. Having said all that, Coimbatore Airport is the 17th busiest airport of India; it was solely responsible for 0.6% of Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total air traffic

Side view of the Terminal.

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Spectacular roof with lounge below.

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CLOCKWISE: Roofing structure, security check-in area. baggage claim area. entrance area.

during the year 2003-04 – a daunting figure given India’s size, its people and its attraction in the world. The compound growth over the past five years indicates that international and domestic passenger traffic at Coimbatore Airport is increasing at the rate of 2.2% and 7.4% respectively. This accounts for 4.5% compound growth rate of total passenger traffic, and calls for an airport terminal that is ready to face the challenges such unbridled growth brings with it. Coimbatore’s enhanced stature as an emerging information technology hub and an exporter of industrial goods has led to a sharp increase in air passenger traffic to the city. About 4,000 passengers pass through Coimbatore Airport every day. To cater for the needs of growing traffic the Airport Authority of India (AAI) has constructed a new arrival block with extension of 9,633 m2. The area of the existing terminal building is approximately 6,000 m2. AAI has laid down the functional footprint of the planning and based on this footprint the extension of Coimbatore Airport has been conceptualized as a wrap that extends into the new arrival hall marked by a curved canopy and angled glass enclosure. The future plan is to further lengthen the runway from 2,990 m. to increase the number of aircrafts being handled at peak hours; towards that goal, the AAI is working hard. A louvered system along the existing building gives way to the minimal glass enclosure canopy that wraps two other sides of the old building. The arrival hall itself is a huge

190

enclosure formed by a space frame structure supported on four columns - the inner wall structure of vertical luminaires scale and define the arrival space. The faĂ§ade of the building is retained to a white aesthetic only to contain an explosion of colour inside. The arrival hall becomes a three dimensional system that maps the structure and plan of the building space. The hall is scaled through the rhythm of ACP cladding and channel glazing to create a humane space that is inspirational in its volume. The cityside canopy made from tensile cloth structure is inspired from the shape of a blooming flower. Until a few years ago, only limited domestic carriers flew to Coimbatore. Today passengers are spoiled for choice with a bevy of air services. It demonstrates how the new terminal has brought about a paradigm shift in this commercial hub of south India. ď Ž

S. Biswas

Project Particulars Architects: S. Biswas, M.S. Rehman, Vijay Yadav Engineering Consultant: M/s. Mahendra Raj Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Structrual Engineer: S. Mann

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Charting New Flights Madurai Airport M a d u r a i

One of the oldest cities of India, Madurai is situated on the banks of the Vaigai river. Aptly called the Temple city, Madurai is host to tourists and pilgrims alike that come looking for salvation, answers and beautiful memories in its breathtakingly lavish temple complexes.

Air side view of the Terminal Building.

Madurai, the temple town famous for the Meenakshi Temple, situated on the banks of river Vaigai was once capital of the great Pandya kings. Today it is an important commercial and cultural centre. An attraction for tourist pilgrims and leisure seekers alike, Madurai experiences a heavy flood of tourists - the need to provide better connectivity to this town could not be more apparent.

ith the complete modernisation of the Madurai Airport, the new terminal provides excellent opportunities to function as a hub for both

international and domestic traffic. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strategic location helps immensely. The New Integrated Passenger Terminal Building was inaugurated on 12.09.2010 and commissioned on 7.10.2010. The new terminal with an area of 175,60 sq.

Architects:

Vijay Behal Nishant Pinjiyar Behal Joshi and Associates New Delhi, India

192

m. can handle a passenger capacity of 700 persons at peak hour (arrival and departure). With the inauguration of this new terminal, Madurai airport would see an addition of international destinations as well. To cater to the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs, the arrival public concourse has extensive airport

City side view.

193

facilities such as car rentals, hotel accomodation, ATM, etc. The departure public concourse too, is provided with ticketing counter, tourist counter, snacks counters, restaurants etc. The terminal building has been designed as a curvilinear formation with a double curved envelop providing a smooth flowing exterior skyline as viewed from air side and from the city side. The new Integrated Terminal Building has been designed as an expandable modular unit with several facilities. All activities in the building interconnect smoothly as integrated passenger terminal facility under a large roof. Certainly, the main terminal building boasts of an interesting volume. The first floor has RCC columns with brick infill walls and a curvilinear roof supported on tubular steel truss and unique design, exhibits advantage for wind flow and solar radiations. For pre-determined inside roof temperature, over-all heat transfer to the building is determined during day time for various wind flows and arc shapes and results are compared with flat roof. Based on heat transfer simulation, roof temperature, heat transfer convection coefficient and heat flow through the vault/ curved roof, different roof arrangement and flat roofs have been determined based on specific vault orientations and wind direction. Efforts have been made to make the building energy efficient by providing sky lights in different orientations and structural glazing with high performance heat reflective toughened glass. Locally available granite has been used extensively for flooring which has blended well with the interior colour scheme and the ambience. The building skin has double glass glazing and spider fittings along with honey comb and composite panels. In addition, aluminium seam roofing with adequate rock wool thermal insulation and perforated metal under decking provided for pitch perfect acoustics. With effect from January 1, 2011, Madurai airport has been declared as a Customs Airport under the Customs Act, 1962, clearing the decks for Madurai airport to receive international flights. ď Ž

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LEFT TOP: Corridor. LEFT BOTTOM: Ground floor plan. RIGHT TOP: First floor plan. RIGHT BOTTOM: Interior view.

Vijay Behal

Nishant Panjiyar

Project Particulars Commencement Date: 2010 Project Completion Year : 2011 Approx. Cost: 12876.00 Lakhs Architecture Firm: M/s. Behal Joshi & Associates Architect: Mr. Vijay Behal, Mr. Nishant Panjiyar Coordinating Engineer: Mr. Kamaleshwar Nath Tiwary Structural Consultants: M/s. Technical Consultants, New Delhi

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Religious and Radiant Edifice Tirupati Airport T i r u p a t i

Located in the southeastern part of Andhra Pradesh and home to the Hindu God lovingly called the ‘Lord of Seven Hills’, Tirupati is one of the richest temples in the world and is visited by devotees whole year round.

Birds eye view.

Keeping in view the importance of the city as a religious pilgrimage centre, the architectural form of the terminal building is a graphic representation of ‘Garuda’ the carrier of Lord Vishnu.

he existing Tirupati Airport at a distance of 40 km from the temple was commissioned and constructed in 1971. With the entry of

privately owned full service and low cost carriers, a large number of devotees from all over the world come for pilgrimage to the temple city owing to the reputation of Lord Venkateshwara fulfilling the devotees’ wishes. During the year 2006–2007 Tirupati Airport handled

Architects:

1,52,967 domestic passengers. It was the 40th busiest

Jyotimitra Sundeep Khushu Pratibha Aadharshila Consultants

airport of India handling 0.2% of India’s total air traffic in the

New Delhi, India

196

same year. At present the Airport operates with 5 arrivals and 5 departures daily. On an average 500 passengers use the airport daily. With the passenger traffic at Tirupati Airport increasing at a rate of 89.2%, a new integrated

View from city side.

197

Site layout plan.

Level 1 - layout plan.

Evolution of the form. The form of the airport is an abstraction of an eagle in flight. Garuda with the head and wings of an eagle is a befitting symbol for the airport in Tirupati due to its association with Lord Venkateshwara and co-relation with the concept of flight. Structural frame.

198

City side view.

Passenger Terminal building to accommodate both international and domestic passengers has been planned. Necessary for a well-rounded growth of the country, the drive for modernization of existing airports, addition of non-metro airports, opening up of new international routes, establishment of new airports and restructuring of the existing airports was put into place. The new integrated passenger terminal building at Tirupati is a continuation of the same process. The Terminal Building will have 3 levels and is to be divided into Public Concourse, Remote Departure Lounges and Contact Departure Lounges for the international and domestic security holds, Remote Arrival and Contact Arrival Halls and the Baggage Claim Areas. With a possibility and land resource for a 100% expansion in the future, the new terminal in Godâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s backyard seems set to take on the future. ABOVE & BOTTOM: Interior view.

In keeping with the inspiration of the design, a canopy is proposed in front of the terminal building on the city side. Two aerobridges with Visual Docking

Project Particulars

Jyotimitra

Sundeep Khushu

Pratibha

Approx. Cost: Rs. 283.0 Crores Built-up Area: 23,600 sq. m. Structural Experts: Mehro Consultants MEP Consultants: Spectral Services Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Architects: Jyotimitra, Sundeep Khushu, Pratibha Patara, Maitreya Sur, Pooja Mishra, Amit Rampal, Vinod Kumar

Guidance to facilitate wide-bodied aircrafts on airside have been planned. The Terminal Building has been designed as an energy efficient structure and is due to be rated as a Green Building under GRIHA. ď Ž

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Creating New Potential Indira Gandhi Airport V i s a k h a p a t n a m

The port city of Andhra Pradesh, Visakhapatnam, boasts of an ideal combination of hills and shorelines with the Eastern Ghats and Bay of Bengal flanking it.

