Navalur Forest Park, Dharwad by Sensing Local

MARCH 13, 2017

DRAFT PROJECT REPORT

Navalur Forest Park Dharwad sensinglocal FOR SELCO FOUNDATION

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION APPROACH & METHODOLOGY` 1

READING THE CONTEXT Site Profile Environment Trees Soil Culture & Identity

ANALYSIS Cultural And Ecological Value Water Green Users Programmes Present Status

VISION

ACTION PLAN Infrastructure Hydrology Afforestation

DRAFT PROJECT REPORT- INTERNAL MARCH 13, 2017 sensinglocal@gmail.com 2

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Image 1: View from the hillock at site

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 3

INTRODUCTION

150 Acres of land near Navalur village, largely an unbuilt site is now being converted into a forest park. Historically, this site (as documented in a socio economic survey from 1958) has largely been part of the rural commons, used as grazing area for village animals. There is also a local temple here which is frequented once a week by the villagers and is a place for celebration of the annual Jathre.

Navalur Village

0.4

The village used to be a gram panchayat until the last decade. Since then, it has been assimilated into the boundary of the Dharwad municipality. At the same time, due to the BRTS being developed between Hubli and Dharwad, the area around the site, especially within the declared conurbation boundary is urbanizing rapidly. The site situates itself at the threshold of the boundary between the urbanizing agricultural land in the south and the remaining agricultural land to the North.

km 1.5 km

PRINCIPAL BRIEF

5 km, from Dharwad City centre

programmatic division of the site Pro

pos

BR TS

Cor

rido

15 km, from Hubli city centre

80%

NATURE

20%

EDUCATION + AWARENESS

3 KEY STEPS ATTRACT. EDUCATE. CONSERVE.

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COLLABORATION

Chief Conservator of Forests (CCF) invited Selco Foundation for a collaboration to ideate upon the the future development of the site near Navalur Village, currently being developed as part of a compensatory plantation effort. Selco Foundation has engaged a Bengaluru based Urban Planning consultancy - Sensing Local for their knowledge in spatial planning and strategy to collaboratively conceive the project. SITE OWNERSHIP & STAKEHOLDERS The current custodian of the site is the Forest Department, while previously it was under the Revenue Department. INTERVENTION 18,000 new saplings are proposed to be planted by the BRTS as compensatory planting for 3994 trees that are planned to be cut in land acquisition during road expansion. 8000 of these are to be planted as a cluster in the mentioned site. Part of the reason for this, as suggested by some experts is the low survival rate of new street trees without periodic care. Rs 20 Lakhs has been alloted for the plantation in the Navalur site. This has been used to buy the saplings, meet watering demands, maintenance and fencing. The dominant tree planted at the moment is Eucalyptus.

APPROACH & METHODOLOGY

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION DATA COLLECTION (INTERVIEWS & FIELD MAPPING) (SECONDARY RESEARCH)

REPORT INTRODUCTION

This report documents all the acquired data sets for the purpose of the project as evidence to understand of the context of the site and the nature of intervention proposed. Included within is also documentation of relevant policy and programs that may be replicated or adopted in this case.

DATA COLLATION AND ANALYSIS ASSESSMENT AND GAP ANALYSIS IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS SELECTION OF INTERVENTION DETAILED ANALYSIS DESIGN AND PLANNING COSTING ESTIMATE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FINAL DPR

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 5

1 // reading the context

6 READING THE CONTEXT

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1 2 3 4 5

SITE PROFILE CLIMATE TREES SOIL CULTURE & IDENTITY

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 7

1/ SITE PROFILE

Fig 1: Location of site in Hubli Dharwad Region

8 READING THE CONTEXT

Fig 2: Site situated in Navalur village

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LOCATION & CONNECTIVITY Situated at the threshold of the conurbation boundary (Urban development territory) between Hubli and Dharwad

Towards Dharwad

Dharwad

Navalur Village Navalur Lake

Navalur village BRTS Station

Navalur Forest Park

Site Railwa

y line

BRT

S BRTS

Railway 0 1

2 3 4 5km

BRTS Station

Hubli

Towards Hubli

Fig 3: Location of site in Hubli Dharwad Region

Fig 4: Site situated in Navalur village

• 5kms from Dharwad city centre • 750m from the BRTS station

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 9

LAND USE TYPOLOGY Situated at the fringe of urban & rural land

Agriculture area

DHARWAD Educational hub

Conurbantion Boundary Municipal Boundary

Navalur Village

SITE

Existing / Proposed

HUBLI

Commercial hub

Fig 5 (Landuse of region): Master plan 2031 | Source: http://www.hduda.org/

Fig 6 (Land use of site context): Master plan 2031 | Source: http://www.hduda.org/

• Site situated outside the conurbation boundary & within the muncipal boundary of Dharwad

• Site on the edge of urban development & agricultural land 10 READING THE CONTEXT

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POPULATION DENSITY Adjacent to low population density zone

Lake Navalur

Navalur village

BRT

Population density 20000-60000 10000-20000 4000-10000 <4000 0 1

2 3 4 5km

Fig 7: Population density | Source: Bus Rapid Transit System, Hubli-Dharwad, Detailed Feasibility Report, March 2013, CEPT, http://www.hdbrts.co.in/images/pdf/resources/ Detailed-Feasibiltiy-Report%20(Annexure).pdf

Fig 8: Population density at site | Source: Bus Rapid Transit System, Hubli-Dharwad, Detailed Feasibility Report, March 2013, CEPT, http://www.hdbrts.co.in/images/pdf/ resources/Detailed-Feasibiltiy-Report%20(Annexure).pdf

• Navalur Village: 400 HH = 5,000 People (approx) • Larger village area: 10,000 People DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 11

TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SITE

710m 724m 707m 710m 724m

731m

737m

697m

Fig 9: Site Location Macro

â&#x20AC;¢ The site is the largest of three small standalone hillocks in the surroundings.

The highest elevation is 35 - 40 m from the agriculture land at the foot of the hillock.

12 READING THE CONTEXT

Fig 10: Topography of the site

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MORPHOLOGY & USAGE OF THE LAND

Navalur Village

Entrance from Navalur village

Lake Navalur

space used for husk beating 1/3 site used for grazing by goats

Water bodies on the site

Entry from the village side Agriculture

Future urbanization expected here

Parking under construction Entry from the BRTS side

BRT

S Ra

ilw

Lin

Fig 11: Morphology and Usage of the land

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 13

IDENTITY OF THE SITE

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Telescope Hillâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Image 2: Telescopic Hill | Source : A Socio Economic Survey if a Village in Dharwad Taluka of Dharwad District, Karnataka University, by Vajiraj Venkatarao Desai, April 1956

In a Socio-Economic survey of 1958, authored by Vajairaj Venkat Rao Desai, the site has been photographed and referred to as - Telescopic hill, and an area that villagers used as a grazing area for their animals.

14 READING THE CONTEXT

Hillside grazing area

Image 3: Hill used for grazing | Source : A Socio Economic Survey if a Village in Dharwad Taluka of Dharwad District, Karnataka University, by Vajiraj Venkatarao Desai, April 1956

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SITE AS PART OF RURAL COMMONS

Image 4: Water body, used by animals for drinking

Image 5: Flora in the site

A portion of the site is presently used as a grazing area. The pond on the east face is used by animals to drink water out of, while the temple is frequented once a week by villagers. Aside from the routine community meetings, the annual Jathre is also held here. The site is also visited by people from around Dharwad and Hubli for its views.

Aside from the plantation of the new saplings of Eucalyptus, the land is covered mainly with the acacia shrub.

