Table of Contents Education
3
Fashion
4
Film & Theatre
6
Food
7-8
Culture
10
Sports
11-12
Music
14
Way We Lived
15
Politics
17-18
Games
19
Law and Justice
20
The Vietnam War
22-23
The Civil Rights Movement
24-25
Book Review
27
Games and Brain Teasers
28
Celebrity Gossip
29
Education By: Sebastian Quintero
The 1960s was full of growth in education around the United States due to new laws, programs and reforms made during these times. Firstly, in 1958, the National Defense Education Act was passed, which helped produce more scientists and teachers and helped provide more schools around the country during this time, as well as being able to eventually send a man to the moon in 1969. Near the beginning of the decade, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was elected president, and as president, he created several new domestic proposals that helped with education such as creating organizations in order to help end illiteracy. However, Kennedy was shot in 1963 and never got see see his proposals in action. Luckily, Lyndon Johnson, Kennedy’s Vice President, sought to fulfill most of Kennedy’s goals by creating a series of programs known as the Great Society, which helped with social, economic and education reforms in the United States. One of the most notable in helping education was Head Start, as it provided preschool education for needy children.
Fashion By: Ryan Costa
The 1960’s were a time of two completely different fashions. The early 1960’s had a continuation of 1950’s fashion, with conservative and classic style and design. However, the later 1960’s were the exact opposite, with bright and swirling colors. Psychedelic and tie dye shirts were common. Men wore their hair long and had beards. Women wore short skirts. Women often styled their hair similar to Jackie Kennedy, with a Bouffant Hairstyle. Its popularity reached a peak in 1965-66 and became commonplace in romantic events as well as glamorous events. It was often paired with sequined evening gowns. The youth of the 1960’s often qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq wore bellbottoms. These pants were qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq often worn by hippies.
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Film & Theatre - New Movies That Hit the Big Screen By: Lucas Puttre
The movies were a great success in the 60’s, with the boom in the economy, more people could afford going to the movie theatre and, even though they were separated, African Americans could also enjoy the movies. Two very famous movies are To Kill and Mockingbird and Mary Poppins. To Kill a Mockingbird - This movie, based on the original book by Harper Lee, has been very successful so far. It is about a lawyer, Atticus Finch (Gregory Peck), defending Tom Robinson (Brock Peters), a black man, from an undeserved charge. Gregory Peck is amazing in his role, and was nominated for an Oscar as Best Actor. The reviews were very good for the movie, and it made over $20 million in the first few weeks. Mary Poppins - Another great success at the box office was Mary Poppins, a movie that can be enjoyed by all audiences. This movie is about a maid, Mary Poppins, played by Julie Andrews, working for an unhappy family, and makes wonders happen. This movie didn’t die out after the 60’s, and it is still played today as a classic.
Food By: Lucas Puttre
Many different types of food gained popularity during the 1960s, but three of the most remembered are TV dinners, meatloaf and Jello. TV Dinners were extremely popular during the 60s, mostly because of the popularity the television gained during this time. Many families purchased this dinner which was eaten while watching the TV. These dinners usually included three different plates, arranged in three different sections. One was usually meat or chicken, the second was vegetables and the third was usually a plate such as corn that could accompany the meat or chicken They were cheap, increasing the popularity.
Food Another popular food was meatloaf. This was made with simple ingredients that were very common, even in times of war. Meatloaf was also available in the TV dinners.
Finally, another popular dish was jello. There were many different types and flavors that could be made with cheap simple ingredients. The different flavors include cranberry, blueberry, and many more. It was so popular, there were even jello salads!
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Culture By: Lucas Puttre
In the 1960s, the famous hippies arose. Many people became hippies for many different reasons. One of the main ones was to stop the wars that were going on at the time, such as the Vietnam War. They all believed in peace, and were also referred to as doves. These hippies were against the common beliefs and traditional values of their parents, so they were considered rebels, it was considered counterculture. The Beatles, the Who, and the Rolling Stones are examples of the music that was popular at the time. The hippy movement would become extremely popular and spread to other parts of the world. Hippies were known for good, and bad things. Almost all of them regularly had drugs, such as marijuana, which became extremely popular during the 60’s. The 1960s was also a time where women realized that old values could be ignored and they could get a job and live a better life. This movement was triggered after the book The Feminine Mystique was released.
Sports By: Lucas Puttre
There were many highlights in sports during the 1960’s. NBA: The NBA was dominated by the Boston Celtics, winning in 9 years out 10. Their team was led by the legend Bill Russell at center, and their best record being 62-18 in a season. Also, the 1962 season took place where Wilt Chamberlain score 100 points in one game. The record has not been beat to this day.