Air side view.

As the port city of Visakhapatnam grows from strength to strength, its airport complements the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s broadening horizons.

opularly known as Vizag, Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh is a booming industrial city on the east coast of India. Its economy is

based on its well developed oil refining, fertilizer, petrochemical, steel plant, sugar refining and jute industries. By virtue of its contiguity to mineral-rich parts of eastern India, the city is a major port for export and import of industrial goods and raw materials. Vizag airport also enjoys the strategic locational advantage over many other airports in Southern India â&#x20AC;&#x201C; it might well be the shortest connecting distance to other South Asian destinations such as Bangkok, Singapore, Colombo, Kuala Lumpur

Architects:

S. Biswas Charul Shukla Airport Authority of India New Delhi, India

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and Ho Chi Minh City. Vizag airport is the second busiest airport in Andhra Pradesh after Hyderabad International airport. It is controlled by the Indian Navy which carries out air traffic

City side view.

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CLOCKWISE: Kerb side view. City side view. Arrival conveyer. Security hold area.

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control as well as providing support for flying operations for both military and civil aviation. The runway is of 3049 m length and 45 m width with night landing facilities. By

combining

maximum

functionality,

local

technology, respect for the environment and unique architecture, the new airport terminal creates an improved passenger experience. The building has been designed as a one and a half level terminal, for a peak hour of 700 passengers spread over an area of 21,558 sq. m. Lots of double height spaces add a feeling of space and volume in the building. The plans have been designed to allow functional passenger flows, creating a sequence of spaces, arriving through warm and transparent areas. The route a passenger takes through the terminal is coherent, seamless â&#x20AC;&#x201C; there is a natural directional flow to the building from check-in to Departure Gate and from

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Arrival Gate to the Arrival Hall. The building is so designed that both the domestic and the International operations take place simultaneously. Most of the spaces created are double height, adding to the sense of space and volume. Once through security and airside, passengers are afforded airfield view. The glazing on all facades, allows natural light during the day thus reducing the need for artificial lighting. The Vizag airport uses indigenous materials, forms and landscaping in an attempt to introduce diversity and modernity. The creation of local distinctiveness draws upon the cultural context of Andhra Pradesh in an interesting marriage of high technology and regional references. The airport is designed to be efficient and flexible. The inherent efficiency is expressed in the rational framework of new airport buildings. The project is based on concept of maximum flexibility and modularity which permits possible adjustment and expansions in the future without significantly altering its configuration and facilitating its adaption with current and future needs.

Unlike most of the Indian airports which use multipillared structure replete with overhanging beams, Vizag airport has avoided these aesthetic aspects. Outward growth of the building has been anticipated as has internal adaptation made possible by keeping the primary structures independent of partitions. The latter provides the advantage of maintaining the visibility of the primary structure, thereby aiding way-finding through the terminal.

CLOCKWISE FROM LEFT PAGE BOTTOM: View of baggage claim area. Check-in counters. View of the check-in area.

Vizag is one of the 18 airports in the country having the potential for operating unlimited number of flights under Open Sky Policy â&#x20AC;&#x201C; as indicated in the ASEAN Agreement. It is already a Customs airport and Ministry of External Affair along with local police has to set up an immigration checking post also. The robust industrial base and excellent infrastructure along with nearness to SouthEast Asia bestow Vizag as a high potential destination for passenger and cargo traffic. ď Ž S. Biswas

Charul Shukla

Project Particulars Architects: S. Biswas, Charul Shukla, AAI Engineering Consultant: M/s. KITCO Ltd. Cochin

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Articles & Features        

New Generation Airport Designing Air Terminals for Tomorrow: An Indian Perspective AAI Spreads Wings with Sustainable Development Designing the Perfect Air Cargo Terminal Airport Retailing on Verge of Take-off Signage: An Important Component of Airport Architecture Renaissance in Design of ATC Towers Art in Indian Airports

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New Generation Airport Designing In the layout of the airport, the determining factor is normally the orientation and length of the runway. These are shaped mostly by the direction of the prevailing wind system, the size of aircraft to be handled and external factors such as the position of towns, mountain ranges and power lines. Increasingly, environmental impact analysis determines the key elements of the airport plan, especially the resolution of noise, ecological and visual impacts.

irports owe their origin to defence flying enclaves, which appeared during the First World War. They are one of the few unique 20th century building types. The airport terminals showcased their defining piece of architecture. Early airports date from the 1930s but the bulk has their origin in the post-Second World War period. The tailor-made modern terminal began its life in the 1950s, with notable prototypes such as Kennedy Airport, New York, Turnhouse Airport, Edinburgh and O’Hare Airport, Chicago. These effectively established the typology of the terminal as a split-level container handling arriving and departing passengers on different levels. Today, the airport has evolved into a second generation and largely hybrid building. Modern terminals are no longer simple structures for the processing on the plane of a few hundred persons per day, they are multi-level mega-structures of check-in, lounge, leisure and retail floors serving thousands of passengers an hour. The world’s busiest airports now handle in excess of 60 million passengers a year; have considerable economic and environmental impacts and provide one of the toughest challenges for today’s architects and space planners. Mumbai’s Shivaji Terminal is a case in point. In 2009 over 40 million passengers passed through its terminal buildings, many using the airport as a hub to other Indian or Asian destinations. The terminal has enormous economic influence upon emerging India, employing thousands of people at the airport and service industries in the hinterland. Of these half are employed on security duties in one form or another. As airports are expanding at the rate of 10% per annum, they take on the characteristics of cities. Leisure and retail sales at Mumbai and Delhi airports exceed the revenue generated by the airlines companies using the airport, leading to a situation where the modern terminal has become rather like a shopping mall with a runway to one side. The modern terminal is, therefore, a complex structure functionally, socially and aesthetically. As more activities are

209 Kennedy Airport, New York.

added to enhance the passengers’ experience and to generate additional sources of revenue, the task for the airport designer becomes very difficult. The key to good design is flexibility and visual clarity – the first in order to meet ever changing marketing and operational needs in the terminal, the second to allow passengers to steer their way through the often labyrinthine airport environment. As the envelope of the terminal becomes larger, there is a growing need for designers to keep in mind the user need as well as the client need. In contrast to 20 years ago, majority of the world’s airports are now privately owned. In India, six major international airports are owned and operated by private players. They are highly profitable undertakings and airport authorities have become expert at diversifying sources of revenue. In the process, passenger satisfaction levels have declined, especially at airports which were developed mainly in 1960s and 70s. Many recently built terminals have been constructed in response to the poor conditions experienced in overcrowded facilities. Stansted at Heathrow, Hong Kong’s Kai Tak, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal in Mumbai and IGI airport in Delhi are good examples. The new terminals mark a change in approach in which psychological and physical needs of the passenger are given greater priorities. Today’s terminals tend to be lofty, spacious, well-lit containers where tranquillity and efficient movement sit side by side.

Characteristics of Modern Terminals The 21st century terminals differ from first generation airport buildings in three major ways. One, greatly diversified range of facilities, especially in the retail, conference and leisure fields.Two, more attention paid to the quality of the passenger experience, particularly with regard to legibility, orientation and the creation of tranquil spaces. Third, design which accepts the inevitability of internal change and external growth. These three factors have become defining elements of second generation terminals. They reflect changing priorities within the airport industry, especially the need for individual airport authorities to meet global standards of excellence in order to survive competitive pressures. Airport authorities now compete internationally for their share of the air transportation market and increasingly recognize that the standard of terminal design is a measure which consumers use for their choice of airports.

The Airport Design A typical international airport consists of six major physical elements and up to a dozen secondary ones. The major elements are: 1. Runway, taxing areas, etc. 2. Air traffic control centre 3. Passenger terminal 4. Car parks and road system

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5. Freight depot and warehouse areas 6. Hangars and airport service areas. In addition, there are railway and metro stations, hotel, conference facilities, leisure areas, green space and planted areas. Mature airports, such as Singapore’s Changi Airport and Amsterdam’ Schipol, consist of awell-integrated amalgam of major and minor elements sometimes built as a dense collection of closely connected structures. Others have a range of facilities in more widely spaced structures, as at Delhi airport where they are joined by an underground metro railway system. Integration and ease of connection is the key to a successful airport from the passenger’s point of view. This is particularly true of the means of reaching the airport – whether by car, bus or train. The circulating road system of a typical airport, or the underground railway, tends to disorient the passenger and is frequently overcrowded. Routes need to be clearly articulated, with buildings and landscaping providing the means by which a sense of direction is established. The progression from car seat to plane seat is necessarily complex (for reasons of security and control). Good airport layout and building design should seek to remove ambiguity, to reduce travel length, to maintain a sense of progression towards the destination. Two clear but divergent perceptions exist – that of the airport authority which wishes to maximize profit and that of the passenger who wants stress-free travel. Good design consists of reconciling these viewpoints. In the layout of the airport the determining factor is normally the orientation and length of the runway. These are shaped mostly by the direction of the prevailing wind system, the size of aircraft to be handled and external factors such as the position of towns, mountain ranges and power lines. Normally the airport master plan is prepared by civil engineers working with land-use planners and environmental consultants. Increasingly, environmental impact analysis determines the key elements of the airport plan, especially the resolution of noise, ecological and visual impacts. As an understanding of the complexities of airport development has grown, there has occurred a better balance between infrastructure planning and land utilization. Many airports today have integrated transport systems which cater to passenger as well as staff needs. This not only serves the airport well but allows for the development of land for nonair transport purposes. Similarly, many airports today have extensive warehouse areas at their edge and business parks in the towns nearby. Airport master planning and regional development plans need to be well integrated if the full potential of the airport as an investment magnet is to be realized.