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 15

2/ ENVIRONMENT

16 READING THE CONTEXT

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CLIMATE ZONING

As per climate zoning on Karnataka.com, the area has been termed as North interior Karnataka 2 and further described as being an arid zone. While it has been termed as Northern transition zone as per Western Ghats Biodiversity Information System,3. Annual rainfall ranges from 619.4-1303.2 mm. 61% of rainfall is received in Kharif season

Ref 2: Climatic zoning of Karnataka https://www.karnataka.com/profile/karnatakaclimate/ Ref 3: Climate & Rainfall http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/paper/ TR109/tr109_std2.htm Image 6: Temple pond and the slopes at site

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 17

WATERSHED FOR NAVALUR KERE | CURRENT STATUS Encroachment due to highway expansion | Effect on water level

DHARWAD CITY

Highway

Effluents from Dharwad causing contamination

Micro watershed cut off due to highway expansion

Lake Navalur

Micro watershed

The site sits at the intersection of three sub watersheds. It is evident in the map that the hghway expansion has cut off a part of the catchment area of the kere limiting its water in-flow.

Once used for fishing and drinking water, the lake water presently receives industrial pollution and drainage discharge from several sources including Dharwad. The water has shrunk and the generated lakebed is used as grazing land by villagers 18 READING THE CONTEXT

Railway line

Fig 12: Catchment Area of Navalur Village Data source: Micro watershed map, Water resource department Dharwad; Drawing: Authors

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WATER QUALITY OF NAVALUR KERE Increasing contamination of the lake The lake is said to be a 100 years old. Village elders recount that Navalur Kere used to be 10 - 15 m deep, and was extensively used for irrigation purposes. While a small pond was constructed next to it to secure water only for drinking purposes. There were strict measures undertaken by the community to keep the water clean including one of keeping a community watchman; who would ensure no one would even put their feet in. However, this is said to have changed when the municipal water line for drinking water was introduced in 1991, eliminating the connection of community with the water resources and need for conservation. This has led to disarray. The drinking water pond is now seemingly used for washing clothes. While the main kere has shrunk in comparison both due to encroachment of its 3km2 catchment area by recent constructions and the highway expansion. Recent newspaper articles also suggest it is getting highly contaminated 3.

Ref 4: Navalur kere contamination | Source : http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ city/hubballi/Century-old-Navalur-lake-on-deathbed/articleshow/30641950.cms

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 19

CLIMATE, RAINFALL & GROUNDWATER TABLE Interpolation of decadal trends

DECADAL TRENDS: Rainfall & Ground Water Table Juxtaposed with speculated rise in water demand due to urbanization

• Decadal average rainfall of the last decade

2005-15 follows a similar pattern as the previous 100 years. 1000

• However sharp loss in rainfall in 2012 & 2016 seems to coincide with the steep fall in ground water levels. (Ref. Annexure 1)

800

have mentioned the groundwater table to be below 500ft. This suggests a dire need for on site testing at multiple points in Navalur to arrive at the correct estimation.

Rainfall (mm)

• The village elders however, during interviews

AVERAGE DECADAL RAINFALL

• Future: Due to urban development owing to the

implementation of the BRTS, the water demand in the area is anticipated to rise significantly

600

Increasing encroachment in catchment area of the kere

1970 - 90

Muncipal water supply started to Navalur village

Groundwater level (mbgl)

1991 1900 -1955

Very low rainfall in 2016

400

200

1900

Low rainfall in 2012

AVERAGE DECADAL RAINFALL 2005-15 [794 mm]

5 10

2005

2010

2011

2015 2016

GROUND WATER TABLE Tipping Point Steep fall in ground water table

15 20 25

NH4 highway widening between Hubli-Dharwad (Enhancing obstruction in natural watershed)

Fig 13: Rainfall and Ground water interpolated Source: Annexure 1; http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/2012/DHARWAD-2012.pdf * It must be mentioned that the rainfall estimates are taken at District and Taluk level.

20 READING THE CONTEXT

4000 (Population) 5,40,000L (Water usage)

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WATER STRESS IN THE REGION Type & extent of water stress

Fig 14: Water Risk Map | Map: Authors Data Source: http://www.wri.org/applications/maps/aqueduct-atlas

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 21

2/ TREES NATIVE TREES

LIST OF NATIVE TREES OF DHARWAD Recommendations based on biodiversity, livelihood, economic/ ecological value SOURCE OF DATA

TYPOLOGY (Fruit, leafy)

Guava

V, E, B

Fruit

Tamarind

V, E, B

Fruit

Jamun

D, E

Fruit

Neem

E, B, C

Leaf

Amla

E, B

Fruit

Jackfruit

E, B

Fruit

Cashew

Fruit

Karvand

Mango

V, E, B, C

Pongamia

Fruit

Fruit Flowering

Subabul

Flowering

Tropical almond

Fruit

Acacia (Nolotica) (Babul) (Gum Arabic tree)

B, C

Abrus precatorius (kundu mani in Tamil and Guruvinda ginja in Telugu)

Adhatoda vasica

Akash Mallige

Flowering

Arali

Tree

Ashoka

Tree

Badam

Fruit

Butea monosperma

Flowering

Capparis decidua

Fruit

Fig15: Table of Native trees Source: Annexure 3 & Annexure 4

22 READING THE CONTEXT

Cherry

Fruit

Cordia myxa

Cordia rothi

Fruit

Gliricidia sepium

Flowering

Grewia asiatica

Hala

Tree

Hulgal

Flowering

Mahagani

Tree

Murraya exotica

Flowering

Murraya koenigii

Tree

Nagalinga

Flowering

Pithecelobium dulce

Tree

Salvadora persica

Shrubs

Sampige

Flowering

Sankeshwar

Spathodea

Tapasi

Tecomella undulata

Thespesia populnea

Flowering

Wrightia tinctoria (Sweet Indrajao)

Flowering

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius

Anthocephalus cadamba

Fruit

Artocarpus hirsuta (hebbalasu)

Fruit

Calophyllum elatum

Flowering

Champaka

Dalbergia latifolia

Gmelina arborea (kooli mara)

Lagerstroemia lanceolata

Pterocarpus marsupium (Honne)

Santalum album(sandalwood)

Terminalia tomentosa

Vateria indica (White Dammar)

Bamboo

Banyan

Common Fig Tree

Eucalyptus

Teak

V - Villagers E - Experts D - District planning C - Cut by BRTS B - Proposed by BRTS

Flowering

Largest Grass, Evergreen Fruit

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AFFORESTATION SCHEMES

Existing afforestation schemes in Dharwad & their timeline GREEN BRTS PROGRAM BRTS Compensatory plantation

• 18000 saplings to be planted for 3994 trees cut • Total fund allocated - 27.24 lakhs via deposit to KRDCL Programs undertaken since 2012:

• 8,000 of these are to be planted in Navalur (investment of 20L) • Namma Thota programme - to initiate planting to trees in schools. Timeline for saplings 2012 : Initiation of the program 2013 : 8000 trees planted, 4240 trees survived 2014 : 4000 trees to be planted 2015 : 2000 trees & compensatory trees 2016-17 : 9510 trees

NATIONAL AFFORESTATION PROGRAMME OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES - 2009

• Objectives: Sustainable development & management of forest resources. • Goal: Increase and/ or Improve Forest and Tree Cover (FTC) • Purpose: Rehabilitation of degraded forests and other areas by institutionalizing decentralized/participatory forest management and supplementing livelihoods improvement processes

The Scheme will be implemented by a three-tier institutional set-up, namely State Forest Development Agency (SFDA) at the State/ UT level, Forest Development Agencies (FDAs) at the forest division level, Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) or Eco-development Committees (EDCs) at the village level. Ref 6: National Afforestation Programme Operational Guildelines 2009 Source: Annexure 5

AFFORESTATION IN DHARWAD TALUK BY THE FOREST DEPARTMENT

• 2014-15: 2.15 Lakhs trees • 2013-14: 3.56 Lakhs trees

Fig 16: Timetable for BRTS sapling plantation programme | Source: Annexure 3 Ref 5: Green BRTS Program | Source: Annexure 4 DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 23

2/ SOIL

“This soil appears to have natural capabilities to meet the water needs for a project of this nature.” Ayaappa Masagi, Water Expert, Water Literacy Foundation

24 READING THE CONTEXT

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SOIL TYPE FOR THE SITE

Dharwad Navalur Village Hubli

Fig 17: (top) Dharwad soil map | Source: http://www.karnataka.gov.in Image 7: (left) Red Soil at site

Fig 18: Soil type diagram | Source: Stratification study of soil in villages around Dharwad â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Thesis by Bharabhari, University of agricultural sciences

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 25

5/ CULTURE & IDENTITY

TYPOLOGY OF CULTURAL & RECREATIONAL SPACES IN THE REGION

• Dharwad is famous for its contributions to Indian

classical music and to Kannada literature. Dharwad is an unlikely outpost of the Kirana Gharana.

