Tropical Dispatch January 2009 by Marie Selby Botanical Gardens

Marie selby botanical gardens Volume 36 number 1 winter 2009

Finding French Guiana Figs Orchids as Teachers New Species in Selbyana Changing Roles

special article Rainforest Masks 2009

Selby

tropical dispatch

Dear Friends of Selby Gardens,

easons Greetings! We hope you are enjoying the holiday season. Welcome back to our members, volunteers and visitors who have returned to southwest Florida and are enjoying our beautiful Gardens and warmer weather. It has been a pleasure seeing you attending events, volunteering, and visiting our lovely oasis on Sarasota Bay. Selby’s “Lights in Bloom” a Tropical Holiday Celebration in December has again attracted local, regional and international visitors, with a spectacular display of lights, “Trees Around the World” decorated by Sarasota Sister Cities Association, other lovely trees, nightly live entertainment, Santa and Mrs. Claus, children’s activities, refreshments and the Model Trains Exhibit. Many members expressed interest in having Selby Travelers trips again. In April 2008, a limited space, educational and research trip to Thailand and Bhutan was offered. For 2009, in January we are offering a day trip to the Ding Darling Preserve on Sanibel Island plus a visit to the Edison/Ford Estates and Gardens in Ft. Myers or the ECHO Farm (Educational Concerns for Hunger Organization) near Ft. Myers. A two-night trip to the Miami area February 26-28 will include the Annual Miami Orchid Show and Reception (Selby Gardens will have entries in the Show), visit to Fairchild Gardens and Viscaya Estate, and tour of the Morikami Gardens in Delray Beach. The March trip includes Leu Gardens in Orlando. A Panama trip is planned for April. These trips are being finalized; please contact us for costs and details – glee@selby.org (phone 366-5731 ext. 257); jventimiglia@selby.org (ext. 221); or Education Dept. (ext. 237). A special advance notice to our valued members – due to the rising costs of offering the Asian Cultural Festival and the Garden Music Series, effective January 1, 2009, adult guests of members who attend the Asian Cultural Festival or the Sunday afternoon Garden Music Series will be charged a nominal fee of $5 per guest per day. Guest passes will not be valid on these days. Children 12 and under, accompanied by an adult, will be admitted without charge. Garden members will continue to enjoy free admission to all daytime events. We appreciate your understanding of this change. As we welcome the New Year with hope and optimism, our deepest gratitude is extended to you for supporting Selby Gardens during 2008. Thanks to your contributions of resources, time and talents, Selby is able to continue our programs of excellence in research, horticulture and education while providing enjoyment and beauty for all who visit the Gardens. Your continued support is greatly appreciated and vitally needed. A special thanks also to our great volunteers, including our Board of Trustees, plus our dedicated staff for their service to Selby in 2008. On behalf of our entire Gardens’ family, we send our very best wishes for a happy and healthy 2009. We look forward to seeing you at the Gardens! Cordially,

Board of Trustees Thomas B. Luzier, Esquire – Chair

Nora Johnson – Vice Chair Michael Saunders – Immediate Past Chair Pete Biegel – Treasurer Dr. Laurey Stryker – Secretary Bill Gamble Steve Hazeltine Elaine Meshad Susan L. McLeod David R. Staats Carlyle Luer, M.D. – Trustee Emeritus Linda Bush – Associates President (ex-officio)

Interim Chief Executive Officer M. Jessica Ventimiglia

Education Donna Krabill

Events and Facilities Dan Johnson

Finance and Administration Bill Lewis

Horticulture Mike McLaughlin

Marketing and Communications and Dispatch Editor Debby Steele

Membership and Development Carol Montgomery

Research and Conservation

David Benzing, Ph.D. John R. Clark, Ph.D. Stig Dalström Bruce Holst Wesley E. Higgins, Ph.D. Harry Luther

Volunteers Emily Lane

Mission Statement To further the understanding and appreciation of plant life, with emphasis on epiphytes, and to provide enjoyment to all who visit the Gardens.

Program Sponsors Selby Gardens programs are sponsored in part by the State of Florida, Division of Historical Resources, Division of Cultural Affairs, Sarasota County Arts Council and Tourist Development Council.

M. Jessica Ventimiglia Interim Executive Director and CEO The Tropical Dispatch is a publication of the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens. Please send address changes to Carol Montgomery, Membership Manager, Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, 811 South Palm Avenue, Sarasota, FL 34236. E-mail: cmontgomery@selby.org. Telephone: 941.366.5731, ext. 266

Marie Selby Botanical Gardens

printed on recycled paper

Cover photo: Drymonia collegarum (Gesneriaceae) by John L. Clark, University of Alabama Marie Selby Botanical Gardens

BRUCE HOLST

Finding

French Guiana

by Bruce K. Holst

elby Gardens was privileged this year to participate in one of the most intensive studies of tropical flora in recent history. The BRIDGE Project (for “Bridging Information on Tree Diversity in French Guiana) brings together scientists from many countries to work in one of the least-disturbed and remote corners of the world. Their goal is to gather information which will help establish baseline data and contribute to a greater understanding of why tropical forests are so diverse. In order to do that, this project, and really, all of biology depends on “wilderness head-count” efforts conducted by institutions such as Selby Gardens. Being able to put a name on a plant species and understanding distribution ranges is the first step in conducting intelligent biodiversity and conservation projects. Ask most people where French Guiana is, and the usual answer is either “somewhere in the Pacific” or “in Africa.” French Guiana, however, is located in northern South America just east of two other relatively small countries, Guyana and Suriname; to the south is the huge country of Brazil, and to the north lies the Caribbean Sea. Air France provides service from Miami and an opportunity to island hop through the Caribbean, making stops in Haiti, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. French Guiana is actually an