Airport Terminal Design In any airport the terminal building is the key structure both physically and aesthetically. Although air traffic control towers may provide welcome points of vertical punctuation, it is the terminal which waymarks the airport and establishes a sense of architectural quality. Like a small city, the terminal is the airportâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s town hall â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the place where everybody is encouraged to enter. To fulfill this role the terminal should be the dominant building, with other structures such as hotels and car parks having a secondary role. The visual ensemble of the airport environment needs to be legible, thereby avoiding the necessity of signs. The hierarchy of airport structures for the passenger (terminal, station, car park) is quite different to that perceived by the airport authority (runway, boarding gate, terminal). Good design allows the terminal building and other structures to be identified immediately for what they are. The role of architectural form is to give meaning to the various buildings. The question of airport character is communicated by reference to aeronautical metaphor or to high technology, though there is a trend towards giving airport buildings more of a regional architectural flavour in the belief that terminals are gateway to countries. Legibility and passenger orientation are important because airports are normally devoid of obvious points of external reference and many travellers are in a hurry. Once inside the terminal the problem of identifying routes to checkin, ticket purchase or arrival lounge can be as great as in the external airport environment. Architectural land marking is an important adjunct to effective signage. Light, structural form and volumetric orchestration are factors to employ. If the primary architectural language is not strong, the terminal will not survive either retailing pressures or management changes to the use and distribution of space. After the example of terminals at Stansted or Denver, the aesthetic qualities of architectural structure have tended to be the primary elements in establishing airport character. The design of columns and beams, often interplayed with the clever manipulation of roof lighting, provides a memorable experience to aid navigation through complex terminals. It is a philosophy which accepts various degrees of change structure, enclosure, building services, interior space and finish. With each on a different time-scale, one can be altered without sacrificing the quality of the remainder.

Terminal Facilities

ATC Tower, Changi Airport, Singapore.

The modern terminal is a complex building with many types of accommodation contained within its envelope and has necessarily to provide for high level of control. Conceptually, there are public (e.g. departure lounge) and private (offices)

T3, Indra Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi.

areas, as well as secured and unsecured areas. In addition, there are the barriers to movement needed for ticket and non-ticket holding people, as well as immigration controls. The airport in general and terminal in particular is one of the most intensely managed areas from a security point of view. There are barriers to movement, physical and psychological controls, security cameras and spot checks of passengers and airline staff. Architecture is, therefore, a question of both creating space and helping to control it. The management of security underpins the plan and section of a typical airport terminal. Different levels of the building are used for different passenger flows (arrivals, transit and departures) with controlled cross-over between them. Different levels are also meant for baggage to be handled and processed effectively. The growth of multi-level terminals in the 1970s in developed world and in1990s and the first decade of this century in India was in response to growing concern over international terrorism, drug trafficking and illegal migration. The complexity in section of a modern large terminal (e.g. Kansai in Japan) places particular responsibility on the design of stairs, escalators and lifts. Changing level is a necessity in current airport design and poses special difficulties for travellers with disabilities. Consequently, the escalators and lifts have become major visual elements in the interior of a typical terminal. They not only move people effectively but provide points of reference in way marking sense for passengers. ď Ž

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KL-Green parking lot.

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Air Terminals for Tomorrow: An Indian Perspective Robey Lal Airports have come a long way from the make-shift grassy patches of land-to-land and take off planes of colonial era to airport city. Modern airports are a transportation hub that envelopes not only the airport area but a more spacious non-airport areas for road, rail, metro linkages, shopping malls, food courts, etc. With rapid growth in Indian economy and per capita income, more and more people are opting for air travel. High growth in passenger traffic coupled with security threats, the new generation airports warrant a revisit of its designing. Space management and new aesthetic paradigm has thrown open a big challenge to airport designers.

esigning passenger terminals at airports in India presents fascinating challenges to the architects of today. Architects and designers are already hard

at work to understand new issues embodied in terms used to describe time-honored concepts. The terms and words may sound the same but their content, in the air travel industry, is changing rapidly and drastically. Some of the changes that are driving the new designs are discussed here. The most obvious impact is on the concepts of expansibility and flexibility. These take on new meaning when one puts numbers to the volumes of passengers. The average annual compounded rates of growth are expected to be between 15% and 18%. Their impact on the numbers of passengers to be served is staggering. A terminal that currently serves 10 lakh passengers a year, has to be expanded to serve about 40 lakh to 50 lakh passengers within 10 years. The challenges are many-fold. A major factor is that the new construction must be minimally disruptive to the passengers and the staff who work at the existing facility. So long-term construction techniques and services have to be planned in the first phase itself. To build in flexibility, the concept of teams of architects with diverse roles, has to be applied. Specialist architects are required to interpret the complexities of various flows and technologies unique to air terminals. These include the flow of passenger traffic through the terminal and to explain the concepts of kinetic capacities at different service points of the terminal. The varied demands of international and domestic passengers also require clear and concise understanding to be conveyed to the

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designers. The specialist architects experience will be needed with the inputs of a variety of equipment manufacturers to clarify the processes that must be incorporated into the terminals. Providing for the requirements of automated baggage handling and security systems, or how to provide passenger boarding bridges to link the terminal to the aircraft parked on the aprons, are some examples of such special technological inputs which demand design flexibility and special insights. In addition to new technology, other services have to be appreciated. These could include the introduction of new services for passengers e.g. making space available for providing international passengers with the service of visa on arrival. There could also be immigration and customs checks of foreign countries being conducted in India before passengers board a departing flight, as already happens between Canada and USA, or making space and flow provisions to introduce bio-metric immigration clearance for frequent international passengers as compared to manual checks conducted at present, on lines similar to the growing use of automated check-in through Common User Self-Service technologies. Such technologies and processes are already being introduced abroad at large airports and the time is not far away that architects in India will have to design these into our terminals.

Oslo, Gardermoen roof structure.

The traditional role of the architect would still be very much in demand. They must integrate the special functions and technologies with the traditional design issues to create the space and form and points of interest and clarity in a built environment. They will continue to have to deal with issues of services and utilities, of interior design, of illumination, all very challenging even at the best of times. All will need to learn new techniques, e.g. of simulation, through which the integration of new demands and technologies with the form of the terminal through growth and over time can be studied. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;WOWâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is the first thought that comes to mind on hearing of the floor area and volumes of the new terminals. A good example is the new T3, a single terminal at Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi. It has a floor area of approx. 502,000 sq. m. and the capacity to handle over 340 lakh passengers/year. It was built in 3 years and 7 months, from commencement of design to commissioning, a feat to be truly proud of. And for the future, the master plan indicates the capability to serve up to 1000 lakh passengers. Meanwhile, experience is showing that terminals only about 30 years old have been overtaken by new developments in the industry and are obsolete. They are being demolished to make space for contemporary designs. How are the architects to design for the future when fast paced obsolescence in the industry is the norm, is a question we have to ask ourselves.

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KL-Greenery in Satellite Interior.

Delhi, Mudras on display T3.

