History of Modern
Architeture
Sehama Nuur S17107434 History of Modern Architecture ARC4010 Digital Booklet
Contents Page 3 - Bibliography 4 - What is Modernism? 5 - The Pre-Raphelites 6 - Bauhaus Manifesto and Program 7 - Unite D’Habitation Part 1 8 - Unite D’Habitation Part 2 9- Chandigarh/Notre Dame du Haut 10- Avant-Garde/Our Manifesto 11- Manifesto Art Piece 12- Healthy Body Culture Mindmap/Poster 13- Writing an Academic Essay Exercise 14 - Essay writing Pack Part 1 15 - Essay Writing Pack Part 2/Essay Poster
Bibliography (Page 4) - Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: http://Introduction: What ius modernism? page 21 Wilk, C. 2006, Modernism: designing a new world, 1914-1939, V&A, London. Chapter 1 [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. (5) - Csun.edu. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: http://www.csun.edu/sites/default/files/Media08--Early_20_cent_A-G.pdf [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. )4) - Merin, G. (2013). AD Classics: The Crystal Palace / Joseph Paxton. [online] https://www.archdaily.com/397949/ad-classic-the-crystal-palace-joseph-paxton. Available at: AD Classics: The Crystal Palace / Joseph Paxton 01:00 - 5 July, 2013 by Gili Merin http://www.archdaily.com/397949/ad-classic-the-crystal-palace-joseph-paxton [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. (1) - National Trust. (2017). Philip Webb centenary. [online] Available at: https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/philip-webb-centenary [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. (3) - Vam.ac.uk. (2017). Biography of William Morris - Victoria and Albert Museum. [online] Available at: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/b/biography-of-william-morris/ [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. (2) - Wowchasers.com. (2017). Contact Support. [online] Available at: http://wowchasers.com/amazing-antonio-gaudi/ [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. (6) (Page 5) - Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/praf/hd_praf.htm ~ Jennifer Meagher Department of European Paintings, The Metropolitan Museum of Art [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. (2/3) - Birminghammuseums.org.uk. (2017). The Pre-Raphaelites | Museum & Art Gallery | Birmingham Museums. [online] Available at: http://www.birminghammuseums. org.uk/bmag/highlights/the-pre-raphaelites [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. (1) (Page 6) - Berlin.de. (2016). Bauhaus Archive - Museum of Design - Berlin.de. [online] Available at: https://www.berlin.de/en/attractions-and-sights/3561547-3104052-bauhausarchive-museum-of-design.en.html [Accessed 11 Nov. 2017]. - Mariabuszek.com. (2017) [online] Available at: http://mariabuszek.com/mariabuszek/kcai/ConstrBau/Readings/GropBau19.pdf [Accessed 11 Nov. 2017]. - Payne, S. (2017). History of Design: Wassily Chair by Marcel Breuer. [online] TheCoolist. Available at: http://www.thecoolist.com/wassily-chair-by-marcel-breuer/ [Accessed 9 Nov. 2017]. - https://psychedelialice.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/wassily-chair.jpg (image) - http://rbblog.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/15088958270_295c04fb8e_o.jpg (image) - (1)Ross, S. (2017). Bauhaus: Ninety Years of Inspiration – Smashing Magazine. [online] Smashingmagazine.com. Available at: https://www.smashingmagazine. com/2009/08/bauhaus-ninety-years-of-inspiration/ [Accessed 11 Nov. 2017]. - http://www.wassilykandinsky.net/work-52.php (image) - https://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/166541200/woman-figure-wall-art-oil-painting-on (image) (Page 7) - https://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/15/le-corbusier-unite-d-habitation-cite-radieuse-marseille-brutalist-architecture/ - https://petaloukrog.wordpress.com/2015/10/22/le-corbusier-marseilles-unite-dhabitation-comparison/ - https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2014/09/Unite-d-Habitation-by-Le-Corbusier_Foundation-Le-Corbusier_dezeen_468_1_1000.jpg (Page 8) - https://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/15/le-corbusier-unite-d-habitation-cite-radieuse-marseille-brutalist-architecture/ - https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/unite-dhabitation-of-marseille/ - Frearson, A. (2017). Brutalist buildings: Unité d’Habitation by Le Corbusier. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/15/le-corbusier-unite-d-habitation-cite-radieuse-marseille-brutalist-architecture/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2017]. - Kroll, A. (2017). AD Classics: Unite d’ Habitation / Le Corbusier. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/85971/ad-classics-unite-d-habitation-le-corbusier [Accessed 16 Oct. 2017]. (Page 9) - ArchDaily. (2018). AD Classics: Ronchamp / Le Corbusier. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/84988/ad-classics-ronchamp-le-corbusier [Accessed 16 Oct. 2017]. - Anon, (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/24/le-corbusier-notre-dame-du-haut-ronchamp-chapel-france-unesco-world-heritage-list/[Accessed 16 Oct. 2017]. (Page 14,15) - Waktola (2018). Post modern architecture. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/alexwaktola/post-modern-architecture-59810410 [Accessed 5 Jan. 2018].