The Tropical Dispatch  Winter 2009

overseas department of France, perhaps part of the Overseas Department, toward most similar to our state of Hawaii. The the border with Suriname, into some capital, Cayenne, is a traditional French beautiful white-sand forests. Forests that colonial town with a low-rise downtown grow on white sand are usually low in section full of quaint wooden homes and density and low in stature, allowing more abundant markets operated by Chinese light to reach the ground. As a result, immigrants. shrubby and herbaceous plants are more Of the three weeks that I spent in- abundant. country, I was in Cayenne working at the We stayed in a “carbet,” which is an main herbarium about half the time and open-sided wooden structure that pretty in the field the other half. It was a pleasure much lacks furniture but has plenty finally to meet two French botanists that continued on next page I had been communicating with for over a decade, JeanJacques de Granville and Marie “Fanchon” Prèvost. They presented me with a huge backlog of unidentified plants. I pored excitedly through old collections that had not seen the light of day for decades. I discovered several new species that will be published in future journal articles and found many more species never before recorded in French Guiana. As always, the highlight of the visit was the fieldwork. In this case, it was seeing the forest plots where some of the BRIDGE surveys are being carried out. Our first trip was by car to the western Chris Baraloto collects specimens from a tree. 3

bruce holst

View from the summit of the granitic dome.

bruce holst

the herbarium. Then, Elodie and I packed our bags for another trip: this time, by helicopter to the Nouragues Field Station, 100 km to the south of Cayenne in primary forest. The field station was built in 1986 and, despite being in such a remote place, is quite luxurious by field standards. The forests there are among some of the most beautiful and abundant in wildlife that I have seen, and an impressive 400-meter (1300 ft) high granite outcrop provides for Elodie Courtois prepares herbarium specimens. stunning scenery. Unfortunately, en-route we saw the spent three days in the forest and two days destruction of several river beds by gold on the outcrops, collecting many new mining activity. However the Nouragues herbarium specimens. I was fortunate to preserve, being a protected area, has receive permission to collect living plants been mostly immune to this activity. The for Selby Gardens and brought back more spectacular granitic outcrop adjacent to than 70 different collections including the camp has a completely different flora epiphytes, vines, and shrubs. from the surrounding forest and is home The results of Selby’s work there to many species of bromeliads that I was provide authoritative identifications for eager to see, photograph, and collect. We use by ecologists and botanists and further cement our reputation as an important participant in international efforts to inventory, classify, and conserve life on Earth. It is nice to know that there are places like French Guiana still out there with large stretches of mostly untouched forest, and I am very glad to have “found” it for myself and for Selby Gardens.  I wish to give special thanks to the personnel of the BRIDGE Project, the Herbarium of the French Institute for Research and Development, and the Nouragues Field Station for funding my visit and travel in the Overseas Department and for their most gracious hospitality.

Large granitic outcrop near the Nouragues Field Station.

Save the Date 28th Annual Orchid Ball

April 4, 2009

arie Selby Botanical Gardens will once again host “Sarasota’s most beautiful party,” the Orchid Ball, on Saturday, April 4, 2009. Emily Walsh Parry and Karin Parry Leereveld, Co-chairs for the 28th annual Orchid Ball, are pleased to announce that this year’s theme is “Out of Africa.” The evening begins with hors d’oeuvres and cocktails at 6:30 p.m. followed by a sumptuous catered dinner, live auction, and dancing under the stars. Tickets are $250.00 per person and are available on a firstcome, first-served basis. Table sponsorships are also available. Please contact Cynthia Dwyer, at (941) 366-5731, extension 229, for further information.  Marie Selby Botanical Gardens

bruce holst

of space for stringing hammocks. My main contacts there were two botanists from the United States working under contract for a French research agency, Chris Baraloto and Tim Paine. They are highly skilled at the identification of tree species and are working with many other botanists and ecologists to build a very impressive database with their findings. The database includes information on ecological, morphological, physiological, and molecular characters, which together result in a very powerful analytical tool that will help improve our knowledge about the various dimensions of biological diversity and evolution. We were joined by Elodie Courtois, a French ecology student with a keen eye for detail and a strong curiosity about forest dynamics. Her mentors were proud to tell me that she had just won the Alwyn Gentry Award for the Best Student Poster at the most recent meeting of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation. After invigorating hikes through sometimes torrential rain and the discovery of many interesting plants, I returned to Cayenne for several more days of work in

Dorstenia choconiana dr. phil nelson

Ficus religiosa bruce holst

plants IN THE GARDEN The

Ficus benghalensis

Figs

ron riffle

Ficus aurea ron riffle

T Artocarpus nitidus bruce holst

By Harry E. Luther, Curator of Living Collections Director, Mulford B. Foster Bromeliad Identification Center

The Tropical Dispatch  Winter 2009

he Fig family (Moraceae) is comprised of well over 1,000 species of trees, shrubs and creepers. Many live as epiphytes (hemiepiphytes) until they reach sufficient size and vigor to overwhelm their host, hence the common name “strangler fig.” The majority of the species are lowland tropicals and subtropicals, and many find homes in Florida gardens. Several of our large Ficus species were planted in Marie Selby’s day and are now over seventy years old. Ficus aurea, the Florida strangler fig, is widespread in Florida and the Caribbean region, and many consider it a pest. Several of these at Selby Gardens are in the process of murdering cabbage palms, a botanical drama usually not noted by our visitors. Ficus benghalensis, the true Banyan, is exceptional for its potentially amazing spread. A specimen at the Calcutta Botanical Garden is reportedly 1,000 feet in diameter. Ours is smaller. The Bo tree, Ficus religiosa, from southern Asia has a long cultural association with both Buddhists and Hindus. The plant is also known for the long-tailed apex (drip tip) of the leaf blade. Similar in appearance to Ficus are species of the genus Artocarpus. Breadfruit (A. altilis) and Jackfruit (A. heterophyllus) are two important tropical fruits, the former too cold-sensitive to be grown in the open anywhere in mainland Florida. The species A. nitidus, known by the Chinese name Kwai Muk, is a handsome salt and cold-tolerant tree cultivated at Selby Gardens. The one hundred or so species of Dorstenia are scarcely cultivated. Most are herbaceous subshrubs of forests but a few are semidesert succulents. Their most notable feature is their inflorescence, essentially a fig turned inside out. Dorstenia choconiana was collected in Southwest Costa Rica.  5

stig dalström

Gastrochilus calceolaris, a study in mastering the environment.