Simultaneously, the interiors of new terminals ought to

major one, in a whole series of steps of the experience of travel

reflect local aesthetics rather than only being glass and steel

for every passenger on every trip. The relationship between

structures built in the name of modernity. Few of the new

the surface access modes and the airport and terminal are

terminals in India correlate with their surrounding and local

unfortunately often forgotten. The close relationship between

culture and colour and materials. Vancouver Airport is a

airport and terminal access and urban and regional planning is

superb example of local culture and life being reflected in the

only now being appreciated in India. But even within the airport

art and sculpture at the airport, as Oslo shows the fabulous

the access to the terminals and the design of the parking lots

wooden beams in the exterior and interiors. T3 in Delhi shows

leave a lot to be desired. This is an area that designers have not

the dance mudras to good effect in the arrival hall, though the

paid adequate attention to. Example, at Delhi airport, while the

rest of the terminal appears barren. Just as Kuala Lumpur and

terminal and the runways are being designed to handle close

Singapore bring greenery into the terminals, we could have

to 1000 lakh passengers a year, it is still within the realms of

done better than arrays of flower pots at T3, through more

speculation whether the roadways and rail access system on the

imaginative design.

cityside of the terminal, or even the airspace, can conveniently

Meanwhile, new terminals are being designed to be

handle the forecasted volume of traffic.

environmentally sensitive. Dual plumbing systems using

To summarize, a whole new chapter in terminal design is

recycled water and rain harvesting on a large scale are being

on the architectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; doorstep. Essentially we will have to turn to

increasingly practiced. Controlling power consumption, in the

the specialists to learn how terminals operate and function, and

terminals through advanced HVAC systems and lighting are a

as ever, synthesize that learning into the terminals of the future.

critical area of focus for design. New lighting systems, including

We have to learn to function as members of, and leaders of, large

functional lighting and mood lighting and energy saving lighting,

and diverse teams, probably much larger teams than what we

matching artificial lighting and natural lighting in large areas of

are used to in India. Architects will have to bring on-board new

a terminal, are additional demands to meet the future.

disciplines and new technologies, and communicate with very

Designing the terminal is not an exercise in creating an island of excellence. A terminal is only one element, albeit a

open minds and attitude to develop new paradigms of terminal design to serve the passengers, our ultimate clientele. ď Ž

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Greenery at Mumbai Airport.

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Airports Authority of India Spreads Wings with Sustainable Development Rakesh Kalra Development which meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is termed as sustainable development. The Airports Authority of India (AAI) is currently formulating a board-level designated committee on sustainable development headed by an independent director as chairman to approve the plan and oversee performance. AAI has taken up a number of initiatives towards sustainable development in recent years. These include Energy Conservation & Energy Efficiency, Renewable energy, Sustainable Designs & Developments, Water Conservation & Water Management, Waste Management, Environmental Education and Awareness, Pollution Prevention System and Carbon Reduction Programme.

everal invasions from the north-west and migratory turbulences in the Indian subcontinent have made Kashmiri culture an amalgamation of several civilizations. No wonder, Kashmiris revere their land which is undoubtedly extraordinarily beautiful and strive hard to preserve it for posterity. An old proverb from the ancient and rich tradition of Kashmiri culture sums the concept of sustainable development as: â&#x20AC;&#x153;We have not inherited the world from our fore-fathers, we have borrowed it from our children.â&#x20AC;? Development which meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is termed as sustainable development. It involves an enduring and balanced approach to economic activities, social progress and environmental responsibility. Sustainable development is an independent activity by itself and should not be merged with other schemes, like corporate social responsibility or research and development activity. Further, sustainable development activities should not be a part of the departmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s core business nor should it be a legal or statutory requirement nor a welfare scheme. Schedule A lists the core activities of sustainable development like waste management, water management, energy management, bio-diversity management and material and natural resource management. On the other hand, Schedule B lists the specific activities like carbon management, supply chain, external charter/mandates, life-cycle analysis, sustainable development reporting and training.

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Use of LED at Calicut Airport.

AAI Formulates SD Committee Sustainable development is the guiding principle for Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) under â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Non Financial Parametersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; with 5 percent weightage (5 marks) given for memorandum of understanding entered into with other organizations by the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) since 2010-11. Further, the Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises has stipulated that all CPSEs should, in earnest, implement sustainable development policy for the purpose of performance evaluation under the MoU system. To implement a sustainable development project, it must have a start date, an end date and a budget which should be monitorable and measurable. The Airports Authority of India (AAI) is currently formulating a board-level designated committee on sustainable development headed by an independent director as chairman to approve the plan and oversee performance. Meanwhile, the steering committee for sustainable development has been set

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up, headed by an executive director (engineering). AAI has prepared short-term, medium-term and long-term plans for sustainable development which are valid for 2 years, 5 years and more than 5 years with the proposed schemes having a budget of Rs 2.26 crore for 2012-13. At AAI, the sustainable development budget which is non-lapsable will be allocated for every year and will be transferred to a SD Fund for the north-eastern region. Currently in AAI, a few schemes have been approved and are under execution. At AAI, sustainable development is allocated under separate head of account under liability and expenditure and is to be reflected in the annual budget and annual report. Through sustainable development projects and activities, AAI helps in controlling environmental pollution as airports consume a lot of power.

Energy Conservation & Energy Efficiency AAI has taken up a number of initiatives towards sustainable development in recent years. These include adherence to

Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) norms; Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) certified rating 4 star and above for electrical appliances; automatic shutting of lights for sensors and timers; implementation of Building Management System (BMS) in new projects; use of Energy Efficient Chillers and Variable Speed Drives to improve mechanical efficiency of air-conditioning plants, air handling units, pumps etc; use of energy efficient fluorescent lamps (T5) and proposed use of LED lamps for indoor lighting, use of automatic sliding doors and air curtains to reduce air-conditioning loss; use of machine room-less elevators at airports which conserve upto 40%; use of escalators with sensors to save energy; replacement of taxi way and apron edge lights with LED lights at Indore, Guwahati and Jaipur Airports and use of baggage conveyor system with sensor for baggage location and occupancy. Further, new projects in AAI are evaluated on â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (GRIHA) which will help AAI preparedness to address issues relating to environment.

Renewable Energy A number of initiatives under renewable energy have also been implemented at AAI. These include provision of Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) power plant for airports upto 400 KWp (250 KWp at RGB, 50 KWp at Guwahati & 100 KWp at Jaisalmer) in 2011-12 and to set up 450 KWp SPV Power Plants at Raipur, Ranchi, Bhubaneswar, Bhopal, Indore, Ahmedabad & CATC Allahabad during 2012-13; use of solar powered street lights at new airports; use of Solar Powered Aviation Obstruction Lights at hill tops around Guwahati, Agartala, Udaipur, Khajuraho, Calicut & Tirupati airports; use of Solar Water Heating for hot water requirement at CATC Allahabad; use of solar energy for cooking at CATC Allahabad; exploring wind power generation at coastal airports; generation of power through bio-gas by managing degradable and non-degradable waste at airports. In AAI, most solar power plants are being installed on build own & operate (BOO) basis, which saves the departments from spending money on infrastructure cost. If electricity board energy charge increases by 5% per annum, the energy purchased through SPV on BOO basis will be economical.

Sustainable Designs & Developments AAI ensures that new terminal buildings are designed to be thermally efficient with the use of modern glass facades and building envelopes to reflect heat and reduce cooling loads. Roof skylights optimize natural light during daytime and light sensors automatically reduce indoor lighting accordingly. Innovative cooling systems are in place at terminals to cool only the bottom three meters of large open indoor spaces, leaving the air above at ambient temperatures.

Water Conservation & Water Management Water management is one of the major focus areas in AAI. To manage the ground water resources, rainwater harvesting systems are installed across the airport area at Goa, Tirupati & Safdarjung, etc. Further, waste water re-utilization is one of the key initiatives of AAI in water management. Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) are designed for round-the-clock operation with advanced treatment

Vertical garden at Chennai Airport.

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Significant efforts have been made to incorporate â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;greenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; elements in and around the terminal. The developers went to great lengths to preserve this old Banyan tree adjacent to the main building.

system viz, ultra filtration and reverse osmosis techniques and latest water treatment equipments to achieve zero water discharge plan at Raipur, Goa, Trivandrum and Tirupati etc. The entire treated water is being utilized for air-conditioning, toilet flushing, horticulture, gardening and construction activities. Water conservation is also aided by the use of faucets/taps with sensors and the use of low water consumption cisterns.

Waste Management AAI has set up a small paper recycling Unit in Delhi in May 2009 for Environment Conservation which is working successfully. AAI is recycling paper and converting its office waste into useful stationary items like files, folders, envelops, writing pads, letterheads, visiting cards and corporate gift items etc. The specific characteristics of the paper unit are that it conserves energy by

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drying paper in the sun (natural drying). The other characteristic is that the paper unit is 100% environment and eco-friendly. Waste paper/old records/ documents/empty cartons of computer/ electronic items from various AAI offices at Delhi are recycled to produce paper. Recycling one ton of newsprint saves about 1 ton of wood while recycling 1 ton of printing or copier paper saves slightly more than 2 tons of wood. Recycling 1 MT of paper saves 19 mature trees, 26000 liters of water, 3 cubic of landfill space, 320 liters of water and 4,100 kilowatt-hours of electricity.

Environmental Education and Awareness AAI imparts training and creates awareness among its employees and users for the waste management thus reducing noise pollution, air pollution, water pollution, etc. Further, the

authority is conducting environmental protection campaign crash programmes at Indian Aviation Academy (IAA) such as energy efficient building design, use of construction material and interior finishes with high recycled content, etc. and is providing direction, education, training and motivation to relevant stakeholders to understand the required behaviour and the consequence of activities causing environmental risks.