What is
Modernism?
Modernism began in the 16th century, highlighting the philosophical means of architecture through materials, technology and structure with culture at its centre. There has been many stages of modernism since this early period going through classical modernity, post modernity, late modernity and liquid modernity which is this current century.
Many see modernism as a style; a movement which most would say began in the 19th century where in fact it began in the early 16th century depending on the country. Modernism varied over many different aspects in the art and design world in areas such as furniture, architecture and the arts and crafts. Many artists/ architects did not only have one profession. For example, Philip Webb, a famous architect not only designed buildings but also designed interior furniture. This man was best known as the father of arts and crafts architecture. There are different periods of modernity broadened over different centuries such as early modernity which began in the early 16th century depending in which country it was but some would say it began during the French revolution in 1789. Then it’s the classical modernity which many are much more familiar with from the late 18th century to the early 20th century where a style of English arts and crafts movement began with people who sought out industrial art forms such as William
“The Crystal Palace designed by architect Sir Joseph Paxton was a glass and cast iron structure built in London, England for the Great Exhibition in 1851.”(1)
Morris, Philip Webb who was great friends with Morris, Richard Norman Shaw and Charles Voysey who were arts and craftsman who appealed to the medieval ideology. Morris was good friends with architect Philip Webb who he commissioned to build him a ‘modern’ house “which would nevertheless be ‘very medieval in spirit'.”(2) During the 19th century, modernistic styles created by Webb and Morris had purpose; the early periods of modernism did not necessarily not have a purpose, more like the concept had developed in various fields associated with material, technology and structure. “It grew from a desire to revive the skill of traditional craftsmanship and to restore simplicity and honesty to how buildings and furnishings were made.” (3) The pre-Raphaelites had more of a basis of art rather than architecture; paintings representing sexual desires, nature , beauty and predominantly women. Appropriating new forms in the communication of modernism was a way of moving forward into other movements like the art nouveau who people mostly associate with Charles Rennie Mackintosh who like Morris and Webb had more than one profession; he was an architect, designer and artist. His innovations included organic curvilinear, surface-ornamented ornament and the merging of ornament and structure within his architectural buildings and furniture. To answer the question, “Modernism celebrated innovation and originality” (4)also staging the basis of culture to be the centre of modernism yet was still divided in society by economic and political values. Personally, I would comment that modernism more so changed rather than developed in style over the years beginning from the early 16th century to this present day. There have been various movements within these periods of modernity influencing each other but acquire very different styles especially moving forward today. There has been a sense of consistent flow of nature in the design
“By Wow Chaser on July 5, 2013 AMAZING ARCHITECT ANTONIO GAUDI Casa Milla” (6)
aspects especially during the pre-raphaelites period but was revived during the art nouveau movement with ornamental patterns seemingly there to represnet nature. “Modernism in the designed world may be a thing of historical past” (5), the movements within these periods of modernity being admired for its originality and purpose but is a complex part of history we cannot fully comprehend.