• Dharwad has numerous cultural events through the city including theatre, literary festivals, art and music events including over night concerts.

• However, shrinking space for cultural activities

has had an effect on cultural vibrancy of the city.

Fig 19: Google Map of the Hubli Dharwad region

26 READING THE CONTEXT

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TYPOLOGY OF SPACES & ACTIVITIES

Nrupatunga betta (hillock)

Gangubai Hangal Music school

Unkal lake

HUBLI

Sanjeevini Garden

NAVALUR VILLAGE SITE

Tapovana Ranga Mandira (Srujana)

Sadhanakeri Lake

Kelgeri lake

DHARWAD

University of Agricultural Sciences Karnataka University College

Vidyavardhaka Sangha Sabhabhavan

Rangayana

tg al le ry Li Ex br hi ar bi Pe y tio rfo n rm ha an lls ce Am sp ac ph e ith C ea hi ld tre re n' s pa rk Bo M us at in ic g al fo un ta Ba in nd Pa st M an us rk d ic (w Sc al ki ng hoo .j og l gi ng Fo ) re st Pa H rk is to ric La Lak PR nd e O G m Sp RA ar iri k M tu S a FE lS ST pa IV ce A V LS ie w po in t Pa t a (K n ite go fe tsa st v iva a D ha l) rw ad Kr Uts is av hi m el a Li Co te ra nc ry er ts pr o Ar gr a ta nd ms C ul tu re Ja at re

Aluru Venkata Bhavan

K.C.Park

In -Between

Fig 20: Hubli Dharwad region- Typology of spaces and activity

Institutional Closed/Performance Open space

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 27

REFERENCES • Image1: View from the hillock at the site | Source : Authors • Fig 1:Location of site in Hubli Dharwad Region | Source: Google Earth • Fig 2: Site situated in Navalur village | Source: Google Earth • Fig 3: Location of site in Hubli Dharwad Region | Source: Authors • Fig 4: Site situated in Navalur village | Source: Authors • Fig 5:Land use of region Master plan Year 2031 | Source: www.hduda. org/Planning/Masterplan

• Fig 6: Landuse of site context Master plan Year 2031 | Source: www. hduda.org/Planning/Masterplan

• Fig 7: Population Density | Source: Bus Rapid Transit System Hubli-

Dharwad Detailed Feasibility Report _ Annexure, March 2013, CEPT University, Ahmedabad | http://www.hdbrts.co.in/images/pdf/resources/ Detailed-Feasibiltiy-Report%20(Annexure).pdf

• Fig 8: Population Density at site| Source: Bus Rapid Transit System Hubli-Dharwad Detailed Feasibility Report _ Annexure, March 2013, CEPT University, Ahmedabad | http://www.hdbrts.co.in/images/pdf/ resources/Detailed-Feasibiltiy-Report%20(Annexure).pdf

• Fig 9: Site location macro | Source: Google Earth • Fig10: Topography of the site | Data Source: www.opentopography.org; GIS Map: Authors

• Fig11: Morphology and Usage of the land | Source: Authors • Image 2, Image 3: Telescopic Hill | A Socio Economic Survey if a Village in Dharwar Taluka of Dharwar District, Karnatak University, by Vajiraj Venkatarao Desai, April 1956

• Image 4,5,6 Present images | Source: Authors • Fig 12: Catchment Area of Navalur Village | Data source: Micro

watershed map, Water resource department Dharwad; Drawing: Authors

• Ref 2: Climatic zoning | Source: https://www.karnataka.com/profile/ 28

karnataka-climate/

• Ref 3: Climate and rainfall Source: http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/ paper/TR109/tr109_std2.htm

• Ref 4: Navalur kere contamination Source: http://timesofindia.

indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/Century-old-Navalur-lake-on-deathbed/ articleshow/30641950.cms

• Fig13: Rainfall and Ground water interpolated | Source: Annexure 1 • Fig 14: Water Risk Map | Data Source: http://www.wri.org/applications/ maps/aqueduct-atlas; Map: Authors

• Fig15: Table of Native trees | Source: Annexure 3 & Annexure 4 • Ref 5: Green BRTS Program | Source: Annexure 4 • Ref 6: National Afforestation Programme Operational Guidelines 2009 | Source: Annexure 5

• Fig 16: Timetable for BRTS sapling plantation programme | Source: Annexure 3

• Fig 17: Dharwad soil map | Source: http://www.karnataka.gov.in • Fig 18: Soil type diagram | Source: Stratification study of soil in villages around Dharwad – Thesis by Bharabhari, University of agricultural sciences

• Fig 19: Google Map of the Hubli Dharwad region | Author: Google Maps • FIG 20: Typology of spaces & activities | Source: Authors

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Detail of sub-watershed around the site. The site lies at the intersection of three sub-watersheds.

Fig: Catchment Area of Navalur Village | Data source: Micro watershed map, Water resource department Dharwad

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 29

2 // analysis

30 ANALYSIS

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1 2 3 4 5 6

CULTURAL AND ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE WATER GREEN USERS PROGRAMME PRESENT STATUS

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 31

1/ CULTURAL AND ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE krishi bhoomi kere

ooru

krishi bhoomi betta

gudi

KEY CULTURAL FEATURES

LOCAL The site is a key component of the cultural ecosystem of the region. For Navalur village, the temple is of significance; the village cattle use the pond for drinking, a part of the site is presently cordened off as a grazing patch. The temple jathre is a major event for the village that sees a high number of visitors for too. Husk beating happens behind the village. REGIONAL The BRTS connects to the site on the south and a major parking lot and entrance is under construction.

PARKING

ilw

BRT

Lin

Fig 21: Typology of spaces in the vicinty of site

The site offers a vantage point to the region providing an intangible asset for the community

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Image 8: Navalur lake

kere lake

Image 9: Navaluru

Image 10: View at Site

Image 11: View from Site

ooru

betta

krishi bhoomi

village

hillock

farm lands

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 33

2/ WATER

The water supply for the development and maintenance of the park/forest may pose a challange against the high demand projected in light of the expected urbanization 34

RAINFALL AND GROUND WATER TABLE juxtaposed with speculated rise in water demand due to urbanisation

Fig 22: Rainfall and Groundwater projection

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Presently on the site, stormwater flows along the slope of the land to reach water bodies either within the site or outside the side such as Navalur Lake. Contrary to conventional belief, these unsilted ponds do not allow water to percolate within the ground and much of it is lost to evaporation consequently. To address this issue, recharge pits that reach the sub soil level can be used at the edges of the site to allow water to percolate and recharge the water table. Experts point out that there are 4 different layers of the soil in which water needs to be collected and stored. These include top soil, subsurface soil, sub soil and deep soil.

topsoil sub surface

EXISTING RAINWATER FLOW

PROPSED RAINWATER FLOW

not recommended for improving the groundwater table

recommended for improving the groundwater table

Fig 24: Rainwater flow diagram- existing

Fig 25: Rainwater flow diagram- proposed

4 inch avg.

evaporation

drainage

recharge pits

10 feet avg.

sub soil deep soil underground

Fig 23: Conceptual Soilwater profile

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 35

SCHEMES AND PROGRAMS

for replication & adaptation Improving water management in the area WATERSHED MANAGEMENT BY SUJALA WATERSHED PROJECT

• Targets selective agriculture areas currently under water stress through improvement of their sub water sheds

• Improvement of natural resource base • Institutional

arrangements for natural resource management. Strengthening capacity of communities in the project districts through participatory planning

Ref 5: Sujala Watershed Project | Annexure 2

CONSTRUCTION OF FARM PONDS BY DESHPANDE FOUNDATION

• Aim of the project is to introduce water harvesting in a way that provides adequate, reliable, and long-term water supply over which farmers have a sense of ownership

• Over 300 farm ponds have been constructed with the support of Tata Trust. • Market rate for a 100x100x12 cubic foot pond is between Rs. 80,000 to Rs.