Practice Pollution Prevention System The authority further encourages employees to reduce the carbon foot print by car pooling network initiatives. It encourages the practice of natural day lighting in airport design and the use of construction material and interior finishes with high recycled content. To reduce noise pollution, DG sets with acoustic enclosures are taken and norms of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) are followed in letter & sprit. The authority encourages the use of environmental friendly vehicles / Battery operated vehicles. Further, AAI has evolved Environmental Management System (EMS) based ISO certification at major

airports like Jaipur, Ahmedabad etc. and is planning to develop a Bio-Diversity Park in Delhi.

Carbon Reduction Programme Finally, under the carbon reduction programme, AAI monitors consumptions of fuel (diesel) and minimizes the usage wherever possible; is replacing existing refrigerant by more environment friendly R134a in air-conditioning plants which does not deplete ozone layer; maintains air-conditioning temperature at airport terminals and offices at 25°C instead of 22 ± 2°C and has undertaken the plantation of trees, saplings, green belts in airport surroundings. Further, AAI has initiated process to get registered with Airport Carbon Accreditation (ACA) of Airport Council International (ACI) regarding reduction of carbon foot prints at 2 or 3 airports as pilot project.  (Rakesh Kalra is General Manager (Engineering) with the Airports Authority of India.)

Landscape court at Raipur Airport.

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The first cargo freighter at Cochin Airport.

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Designing the Perfect Air Cargo Terminal Designing a perfect air cargo terminal is an area where even angels fear to tread. The devil is in managing myriad details, complicated by the fact that a design made in heaven is kept on evolving with time with the burgeoning air cargo movement at the airports. Sudhir Sarup, Editor-in-Chief, ArchiDesign Group pieces together the facilities for the architects to design efficient cargo operations at airport, which are exhaustively detail-laden and where speed, security and safety are supreme.

ith economics moving towards globalisation and product life cycles increasingly getting shorter, air cargo becomes more important in the global supply chain. It was around three years back that the government came out with an air cargo policy and made it mandatory to have comprehensive cargo facilities at all the greenfield airports and a dedicated cargo area at the existing airports. The role of consulting firms, stakeholders came into picture who started visiting the board for advising on making the cargo facilities with a unique system to make speedy and spruce up the facilities. A typical air cargo terminal has three main users â&#x20AC;&#x201C; airlines, air cargo terminal operators and forwarders/cargo-agents who are the principal contributors to the revenue of air cargo terminals. The air cargo terminal operator identifies the requirements of forwarders/cargo-agents in the design of new facilities or services to serve best the interests of its users. The participation of endusers is also taking into consideration at the concept and design stage of the new terminal, which involves state-of-the-art export/ import transit cargo handling facilities, fully computerized â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Onlineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; integrated cargo management system with Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and bar coding capabilities, perishable cargo handling terminal with pre-cooling chambers, to name a few. Air cargo terminals designed by the Airports Authority of India cater to truck docks, strong rooms, live animal sheds, cargo godown, and palletisation station, offices for airlines, government regulatory agencies, multi-model cargo operators, break bulk agents, and consolidators for ease of operation and user convenience. To meet safety standards, CCTV Systems, X-rays scanners etc., are provided. Modern cargo handling equipment like cranes, forklifts, high mast stackers, power pallet trucks etc. are used for the cargo handling. Also available is a state-of-the-art centre for export perishable cargo likes flowers, fruits, vegetables and meat. Six wide-bodied aircrafts can be parked simultaneously in an exclusive apron area in front of the cargo terminal.

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Designing a perfect air cargo terminal is an area where even angels fear to tread. The devil is in managing myriad details, complicated by the fact that a design made in heaven is kept on evolving with the time with the burgeoning air cargo movement at the airports. According to Airports Authority of India, 125,000 tonnes of international cargo was being handled in June 2011 as compared to 122,000 tonnes in June 2010. Before throwing light on the designing of an air cargo terminal, here’s what ArchiDesign tries to outline the operations handled at air cargo terminal. Air cargo terminal operation is a complex combination of information and material flows, having many processing stages along the flow lines. Air transportation demands just-in-time deliveries in which transport and processing is performed by a specialized system that includes dedicated loading units, transport modes, equipment, airport installations, and commercial organization. The operation process flow begins with receiving an order and ends with the delivery of products or services. It must be highly efficient, consistent with service time and include on-time delivery. Therefore to achieve this, a comprehensive planning, designing and building of an air cargo terminal is pivotal so that faster cargo clearance and easier access to cargo can be possible while minimizing loss and damage. And, this approach is applicable at each and every stage, right from the order coming to the airport to storage to security issues to the final delivery. While the process is exhaustively detail-laden, fortunately it can be broken down into different phases, and managed by a team hand-picked to address pertinent issues. Here’s an in-depth look. •

Storage and processing: These should be designed as onestop solution so as to give thrust to cargo industry. Either there can be separate spacious godowns for exports and imports and it should be at the minimum distance to apron, or what else can be designed are integrated common user terminals for processing of international export and import cargo.

•

Multimodal transportation: Cargo, worth of millions of tonnes per year, is being handled at airports. To achieve the goal of timely delivery, it is important to consider multimodal linkages to sea, road and rail transport. However, it is the government who plays active role here who constructs or expands rail or road lines. But on the part of architecture, it is a matter of consideration that cargo should be moved efficiently from sea to air via rail or truck and consequently it minimises the logistics cost as compared to other developed nations. The need is to pay due consideration to entry and exit gates.

• Material handling system: This is the most crucial designing aspect of the cargo operations at airport because it caters to designing space for the ground support equipment which regulates cargo operations on the ground. The ground support equipment used at the terminal include bag carts, dollies for

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TOP TO BOTTOM: Cargo Terminal at Amritsar Airport. Integrated Cargo Terminal at Chennai Airport. New Integrated Cargo Terminal at Kolkata Airport. Storage area for drums at cargo terminal. Chennai Airport.

Cargo Terminal at Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi.

containers and pallets, refuellers, ground power units, etc. • Safety standards: The Yemen-manufactured ‘printer bombs’ which were in news sometime back, have forced air cargo security experts to look at the screening systems and has become an important design aspect for the architecture. Hundred percent cargo screening of the ULDs (unit load devices) prior to loading to outbound aircraft, is the order of the day and accordingly, 100 percent effort on the part of architecture has become the priority of the airport operator. •

Dedicated centres: There should be dedicated centres for the movement of special cargo such as perishables, valuable cargo, pharmaceuticals and restricted articles. AAI owns Centres for perishable cargo at various airports. The concept of cold stage of pharmaceutical products, fruits, vegetables, etc. is very much in and normally, takes away the prime space of the general cargo.

• Parking space: At the air cargo terminals, parking of trucks is a big issue. Therefore, extensive space, say for 500 trucks or 1,000 trucks with adequate road terminal space,

requires adequate attention, which is normally considered as truck dock area. • Custom free zone: The free zone enables firms to import cargo, store it and pay duties only when the items are removed from the zone for domestic use. Therefore, while designing these zones, the element of space should be considered so that loss or damage can be avoided. Safety and security has also great role to play here. Certain amount of IT consideration during the concept and design stage is an additional advantage. • Strong rooms: Strong rooms are required for valuable goods such as jewellery (golds, diamonds and currency). Well groomed security and safety should be kept in mind while designing these strong rooms. • Miscellaneous: Restaurants, car parking, offices for airlines, forwarding agents and government agencies, are the few other allied facilities. Opportunities are immense for architects in the air freight and cargo sector. In fact the ‘Sky is the limit’! 

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Duty free shops at Calicut Airport.