Sports NFL: There were also many highlights in the NFL. In 1962, the NFL was finally desegregated, when Bobby Mitchell signed for the Washington Redskins. Also, in 1966, the AFL and the NFL, the two separate leagues, were merged. The Green Bay Packers dominated the league, winning five of the nine championships, and winning the first ever Super Bowl, as well as the second ever. MLB: Baseball gained much popularity in the 60s, it was not dominated by any team, and could be enjoyed by anyone. Also, it had been desegregated long before the 60s, so it was more diverse. One of the more successful teams during the 60s was the Yankees, who won 2 World Series, and participated in 4.
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Music By: Sebastian Quintero
The music in the 1960s was dominated by new music groups styles to appeared throughout the US in this era. One of the most popular band groups in this time were the Beatles, a british band which was made up of John Lennon, Ringo Starr, George Harrison and Paul McCartney. Their music cause a widespread rise in their popularity and have become one of the most known bands in US history. Rock and roll also grew to become a very popular style of music in the US during this time, which was a genre that was a mix of black rhythm-and-blues and and country music. With other famous singers such as Elvis Presley dominating the music of the 60s, new bands also began forming in this time like the Beach Boys, that helped create many new adjustments to rock-and-roll and music overall.
Way We Lived By: Ryan Costa
The 1960’s were an era of the youth. The 70 million children from the baby boom became teenagers and young adults. They led a movement against conservative thinking. It resulted in revolutionary ways of thinking and a counterculture movement. The youth wanted change. This change came in education, lifestyles, and laws. During the Vietnam War, many of the youth avoided the war and campaigned for peace. Some even fled to Canada to avoid being drafted. Healthcare was also revolutionized with polio vaccines becoming commonplace in the U.S.. Studies were also published linking smoking to disease. This led to a sharp decrease in smoking for the first time in around 100 years. Fear of the Soviet Union and nuclear bombs led to drills and some built fallout shelters.
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Politics By: Sebastian Quintero
Throughout the 1960s, politics continued to intensify with the growing activities and conflicts the United States faced. Firstly, near the end of the 1950s, president Eisenhower’s term was coming to an end, and the 1960 election soon approached, with the nominees being Democrat John F Kennedy and Republican Richard Nixon, with Kennedy winning by about 100,000 votes, making him the youngest person to be elected president at 43 years old. During his presidency, he had numerous involvements and national and international affairs which include the arms race, where the US competed with Russia to see who could produce more nuclear weapons, the space race, where the US competed with Russia to see who could reach space first and then later land a man on the moon, and the Bay of Pigs Invasion, where the CIA had planned to overthrow Cuba’s Communist government by sending Cuban immigrants to start a revolt and having the US military sneak up on it, but the military never showed up. However, despite the large amount of activities and events Kennedy participated in, his term was short lived when he was
Politics assassinated in Texas in November 22nd, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald, and his Vice President, Lyndon Johnson, was put as president for the rest of his term. Born a poor boy, Johnson focused his work on improving America's economy and average standard of living in a series of programs he created called the Great Society, with many of these programs helping give financial and and more education benefits, such as Medicare and Head Start. Aside from this, however, John also had a large involvement in the Vietnam War, as he had instructed US soldiers to go into Vietnam without a true declaration of war from Congress. This was because of the Gulf of Tonkin incident, where Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked two US battleships, causing Congress to give Johnson the authority to do whatever he needed to resolve the conflict. Soon into the Vietnam War, Johnson’s term was coming to an end, and he decided to to run for reelection. The power of the president soon was given to Richard Nixon, Republican, in 1969, and it became his duty to lead his country out of the war and continue to improve the US in economic, international and civil affairs.
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Law & Justice By: Ryan Costa
The 1960’s were an era of change not only in politics and society, but also in law. Many of the newly introduced laws centered around Civil Rights. One example of this is the Civil Rights Act of 1964 signed by Lyndon Johnson that prohibited discrimination in public facilities based on race, religion, or any other factors. President Johnson then signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that abolished literacy tests and polling taxes that prohibited minorities from voting. Johnson later signed a bill banning discrimination in the rental or purchase of homes. Earl Warren was also a big part in Law and Justice during the 1960s. Firstly, as the Chief Justice, he was the head of many rulings taken to court, such as the Miranda vs Arizona case where it was decided that when someone was arrested, their rights must be read out to them. But perhaps one of the most important things he was known for was his tactic of judicial activism, where he would look to get rid of laws that were unfair to certain groups and ethnicities in order to make everyone feel equal.