4
The Pre-Raphaelites The pre-raphaelites was an art movement mainly constructed of painters, poets and critics based in England during the 19th century. The brotherhood (which was known as a secret society) began in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Their paintings consisted of a main focus of women
exploring sexual orientation and desires as well as nature and associating both factors with beauty. Their work includes the use of brilliant colour, the oil on canvas portraying a graceful aura of the image with the use of the soft colours. Their furnitures includes intricate details which symbolises the delicacy of nature and what it beholds.
The pre-raphaelite brotherhood were a group of rebellious young men who “admired the simplicity and clarity of medieval Italian art before Raphael (1483-1520), giving them their name ‘Pre-Raphaelites’.” (1) This brotherhood evolved at a time where there was a violent uprise on politics, mass industrialization and social problems so they found a means to drive through their message of morally reformed artistic values in “their art with seriousness, sincerity, and truth to nature.” (2) They have profound work dedicated to nature representing it peace and tranquility and it was a noble element to bring forth their ideas although it being seen as an opposition at the time developed into a more sensitive subject of “purity against corruption.” (3)
5
Bauhaus
Manifesto and Program
Founded in 1919, the Bauhaus was discovered by Walter Gropious who was a German architect. There were plans drawn up to design the first Bauhaus Building also formally known as the Bauhaus Archiv which was designed and built by Walter Gropious in 1964 in Dessau, later being modified slightly in accordance with its site by 1978. To the eyes, this building seems like quite an industrial building which I personally think resembles the shape of a factory but steps away from that stereotype with its white washed look, seemingly blending in with the sky and floor but stands out against the greenery of the bushes and trees. I admire its communitive structure rather than the design of the buildings themselves as that was modern architecture during that period. It seems like quite a secretive community which essentially it would be for the Bauhaus manifesto, bringing creative minds alike together but almost as if they want to blend in or hidden from lurking eyes that only a select few would know about this place. This building was an essential step forward in their manifesto ethos, creating a space to explore and express as like-minded individuals with the same aims and beliefs as if they were a government body of artists, architects, sculptors and craftsmen for modernism during this period.
The Wassily Chair was designed by Marcel Breuer, one of the most famous pieces of furniture featuring a bent steel frame which was due to the advancement of technology during this period. This chair, created in 1926, was first named as the Model B3 Chair but later developed to the Wassily chair in honour of the friendship made by Breuer and Wassily Kandinsky. The production for this chair was revived shortly after the world war 2 from year of not being produced. The original features of the chair were a fabric setting for the back, seat and arm rests but was later developed to be purchased in different colours such as black, white and brown leather. This beautifully steel framed chair earned its place in museums globally showing its complexity through the simple nature of the bent frames and leather proving this fundamental design to be quite successful. Experiencing the complexion and essence of this chair first hand (as they are beautifully decorated on some of the floors within the Parkside building), I was quite taken aback by the design as it seemed quite sunken, although neatly put together, would essentially damage the experience of the users as it did not look quite comfortable at first glance. However, once I tested this product out I was pleasantly surprised at the comfort it provided not only the material but the design itself, its quite laid back and has a relaxing position yet not completely discontinuing the users from interacting with other people.