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Airport Retailing on Verge of Take-off Gone are the days when one used to sit idle or pass his time sipping a cup of coffee or flipping the pages of a magazine while waiting for his flight. With the numbers of large airports coming up in the cities of India, it has thrown up lots of amazing opportunities. In the recent years, with the modernization of airports, airport retailing has broadly come up and has gathered lots of pace and has emerged as one of the strong growth market.

ith a flurry of activities associated with it, air travel has today become a necessity rather than a luxury. Traditionally, regarded as a part of transport infrastructure, airports provide airlines the necessary resources to conduct their activity. However, with the evolution of the air transportation system, the many challenges of present-day airline operations are shouldered by airports. Airports have today evolved into a sophisticated market entity with diversified revenue streams. Non-aviation revenue has become a key figure in airport economics. Gone are the days when travellers had to endlessly wait and kill time on news stands in the airport and munch some food in the airport captive restaurant. Airports today offer an array of dining and shopping options while one waits for the next connection with a range of retail shops. A rise in passenger traffic augurs well for the airport retail business as this allows the airport to maximize its nonaviation revenue through various retail services, food and beverages. Retail shops, restaurants, lounges and snack bars have sprung-up with branded labels & goods from major FMCG players. Against a global airports retail business average of $40 billion, the Indian business has crossed $1 billion in 2011. Now, retailers who previously would not have considered taking occupancy inside an airport realize that there’s a lot of business opportunity in this. There was a time when liquor was the only thing one could buy at the duty-free counters at India’s international airports. “Today, the swanky new airport at Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Bangalore offer shoppers a world of choices says,” says Dipak Agarwal, chief executive (operations & strategy) DLF Retail. Lifestyle stores like Mango and Etios stand cheek by jowl with book retailer WH Smith, accessories brand Charles & Keith and the home spun Episode, Fab India and Croma. And yet, it’s the duty-free liquor counters that see the most business. The focus on airport retail is primarily driven by the fact that there has been increased growth in air traffic and so there

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is need to expand facilities with changing technology. With the overall costs increasing, in particular in the construction industry, the airlines industry is looking for additional sources of revenue to fund capital projects and sustain operations. FDI in the retail sector can also ensure major inflows of funds and in turn can enhance domestic investment to achieve a higher level of real estate development activities. This will help in improving the quality of retail developments and infrastructure inside the airport. With the entry of foreign players, there will be more funds for onsite and offsite infrastructure facilities in retail development. There is a need for huge investment in the field of organized retailing in India which can be expected to be fulfilled now. Foreign retailers are expected to bring huge capital as well as expertise suitable for large-scale real estate requirements. There will also be a rise in demand for retail spaces and warehousing thus giving an opportunity to economic growth and employment. As per Dipak Agarwal, today the retail business in the airport is getting higher and bigger and has opened loads of business opportunities for different brands and products. Due to infrastructure enhancement, the rest of the premium brands are also set to check in at the airport's retail space. To grab the attention of thousands of high-net worth passengers, franchisors and retailers are offering some exclusive products.

And airports are now designing new airport facilities around the goal of incorporating substantial amounts of Retail Spaces to provide greater exposure to retail opportunities. Innovative Airport design to accommodate Retail Spaces can help motivate potential customers. Relationships between Architecture design and retail kiosks are symbiotic as far as creativity and innovation. With Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth story continuing, the airports are to be designed now as a luxury-cum-utilitarian spaces for the fast moving traveller community that we are becoming. The accommodation of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Retailâ&#x20AC;? spaces in new airport design or redesign (renovation) has become now an imperative, says Dipak Agarwal. This growing trend for retail must be starkly underlined and allocated in any new design for a new airport or even for the existing one piggy backing on a robust growth in passenger traffic and more people shopping on the go, according to a boutique retail consultancy. The business is growing at 1516% annually, emerging as a viable platform for retailers and operators of the new airports. Airports have today become a place that attracts upwardly mobile people by offering them branded merchandise there as well as food and beverage outlets. Apart from achieving the objective of maximizing non-aeronautical revenues, airports are now becoming more user-friendly by trying to provide the

Duty free retail shops at IGI Airport, New Delhi.

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highest possible passenger convenience and interaction. •

While designing/redesigning an airport emphasis in the architecture should be such that the density of shops and restaurants visually impresses the travellers.

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Storing retail shops with stuff that will often attract potential customers who could otherwise walk straight.

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Keeping food courts strategically in the centre of the airport’s retail area encourages foot fall into the retail stores situated inside.

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While designing the entrance to the retail shops they should be designed in manner that they have a friendly access, look well-stocked and provide enough room for shoppers to enter the store easily and leave when wanted.

•

Making use of vacant space by putting kiosks in key locations offers customer convenience and maximizes concession and should look inviting.

Experts feel that to make an in situ retail shop at the airport to click one has to understand the airport environment and the psychology of the travellers. It is possible that a retail concept that works in a mall may not necessarily work for airport retail. Recently, Delhi's Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport has been ranked the second-best airport in the world for 2011 by the Airports Council International. The airport scored this distinction in the category of airports with 25-40 million passengers per annum. Last year, it had been ranked fourth in the same category. In the past five years, according to a latest report of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) India's domestic aviation market has tripled and it has posted a strong domestic growth at 25.6 percent in the aviation sector. India is the 9th largest aviation market in the world as per a report, Indian Aerospace Industry Analysis, published by research firm RNCOS. On the basis of strong market fundamentals, it is anticipated that the civil aviation market will register more than 16 percent CAGR during 2010-2013. Retail is not a core business of airports, but there is so much to tap into. They realise that this is a good source of revenue. According to a study, growing air travel in India will drive airport retailing so much that by 2015, over 50 percent of revenues of the Airport Authority of India (AAI) are expected to come from non-aeronautical activities, with airport retailing contributing a mammoth 27 percent. Air travellers are generally cash-rich, time-poor passengers who are habituated to spend more money when they are flying. Even focusing on passengers as they leave

Restro-Bar at Mumbai Airport.

the airport is also a potential business area. There are Duty Free shops in the West where departing passengers get a last chance to buy tax free goods on production of a valid ticket. Now airport retail ware is not just a last minute emergency purchase but it could be some leisure shopping too, both while boarding a flight or coming back home. The system need to be integrated with your routine to be more adaptive and user-friendly. 

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Signage: An Important Component of Airport Architecture Signage constitutes an important element in airport designing. It is a group of way-finding and advertising signs, notices and caution notes. Airport is thronged by national and international fliers, mostly unfamiliar with the terminal. Signage guides them to have easy access to different segments of the airport. It ensures that harried passengers do not get lost in the maze of structures inside the airport and left high and dry.

ffective signage is important if passengers are to find their way around the complex environment of an airport terminal. Way-finding is a combination of visual and verbal clues. The role of signage is to reinforce and focus understanding of the geometry of the terminal in order to direct the passenger to key routes and facilities. Good way-finding depends upon the presence of memorable physical elements and well-placed legible signs. Given that many travellers have impaired vision, the design, location and size of signs are crucial for the effective operation of an important terminal. There are a number of principles which should be followed. First, signs should be integral with the environment of the terminal, with provisions made at the outset for additional signage during the life of the building. There is nothing more confusing or visually distracting than signs which appear as an afterthought. Sadly, this is often the case with advertising signage. Second, the position of signs is a strategic decision and should be based on the needs of the passengers rather than other interests such as airline companies or retailers. Third, the way-finding characteristics of the terminal and the design or location of signs should share a common philosophy. Fourth, the way-finding signs should be separated from those highlighting commercial information.

Airport Signage Design When designing signage for an airport, the designer has to take a good notice of the visual surroundings the signage will be placed in. The background colours of walls and windows, the amount of daylight let in the building, the lighting and more environmental elements are important when designing signage for an airport. In a visually crowded environment it is important that signage design stands out from its background, for maximum effect. It is proper to use colour system with not too many variations and to be consistent with the colour usage. Illuminated signs are used to enhance

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the readability of the signage and mockups of the signs to test if the signage is working in the visual surroundings, colour, typography design and use of pictograms. High contrast signs have to be applied to ensure good readability and legibility of the signage. Colours that work well are a dark background with a light coloured text and pictograms. For example, a black background with white illuminated lettering will ensure a high contrast which has a good readability from a distance. Other common colour combinations are a yellow background with black lettering. For typography a sans type like FF Info by Erik Spiekermann or Frutiger by Adrian Frutiger can be used. A font that has a high x-height which will also increase the legibility of the signs. It is recommended to use only one font in all visual communication levels of the airport signage. For international airports it is vital to use symbols to indicate the facilities in and around the airport, always strengthen the symbol with written text in the native language and perferably in English language. This will ensure that most of the visitors can read the signs.

Arrow Design Arrows are one of the most important design features of a way-finding system for airports, with a pointing arrow you will be able to guide visitors to their destination. Choosing an arrow within a design can make or break the design, don’t over do the arrow but gently incorporate the arrow into the sign in balance with type.

Practices of Way-Finding Effective way-finding utilises tools ranging from psychology to technology to communicate with passengers and boost customer satisfaction levels. From the ‘big picture’ to the smallest of smart phone screens, efforts to accentuate way-finding are promoting high passenger satisfaction at airports around the globe.

Grid is preferred to design signage & way-finding system in order to maintain balance and flexibility in the design.

Way-finding is commonly used in reference to architectural and design elements that aid orientation, and in an airport context, Amsterdam Schiphol is often applauded for its revolutionary efforts dating back to 1967. Newly built for the jet age, interior architect, Kho Liang Ie, and graphic designer, Benno Wissing, contrasted Schiphol’s neutral interior design with striking signage that stood out sharply in layout, dimensions and colour.

