In the early 20th century, waves of Jewish immigrants swept across the country of Palestine, seeking to impress onto it a new nation. It took over 50 years of local and international transitions to redeem the land; dressing it with uniformity, a new identity, a new landscape, a new people and a new culture while ignoring an existing landscape, an existing people, an existing culture and an existing nation. In 1948 one nation celebrated its formal recognition by the international community and the other grieved amidst its ruins. This atlas of the Israeli Palestinian conflict maps the processes and mechanisms behind the modification of the country during the past 100 years, both on a policy level and in its implementations on the ground. With over 500 maps and diagrams this is an indispensable reference book on the conflict. There are lessons to be learnt from the atlas on a broader front, from the withdrawal of the colonial powers in the early 20th century to the forced division of the Middle East and the ongoing wars and disputes over territory and resources.
Atlas of the Conflict. Israel–Palestine Malkit Shoshan Designed by Joost Grootens oıo Publishers ISBN 978-90-6450-688-8
ATLAS OF THE CONFLICT ISRAEL – PALESTINE
oıo
ATLAS OF THE CONFLICT ISRAEL PALESTINE Malkit Shoshan oıo Publishers
Lebanon Metulla
Tyre
Introduction 10 User guide: legends and layout 14
Qiryat Shemons Al Qunaytirah Nahariyya
Syrian Arab Republic
Acre
ATLAS Borders 16 The Wall 46 Pattern of settlements 48 Settlement typologies 150 Demography 180 Land ownership 198 Landscaping 220 Water 244 Archaeology and preservation 262 Jerusalem 284
Haifa Kafr Kanna Nazareth Dar'a
'Afula Irbid Jenin
Hadera
Al Mafraq
Netanya Qalansuwa
Mediterranean Sea
Nabulus
Qalqiliya Tel Aviv
Az Zarqa
As Salt
AMMAN Ramallah Jericho JERUSALEM Bethlehem
Ashdod Ashqelon
Israel
Hebron
Gaza
LEXICON 324 Timeline 434 Gallery 452 Negotiations 456
Madaba
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Dead Sea
Gaza Strip
Khan Yunis Rafah
Beersheba
Bibliography 470 Index 472 Colophon 474
Arad Karak
Dimona
El-arish
Egypt
Maan
Elat Aqaba Gulf of Aqaba
0
25km
INTRODUCTION The Atlas of the Conflict maps the territorial aspects of the relations between Israel and Palestine over the past 100 years. I started this research 10 years ago as an architecture student in Israel. During my studies, I was confronted with a fundamental necessity to understand, at first, the events that led to the formation of Israel and, later, to take a personal and professional position in it. In my third year of study at the Technion (the Israel Institute of Technology), I was assigned to design a new program, preferably a shopping mall, on an empty plot near Tel Aviv. During the preliminary site research, I discovered it to be a ruined Palestinian cemetery. My reaction was to stop designing. I felt the need to delve into the past and to learn the history of my country. A history that is not directly told. Driven by a genuine sense of curiosity, I started collecting illustrations, maps, photographs, diagrams and other visual materials. Textual testimonies, although very important, simply weren’t tangible enough, as they cannot have a sense of scale. I wanted to know what the image of over 500 destroyed Palestinian localities looks like on a map with a relative scale, in space, and in comparison to the thousands of newly built Israeli localities. It is very difficult to grasp an architectural project on the scale of a state or a nation. To plan, design and construct a building takes years. To destroy a whole country and build another one on top of it took a couple of decades. For me, this new sense of scale and its realities resulted in a personal moment of complete bewilderment. After leaving the university, I continued with my research, analyzing spatially the creation of Israel in the light of the destruction of Palestine. I was brought up in a Zionist context. We were overwhelmingly and completely appreciating Israel, considering it a miracle: a nation that constructed itself almost seamlessly from thousands of years back into the present day. The 2,000 years of exile were absent in my historical consciousness. In part, I have been, one could say, led to believe that Israel was always there, and that the tragedy of Palestine has nothing to do with it: that was an incidental episode. 10
As maps are usually drawn by the body that is in power, the powerless can easily disappear. While it was very easy to find maps that indicate the formation of Israel, from its first settlement on, it was very difficult to find much documentation of the Palestinian existence. Not only in reality, as many Palestinian localities were razed to the ground, but also in its representation, in maps, and in illustrations. As I was interested in comparing the two processes, Israel and Palestine, I needed to start mapping myself, investigating and (re-) assembling the realities. I realized that my original curiosity led me to possess a unique document that covers a 100 years of conflict. I don’t see this book and my work to be intentionally political. I wanted to make a straightforward analysis of the territorial features and figures of the IsraeliPalestinian conflict. The book is divided into themes such as borders, walls, patterns of settlements, typologies of settlements, demography, water, landscaping, archeology and Jerusalem. They are, inevitably, all interlinked, not just with each other, but with reality, with personal stories, traumas, myths, beauty, tragedies, popular tales, defeats and victories. It is a reality that does not exist by itself, as either Israel, or as Palestine. Israel’s dynamic spatial maneuvers are tied to fluctuations in borders and to patterns of settlements. They result in a unique and ever evolving spatial practice of temporality, which can be detected in settlements typologies, from a Wall and a Tower (1930s) to Caravilla’s (2005). The settler is, until this day, used as an occupying power, creating a fact on the ground, a living wall, a keeper of the land and of its natural resources: always placed strategically, according to a national agenda. The constant intensive movements in space and time of the Zionist project have no precedent. Shaping the state territories and widening its boundaries, pushing and intensifying undesired demographic fragments out or into enclaves, settling and foresting, covering up the traces of the past while excavating other layers under; all together these define a fluid state of existence, a new Israeli and Palestinian reality. 11
However, reality is too complex to be captured in a book or to be told through a one-person-narrative. I have tried to restrict the use of personal expressions. Instead, I use maps and illustrations to unveil the territorial dynamics and shapes of the conflict, using factual data. In addition to my own analysis, I have tried to give room to other elements to emerge, such as popular quotes, personal stories, national and international legislations, legal terms, snapshots and portraits. All are compiled at the end of the book in a lexicon, a timeline of key events, and a territorial overview of negotiation sessions. They appear almost like search-engine results; most of them have nothing to do with my personal opinion. In order to loose the hierarchical or linear order in the book, a system of hyperlinks is introduced, indicating parallel stories and allowing various routes through the different pages of the book. This atlas tells a story with no end and offers a view into the most covered conflict in the world. Hopefully, this territorial analysis, shaped by a complex geopolitical, ideological and human context, can also be insightful for other conflicts, not just the one between Israel and Palestine. Malkit Shoshan 29.9.2010
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