90,000 but with Tata Trust support in the form of earth movers, farmers are able to get it built with Rs. 30,000 – Rs. 40,000.

Source: Deshpande Foundation | http://www.thealternative.in/business/growing-green-goldfarm-pond/

Image 5: Farm Pond | Source: Deshpande Foundation | http://www.thealternative.in/business/growing-green-gold-farm-pond/

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PROGRAMS

FOR

IMPROVING

WATER

QUALITY

SATYA

FOUNDATION

• Through a programme for Preservation and Conservation of the Jakkur

Lake, called “JALA POSHAN - Sustaining Lake restoration”, BBMP, BWSSB, NGOs & Citizens participated to improve water quality.

• 10 MLD STP with Upflow Anaerobic Sludge blanket (UASB), a secondary

level of treatment, has been set up by BWSSB at the Lake Jakkur site since 2004.

Source : Jakkur lake ecosystem and its challenges| Source: http://biometrust.blogspot. in/2015/04/jakkur-lake-ecosystem-and-its-challenges.html

Image 6: Jakkur lake | Source: http://biometrust.blogspot.in/2015/04/jakkur-lake-ecosystem-and-its-challenges.html

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 37

st ly er rg in ty ili on gi

3/ GREEN

AT THE REGIONAL SCALE

At the regional level, the urban forest park typology can viewed as being the guiding principle for interventions all along the edge of the conurbation boundary. This significant urban edge definition shall be a useful instrument in preventing sprawling urban development beyond the area. Perhaps the traditional green belt model could be reinvented here where the in-between space: the ru-urban edge can be seen as highly programmed. This would allow for greater interaction between the rural and urban sides rather than the conflicts that are evident presently. These programmes can be both agriculture oriented and urban oriented, such as:

-smart agriculture test beds -large regional parks - recreational facilities - lakes, ponds and wetlands - composting sites

Fig 26: Regional Land Use Plan with site marked Master plan 2031 | Source: http://www.hduda.org/

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AT THE SITE SCALE

LOCATION OF THE FOREST AT SITE

HOW TO GROW A FOREST HERE?

• The edges of the site have a steeper slope in

CHOICE OF TREES The selection of native trees for planting should be done on the basis of recommendations from the local village committee, experts and the Green BRTS programme

comparison to the core

• Planting trees on the edges could facilitate in preventing soil erosion from the edges.

• The peaks at the core of the site also offer spectaular views of the surroundings

710m 724m 707m

710m

724m

THE PLANTING PROCESS There is a process of preparing the land to transform it from barren to a forest, which can take up 5-6 years as shown in the following table.

731m

737m

TREES Locations for planting the forest 50%

Gentle Terrain

50%

Steep Terrain

The following qualities would make trees more favourable for the site: • fast growing nature • propensity to improve soil quality • relatively low water requirement, especially once grown fully • robustness to wind and climate fluctuations and low maintenance

697m

arid

WATER

Fig 27: Contour Map

carbon fixing

nitrogen fixing

deciduous trees

increase in soil moisture

increase in subsoil moisture

increase in groundwater

evergreen trees perennial water

Fig 28: Tree Planting Timeline

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 39

4/ USERS Regional parks (like the Navalur Forest Park would potentially) tend to work like a neighbourhood park for locals living around while serving as a destination for visitors from around the city/region.

WHO ARE THE USERS TO THIS PLACE? USERS Mostly Frequently Rarely

Residents of Hubli, Dharwad & Navalur Children, School & college students Farmers

EVENT BASED VISITS (MONTHLY)

FREQUENT VISITS (WEEKLY)

REGULAR VISITS (DAILY)

(More of) Visitors

(More) City residents

(More) Neighborhood residents

3- 4 hours

3 - 4 hours

3 -4 hours

Below 2 hours

LOCATION City Park location

Urban fringe

Protected area

City centre

SCALE (ACRES)

Fig 29: Comparative Study of ParksUsers

15 acres

50 acres

100 acres

137 acres

175 acres

297 acres

845 acres

PARQUE TRIANON, SAO PAULO

PRIMROSE HILLS, LONDON

J.P.PARK, BANGALORE

PARC DE LA VILLETE, PARIS

PROJECT,

CUBBON PARK, BANGALORE

CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK

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5/ PROGRAMME MARINE DRIVE, MUMBAI

PROGRAM

Tangible primary activities that visitors undertake/ consume

LOITERING

Loose circulation space and activities

10%

Restaurants Cafes

40%

Seating Walking/ Running Street Vending

50%

SPECTACLE

TIME

Ocean Curved shoreline Cityscape

0.5 hrs (15%)

1.5 hrs (42%)

CHAMUNDI HILLS, MYSORE

40%

Temple Restaurants Cafes

10%

.5 hrs (20%)

40%

1.0 hrs (40%)

Seating Walking/ Running

1.5 hrs (43%)

1.0 hrs (40%)

Scenic View Valley

ULSOOR LAKE, BANGALORE

20%

0.5 hrs (25%)

20%

0.5 hrs (25%)

Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park Outdoor gym Seating Walking/ Running

60%

1.0 hrs (50%)

Lake View

space time occupied spent

3-4 hrs

2-3 hrs

1-2 hrs

Fig 30: Comparative Study of Parks- Programme

Fig 28: Tree Planting Timeline

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 41

6/ PRESENT STATUS

Image 12: Fencing at site

Image 13: Eucalyptus saplings

Image 14: Levelled road on site

Image 15: Levelling for the parking

fence

eucalyptus

path

parking

Granite/concrete slabs and a metal mesh are used to construct this fence that lines the boundary wall of the site. Stray and domesticated animals pose a threat to graze over newly planted tree saplings, so it is critical for the fence to be robust and tresspassing-proof.

In 2016, 8000 Eucalyptus saplings were planted as compensatory plantation for the BRTS construction nearby. While useful for its fuelwood, pulpwood and oil, Eucalyptus trees are proven to have adverse effects on biodiversity, hydrology and soil fertility. They are usually used for plantation in swamp areas and not advised for drought prone areas.

A leveller machine has been used at the site to widen and prepare the tracks going from the village entrance to the temple.

At the proposed Southern entry to the site, major excavation and levelling has been underway to make a parking lot next to the road that connects the site to the BRTS.