Airport signs & way-finding systems are guides to show visitors the way. From finding the toilets, gates, tranfsers or even the coffee corner, signs are needed to show the way. Airport signage design is not an easy task and creating a way-finding system in an airport which will have to guide thousands of visitors

With a ‘passengers first’ credo, the designers introduced a colour-coded scheme with yellow signs for everything related to arrivals and departures, and green signs indicating all other airport facilities. Stripped of all things superfluous, this novel approach of simplicity and straightforwardness

Sign Design Using a Grid

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takes an in-depth case study of the visual environment, travellers stream, detailed prints of the building and much more.

was not only new but also immediately successful. Following Schiphol’s lead, other international airports soon imitated the system in whole or part. In the meantime, Schiphol continued to improve upon its way-finding efforts, and radically updated the system with the addition of way-finding symbols in 1990 under the direction of Paul Mijksenaar.

way through the airport, they get very stressed and frustrated. There are things passengers say are important to them such as ambiance of the airport, cleanliness of the terminal, cleanliness of the washrooms and things of that nature. But some airports have an element that flavours a passenger’s entire experience and it is way-finding.

Mijksenaar’s consultancy bases all of its design on applied psychology. According to it, when passengers are under stress and busy with baggage and tickets, they don’t want to have to look for signs for information. They want it to jump right in front of where they need it, so the location and the conspicuity is of enormous concern.

From a design standpoint, a linear terminal effectively shows passengers the way to go making way-finding almost intuitive. Terminal’s design exhibits a sense of repetition that makes passengers feel comfortable where they are. For example, at the end of each set of moving walkways, passengers will always find washrooms, flight information screens, shops and food and beverage units at regular intervals throughout the terminal.

Architects often try to hide the signs because they do not fit the landscape of a nice building. Many architects move a sign sideways or colour it grey to blend in and make it less conspicuous. There is a ‘four Cs’ for signage viz. comprehensive, consistent, clear and conspicuous. There are a number of factors that make passengers dislike an airport. Wayfinding is one of those. If the passenger fails to find

In all formats, digital way-finding provides airports with an opportunity to tap into a new revenue stream. The commercial hardware company’s product can be found in 70% of airports throughout the world today. Many of these global NEC monitors display not only flight information and directional signage, but advertising. 

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ATC Tower at Kolkata Airport.

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Renaissance in Design of ATC Towers The ATC tower which is often a highly sculpted and a three-dimensional structure in a typical airport, can do much to enhance the image and aesthetic profile of any airport. The main function of an ATC tower is to control the movement of airplanes in the air and the movement of aircraft and service vehicles on the ground.

ir traffic control towers that are also architectural statements in their own right have come to define airports born or reborn in the past decade. So if Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi airport boasts of the tallest Air Traffic Control (ATC) tower in the world with its stem shooting up to a height of 132 m, then the one at Abu Dhabi, shaped like a crescent moon, draws upon Islamic culture. And soon, Mumbai airport, too, will be part of this trend. The airport's new tower with its futuristic design is set to grab eyeballs when construction will be completed by the end of this year. It will be the tallest structure at 83 m from ground level, that is, approximately the same height as a 30-storey building. The existing ATC tower, which stands uncomfortably close to the secondary runway of Mumbai airport, is a modest 60 m. Unlike skyscrapers, air traffic control towers cannot afford to be too ambitious while scaling new heights because of their proximity to low-flying aircraft. The cost of the fully equipped tower is estimated at Rs. 400 crore. By the end of 2013, motorists plying the Western Express Highway will be able to catch a glimpse of the part of the tower that will house the Air Traffic Control roomâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;a triangular three-dimensional structure with soft vertices. The interpretation is left to your imagination. It may look like a spaceship hovering over or parked at the airport or a ship atop the skyline. In modern airports, air traffic control towers are one of the most prominent and architecturally distinctive structures. The ATC tower which is often a highly sculpted and a threedimensional structure in a typical airport, can do much to enhance the image and aesthetic profile of the airport. The main function of an ATC tower is to control the movement of airplanes in the air and the movement of aircraft and service vehicles on the ground. The need to have visual surveillance over both results in buildings that are often isolated structures some way apart from the remainder of the airport buildings. However, because the operations of the passenger terminal and that of the aircraft are related, control towers are sometimes constructed as rooftop extensions to the main terminal. Control towers direct and coordinate aircraft movements in the vicinity of the airport. Air traffic control staff monitor

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CLOCKWISE (From Left): The Approach Control and Area Control Centre at the ATS Complex of the Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi. (Top) Graphic representation of Mumbai Airport ATC Tower. (Above) A close view of Mumbai Airport ATC Tower.

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Graphic view of Mangalore Airport ATC Tower.

aircraft movement on apron areas, taxiways, runways and in the air. Clear visibility is crucial, and sightlines dictate the positioning of the tower relative to other structures such as hangars, terminal and piers. From the tower itself it is vital that views are unobstructed by columns, that glare does not occur or interfere with display screens, and that visibility angles are maintained. The angle and the configuration of the glazing need to provide safe and comfortable working conditions under both sunny and cloudy skies, during the day and night. Ergonomics is one of the main design constraints in control towers. Because control towers are physically divorced from the ground and are placed in high fire-risk locations, the means of escape in emergency is an important factor. The escape stairs add to the formal composition and complement the lifts normally used in gaining access. In some control towers, such as at Sydney airport, the escape stair plots a different geometry from that of the main shaft of the tower, thereby enhancing the design as a threedimensional composition. Control towers normally consist of mainly large, open, column-free working space overlooking runway and the sky. Air traffic control staff monitor aircraft movements visually and on electronic screens. The navigational installations require periodic upgrading of the electronic and mechanical equipments, creating a need to design such towers with replaceability in mind. The life of air traffic control systems is generally under 10 years, requiring three or four complete refits in the life of a typical control tower. As with the design of passenger terminals, the lives of the outer structure and of the internal arrangement are on two quite different timescales.

Hyderabad Airport ATC Tower.

From the stocky, uninspired concrete blocks of yesteryear to modernday transparent polymer structures , ATC towers around the world are going through a renaissance of sorts. Indian airports are soon going to adorn such dynamic structures that will add value to the Indian airport designs matching with the most lofty and meaningful design forms. ď Ž

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Art in Indian Airports

rom well-ensconced and reputed galleries or museums, art is now ushering itself in public spaces – corporate houses, public buildings, walkways, shopping malls, railway stations, subways and at Indian airports too. The idea behind the “Public Art” concept is to revitalize social and public spaces by establishing designs motifs to understand our rich cultural heritage & initiate a dialogue between art, architecture and urban design. It's just not a decoration, it's also about engaging with the public. What’s more, it helps develop good aesthetics too. Many architects, designers, artists feel that public art is an essential element for the healthy fabric of our society and there is a need to spread its awareness. Take a look at the various impressive art installations, like at the Indira Gandhi International Airport, Kolkata Airport, Raipur Airport, Chennai, Jaipur airports too. Airports Authority of India has laid this as an important directive for designers, to promote this novel art-concept throughout the design of the Airport, as well as arrival lounges or even departures. Such “cultural interventions” in public art have expanded the scope and application. Public Art at airports, in particular, displays and liven-up the mood in an otherwise dreary space where you’re waiting for next flight or while in transit undergoing jet-lags. Art at airports, add soothing touches to millions of travelers everyday, at Indian Airports. Next time you fly, appreciate the beauty while walking down for a long lasting soothing effect. 

Painting displayed at the baggage claim area at Kolkata Airport. A huge mural depicting avifauna Crane dancing in ecstasy here.

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Surya Namaskar at Domestic Pier Departure of T3 Terminal of IGI Airport.

Surya Namaskar or Sun Salutation is a common sequence of Yoga Asanas. A full round of Surya namaskara is considered to be two sets of the twelve poses (asanas). The sculpture is displayed at Domestic Pier Departure of T3 airport terminal.

Mudras on display at T3 Terminal of IGI Airport.

Canyon Wall portrays 9 different dance Mudras â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Mudras are expressive hand gestures that form an intrinsic part of Indian Classical dance, Yoga and Visual Arts. Mudras are believed to channelize natural forces and spiritual and mental well-being by enhancing the flow of energies through the human body.

Hiranyagarbha at the International wing of T3 Terminal of IGI Airport.

Seema Kohli protrays a fine balance of nature and religion in her artwork comprising of various Buddhist forms and symbolism bringing earth and heaven in perfect harmony. The Mural is 10 feet high and 100â&#x20AC;&#x2122; in length and at present adoring the international wing of the newly built T3 terminal at IGI New Delhi.

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Surya Sculpture at T3 Terminal of IGI Airport.

‘SURYA’- The resplendent One- The inspiration for this sculpture is from India’s rich past, especially the magnificent 11th century Chola bronzes of South India which are unsurpassed in their grandeur. This sculpture carries this tradition forward in spirit, but is interpreted in contemporary way…something deeply rooted in the past, but looking to future with open mind. The sculpture as a whole represents a complete Solar Calendar through various motifs like lotus and fire.

Dhokra Murals at Domestic Security Hold, Ranchi Airport.

Dhokra murals displayed at the Domestic Security Hold area at Ranchi Airport depicts tribal man and female. This mural is a form of Dhokra art, a local tribal art of the state of Jharkhand. The beautiful carvings on the brass in fact represent socio-economic, religious and proclivity to nature manifest in the life and culture of the local people.