ORCHIDS …as Teachers?

Article and Photography by Stig Dalström

hen they think about it, most people realize rather quickly that life on Earth depends on plants. The oxygen that we breathe, the food that we eat, clothes, fuel, building material, paper, medicines, etc., all originate in the plant kingdom. It really is redundant to ask: “What can be more important to us than making sure we maintain these resources in a sustainable way if life as we know it is to prevail for coming generations?” Strange as it may seem, this irrefutable fact does not always resonate with our actions in a convincing way. All too often, we read and hear about depleting resources and endangered plant and animal species. This demonstrates that we fail in our role as stewards of the environment. I am convinced, however, that most people realize this but may feel a bit helpless in not knowing what to do about it. It is like being inside a running wheel of which we have lost control. Where can we look for guidance? To answer this question, let’s look around and see if we can find somebody or something that does a better job than ourselves with regards to these issues. Is there anybody or anything that can show us how to survive on this planet in a sustainable way? How far do we need to go to find this true “Survival Prophet”? Well, actually, not far at all. How about the greenhouses at Selby Gardens? Our collections are teeming with little prophets in all possible shapes and colors. We call them orchids! Take a break in your daily race and stroll through our beautiful display house. Watch and listen carefully and you may “hear” the orchids speaking to you in hushed but sincere voices. What are they saying? They tell you that orchids represent a highly successful 6

life form. They prove this by their age (probably more than 100 million years), and by being the largest plant group on the planet that has adapted to almost all possible environments through highly-diverse life dynamics. How did this happen? What are their secrets? The reason for the success of the orchid family is complex but can be partially explained by some basic (or true) principles: orchids adapt to the environment, they don’t change it as we do with little regard for the consequences. Orchids utilize other organisms without destroying them. We, on the other hand, often destroy and kill other life forms with little concern for their longterm survival. Orchids live in sustainable populations, which means that there are no more plants than Nature can support. This is probably the trickiest subject to approach and the most difficult problem to solve, but sooner better than later we really need to address the issue of our own population growth. Coelogyne corymbosa teaches survival strategies to Stig Dalström.

The natural resources on our planet are limited. Simple mathematics tells us that with an expanding population, each individual will have smaller and smaller shares. Is this where we want to go, or do we want to find ways to create sustainable conditions for all life forms? Do we engage and become active in solving problems, or do we just want to let go and see what happens? Selby Gardens is launching a botanical collaboration with the National Biodiversity Center in Bhutan, Asia. There are many reasons why this is a very important and exciting project for both institutions and countries. Even though people have been botanizing the Himalayan region for centuries, remote areas are still virtually unknown to modern science, particularly in the Kingdom of Bhutan. By focusing on orchids, our proven Masters of Survival, we will not only have a chance to find new species but also to learn more about the environmental health and the status of biodiversity in the entire country. The simple fact that much of Bhutan’s natural resources are intact and protected, and the forests are filled with a healthy flora and fauna, demonstrates that the people of this tiny country have a wise attitude towards Nature. Compared with the neighboring countries that have been clear-cut and depleted, the Bhutanese culture has adopted a different approach to life. Maybe we, as representatives of a lifestyle that exhausts natural resources, can learn something from those who have proven they can exist in a more sustainable way? 

Marie Selby Botanical Gardens

CHANGING

ROLES

Article and Photography by Stig Dalström

ot so very long ago, the New World’s natural resources constituted an almost “free for all” opportunity for the bold and the brave to take whatever they could, with little if any worries of negative environmental impact. Forests were cut, mines were opened, and desirable plants and animals were hunted and exploited without any concern for sustainability. Today we are paying a heavy price for these actions. Irresponsible dumping of chemical waste poisons the soil in many places, rivers are polluted (and have actually caught fire), and many of the desirable plants and animals are either highly endangered or gone forever. What does the Everglades restoration project cost us now, as an example? Working for Selby Gardens and, more precisely, for the Center for Tropical Plant Science and Conservation, we cannot avoid getting involved in this process. Gradually and inevitably, the colonial attitude of “What can I take?” is replaced by a more philanthropic concern about how we can help. The old style of “going and getting” is simply not possible anymore in many cases, and often not even necessary.

Local Peruvian participates in working on orchid conservation projects. The Tropical Dispatch  Winter 2009

Miguel Chocce and Nanette Vega rescuing orchids.

Through our international network of colleagues, we can now participate in many types of projects without bringing a single plant back and yet have access to all the information we need through various channels. One of our strongest groups of allies is our former interns, who upon their return to their native countries, often engage in floristic or conservation-related projects in which they can utilize their experiences from Selby Gardens. We often receive invitations to participate in their projects, as we did from Miguel Chocce from Lima, Peru. During his 2007 internship, he focused on identifying orchid specimens that he had collected. In order to justify the protection of botanically-sensitive or diverse areas, he needs to know what the plants are. Shortly after Miguel’s return to Peru, in October 2008, I received an invitation to participate in one of his projects located in a remote and littleexplored region in the northern part of the country. This area, covered by an unusually dense and species-rich cloud forest, is threatened by the possibility of a stripmining operation. The remoteness of the place makes it very costly for the mining company to exploit, but due to the (until very recently) high world market prices for metals, it has been tempting to mine for copper. Miguel’s role is to develop a plan for collecting, cultivating, identifying, and

eventually re-introducing orchid plants, should the mining operation become a reality. My task, partially funded by the mining company, was to inspect the area and later write a report analyzing both the mining project and the orchid conservation efforts. Thanks to degrees in civil engineering and horticulture and first-hand experience of open-pit copper mines in Sweden, I can certainly vouch for the devastating effect they can have on the environment. Not only is the soil likely to be loaded with all kinds of toxic waste and unpleasant heavy metals (copper is very toxic to plants in larger concentrations), but the crystal-clear river that runs through the valley in immediate proximity to the mining site will no doubt be polluted and unsuitable for the muchneeded irrigation project that is planned. In addition, we have already found a number of orchid species not previously reported from Peru or which are new