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FUTURE VISION

PARK AS A CATALYST TO TRIGGER SUSTAINABILITY IN THE LARGER NEIGHBOURHOOD

Sewage Treatment Plant proposed

New livelihood opportunities

Entry from village side

clean air

Avenue of trees as a spillover planted for the future urbanisation

afforestation

Parking and Entry from the BRTS side

BRTS Bus Stop BRTS Bus Stop

Fig 31: Future Vision Concept Diagram DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 43

3 // vision 50%

Conservation

Gentle Terrain

Park

EDUCATE

80% ATTRACT

50% Education Attraction

20%

Steep terrain

Forest

CONSERVE

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PROPOSAL MASTERPLAN The site is envisioned as a forest park that increases green cover, enriches the biodiversity, water table and the soil; provides livelihood to the villagers and is a point of recreation for visitors from the region. Given the long gestation period of such a project, it is proposed that the infrastructure be implemented incrementally to spread the costs. However, at the outset, the site is made open to experimental programming that can attract a diverse array of people to the site and aid in testing of suitable programs and usage. This participatory process will make the permanent infrastructure most impactful.

agriculture land

aquaponics pond navalur village temple pond

existing waterbody temple entry

private plantation

toilet block/ drinking water water recharge pits at the edges

future urban development

cycle tracks main walking/driving road entry steps site boundary community area public bicycle sharing station infiltration pits along cycle tracks sculpture

parking lot

TO BR W TS ARD S

Fig 32: Proposal Masterplan DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 45

EDGE AS A FOREST To act as a ecological and noise buffer between urban areas and the park

Rural

AQUAPONICS + CAFE New model for livelihood creation + system to safeguard quality of water

FOREST TRAILS Horticulture training Nature walks (Part of) Cycle racing circuit

NURSERIES + SEED BANK Multi-tier forest with a variety of native species

Image 16: Aquaponics Image 17: Forest Trails Image 18: Nursery Image 19: Seedbank Fig 33: Site Plan with Forest overlay 46

Urban

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CORE AS A PARK Recreational space for Navalur village, Hubli Dharwad residents & Tourists

Rural

COMMUNITY SPACE + CAFE Free- standing pavilion for the villagers/ park visitors for rest & gathering

PARK + POND Recreational space allows for outdoor activities during the day & night (kite flying, stargazing)

Urban

OPEN SPACE Stage for art & sculpture exhibitions

Image 20: Cafe Structure Image 21: Stargazing Image 22: Kite flying Image 23: Sculpture Fig 34: Site Plan with Park overlay DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 47

Agricultural land

FOREST AT THE ENTRANCE

North Entrance

Community space

Aquaponics Pond

Space markers

Navalur village

West Entrance

Image 24: Reference image for Entry to site | Source: http://www.wallpaperspider. com/2560x1440/details/the-fugacity-iymu9t/

Fig 35: Site Plan- North Focus

Area 1

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THE POND AND PARK

Agricultural land

Pond

Private plantation

Temple

New development

Area 2

Fig 36: Site Plan- Centre Focus

Image 25: Visual for Recreation by the pond | Source: Author

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 49

SCULPTURES AS ANCHORS Agricultural land

South Entrance

Parking

Pond

New development

Towards BRTS

Image 24: Reference image for Sculpture Park | Source: https://blueskyscotland.blogspot. in/2010_03_01_archive.html

Fig 37: Site Plan- South Focus

Area 3

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Image 27: Visual for recreation by the pond by night | Source: Author

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 51

4 // action plan

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HYDROLOGY The action plan responds to the work undertaken at site so far and proposes next steps that ensure the future sustainability of the site. These include:

AFFORESTATION

INFRASTRUCTURE

Ground Water recharge pits 2m x 1m x 1m to be constructed along the internal edge of site

Removal of eucalyptus saplings followed by soil preparation and planting of native tree species

Construction of gates and toilet blocks, main access paths and cycle tracks, etc.

Fig 38: Site Plan- Hydrology

Fig 39: Site Plan- Afforestation

Fig 40: Site Plan- infrastructure

- water conservation on site - preventing soil erosion - improving access and circulation through site -enhancing the biodiversity

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 53

INFRASTRUCTURE

Image 28: Entry to Gorongosa Park, Mozambique | Source: https://daktarisafaris.wordpress. com/2010/09/16/from-the-highlands-to-gorongosa-national-park/

existing waterbody temple entry site boundary toilets entry steps Fig 41: Site Plan- entries, toilets steps

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ENTRY GATE AND ENTRY STEPS

TOILET BLOCKS+ DRINKING WATER POINTS

There are 4 entry gates proposed with guard house, signage and lighting. In the places with significant level difference between the entry point and cycle track/ temple, steps in stone are proposed, 5m wide and 50 m long = 2700 sqft

2 toilet blocks and drinking water points proposed adjoining the gate and guard room structure located at the East and South entrances. 2 toilet blocks each with Male (3 urinals and 2 WC) and Female (3 WC) and 1 Accessible Toilet along with infrastructure provision for bio-toilets during the jathre

MATERIALS Civil work with plaster finish, local stone floor and elevation accents and MS window frames. Sliding MS gates in matte enamel paint. The steps are constructed in local dressed stone dry masonry with drain detail.

Image 29: Entry steps to Barangaroo Reserve, Sydney | Source: http://www.pwpla.com/barangaroo-opening

MATERIALS Civil work with plaster finish, local stone floor and elevation accents and MS window frames.

COSTING COSTING

• For 1 gatehouse & gate structure, excavation,

foundation, masonry walls, RCC ceiling, doors and windows, paint, lighting, flooring, furniture = INR 4,40,000*

• For 4 gatehouses & gate structures= INR

For one toilet block, excavation, foundation, masonry walls, RCC ceiling, doors and windows, lighting, flooring, sanitary fixtures, soak pit and water supply pipeline= INR 8,21,000*

• Constructing the staircase at INR 250 per

For two toilet blocks= INR 16,42,000

17,60,000

square foot= INR 6,75,000

*Based on KSRB 2015

*Based on KSRB 2015 Image 30: Toilet Block at Balgal Beach, Queensland | Source: https://www.panoramio.com/photo/74837660

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 55

Image 31: Granite cobble pavers path | Source: http://www.ski-epic.com/2006_europe_ motorcycle_trip/pics_9_05_06_thru_9_13_06.html existing waterbody temple entry main walking/driving road cycle tracks site boundary infiltration pits Fig 42: Site Plan- paths and cycle tracks and infiltration pits 56

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MAIN ACCESS PATHS

CYCLE TRACKS

The path that connects the main entrance from Navalur village to the temple. suited for walking and car access. (ref image on left page)

A network of cycle tracks connecting the water bodies and view points to the main track. The existing desire lines on the site have also been considered. (ref image on left). At the points of intersection between the track and drainage lines, infiltration pits are proposed.

Measurement: 6m wide and 1150 m long MATERIALS

3m wide and 3.2 km long

Granite paver blocks 4” x 4” x 2” cubes with a granite kerb edging and a granite paver blocks swale along the edge

MATERIALS Rammed earth with local stone edging to prevent run off.

COSTING Cost for clearing the tracks, earth excavation, preparation of sub-base, cobble stone path laying, cobble swale laying, granite kerb stone on either side= INR 89,49,000* *Based on KSRB 2015

COSTING

• Clearing and grubbing road land including materials and labour charges= INR 59,000*

Image 32: Rammed Earth Track with stone edging | Source: http://buzzingbubs.com/bangalore/picnic-lalbagh

• 300 mm, 400mm, 600 mm local stone kerbs for edging =INR 39,51,000

• Constructing 7 infiltration pits= INR 72,000 TOTAL= INR 40,82,000 *based on KSRB 200-8

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 57

DETAILS FOR THE PATHS INFRASTRUCTURE

REFLEXOLOGY FOOTPATH

A path designed to massage and stimulate acupressure points on the soles of the feet, which are connected to various energy meridians of the body. Material- River Gravel set in earth/PCC SWALE ALONG THE MAIN PATH As a stormwater drainage detail, the edge of the main path is lined with a swale in granite cobble pavers. The detailing will be done keeping in mind that the water doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t form puddles at any point of the track in the event of a rain. Image 35: Paver swale detail | Source: http:// ephenryecocenter.com/homeowners/why-eco/installation. aspx

Image 33: Reflexology Footpath | Source: https://pixabay. com/en/stone-path-track-footpath-park-193013/

INFILTRATION PITS ALONG CYCLE TRACKS Infiltration pits proposed at the points where cycle tracks intersect with the drainage lines.