This piece is named ‘Yellow-Red-Blue’ (Gelb Rot Blau – German translation), created in 1925 by Wassily Kandinsky. Noticing a pattern within most of the Bauhaus paintings, architecture and furniture was distinctive element of cubism. It’s quite clear in this painting that it has cubic forms but randomly placed, or is it? They seem to have no form or pattern but in relation to the manifesto ethos, the Bauhaus movement was to reflect unity and a sense of direction for all craftsmen alike, so following a set pattern was possibly not framed as an aim for their movement. However, this piece does have an expressive feel to its atmosphere; the colours used to create a warm mood for the audience taking a step back from the harsh black lines. Kandisnksy used these “three primary colours to show the complex diversity within the colour relationship.” (1) Kandisnsky also used let his imagination run wild with his love for geometric shapes. Discussing this art piece with other people, they described it as a lion or a cat’s face trying to leap out the page. Systematically, it looks to be escaping. From what? Could just be Kandisnky weird yet creative imagination but focusing on the time during the Bauhaus manifesto they were going through a rough political stage in Germany due to bankruptcy but were adamant to make a change with the young and enthusiastic minds. The leaping lion could represent that transition of making a positive outcome from a disastrous yet vulnerable political time for Germany. Bauhaus manifesto was a means to strive aims in association with the arts, sculpture, architects and craftsmen. They wanted to unify the disciplines in which they could express themselves in a whole to prove their efforts within this world creating no boundaries between the great importance of art and the decorative way it is formed. it was movement that united creative minds a like to create extravagant yet simple pieces through the use of lines, shapes and even colour. Leonid Afremov - Woman Figure/Rain Princess - Oil Painting This a contemporary art piece by artist Afremov. I realised that there is hardly any art pieces that marries any connection between the bauhaus art. However, a lot of contemporary art today explore a lot of colours and shades and tones as well as experimenting with highlighting and shadows an its not really as random as the bauhaus art. Theres no real movement in art today but rather talented people creating at what they are best at doing.
6
Unite
D’habitation (1) Location and Relationship to site: The Unité d’Habitation is built in the middle of a large park in Marseilles, France. The building's height of 56 metres makes it tower above the abundance of trees surrounding it. With the challenge of building mass accommodation, Le Corbusier decided to build vertically, as oppose to the ‘traditional’ horizontally, which allows for stunning views of the surrounding area, including the mountains and sea in the distance. Furthermore, building vertically helps to preserve more of the surrounding natural landscape. In addition to its height, the building's pale colour with vibrant primary colour accents makes it stand out against its green surroundings. Le Corbusier wanted these buildings to act as a small town, thus creating the idea of a community within a tower block building as well as within the surrounding park area by having shared communal spaces both below and on top of the building. https://petaloukrog.wordpress.com/2015/10/22/le-corbusier-marseilles-unite-dhabitation-comparison/ https://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/15/le-corbusier-unite-d-habitation-cite-radieuse-marseille-brutalist-architecture/ Florence Barton Wong
Historical Context •The purpose was to design an ideal block of flats for families that were left bombed out of their homes during World War II. •The state was the client; so their were no restrictions. Fit to suit individual and family needs, the idea was to create affordable, quick built housing for the masses. •Unite D’Habitation was also like the birth of brutalist architecture, making it popular amongst governmental and institutional clients, with numerous examples of this style being built in English speaking countries. •Brutalist Architecture flourished from the 1950s to mid 1970s, characterized by
simple, block-like forms and raw concrete construction. •Many Architects and everyday people could appreciate the use of certain materials, such as the use of concrete, particularly for its rawness and unpretentious honesty. This unintentionally created less of a barrier between the social classes. •The use of less visually pleasing material meant their was much more of a focus on the service and function of the building.
https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2014/09/Unite-d-Habitation-by-Le-Corbusier_Foundation-Le-Corbusier_dezeen_468_1_1000.jpg Tanaya Mahmood
Function of the building: After WWII housing shortages was at a high this meant that large projects were in need to be carried out. 337 apartments over 12 stories. Each apartment stretch's across the width of the building covering 2 floors. La Corbusier was to design ‘a multi- family residential housing project’ in Marseille to compensate for the many homes lost in the war. Social, shops and homes within a interacted living space. With children's pools and running track on the terrace. Roof garden and terrace created a communal space. Still occupied by some original residents but mainly by middle class occupants. World heritage site. Italian architect Gio Ponti said "a true monument in the history of French construction". https://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/15/le-corbusier-unite-d-habitation-cite-radieuse-marseille-brutalist-architecture/ Ryan Cooksey
7
Unite
D’habitation (2) Construction & Materials: •Architect Le Corbusier was commissioned to build housing after the Second World War as a solution for the masses of people who were displaced in Marseille, France. As result the tower block United d’habitation was built between 1947 and 1952. •With its large capacity the United d’habitation is a extensive construction of “140 meters long, 24 meters wide and 56 meters high.”[1] Le Corbusier uses beton brut concrete along with wooden planks to create the smooth texture. •This was the most cost efficient at the time in comparison to steel frames he initially wanted to use. But also ideal due to the finical economic problems of post war France. •The buildings ”337 apartments” [2] and balconies were constructed separately and then intersect each other in the vast network of reinforced concrete.