An as yet unidentified Masdevallia orchid species.

to science. This number is expected to increase because more plants will flower in cultivation and can then be properly identified. These factors, in combination with the sinking prices for copper, may well bolster the already intense local resistance to the mining project, as well as support an alternative idea to transform the forest into a considerable nature preserve.  7

lucia hechanarria

New Species in

Selbyana Wesley E. Higgins, Ph.D.

bill thoms

Tillandsia rangelensis john l. clark

t has been said by “the person on the street” that humans have already discovered all the species on Earth (1.8 million to date). This is far from true. Each year hundreds of new organisms are discovered. Selby scientists are conducting the basic research of alpha-taxonomy as part of the Gardens mission: To further the understanding and appreciation of plant life, with emphasis on epiphytes, and to provide enjoyment for all who visit the Gardens. The current issue of Selbyana includes 13 new species of bromeliads, gesneriads, and orchids that have been described by Selby scientists, research associates and other botanists. The etymology or origin of species names are categorized in four ways: descriptive, if the species is named for some intrinsic character; personal, if the species is named for a person or organization; habitat, if the species is named for its unique habitat; and region, if the species is named for its geographic region. These are the new species names with their etymology and country of origin:

Bromeliaceae

Tillandsia rangelensis is named for the geographic region, Rangel, San Cristóbal, Province Pinar del Río, Cuba. Fosterella batistana is from Brazil and is named for the Amazonian orchid specialist João Batista Fernandes da Silva. Fosterella christophii is from Bolivia and is named for Christoph Nowicki, who was the co-collector of the plant. Fosterella elviragrossiae is from Bolivia and is named for the late bromeliad taxonomist Elvira Gross. Fosterella kroemeri is from Bolivia and is named for the collector of the plant, Thorsten Krömer, a bromeliad specialist and epiphyte ecologist. Fosterella robertreadii comes from Peru and is dedicated to the late Robert Read, a bromeliad taxonomist. Gesneriaceae

Amalophyllon clarkia comes from Ecuador and is named for the collector John L. Clark. Amallophyllon macrophylloides is from Honduras and the name refers to the resemblance of this plant to another species A. macrophyllum. Niphaea pumila is from Mexico and the name pumila means dwarf or pygmy. Drymonia decora is found in Costa Rica. The name 8

Drymonia collegarum

Bulbophyllum paluense

decora is Latin for “graceful” and is to honor both Ann Patton and Ann Esworthy. The English name “Ann” is derived from the Hebrew “channah” meaning “grace.” Drymonia collegarum is from Ecuador. The specific epithet is Latin for “colleague” and is in reference to the authors of this new species, John L. Clark and John R. Clark. Orchidaceae

Ada pygmaea is found in Ecuador. The Latin name pygmaeus, “pygmy, dwarf,” is in reference to the diminutive size of the plant and the flowers. Bulbophyllum paluense comes from Indonesia and is named for Palu, a city on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. More information about these interesting plants can be found in the Gardens’ scientific journal Selbyana.  Marie Selby Botanical Gardens

Newly renovated Koi Pond

Summer Landscape Renovations Delight Visitors

gil lee

lisa wade

by Mike McLaughlin, Director of Horticulture

the Gardens. Grounds Manager Lisa Wade installed a much more effective irrigation system, and Grounds Horticulturists cleared the site of overgrowth. The Koi Pond has been replanted with numerous tropical specimens from our collections and will mature into a verdant “rainforest” once again. Due to a generous gift from the family of Sue Anna Kauffman, these renovations were made possible. Coming soon, our local Sho-Fu Bonsai Society is partnering with Selby Gardens to install a permanent tropical bonsai display. It will be located at the western end of the Trellis (just after you exit the Display House), and construction is about to begin. An intimate courtyard will be constructed to showcase the beautiful bonsai specimens on display. The Sho-Fu Bonsai society is generously providing the trees and funds for this project, an entirely new exhibit at Selby Gardens. Grounds Manager Lisa Wade has done a superb job of juggling all of these projects this summer, and the fruits of her staff’s labor will be enjoyed by our many visitors that will explore Selby Gardens this coming season. Stop by and see how we’re growing!

The Bamboo Garden has a new look. lisa wade

his past summer, the Selby Grounds Horticulturists balanced two exciting landscape renovations with their regular summer care of the grounds. Our renovated Bamboo Garden now showcases 10 species of tropical bamboo, and other new plantings are in keeping with the style of this exhibit. The Bamboo Garden is accentuated by Asian-styled pottery, boulders, statuary, and a dry stream-bed lovingly crafted by Grounds Horticulturist David Troxell. Facilities Associate Bruce Prince built a cut bamboo fence to conceal electrical panels and A/C units on the Selby House. As the Bamboo Garden was being completed, renovations to our popular Koi Pond exhibit began. A local firm was hired to empty, clean, replumb, and restore the pond and waterfall, and we are all stunned by how impressive our Koi now look in the crystal-clear waters! The fish were so pleased with their new home that they instinctively spawned and, if you look closely, you will spot baby Koi in the pond. A paving company was hired to replace the bricks in front of the pond with gray cobblestone-like pavers, and two new pathways were installed to provide access to previously-hidden plants and views of the Koi Pond. Facilities Manager Keith Brigner oversaw the installation of new electrical service to support this area of

Volunteer!