Image 34: Reflexology Footpath | Source: http://www. intercontinentalgardener.com/2012_09_01_archive.html

Image 36: Infiltration pit detail | Source: http://www.sswm. info/content/stormwater-management

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IMPLEMENTATION Four entry gates and gate houses, two toilet blocks, two blocks of entry steps, 2 km access path in granite cobble, 3 km cycle tracks in earth IMPACT Defining the access and extents of the site and provision of basic public amenities of visitors and villagers. The paths will connect the village to the farms across the site and link the view points. BENEFIT To develop the park with a holistic insight will bring a sense of ownership among its users. The development can become a positive test case for other afforestation schemes STAKEHOLDERS Chief Conservator of Forests, BRTS, Selco Foundation, Navalur Village Committee, Roundtable of local experts from Hubli-Dharwad granite cobble pavers set in PCC base

granite cobble pavers swaleplaced with earth and pebble spacing for percolation

Image 37: Paver Swale | Source: http://www.ski-epic. com/2006_europe_motorcycle_trip/pics_9_05_06_ thru_9_13_06.html

earth/ planting

COSTING Entry Gates and toilet blocks= INR 34,00,000 Entry Steps = INR 6,25,000 Cycle Tracks and Main access paths= INR 1,30,90,000 *exclusive of design services TIMELINE Entry Gates, Toilet Blocks, Entry Steps = 8 months Cycle Tracks and Main access paths= 6 months *after the finalization of design NEXT STEPS 1 Soil testing to check for stabilization for infrastructure 2 Discussion and Approval by CCF 3 Detailed design development and costing 4 Village committee consultation 5 Discussion with BRTS DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 59

HYDROLOGY

Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

A Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Image 38: Recharge Pit | Source: https://srds2020.wordpress.com/our-services/direct-borewell-recharge/

ridge lines

existing waterbody

water drainage lines

temple main walking/driving road

Fig 43: Site Hydrology study

entry recharge pits along the boundary wall site boundary

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section AA’

rainwater recharge trench

dense afforestation

grasslands with cycle tracks

temple pond/rainwater reservoir

Fig 44: Site Section AA’

section BB’

rainwater recharge trench

Fig 45: Site Section BB’

dense afforestation

detail A

detail B

Rainwater follows the slopes and flows from the ridges towards lower elevations- the water bodies and outside the side. The strategy is to catch it at the edges to prevent it from escaping the site. DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 61

RAIN WATER RECHARGE PITS

Along the edge of the site, alternating with the tree plantation 2m long x 1m wide x 1m deep constructed 8m centre to centre MATERIALS digging followed by 12â&#x20AC;? thick lining with local stone in random rubble masonry COSTING Excavation of one pit of size 2 m x 1 m x 1 m with vertically cut edges to make an uniform cuboid and heaping the excavated soil outside the pits

drainage pipe

= INR 276* For a total of 510 pits constructed along the perimeter =INR 1,40,000 *based on SR Forestry work 2015-16/32-B

rainwater recharge pits

Fig 47: Detail A

rammed earth cycle tracks

thick forestation at the periphery

Fig 48: Detail B

rainwater recharge pit1m wide, 2 m long, 1m deep

road

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IMPLEMENTATION Recharge pits constructed 8m apart along the edges of the site and at a few locations where drainage lines meet cycle tracks IMPACT The intervention would contain all the rain falling on the site within it BENEFIT Potential increase in the ground water table and improving the health of the soil STAKEHOLDERS Chief Conservator of Forests, BRTS, Selco Foundation, Navalur Village Committee, Roundtable of local experts from Hubli-Dharwad COSTING Water recharge pits=INR 52,40,000 *costs for infiltration pits are part of infrastructure cost TIMELINE Recharge pits= 3 months NEXT STEPS 1 Finalization of water consultant (physical survey, checking capacity and location for the pits) 2 Discussion and Approval by CCF 3 Detailed design development and costing 4 Village committee consultation 5 Discussion with BRTS

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 63

AFFORESTATION

Image 39: Grassland trail amidst a forest | Source: https://blog.caroldunnigan. com/2015/09/08/birthday-outing-part-ii-hewlett-gulch-trailhead/

Fig 50: Table of ten most favourable trees

Trees cut by the BRTS Flowering Fruit Bearing Useful leaves Fig 49: Site Plan- Planting Strategy 64

SOURCE V- Villagers E- Experts B- BRTS D- District planning

Pear by Karthik Srinivas from the Noun Project Flower by Oksana Latysheva from the Noun Project leaf by Shmidt Sergey from the Noun Project

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NATIVE TREES

Source

Mango

TYPE

NURTURING REQUIRED (Early growth)

PERIODIC BENEFITS TO ECOLOGY CARE (Long term)

PRODUCTS FOR LIVELIHOOD

HEIGHT CROWN (in m) DIA. (in m)

V, E, B

Culinary uses of fruit, bark used as a source of a yellow-brown dye used for silk

35-40

Guava

V, E, B

6-10

1-2

Tamarind

V, E, B

Hot or cold sauces, candies, dried snacks, fruit bars, desserts made of the fruit; also used in alcoholic beverages.

fogs used for wood work, fruit used for culi- 12-18 nary purposes and medicine

5-7

Jamun

E, D

Seed has medicinal value, fruit used for beverages, jellies, jam, pickles, vinegar.

0.50-1.5

Neem

E, B

Leaf is used in making medicines, pest control, cosmetics, soaps, oil, toothpaste

15-30

15-20

Amla

E, B

Fruit used for cooking and making shampoo and oils

8-18

1-2

Jackfruit

E, B

Fruit used for culinary purpose

9-21

2-4

Cashew

Bark and leaves are ingredients for medicines; fruit has Culinary uses

6-14

3-4

Karvand

Very fast growing and easier to maintain than domestic fruit trees.

1.5 - 2

0.50-1.5

Subabul

for conservation of water, checking soil erosion and reclamation

Ideal for agro and social forestry practices. Useful for firewood, furniture wood, pulp industry

6-8

1-2

In early stages, it requires frequent irrigation. Young tree requires 8-10 irrigations a year

Mature trees requires only 4-5 irrigations a year

Requires proper sunlight. It is irrigated during the monsoon season.

Starts bearing fruits in seven years of planting

The first monsoon shower is planting time. Flowering starts in March and the fruit ripens from July to September. fast growing tree

Minimal pruning required

Drought-tolerant species; tree improves soil fertility and water holding capacity

Valuable for stabilizing eroding slopes. (The roots of the plant are heavily branched), Attracts birds, butterflies, bees

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 65

40 m 30 m 20 m 10 m 0m mango

guava

tamarind

jamun

neem

30 m 20 m 10 m 0m amla 66

jackfruit

cashew

karvand

subabul

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PLANTING NATIVE TREES

The strategy is to plant trees at the edge of the site and leave the flatter areas of site for development as a park/public space and peaks for views. COSTING CONSIDERATIONS The cost for uprooting eucalyptus trees by 2018 before their roots take strength additional costs: -excavation of tree pits -soil preparation for trees -acquisition and planting of trees -de-weeding after 1 year

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY Removal of eucalyptus trees, developing a strategic planting scheme and planting of native tree species IMPACT & BENEFIT Removal of Euclyptus protects the soil and from infertility and water loss. Planting native species leads to soil and water conservation for the site and in biodiversity creation STAKEHOLDERS Chief Conservator of Forests, BRTS, Selco Foundation, Navalur Village Committee, Roundtable of local experts from Hubli-Dharwad

COSTING Removal of the 8000 saplings of Eucalyptus= Making xx pits= Buying native saplings=

-de-weeding after 3 years TIMELINE Eucalyptus removal= (as per expert consultation) soil preparation

TO KEEP IN MIND 1 Finalization of afforestation consultant (scope- choice of native trees as per detailed soil assessment, planting strategy) 2 Discussion and Approval by CCF 3 Detailed and costing 4 Village committee consultation 5 Discussion with BRTS

DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 67

ANNEXURE 1

DHARWAD DISTRICT AT A GLANCE TABLE–

Average rainfall monthly 2000-2012

GROUND WATER (2005 – 2015) GRAPH

General data about the district regarding rainfall ground water etc

https://www.worldweatheronline.com/dharwadweather-averages/karnataka/in.aspx

SOURCE: http://www.zpdharwad.kar.nic.in/ Minesandgeology.aspx

RAINFALL DATA Graph 1900-55 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY of Navalur village 1956 Thesis report, Desai.

Note: The data for charts above are taken from year 2000 to 2012.

