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“Look at the price per ounce, because women’s products tend to be smaller,” she says, and you can often get a better deal by pur chasing unscented p roducts in larger quantities instead. At grocery and drugstores, you can often find the unit pricing on the shelf tag in front of the product.

COMPARISON SHOP IN ADVANCE

Ian Ayres, a professor at Yale Law School, first identified that car dealers often offered the best deals to customers who were white men with research in the 1990s. Follow-up studies since then have affirmed the persistence of discriminatory pricing along with some progress, especially at online and no-haggle dealerships, Ayres adds.

Consumers can help protect themselves by researching car costs to be more informed negotiators and by checking out financing options in advance.