Make an Impact on Your World:

s a Selby volunteer, you are part of a team that is passionate about the natural world and is working to help preserve and share it. You will spend time with interesting people in surroundings that provide a sense of serenity and wellbeing. We have a wealth of opportunities for people with a wide variety of interests, skills, and schedules! Fringe benefits include free admission, discounts in Gardens shops and on memberships, and special learning opportunities. To learn more The Tropical Dispatch  Winter 2009

about volunteering, please join us at one of the no-obligation volunteer orientations listed below: • • • • •

Wednesday, January 14, 2009, 1:00 to 4:00 p.m. Thursday, February 11, 2009, 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. Monday, March 16, 2009, 1:00 to 4:00 p.m. Friday, April 17, 2009, 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. Tuesday, May 19, 2009, 1:00 to 4:00 p.m.

For more information or to RSVP, call (941) 366-5731, ext. 267 or e-mail volunteer@selby.org.  9

Selby Gardens Welcomes John R. Clark, Ph.D.

ohn R. Clark, a former intern at Selby Gardens (2002-2003), is a recent doctoral graduate from Washington State University, where he became a specialist in plant molecular systematics (a field of evolutionary biology that utilizes DNA analysis to interpret the relationships between plants). John’s botanical interests center on the plant family Gesneriaceae (African violets and their relatives) and specialize in Old World members of this diverse and fascinating plant family. Over his career, John has gained expertise in various botanical-related endeavors including field-based research,

John R. Clark Director, Gesneriad Research Center Ph.D. 2008, Washington State University

plant tissue culture, herbarium curation, and DNA extraction, amplification and analysis. Since 1997, he has participated in and coordinated numerous expeditions to the tropics including trips to Trinidad, Costa Rica, Samoa, Fiji and Hawaii. He is a leading researcher in comparative methods analysis for ancestral range reconstruction (understanding when, where and how organisms came to their current distributions on the planet). John is also an accomplished scientific illustrator and has completed projects in anatomy, physiology, and taxonomy. 

DNA and Molecular Research

Welcome to the 21st Century Gardens

plants has changed dramatically. DNA can be used to understand the relationships of plants in populations, the relationships between different species of plants, and even relationships between plant genera, families, and beyond. Molecular research has been highly informative in notoriously difficultto-classify groups, including orchids, bromeliads and gesneriads, and is even providing valuable data useful in conserving these and other plants. Molecular research is indispensable in understanding the genetic diversity of plants in threatened populations, in how those populations are related to other populations, and

in determining which individuals or what populations should be used for propagation and reintroduction efforts. Molecular research has also been employed in understanding how non-native plants are impacting rare and endangered native species through habitat competition and cross-species hybridization between introduced and native species. For institutions like Selby Gardens that focus on the study and conservation of plants, molecular research is now indispensable. However, no facilities for molecular research exist at our Gardens, and we are forced to conduct research using only classical approaches and technology. melissa c. smith

he future is now! Perhaps no better example of this is the impact of our increased understanding and utilization of DNA, the genetic code, to unravel the mysteries of evolution. Once the stuff of science fiction, molecular research, along with its implications in medicine, forensics, and other fields, is commonplace. One can barely turn on the radio or television or surf the net without hearing something about DNA – convictions in long unsolved homicides (or overthrown convictions of the wrongly accused), research in gene therapy, the human genome project, the neanderthal genome project, Hollywood paternity tests, doggy DNA testing kits (I’ll reserve judgment on the merit of these last two examples). The point is that DNA, more precisely molecular research geared towards utilizing DNA to understand life, is changing the way we look at and explore the world around us. The study and conservation of plants is no exception. Plant systematics, the study of evolutionary relationships between plants and the classification and naming of them, is one of the oldest fields in science. Systematics research had been conducted more or less the same way for a few centuries, that is until DNA analysis came along in the mid-1980’s but most notably in the 1990’s through today. Since then our understanding of the relationships among

by Dr. John R. Clark

A fully-functional molecular laboratory. Molecular labs require surprisingly little space and resources.

Marie Selby Botanical Gardens

john r. clark

While collaborations with researchers at universities and other botanical gardens may allow some opportunity to address questions requiring molecular approaches, these opportunities are limited and far from ideal. A much better scenario would be to have an on-site facility where current and future staff could conduct molecularbased studies. Such a facility could also be utilized for advanced training of interns as well as graduate students from neighboring universities. In this way, a molecular program would be more than simply an investment in new technology – a molecular program would be an investment in capacity allowing Selby Gardens to better meet its strategic goals. These goals include understanding and conserving epiphytic plant groups as well as educating others about these fascinating

Selby Researchers are using a combination of traditional, morphology-based and modern, molecular-based approaches to explore relationships in Pacific species of Cyrtandra.

karen J. schunk

greatly increase our potential for securing competitive funds from governmental and private sources. As the threats of habitat loss and plants. A molecular lab would also species extinctions increase, Selby Gardens

must similarly increase its capacity to understand and conserve our world’s vital diversity. While our traditional programs still produce meaningful results, a molecular program is greatly needed to address the complicated issues we face in the 21st Century. The future is now. The place is Selby Gardens.  Developing a molecular research program at Selby Gardens is not as difficult or as expensive as it may sound. If you would like more information on the value of molecular research and its benefits to Selby Gardens, please contact Dr. John R. Clark at jrclark@selby.org or (941) 366-5731, extension 256.

Exotic Adventures

Myth and More Exhibit Artists: Stig Dalström & Karen J. Schunk The Museum of Botany & the Arts January 9, 2009, through February 24, 2009

ake an exotic botanical journey through the art of two (Selby) botanists/artists from January 9 through February 24, 2009, at The Museum of Botany & the Arts at Marie Selby Botanical Gardens. Stig Dalström, Curator of the Orchid Identification Center (OIC) at Selby Gardens, holds degrees in civil engineering and horticulture and is a self-taught watercolor artist and botanical illustrator as well as an experienced orchid taxonomist. He has published 47 new species of orchids for science and has had 23 plant species named in his honor. Dalström assists with the identification of orchid specimens, provides popular and scientific articles and lectures, conducts fieldwork to inventory and classify orchids, and helps to continue building the world-class resources of the OIC. Karen J. Schunk is a botanist and artist who creates bold, expressive botanical paintings reflecting her intense interest in both science and art. She holds a degree in Botany from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, and has attended classes at the Art Academy of Cincinnati in Ohio. Under an NSF grant, Schunk served as the Assistant Curator of the Selby Herbarium in 2006 and 2007 and has now returned as a volunteer at the herbarium – a perfect location for her pursuit of botany and art. In the quest of understanding the role of plants in the interconnectedness of nature, these botanists/artists have explored The Tropical Dispatch  Winter 2009

karen J. schunk

stig dalström

Opening Reception Sunday, January 11, 2009 2:00 – 4:00 p.m.