References: [1] https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/unite-dhabitation-of-marseille/ [2] https://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/15/le-corbusier-unite-d-habitation-cite-radieuse-marseille-brutalist-architecture/ Pictures: https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/unite-dhabitation-of-marseille/ Shanice Langford
Unité D’habitation Le Corbusier Spatial Layout Le Corbusier attempted to design and create an idealistic ‘vertical garden city’; Unité D’habitation which accommodates over 1500 residents. This building has it all; a social yet private and personal space to achieve well being for the whole family. Although it is placed in the greenery setting of a park, the concrete structure or rather the roof of this building includes such necessities that the park was an unnecessary accessory. The roof includes a day care, gym, sprint tracks, a pool and even a club creating this façade of a modernist building. Portrayed as the most brutalist buildings in history, Le Corbusier created this image to provide a dwelling for families to use in comfort and solitude; he described this building as "the first manifestation of an environment suited to modern life". The internal aspects of the building include narrow flats which are grouped as two-story complexes with a double-height living room. One of the levels on each of the apartments extend along the full 21 meter-depth of the block. This creates a section where pairs of homes interlock around a central access corridor. Essentially this building is seen as being a ‘city within a city’; not only is it for residential as most apartment buildings are in today's society but it has its own little community.
Frearson, A. (2017). Brutalist buildings: Unité d'Habitation by Le Corbusier. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/15/le-corbusier-unite-d-habitation-cite-radieuse-marseille-brutalist-architecture/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2017]. Kroll, A. (2017). AD Classics: Unite d' Habitation / Le Corbusier. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/85971/ad-classics-unite-d-habitation-le-corbusier [Accessed 16 Oct. 2017]. Sehama Nuur
8
Chandigarh Chandigarh Capitol Complex is located in the sector-1 of Chandigarh city in India. It is a government compound designed by the architect Le Corbusier . It is spread over an area of around 100 acres and is a prime manifestation of Chandigarh's architecture. The brief for the design was a city "unfettered by the traditions of the past, a symbol of the nation's faith in the future". Subsequently, Corbusier and his team built not just a large assembly and high court building, but all major buildings in the city, and down to the door handles in public offices. The materials opted for were something reasonable to use in a poorer country. Concrete was chosen but the idea was first set in brick. Le Corbusier chose to use bricks and concrete with rough finishes, as these were the principal architectural materials easily available in Chandigarh. Steel and other material were rejected as they were scarce and not feasible for the project that he had undertaken.
Credit: Group Chandigarh 4 (By Shaaista Ebrahim, Harry Currier, Pejman Mansouri and Rebecca Parry)
The city of Chandigarh functions as the capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana in northern India. The city was designed for this purpose following the independence of India in 1947. The Palace of Assembly, part of the Capitol Complex, is one of many buildings in the city that Le Corbusier designed. It stands out due to its unique shape. The assembly chamber has seating for 252 people. The building has two parts, the assembly chamber (the Punjab assembly), and the smaller council chamber (the Haryana assembly). The Punjab assembly lies under a massive hyperbolic tower, extending above the roofline with a height of 124ft. at its highest point, and a diameter of 128ft. at its base. The Haryana assembly, conceived in a rectilinear frame, features a pyramidal roof at the top. The pool at the front of the assembly is filled with rain water which is collected in the trough-like feature above, this also acts as a sunshade to the entrance of the building. It is supported by eight thin columns which also improve ventilation around the area.