• Average ground water monthly 2005-2015 GROUND WATER Central ground water board ground water information booklet Dharwad district, Karnataka state February 2013

• http://www.zpdharwad.kar.nic.in/ Minesandgeology.aspx

Pg 5 GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION BY CGWB – Depth range in metres http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/ karnataka/2012/DHARWAD-2012.pdf Dharwad District at a Glance 2014-15 Karnataka Govt 68

• Note: The data for chart above are taken from year 2005 to 2015

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ANNEXURE 2: SUJALA WATERSHED PROJECT Designed by the Government of Karnataka and implemented by the Watershed Development Department of Government of Karnataka, The key objective of this project is to improve the productive potential of selected watersheds and their associated natural resource, institutional and community base.

Community Participation in Sujala

Capacity Building in Sujala

http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/features/commun_part.pdf

http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/features/capac_build.pdf

Transparency in Sujala

Monitoring and Evaluation in Sujala

http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/features/transp.pdf

http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/features/Monitor_eva.pdf DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 69

Management Information System in Sujala

Environmental & Social Impact Assessment in Sujala

http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/features/management_info.pdf

http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/features/Envi_imp.pdf

Use of Information Technology in Sujala

Achievements in Sujala

http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/features/useof_IT.pdf

http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/achievements.pdf

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Research Studies in Sujala

Soil Moisture Conservation Works in Sujala

http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/features/Research_studies.pdf

http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/suj_hompg_files/soil_moisture.pdf

Case Study on Bennankatte MWS in Sujala http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/suj_hompg_files/Benakana_katte.pdf DRAFT REPORT ON DHARWAD 71

72 Introduction of Pinus oocarpa in Phoenix infested grassy blanks was done over an area of 0.25 ha in high rainfall area to assess its performance at Hanbal Achardi. Seedlings have showed good performance in the local environment, with 84 per cent survival in 1987. During 1992, 40 per cent survival was noticed with an average height of 4.0m and average girth of 0.15m. A Trial plot of MFP in grassy patches at Vallalhalli, Madikeri over an area of 5.0 ha was established in 1988. Species tried were Emblica officinalis, Artocarpus integrifolia, Azadirachta indica, Madhuca indica, Sapindus emarginatus, Tamarindus indica, Syzygium cumini, and Mangifera indica. All the plants are growing well. To find the suitability of fruit yielding species in grasslands, a trial plot of 2.5 ha was established at Watehalla with Syzygium cumini and Mangifera indica in 1993. All the plants are coming up well with an average height of 1.5m. At Ullal, in the year 1984, coastal area afforestation experiments were taken up with Acacia auriculiformis, Bauhinia racemosa, Cassia fistula, Casuarina equisetifolia, Calliandra calothyrsus and Dalbergia latifolia. Only Casuarina equisetifolia was found to be suitable for coastal areas. An experiment in swampy areas of Thithimathi and Nagerhole Ranges of Hunsur Division was taken-up with Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Albizzia lebbek, Artocarpus hirsuta, Bombax ceiba, Chickrassia tabularis, Syzygium cumini, Swietenia mahagoni, Kydia calycina, Spondias mangifera etc . Except Syzygium cumini , all other species have failed in these waterlogged areas.

Afforestation of 2 ha of area with indigenous and exotic species at Aiengeri (Madikeri) was taken-up. The species planted were Acacia mearnsii, Casuarina equisetifolia Calliandra calothyrsus and Elaeodendron paniculata. It was observed that all the species had put on good height growth except Elaeodendron paniculata. Introduction of Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus strictus in grassy blanks was done in an area of 2.0 ha at Ummathur in 1985. Both the bamboo species are performing well with 85-90 per cent survival. It was observed that new culms were produced during 1992. Introduction of Bambusa vulgaris in grassy blanks was done in 1986 ( 2 ha .) in high rainfall area at Ummathur. It was observed that Bambusa vulgaris responded well to the environment in the grassy blanks. Vigorous new culms were produced. During 1992, 59 per cent survival was noticed with an average of 3 culms per clump. To study the efficacy of planting in terraces for afforestation of grassy blanks, a plantation in an area of 8 ha was taken-up in 1985 at Ummathur. Species tried were Acacia auriculiformis, Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Casuarina equisetifolia, Calliandra species, Dalbergia latifolia, Emblica officinalis, Grevillea robusta, Swietenia mahogany and Parkinsonia aculeata. All the species tried have performed well except Parkinsonia aculeata and Dalbergia latifolia . Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is also struggling to establish. Calliandra calothyrsus has shown good performance. To introduce Pinus caribeae in Phoenix infested grassy blanks, a trial plot was established in an area of 0.27 ha in 1985 at Hanbal Achardi. The plants have established well with 90 per cent survival. To introduce wattles (Acacia mearnsii) in grassy blanks, a trial plot of 8.0 ha in high rainfall zone at Ummathur was established. Initially seedlings responded well but later the entire plantation failed.

Miscellaneous species trial plot at Monnangeri: In another trial at Monnangeri, afforestation of exposed lateritic grassy blanks of 6.5 ha was under taken with indigenous and exotic species viz; Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Acacia auriculiformis, Dalbergia sissoo, Emblica officinalis, Syzygium cumini, Ceiba pentandra, Spathodea campanulata and Elaeodendron paniculata. Initially, during 1986 all plants established except Ceiba pentandra and Acrocarpus fraxinifolius as these two species were found to die back. Subsequently in 1992, only two species were found to be surviving in this area viz; Spathodea campanulata and Emblica officinalis . Acacia mearnsii, Calliandra calothyrsus, Acacia mangium , and Pinus kesia were tried at Monnangeri (Madikeri) in 2.1 ha of grassland. It was observed that Acacia mearnsii and Acacia mangium failed to establish. Whereas Calliandra calothyrsus and Pinus kesia have survived with average growth. Bambusa vulgaris and Acrocarpus fraxinifolius were tried in grassy blanks in an area of 2 ha . It was observed that both Bambusa vulgaris and Acrocarpus fraxinifolius have failed to establish either due to animal damage or due to die back.

d).

a).

There are extensive grassy blanks in the evergreen belt of Western Ghats . With a view to raise some tree species, various afforestation techniques involving a large number of exotics as well as indigenous species have been taken up since 1975. They are: Evergreen species Anthocephalus cadamba, Calophyllum elatum, Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Vateria indica, Syzygium cumini, Artocarpus hirsuta, Michelia champaca. Deciduous species Terminalia tomentosa, Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Pterocarpus marsupium, Dalbergia latifolia, Santalum album, Gmelina arborea. Acacia auriculiformis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Khaya senegalensis, Tropical pines , Grevillea robusta, Albizzia moluccana Leucaena leucophloea, Samanea saman, and Delonix regia. Exotics Acacia auriculiformis and Casuarina equisetifolia are found to be suitable performance of wattles, Albizzia moluccana , Tropical pines and Khaya species needs to be studied further to find-out their suitability. At Hosur near Agumbe, twenty-five species belonging to evergreen, deciduous and exotic categories were tried in the year 1976. Both naked seedlings and seedlings raised in polybags were tried. It was observed that only

6.1.2 Grassy blank Afforestation experiments in Northern Zone, Dharwad

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Grassland afforestation at Monnageri : At Monnageri in Kodagu district three trial plots of 2.75 ha each were laid out with Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Cryptomeria japonica, Dalbergia sissoo , Elaeodendron paniculata , Syzygium cumini , Swietenia mahagoni, Samanea saman, Terminalia bellerica and Terminalia tomentosa. Observation shows that only Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Elaeodendron paniculata and Emblica officinalis have come up well in grassy blanks .