plants beyond just the scientific. Ancient to modern civilizations have revered and perceived plants as part of their cultural beliefs. Plants have become icons in cultural mythology, religion, and pharmacology and are recognized beyond their practical utility throughout time. Plants have always been recognized for their capacity to stir in us a sense of beauty and a priceless sense of psychological wellness! This exhibit will address that interconnectedness between plants and civilizations and serve as a visual reminder of the importance of conservation.  11

The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens

Illustrated Dictionary of Orchid Genera

Peggy Alrich and Wesley Higgins Bruce Hansen, Robert L. Dressler, Tom Sheehan, and John Atwood, editors Foreword by Peter H. Raven

he Marie Selby Botanical Gardens’ Illustrated Dictionary of Orchid Genera is a collaborative project of Peg Alrich and Wes Higgins and the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens’ Orchid Identification Center. The dictionary is the most comprehensive collection of orchid genera nomenclature to date, with more than 3,800 names. This easy-to-navigate, full-color book contains over 500 pages which present the current status of orchid taxonomy and the history of generic names, making it an important reference for botanists, taxonomists, orchid lovers and horticultural specialists. Easy to read and understand, its color-coded, fact-filled pages are complete with color illustrations or line drawings for each genus. Each genus description includes the author(s) name and publication name, as well as page number and year of publication. Accepted genera include subfamily, tribe,

and subtribe placement. The etymologies have been carefully researched and greatly expanded from other listings. Each entry lists the genus’ type species or lectotype, the number of species credited to the genus, and the species distribution. Also included is a brief description of the plants and flowers of the genus. Additionally, the dictionary includes an introductory

overview of the orchid family by David Benzing, the well-known epiphyte ecologist. The appendices include a list of the taxonomists along with their birth/death dates and genera authored, a listing of the standardized publication abbreviations used in literature, and a listing of species illustrations used. Supplementary Material: • A list of book/periodical abbreviations used in the dictionary • A glossary of technical terms used to describe orchids • The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) rules for naming genera (reprinted with permission) • A list of illustrations by species name • A classification of Orchidaceae that accords with the most recent findings from phylogenetic studies • An index of taxonomic authorities • A list of selected reading on Orchidaceae  The Dictionary of Orchid Genera is available for purchase in The Garden Shop, Banyan Treasures and online at www.selby.org for $49.95.

Selby Gardens Awarded $250,000 Grant from Gulf Coast Community Foundation of Venice for the Children’s Rainforest

ulf Coast Community Foundation of Venice has awarded a $250,000 grant to the Children’s Rainforest at Marie Selby Botanical Gardens. The grant will support the building of a Children’s Rainforest designed “to provide a safe, natural place for young children and their families to develop a life-long appreciation for the living world through outdoor play, discovery and learning.” Susan McLeod, a trustee and chair of the Children’s Rainforest campaign, recruited a committee of local mothers and grandmothers which has raised hundreds of thousands of dollars towards the $2.75 million dollar project. The committee plans to raise an equal amount of endowment funding for upkeep and programming in the Children’s Rainforest. Children’s Rainforest Conceptual Drawing In 2007, Selby Gardens brought in Herb Schaal and his team from EDAW, Inc., the foremost designers of children’s wonderful focus for the early stages of cognitive development. gardens in the nation. The EDAW group came up with a Throughout life, exposure to nature influences our ability to Children’s Rainforest that highlights Selby Gardens’ specialty, understand our world and to concentrate, be creative, cope epiphytes (plants that grow upon other plants), by taking visitors with stress, and interact positively with others. The Children’s right into the tops of the Gardens’ magnificent banyan trees. The Rainforest at Selby Gardens will offer opportunities to learn Children’s Rainforest will incorporate a waterfall, rope bridges, a about and develop an appreciation for the dwindling wild places tree house, canopy research station, and other elements designed of this world. to stimulate and educate children of all ages. For information about the Children’s Rainforest at Selby Countless studies back up the assertion that “nature is the Gardens, visit www.selbychildrensrainforest.com or call (941) best teacher.” Researchers have found that nature provides a 366-5731, extension 267.  12

Marie Selby Botanical Gardens

n the evening of January 30, 2009, Selby Gardens and Whole Foods of Sarasota will join together to hold a very special event benefiting the restoration of the Tropical Food Garden at Selby Gardens. The event, “Go Bananas,” will be held downtown at the Whole Foods located between 1st and 2nd Street beginning at 5:00 p.m. This event is for family, friends and neighbors. Fare for the evening will include delicious tropical food prepared by Whole Foods, wine, tropical punch and more. You’ll also enjoy live music throughout the event. Prizes will be awarded in several categories for costumes relating to tropical foods. Saturday, March 14, 2009 marks Selby’s 2nd year of collaboration with the Friendship Center for a walk-a-thon to raise funds to support the wonderful programs at both organizations. This year’s theme is “Walk and Roll by the Bay.” The course will begin inside Selby Gardens, lead to the walkway through Bayfront Park, and return to Selby Gardens, where a continental breakfast will be served and there will be prize drawings. For those unable to walk the course, we invite you to have a friend guide you in your wheelchair. There will be a course marked inside the Gardens for those who wish to do the shorter distance. Teams are being organized now for this fun event. For more information about either event please contact our Events Department at 366-5731, ext 266 or events@selby.org. 