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The Vietnam War By: Sebastian Quintero
The Vietnam Era in the 1960s became one of the most impactive events during this decade. It first began with Ho Chi Minh, a Communist, who organized a revolt in end French colonial rule in Vietnam, sparking the first Indochina War. After fighting between the French and Vietminh for nearly 8 years, the turning point came in 1954 when the Vietminh forced the French to surrender after a 56-day battle at Dienbienphu. Because of this, the French agreed to negotiate a settlement with the Vietminh, and French control over Vietnam ended. After the war, many US political leaders believed in the domino theory, where if one country fell to the Communists, it was thought that neighboring countries would follow. Also, soon after the French defeat, an international conference was held in Geneva, Switzerland
The Vietnam War (Cont.) where it was decided that Vietnam would be divided into two states, the Communist North Vietnam and the Democratic South Vietnam. Peace was maintained for several years until people began to protest against the leader of South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem, causing him to be assassinated, as well as war to commence between North and South Vietnam. The fighting between these two countries lasted on, and soon the US was dragged into the war after the Gulf of Tonkin incident (Pg. 16) where North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked American vessels, causing Lyndon Johnson, the current US president, to ask for authority from Congress to do whatever he needed to end the conflict between them, which he tried to do by beginning to send US troops to help aid South Vietnam. War continued to go on during the 60s, with more US tactics being used such as search and destroy, as well as the use of napalm and dangerous herbicides like Agent Orange to help get the enemies out of the dense forest. However, one of the most notable events that happened in the Vietnam war in the 1960s was the Tet offensive, where on January 31, 1968, the Vietnamese celebrate Tet, their New Year holiday, and the North Vietnamese used this a a cover to attack every single major city in South Vietnam, such as Saigon. After this event, war continued to occur between these countries past the end of the 60s all the way until 1973 where the US finally pulled out their troops with a death count of over 50,000 and until 1975 when South Vietnam finally fell to Communism from the North Vietnamese and continues to be Communist to this day.
Civil Rights: By: Ryan Costa
The 1960’s Civil Rights Movement was dominated by peaceful protests and civil disobedience, or the peaceful refusal to obey unjust laws. One of the major figures in the Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King Jr., echoed his Christian beliefs when he told his followers to always meet hate and discrimination with love and friendship. He was also influenced by Mohandas Gandhi who led a campaign of nonviolent resistance to win India's freedom from British colonial rule. In addition to Gandhi, King was also owed much of his thinking to A. Philip Randolph, a prominent African American labor leader who championed a strategy of nonviolent mass protest. Martin Luther King Jr. contributed to many key events in the Civil Rights Movement. One of these events include the Montgomery Bus Boycott. On December 1, 1955, an African American women named Rosa Parks boarded a bus in Montgomery, seating in the first row for the colored. When the driver ordered her to give her seat up for a white man, she refused. She was swiftly arrested. This led to outrage from many involved in the Civil Rights Movement. This outrage led to an organized boycott on the day of the trial for Rosa Parks. Martin Luther King Jr. then told his followers to boycott until
Civil Rights
buses were desegregated. One of the organizations leading the Civil Rights Movement was the NAACP, or the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Its goals were to eradicate race prejudice and to secure complete equality before the law. It challenged laws that prevented African Americans from exercising their full rights as citizens. It first major victory came in 1915 when the Supreme Court ruled that grandfather clauses were unconstitutional. It legal head, Thurgood Marshall, used his knowledge of the 14th Amendment to fight laws that interfere with the rights of U.S. citizens.
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Book Review: A Wrinkle in Time By: Lucas Puttre
This story written by Madeleine L’Engle is about Meg Murry, a girl in high school, who is transported through time and space with her brother in search of his father who is captured by evil forces. This book was an extreme success when it came out, and became an instant classic. Many people remember it by its starting line, “It was a dark and stormy night”. This book is still read and considered amazing even after more than 50 years. This novel is recommended to everyone that read it. It beautifully showcases the battle between good and evil, and love and hate, and it really shows the importance of family.
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Celebrity Gossip- Monroe and Kennedy Affair By: Sebastian Quintero
There were many rumors during the 60s that revolved around a conspiracy theory where superstar celebrity model Marilyn Monroe had a secret affair with president John F Kennedy, with supposing evidence to help prove it. On March 24th, 1962, JFK and Marilyn Monroe were both Guests at Bing Crosby’s house (left) located in Palm Springs. It is said that JFk arranged a rendezvous through Peter Lawford, his brother-in-law, and according to Monroe’s biographer, Donald Spoto, she called her masseur, Ralph Roberts, from the same bedroom where JFK was staying. Here, the three had brief conversation about the president’s back problems, but it was later confirmed through an interview with Ralph Roberts that Marilyn had told Roberts about her sexual experiences with JFK.