Palash Theme and art work on canvas at Baggage Claim Area, Ranchi Airport.

Terminal site illustrate the local tribal art and culture of the Indian State of Jharkhand. These artifacts include Dhokra art, tribal dance forms Sarna & Chou, mixed media in terracotta, canvas paintings in local fashion - famous as Sohrai Jadupatiat and Paitkar art work. Moreover, the State flower Palash is flaunted on internal glassy dividing walls.

Celebrations painting by Paresh Maity at the International Arrivals Junction Area, T3 Terminal of IGI Airport.

Paresh Maity’s second mural titled ‘Celebration’, sized 6 feet 2 inches by 62 feet is made up of five panels which portray the music, culture, dances and festivities across India. This has been placed at the International Arrivals Junction Area. The entire piece, undoubtedly the biggest public art in India, now adorns Terminal 3.

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Bastar Art displayed at Raipur Airport.

These artifacts displayed in the interior and exterior spaces at Raipur Airport are unique in it. The art installed is actually inspired from the traditional art of the state of Chhattisgarh. These captivating designs provide timeless beauty and its unique patterns, styles, and designs emphasis on traditional and ethnic designs.

Vertical Garden at Chennai Airport.

These stainless steel lattices support vertical plantation is located at the heart of the Terminal.

Elephants at Departure Check-in Hall, T3 Terminal of IGI Airport.

The elephant is an enduring symbol of our vast, fast evolving and yet traditional country. These gentle and dignified giants express a sense of welcome to the terminal in passive, nurturing and tender poses that evoke a sense of grandeur.

Freedom-Paintings by M.F.Hussain, T3 Terminal of IGI Airport.

M.F.Hussain has been widely regarded as the “Picasso of India” and has influenced a whole generation of artists in the country. His artwork called “Freedom”, a set of 46 murals which was displayed at T2 terminal currently adores the Arrival immigration of newly built T3 terminal of IGI Airport New Delhi. The Art work perfectly represents the fusion of Ancient India with the Modern India.

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The Challenge that Lies Ahead The terminal of the twenty-first century will have to work in tandem with ecology focusing on environmentally friendly building systems and operating largely in tune with forces of climate responding to wind, rain and sun. So there is need to focus our vision to strive for innovation and out-of-the-box solutions for the new age greenhorn airports.

ooking beyond tomorrow, we are confronted by the thought as to how the futuristic design of an airport should look like and how it can be sustainably effective for the airline industry. Airports today, are no more conceived as solitary, singular, high technology enclosures. They are in fact amalgamation of streets, malls, squares, townships, convention centres and landmarks that characterizes the design of some of the more ambitious airports, such as Charles de Gaulle and Kuala Lumpur, in particular. Over the last century, the designs have actually evolved greatly from the concept of “tents, hangers & hutments” of yore. Looking back, the first generation airports were simply designed to support the air transportation needs of affluent few but have gradually went on to become full-fledged terminals for mass transportation. What was earlier recognizable as a control tower overlooking the runways & the apron areas, it has today taken shape of grandeur in designs, form and functions. Today, air travel facility has become major generator of economic growth. To illustrate this, London’s airport has defined a 20 kms radius to become new townships hub, attracting people & jobs with development & expansion of the airport. The Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi is much on the similar lines with complete aerocity concept being followed with.

Sudhir Sarup

Editor-in-Chief, ArchiDesign

Back home too we must prepare to a situation to go top-gear into these new-age travel facilities. For this, traditional town planning cannot control the pressures brought about airport expansion & development. Accommodating growth and the diversity within a plan of robustness and clarity is the characteristic of the 21st century airport. Today the airport can house the land-use diversity within a structure that accepts the changing nature of airports. For being a 21st century airport a better & effective public/private transport system has to be in place. But integrating these public transport facilities into airport building design adds a challenge to the designer architect. Infact, integration of various kinds of public transport facilities is a high point of engineering in modern airports and a challenging task for the architect. So it can have integration rail, bus, taxi to facilitate passengers as well as airport/airline staff to avoid travel delays as also as business centre. Airports, today are becoming complex transportation exchanges between car, bus, rail, metro and the aircraft. The Airport Metro line at New Delhi is a case in the point to meet these challenges. Environmental & sustainability Issues are the next challenges for the future airport designs. The environmental consciousness has emerged leading to a focus on ecology. Air terminals are designed to reduce the use of energy and employ materials of low toxicity and maximize natural sources of light and ventilation. Plantation too forms an important element in air purification in and around terminals. And on top, the designer has to look into the impact on climate change, air quality, noise pollution, waste generation etc. and measures to mitigate these issues. Today the sustainable development of new as well as old airport design seek to integrate various key issues—environmental, social as well as economical sustainability. And since airports have considerable impact on physical & economic environment, the future of the aviation industry lies in its sustainability. 

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very special thanks goes out to Mr. V. P. Agrawal, Chairman, Airports Authority of India, for his vision, dedication & his all out, total well meaning support extended to ArchiDesign without which this book would not have been possible. He has been a mentor all through, without whose personal involvement and guidance this book could have not be conceptualized or completed. Truly speaking, it is a dream come true. Also extending, a big thank you to the PR Department of Airports Authority of India, for all their support in documenting the history and development of airports in India. Team ArchiDesign

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City side view Thiruvananthapuram Airport.

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Thank You! Thanks to Ar. Pratyush Sarup, Founder Member, ArchiDesign Group, (Asst. Editor, ArchiDesign Perspective ) - who is a dynamic designer, architect and a writer of international repute - for all his vision, writings, suggestions, contributions and also for persistently continuing and carrying on with the modifications of this Coffee Table Book â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;New Skiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Since the time the project was conceptualised, and the value additions that were incorporated would not have been possible without his creative inputs. Without his well informed inputs this Book would not have been produced in the grandiose style as it has been now. Thank You Pratyush, once again!

Team ArchiDesign expresses gratitude to following and many more who have helped us in developing this masterpiece. Ayush Ranjan Atul Singh Chauhan Amit Rampal Arun Bhagat Anindita Sinha AVIAPLAN, Norway Armstrong Engineering Advance Acoustic Research Bilquis Naqvee BGSCT PL MSKEL Consortium (JV) Belt Collins, Singapore Charul Shukla Charanjit S. Shah CE Con Engineers CPG Consultants COWI, Denmark Charu Engineering Consultant Debashis Khan Descon United Pvt. Ltd. Deepak Thakur D. K. Sharma Devendra Kr. Mangal Devinder Chandar Mehta Edna Adelina Fernandes EDAW G. S. Bawa Gudmund Stokke Geetanjali Malik Gensler and Federic Schwartz Architects, USA Gurpreet S. Shah Gifford India Pvt. Ltd. Graphic Media Enterprises HOK Harbhajan Singh Harpal Singh Harsupriyajeet Kaur Interigal Design Jyotimitra Kanishka Gupta

K. N. Saikia Kalpana Sethi Kehar Singh Kristipati Nagabrahma Chary Kamaleshwar Nath Consultants Ketan Bhartia KITCO Ltd. L&T Mahintura Consultant Pvt. Ltd. Mitesh Kapadia Mehro Consultants Mukesh Asija Matisha Kothari Manoj Kaundal M. C. Manglanathan Manish Gupta M. S. Rehman Mahendra Raj Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Maitreya Sur Mythili Mamidanna Mannik Nangia Nishant Panjiyar Neem Rshnaiwala P. Sharma P. L. Goyal P. C. Mettal Pavan Rathi Pooja Mishra Pradeep Sen Pratibha Patara Parvider Tiwari Rshmi Vkharia Ravi Punde Naveen Roopak N. Kothari R. S. Dheer Rajiv Ratnarao Chakka Rajni Gupta Sudipto Ghosh

S. C. Mehrotra S. R. Sikka S. C. Mehrotra S. S. Bhatia Suresh Goel Sandeep Goel S. S. Ghai Sanaulla Spectral Services Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Soni Consultants Subhdarshan Sudipta Saha Sanjiv Nehra Saket Jain S. Mann Sundeep Khushu S. Biswas STUP Consultants, India Saptarshi Sanyal Sanjay Kaul Sudhir Raheja Sujoy Dey Tapaswini Das Tarun Chowdhry Technical Consultants Vivek Garg Vijay Rewal Associates Vikash Jain Vinod Sharma Vijay Yadav Vijay Behal Vivek Singh Rathor V. S. Kukureja & Associates Vector Design Vinod Pardhe Virender Khanna Winston Teng Shu

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Conceptualised & Published by:

P U B L I S H E R S

Regd. Off.: Q-25, Ground Floor, Jangpura Extension, New Delhi-110014, India Tel.: +91.11.43721406, Mobile: +91.9990608400 Email: archidesigngroup@gmail.com