Asian Cultural Festival at the Gardens

elby Gardens will present the fourth annual Asian Cultural Festival on February 28 and March 1. The Sarasota Ikebana International, ShoFu Bonsai, and Sumi-e societies will again share the exotic sights, sounds and scents of the Orient with our visitors. The festivities will begin on Saturday, February 28, with opening ceremonies at 10:30 a.m., including performances by taiko drummers and a lion dance by the Tang Martial Arts Center. Visitors will enjoy stunning ikebana flower arrangements, bonsai displays, and sumi-e ink paintings. Scheduled demonstrations on origami

sally gulmy photography

Save the Date for Two Exciting Events to Benefit the Gardens!

paper folding, bonsai cultivation, and Chinese brush painting will occur throughout the weekend. A variety of Asian foods from area restaurants will be available for purchase. 

2009 Plant and Garden Festival

arie Selby Botanical Gardens’ popular annual Plant and Garden Festival is set for Saturday and Sunday, March 21 and 22, 2009, from 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. on the grounds of the Gardens. (9:00 a.m. on Saturday for members.) This “Collector’s Choice” plant fair will offer thousands of unique tropical plants from numerous vendors as well as select Selby Gardens plants for purchase. Explore great finds in The Garden Shop and the Banyan Treasures Store. Stroll the tropical beauty of the Gardens while enjoying unique horticulture displays and demonstrations on how to care for your plants. Last year’s festival was a huge success, and we are excitedly putting plans into action for an even better event this year. Proceeds from the Plant and Garden Festival benefit Selby Gardens’ programs of research, education, and horticultural display. 

Associates Build New Excitement

he Marie Selby Gardens Associates is a dynamic group that supports the Gardens through ambassadorship, fundraising, and volunteerism. Associates membership is a great way to meet new people and to help Selby Gardens in its mission of conservation, research, education, and horticultural display. This year’s calendar includes a variety of fun and interesting programs and events. For information on joining the Selby Gardens Associates, contact Sharon Rae Giles at tdgpud8@msn.com, (941) 355-8071, or call Pat Knasiak, (941) 492-5125. The Tropical Dispatch  Winter 2009

Monday, January 12: “Salute to France—Gardens of Northern Brittany” with French-themed luncheon Sunday, February 8: Membership Tea Monday, March 9: “Selby’s Resurrected Gesneriad Research Center,” featuring Dr. John Clark (luncheon) Friday, March 20: “Bees, Bats & Butterflies—The Pollinators” (evening event) Monday, April 13: Field Trip to Clyde Butcher Studio and lunch at the Crow’s Nest in Venice Monday, May 11: Annual Meeting—Installation of new officers and directors  13

Rainforest Masks 2009 March 6 – April 17, 2009 By Marilynn R. Shelley

Birds of a Feather by Francisco Rojas Morales

tropical flora and fauna that he is in service to protect. His expression is often one of concern, reflecting the seemingly impossible task of preserving the precious natural resources that the modern world seems intent on destroying. Concern about our natural environment is a universal issue that Selby shares with the

marilynn shelley

ainforest Masks 2009 marks the 5th annual exhibition and sale celebrating the art of the people of Boruca, Costa Rica. The artists are master carvers from an indigenous reserve surrounded by rainforest located in southeastern Costa Rica. From March 6 to April 17, 2009, Selby’s Museum of Botany and the Arts will be filled with their unique and striking masks. Employing simple tools and traditions that have been passed down through generations, the masks are carved from native woods and are intricately painted. Colorful and captivating images will thrill collectors as well as the first time observer. Ceremonial masks have been part of the Borucan culture for centuries, pre-dating the Spanish conquest. Original mask ceremonies celebrating fertility, ancestors and animal spirits have transformed over time into a three-day festival at the end of each year. This annual event, now known as “Juego de los Diablitos” or “Play of the Little Devils,” was born from the attempt to scare the unwelcome invaders back to Spain with diablito masks. Although the forbidding images failed to keep the Spanish out of Costa Rica, the Borucan people believe that they were successful in keeping the Spanish from conquering their spirit. The inaugural exhibition in 2004 showcased a style of mask known as the “Ecologico.” These ecological masks usually include the face of a shaman or protector of the rainforest surrounded by vibrant and abundant images of the

C.J. Shelley with the Rojas Morales Brothers

people of Boruca, Costa Rica and many world neighbors. The 2009 exhibit will include these beautiful Ecologico masks as well as Diablito masks and Combinado masks. The Combinados morph, with incredible creativity, images of animals and plants with diablitos. A few traditional ceremonial masks, such as those still worn in their annual festival, round out this year’s collection. Each year’s new masks reflect the continuing evolution of the artists’ imaginations. While reviewing photos I took last summer, I was amazed to discover that what at first glance looked like a table-top spilling over with a colorful assortment of large masks was actually a group of incredibly detailed smaller masks skillfully carved by Neftali Rojas Morales. Neftali and his brothers, Francisco and Pedro, return to Selby during the first two weeks of the exhibit. Take advantage of a unique opportunity to meet the brothers who represent the best artists in Boruca. See them demonstrate their carving and painting artistry during four “Meet the Artists” sessions in the Museum of Botany and the Arts on Saturdays and Sundays, March 7, 8, 14 and 15 from 1:00 to 3:00 p.m. Spanish interpreters will be available to help translate your questions. On two occasions my husband, C.J. Shelley, and I have been privileged to be invited guests of the village of Boruca. On Tuesday, March 10, from noon to 1:00 pm in Selby’s Cooley Theater, we will present a travelogue of our unforgettable trips to their country. See images of the breathtaking, verdant beauty of Costa Rica and Boruca, and the beautiful smiling faces of the villagers, and hear stories from our adventures at a free lecture titled “The Road to Boruca and Beyond.” Join us for the Exhibit Opening Reception on Thursday, March 5, from 6:00 to 8:00 p.m. in the Museum of Botany and the Arts. For reservations please call (941) 366-5731, extension 239.  Marie Selby Botanical Gardens

Summer Camp Lookout 2009

For Nature Lovers ages: 6 to 11 –•– Certified Teachers - 20 Students per class Bring lunch, afternoon snack provided. –•– Time: 9:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Member Tuition: $185 –•– Non-Member: $200 Special: Save $40 by registering for all four regular sessions! Member Tuition: $700 –•– Non-Member: $760 Each session is filled with information, crafts, inside and outside activities, and special guests! Student presentation each Friday at 3:00 p.m.