Notre Dame du Haut The Notre Dame du Haut (Our Lady of the Heights) was named this in dedication to the Holy Lady built in the 4th century. In 1913 a fire triggered by lightning partially damaged the historical chapel, it was therefore reconstructed in 1926. However, in 1944, during World War II, the chapel was bombed resulting in heavy damage. As a result, in 1949, the owners of the property and the Diocese of Besançon decided to completely rebuild the chapel, yet in modern forms. Le Corbusier made use of curved surfaces of reinforced concrete to generate a form that is bold and organic. The main structural system in the chapel is composed of reinforced concrete that has been used to construct the required framework for the building. It has been filled with stone recovered from the ruins of the old chapel. The roof of the chapel is made of concrete and acts as a shell. He got the idea from a crab shell when visiting a beach in Nivolas in which he imagined its curved strength. His design concept is based off of praying hands, a ship, a bird, and a nuns cowl. Ronchamp is a system of convex and concave concrete walls covered by a shell. The altar is on the east wall that has small apertures on it. The roof hovers above the walls to create a sliver of light along the perimeter of the chapel. The south wall is deeply carved with embrasures. When viewed from the dim nave the confined glow of each chapel captivates human attention. Lighting is entering into the space by shafts of light in southwest corner, an orthogonal opening in the northeast, light shafts in the northern wall (with mark the entrance to the chapel) and the south wall which is punctuated with deep splayed windows of variable sizes and in some chases fitted with coloured glass. The chambers within this thick wall are slayed and tapered to delay and trap passing light, making each void inwardly glow. The chapel acts as a forum for capturing pieces of sun at various times of the day. Each daylight capturing device is timed and placed according to solar events/ angles. Credit: Group Ronchamp 1
9
Avant
Garde
European Avant Garde 1910-1930 Politics had a huge impact on art and architeture; this meant that there was a loss of authority, the loss of ‘old regime’. There was certain aspects to this transition; they were not interested in the function but more the quality of the function and how fast. This piece created by Umberto Boccioni was a piece full of life. He was an Italian painter known for his futuristic painting which was ideal at the time. It was a period interested in movement, the colour of life and motions of travel; this is what futurist sought to represent; reviving the meaning of life through art and architecture.
Umberto Boccioni – Elasticity – 1912 https://marcleacock1.wordpress.com/2011/10/20/umberto-boccioni-elasticity-1912/
Our Manifesto
Syrian Refugees
Our manifesto we picked as a group was in relation to the current status and value of people in the midst of war; mainly in places such as Syria, Burma, Palestine etc. We were told to create an art piece expressing our manifesto in connection to what we learnt from the Avant-Garde and how politics took a major role in the arts and architecture industry. History is carrying on but instead in other forms such as war; wars between countries and faith and groups and in particular, the goverment (people of authority/ in charge of ruling the country). This is a historical corruption in this generation and instead of people (the goverment) standing up and offering a helping hand and admitting to the truth they cover up the lies and deciet they are feeding their countries and communities that it is all being taken care of yet they are the ones that seem to be destroying people and values in the first place. Our group directed the main focus on the outcomes of this siruption of innocent people who a literally striving to fight for their lives when they shouldn’t have to in the midst of Syria and Palestine. This corruption was derived from poisonous individuals and a sinful goverment who seee this as a cleansing opportunity for themselves. Ironically, this greedy behaviour is being tolerated ny the world.
10
-The Prophet of Life-
Local patients were isolated from local communities
Emphasis on missing body parts
Indoor sunfilled spaces
Altering the Body
Extreme cosmetic surgery began in the inter-war period
An Architectural Design Sun balconies where patients could lie in
Glass architecture which allowed lots of light in Well lit and easy to clean
Healthy Body Culture
1920’s men and women’s expectations were slim, fitter, tanned body, short hair and revealing clothing became a sign of modernity
An Ideology Active Body - Nudism?