Session 1: Director’s Camp (Limited to 10 students) June 1-5, 2009 Ages: 8-12 NEW! Member: $425 Non-Member: $450 (proceeds benefit the Center for Environmental Education)

This rare opportunity allows only 10 students to spend an incredible week in the Gardens with Selby’s Education Director, Donna Krabill. Students will enjoy hands-on experiences in research and horticulture, work with the poison dart frogs, and get involved in great creative projects. Meet special guests and enjoy this highly-personalized educational experience. Don’t tell the kids, but FCAT science standards are imbedded in this immersion experience. Session 2: Fun with Plants June 8-12, 2009 Ages 6-11 NEW! Join the fun as we create art with plants, play plant games, taste plants, and explore the plants in the Gardens. Session 3: GREEN Kids June 15-19, 2009 Ages 6-11 Turn your kids GREEN! They will be the envy of the neighborhood with the new skills and knowledge they develop through fun activities, games and projects during this week of GREEN fun! They can even participate in a coastal clean up along our bayfront. Topics include gardening, water, energy, recycling, composting and much more! Captain Compost returns for a special visit!

Save $40 by registering for all 4 regular sessions! Member: $700 Non-member $760 Please use separate Registration Form for each student.

Are you a member? Yes _____ No______

Session 4: Be a Botanist June 22 -26, 2009 Ages 6-11 NEW! Travel the world at Selby Gardens to explore some crazy plants from around the globe. Kids will examine orchids, carnivorous plants, and other really cool plants to gain a better understanding of the important role of plants and how botanists study them. Students will use microscopes and plant presses, visit the greenhouses and research center, and meet plant specialists. Session 5: Gardening for Kids June 29–July 3, 2009 Ages 8-11 NEW! Kids will learn all the fun ways to grow plants including container gardening, hydroponics, hanging gardens, repotting, and much more.

To register contact:

Donna Krabill 811 South Palm Ave. Sarasota, FL 34236 941-366-5731 ext. 237 FAX 366-9807 or register online at www.selby.org

Tuition due at registration. Full refund within 7 days of the beginning of camp minus $25 administrative fee. Confirmation package to follow. Forms also available at www.selby.org.

List Member Price

Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Session 5

June 1-5 Director’s Camp* June 8-12 Fun with Plants June 15-19 GREEN Kids June 22-26 Be a Botanist June 29 – July 3 Gardening for Kids Yes, I will register for all 4 regular sessions (2-5) for the additional $40 savings. * Note special pricing grand total

Student Name_________________________________________ Age_____ M___ F_____ Parent Name ______________________________________________________________ Address_________________________________City_______________ Zip____________ Phone #1_____________________________Phone #2_____________________________ Email:_ __________________________________________________________________ Payment method: 1. Check Number: _______________ 2. MC/VISA/AE/Disc. # ___________________________________exp. ______________ List allergies:_______________________________________________________________ Medical Issues:_____________________________________________________________ Emergency Contact: ___________________________Phone:________________________ The Tropical Dispatch  Winter 2009

$700

List Non-Member Price

$760

T-shirt Size n Child Small n Child Medium n Child Large n Adult Small n Adult Medium Office use only Access: __________________ # _____________________ Fee processed _____________ Info mailed ______________ Forms received____________ 15

Shop in the Gardens!

Gift Cards are Available Online and in the Shops!

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arasota jewelry artist Nikki Sedacca presents the “Botanical Collection” created exclusively for Marie Selby Botanical Gardens. The Botanical Collection features sterling silver flower brooches adorned with luscious combinations of pearls and semi-precious stones. Pieces from Nikki’s sterling silver and 18-karat gold collections will also be available. Come in to Banyan Treasures to select the perfect gift for someone special! For further information, call (941) 366-5731, extension 242 for the Garden Shop and extension 258 for Banyan Treasures. Store hours are 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. seven days a week. 

Shop in Banyan Treasures!

The Little Black Dress Goes to the Rainforest

he Garden Shop, a plant lover’s paradise, offers some of Sarasota’s finest orchids, bromeliads and tropical plants. Our world-class plant experts will assist you with best-in-bloom purchase recommendations and ongoing quality care consultation. The Garden Shop features traditional and contemporary containers and garden accessories. Banyan Treasures offers a creative mix of inspired home décor, jewelry, and gift ideas based on the fusion of art and nature. The versatile Selby Gardens gift card can be applied to purchases at the Garden Shop and Banyan Treasures, community classes, special events, or membership. A free decorative gift card box is provided for each card purchase of $25 or more. These gift cards make great corporate incentive and hospitality gifts, wedding party gifts, client gifts, and more! For volume purchase discounts please call (941) 366-5731 ext. 235. 

Wednesday, February 4, 2009 - 11:30 A.M. Sarasota University Club 1605 Main Street, 12th Floor - Sarasota, FL 34236

Luncheon - $35.00 Fashion Show by Saks Fifth Avenue Silent Auction Benefits the Children’s Rainforest at Selby Gardens For Reservations Call: Sarasota University Club - 941-366-5400

Dr. and Mrs. William Lahners

Tropical Dispatch is printed on 100% recycled paper, and Class/Lecture/Exhibits insert on 50% recycled paper, with vegetable-based ink. Non-Profit Org. U.S. Postage

PAID

Permit No. 509 Manasota, Florida

811 South Palm Avenue Sarasota, Florida 34236 www.selby.org

Don’t forget to pick up the new

In Bloom 2009

Calendar in either shop. This beautiful calendar includes Selby select plants, and they make great gifts.