NTS ASY CAL LIT EAN ASS GN LIT
Freedom and improvisation aiming to develop people’s self-expression in the moment.
Idea of the body being a machine meaning the body is capable of all manner of productivity and can be imporved and repaired.
Healthy Body
Culture
SUN BALCONIES LIT ISOLATION CLEAN GLASS ARCHITECTURE LIGHT WELL LIT EASY PATIENTS TO CLEAN SUN DESIGN LOCAL COMMUNITEIS12
Writing an Academic
Essay - Exercise Harvard Referencing System:
Harvard Referencing System: Author’s surname and the first initial, the year of publication, title of source, online/book/journal, if online - website url, access date.
The in-text citation is usually the author’s surname and the year of publication in brackets e.g. In-Text:(McKnight, 2017)
Book: In-text: (Curtis, 2013) Your Bibliography: Curtis, W. (2013). Modern architecture since 1900. London: Phaidon. In-text: (Frampton, 2010) Your Bibliography: Frampton, K. (2010). Modern architecture. London: Thames & Hudson, pp.262-279. Website: In-text: (McKnight, n.d.) Your Bibliography: McKnight, J. (n.d.). Artist recreates original design of Paul Rudolph’s Milam house. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/06/
The order of the bibliography is done alphabetically - using the surname of the author. This worsheet has helped and guided me on how to reference sources correctly and know what to look for.
This worsheet has helped me to realise that I need to refernce in alphabetical order to make it more comprehensible.
L 13
Essay Writing
Worksheet 2 Once you have thought about the assignment consider the following tasks: a) Write down in your own words what you think the assignment is asking you to do. - To establish a key building during the controversial movement of postmodernism architecture and describe its key features in the context of its design in relation to the manifest of postmodernism. b) What do you already know about the subject matter of the essay? - This movement emerged internationally in the 1960s but became more of a practice during the 1970s. - Key features of postmodernism in architecture included the rejection of the ‘pure’ and ‘perfect’ forms, transitioning neutral white colours, the reoccurance of ornamnet and refernce etc. - They learnt from the past; looked at classical aspects of their designs such as pillars, arches and domes. c) What background information do you need to help you to complete this essay? - Pick an influencial building during this movement to represent its postmodernism qualities. - Make links to the history and connection between the inspiration and architects purpose as well the context.
Talk about the key features of postmodernism architecture; in the desugn and context and relate to how they have learnt (developed) from the makings of history and past modern movements and similar qualities. Quote an architect from the history and compare to postmodernism quote (Mies Van der Rohe).
Pack (1)
d) How do you think this essay differs from or is similar to other assignments that you are working on at the moment? - This essay will allow me to explore and further develop the period of modernism which i am most interested in as well as improving my actual wrting and refencing skills. It is similar in a way of styling our own work yet is differenciated by the form in which it is conducted. e) How are you going to choose your reading material? - I will use the sources that have been provided along with the essay question as refernces to the history of postmodernism architecture as well as using the lecture slides to look back on and my notes. I will aslo try to use (but limit myself), websites/articles that go in depth on whichever building i choose as an example. f) As you begin to read for your assignment, try to read and take notes with the essay in mind. - Take note of any quotes whether it be from architects, critics or even clients/audiences. - Note and understand the similarities and differences of postmodernism architecture and past modernism movements that include certain/similar feautures to reflect a contrast.
Introduce Postmodernism in architecture; discuss its qualities within the architectural background and make connections to why it is/was a ‘challenging’ and ‘controversial’ movement in contemporary history. Paragraph No 1 Topic: key features of postmodernism architecture.
Introduction
Paragraph No 2 Topic: chosen building, key feautures.
Postmodernism is one of the more challenging and controversial movements in Architecture in contemporary history. Describe its key features and identify the factors within Modernism that led to its emergence. Identify at least one key building which personifies Postmodernism’s key features, describe the context within which this building has been designed.
Carrying on from the second paragraph; adapt people’s view and reations and record/quote their opinions during that time. Use articles or documentaries discussing this period and this particular building if possible to prove the controversial and challanging moment in modernism history.
Paragraph No 3 Topic: sources to back up any ideas/ opinions
Conclusion Conclude the context in which this building was built in realtion to postmodrnism and whether it succeeded to fit in this time period of modernism. Has it personified the representation of postmodernism, how and why?
Paragraph No 4 Topic: success or failure in postmodernism?
Identify the key features in the building in which I have chosen as my example to represent postmodernism ideas. Discuss the similarites/contrasts between the past and this structure. Quote the architect and his inspiration. Talk about the context in which this building was built and design factors linking to postmodernism.
Discuss if/how/why the building was seen as a success or a failure by the architect, critics and even normal people, the client and users. Use quotes from articles and sources from books of that particular building (if possible). How did this building represent postmodernism (if not then why?)?
14
Essay Writing
Five Paragraph Essay Main “response” to question, introductory idea and flagging up topics to be covered Key features of postmodernism architecture included: - surface ornament - refernce to its context and surrounding buildings - use of colour, shapes and form - they rejected the notion of ‘pure’ and ‘perfect’ - reference certain froms from past modern architecture movements; aspects include pillars, domes and arches There was a successful and an unsuccesful side to postmodernism architecure; Neue Staatsgalerie, James Stirling, Stuttgart, Germany, 1984 (good representation of postmodernism culture), The Walt Disney World SwanMichael Graves, Florida, USA 1990 (good example of controversial postmodern architure; unsuccessful as seen by some). Topic 1 Introduce – Proof – Discussion - Point - Introduction to postmodernism architecture and its key features. - Resemblence between modern architecture and postmodernism architecture. Represent using images/drawings to show similarities in my chosen building and modern architecture aspect of design. - How postmodernism was a challenging period and how it emerged from modern architecture.
Pack (2)
Topic 2 Introduce – Proof – Discussion - Point - Pick chosen building; talk about the design of the building in comparison to the ‘rules’ of postmodernism architecture. - How was the architect inspired; purpose and context of the building in the design background. - How does this follow the nature of postmodernism and challenge the history of modern architecture. Topic 3 Introduce – Proof – Discussion - Point - Quote client, users, architect, critics, people; their thoughts on this particular building representing the postmodernist movement. - Was this seen as a successful building? Use an example of a controversial building (e.g. The Walt Disney World SwanMichael Graves, Florida, USA 1990) and compare its qualities and design aspects. Re-state main arguments and points: 1- Key features of postmodernism architecture, similarities to modern architecture. 2- Identify chosen building and dicuss the design context and background 3- How and why it personifies postmodern architectural beliefs?
Essay
Poster
Introduction: - Postmodernism emerged in the eraly 1960s but some would it recall beginning in the 70’s internationally. - It was their reaction to modern architecture; simply rejecting certain modern architectural beliefs in context of styling reference, building techniques and their design approach. - They wanted to break away from modernism; evolving to become sensitive with the context in which they were designing their buildings in.
Context: - It was a period which seemed to fail in meeting human needs with economical and functional buildings. - Modern architecture was not appeasing for both the body and eye. Main Body: - Key features of postmodernism architecture included: surface ornament, refernce to its context and surrounding buildings, use of colour, shapes and form, they rejected the notion of ‘pure’ and ‘perfect’, reference certain froms from past modern architecture movements; aspects include pillars, domes and arches - This building of the Venturi House to the left; they had more or less developed in a more creative, intimate and personal level; reconciling with modern history from cultural wars. You can see its similarities with the traingular shaped roof tops and the overall shape of a traditional house. - The Walt Disney World SwanMichael Graves, Florida, USA 1990; this building was designed in literal terms with the context along with the use of colours and swans on the roof. Conclusion: - This was a challenging period nonetheless but questioning wether they really broke away from Modern architure or just developed from the past?
15