In order to make the vast stretches of grasslands more productive, efforts are being made to afforest them by introducing tree species at various localities. The details of such experiments are given below:

6.1 GRASS LAND afforestation 6.1.1. Grassy blank afforestation experiments in Southern Zone Madikeri

6. GRASS LAND AFFORESTATION AND UNDER PLANTING TRIALS

ANNEXURE 3: NATIVE TREES IN DHARWAD DISTRICT (http://www.aranya.gov.in/downloads/FR-5%20Grass-land.pdf)

6.2 UNDER PLANTING TRIALS: 6.2.1. Under-planting of Evergreen & Semi Evergreen species In evergreen and semi evergreen forest zones, grasslands have been successfully planted with Acacia auriculiformis . In these older plantations of Acacia auriculiformis, under planting of evergreen and semi evergreen species were tried. Under-planting trials started from 1985 in Acacia plantations of Thirthahalli (Shimoga), Terakahanally (Sirsi), Udane (Sakaleswar), Mallipatna (Thittimathi) and Boliyar (Mudabidri). In case of Mallipatna, under planting was taken up in Teak plantation to suppress Eupatorium weed growth. Among the evergreen, semi-evergreen and deciduous tree species planted in under planting trials, Mesua ferrea, Vateria indica, Calophyllum spp , Michelia champaca, Garcinia cambogia, Hopea parviflora, Poeciloneuron indicum and Artocarpus hirsuta have come up well with high survival percentage ranging from 85 to 100. However, Tectona grandis, Terminalia tomentosa, Pterocarpus marsupium, Dalbergia latifolia, Emblica officinalis, Terminalia bellerica and Dendrocalamus strictus have not shown promising results. 6.2.2. Under planting of Canes in Acacia plantations Cane is an integral part of the moist tropical forest eco-system. Many species of canes are under severe threat due to destruction of their habitat, over exploitation and other factors. Commercial cane plantations have to be taken-up if the cottage industries are to survive. About 2,00,000 ha of degraded and grassy blank areas in high rainfall region of Western Ghats have been planted with Acacia auriculiformis . As cane forms lower and middle storey in evergreen forest, cane harvest can be a by-product yielding interim revenue. With this background under planting of four species of canes viz; Calamus prasinus (Ontibetha), Calamus thwaitesii (Handibetha), Calamus vattayila (Devarbetha) and Calamus nagbettai (Nagarbetha) was taken up in the Acacia plantations of the Western Ghats. The results achieved in cane under planting trials at Salur were good. Average height of cane was 11.40m by the end of the 8 th year. The average height of Calamus thwaitesii was 8.10m. In Calamus thwaitesii culms production was also noticed from 3 rd year onwards and on an average two culms were added every year. Fruiting started in 1997 and natural regeneration was also noticed in older under planting areas. Among all the four species of canes Calamus prasinus is most promising followed by Calamus nagbettai . Wild animal damage is more in Calamus vattayila and Calamus thwaitesii , than in Calamus nagbettai . Calamus nagbettai has long spines, which are present all over the stem and hence they prevent animal damage. In conclusion it can be said that canes can be grown successfully as under plantings in Acacia plantations in those areas where they were originally present. Planting of two to three year old cane seedlings with well -developed rhizomes coupled with good protection from wild animals is vital for raising successful cane plantations. Acacia plantations raised as monoculture are not well accepted by the environmentalists, therefore these could be converted into well-diversified plantations resembling natural forests of the region to a large extent through under planting of canes and other suitable evergreen and semi-evergreen species.

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Acacia auriculiformis and Casuarina equisetifolia were doing well in grassy blanks. Acacia auriculiformis is the most suited species for afforestation of grassy blanks in the humid tropics of the Western Ghats . At Mense forty different species of evergreen, deciduous and exotics were tried in the year 1979 for assessing their suitability to the grasslands. Only Acacia auriculiformis and Casuarina equisetifolia were found to be successful. At Neeluvagilu an experiment of six different species namely, Acacia auriculiformis, Syzygium cumini, Grevillea robusta, Casuarina equisetifolia, Anacardium occidentale and Bambusa vulgaris at different spacing of 2m x 2m, 2.5m x 2.5m, 3m x 3m and 4m x 4m in different blocks were taken up in the year 1982. Acacia auriculiformis , Casuarina equisetifolia and Bambusa vulgaris are doing well with an average height of 5.8m, 5.0m, 3.5m and girth of 15.5cm, 18.8cm, and 14.1cm respectively. At Nagatirtha an experiment with Acacia auriculiformis and Casuarina equisetifolia with three different soil preparations was laid out. The three different soil preparations were advance pitting, advance trenching and monsoon pitting. The best average height and average girth were obtained in the monsoon-pitting block. Acacia auriculiformis did better than Casuarina equisetifolia. At Heggarakudiga 10 different exotics and some evergreen species were planted in the year 1982. The species were: Syzygium cumini, Acacia auriculiformis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Anthocephalus cadamba, Gmelina arborea, Swietenia mahagoni, Dalbergia latifolia, Grevillea robusta and Bambusa vulgaris. The growth of Acacia auriculiformis and Casuarina equisetifolia is outstanding.

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ANNEXURE 4: GREEN BRTS PROGRAMME

IMPLEMENTATION OF BUS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM (BRTS) IN HUBLI – DHARWAD ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT, DULT 5.2 COMPENSATORY PLANTATION 1750 trees were estimated to be cut during early stage of the project. Now after changes in scope of work and joint verification an additional 1680 trees are required to be felled for the mixed traffic lane (MTL). As mentioned in Table -5.2 and 5.3, the total 9510 trees are to be planted as part of compensatory plantation in addition to the planned 18000. The phase wise action plan for planting is at Annexure 4. (Note : List of Plant Species : Mahagani , Badam, Aala, Basavanpad, Arali , Halasu , AkashMallige, Hulgal , Sankeshwar, Nelli, Tapsi, Hunase, Bevu, Nerale, Sampige, Ashoka, Cherry; Spatodia)

6.4 GREEN BRTS COMMITTEE A Green BRTS Committee has been constituted under the Chairmanship of Managing Director, M/s. Hubli – Dharwad BRTS Company Ltd. The committee reviews various activities planned for implementation as per the plantation action plan. The committee shall meet once in two months and the proceedings of the meeting of the committee shall be submitted to Commissioner, DULT, Deputy Commissioner, Dharwad and Managing Director, KRDCL for information. The arrangement of Green – BRTS committee is as follows,

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C) HUBLI DHARWAD BRTS COMPANY LTD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; OFFICIAL WEBSITE http://www.hdbrts.co.in/project-status.php Table 7 Plantation status under green BRTS Phase 4 (2016-17) Navalur betta Dharwad to get 8000 trees planted. Survival rate to be checked in monsoon 2017. 4000 more trees to be planted

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REFERENCE LINKS

1. Sangamesh Menasinakai, Second stage of tree-cutting for BRTS

8. KARNATAKA STATE ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE

2. Subhash Chandra N S, Trees can raise groundwater table Jan 1, DHNS

9. Forests

enrages greens, March 22 2016 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ city/hubballi/Second-stage-of-tree-cutting-for-BRTS-enrages-greens/ articleshow/51517337.cms

http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlandnews/wetlands_web_news/ Jan1_2011_DH.pdf

3. Ephrat Livni, The Japanese practice of ‘forest bathing’ is scientifically proven to improve your health‘ https://qz.com/804022/health-benefitsjapanese-forest-bathing/

4. LIVELIHOODS http://www.livelihoods.eu/ 5. Dr. L.T.Nayak, Sulakshana Priyadarshani, CHANGE IN MORPHOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT OF HUBLI- DHARWAD TWIN CITIES IN THE WAKE OF URBANIZATION – USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES http://www.journalijar.com/uploads/287_IJAR-3601.pdf

6. National Green Tribunal http://www.greentribunal.gov.in/info_booklet. aspx

7. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Government of India http://envfor.nic.in/rules-regulations/national-green-tribunal-ngt

CHANGE 1ST ASSESSMENT DECEMBER 2013 http:// www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/sapcc/Karnataka. pdf and water quantity docrep/011/i0410e/i0410e03.pdf

http://www.fao.org/

10. What plants help to increase the ground water level? http://www.indiastudychannel.com/experts/36410Which-plants-help-to-increase-the-ground-water-level. aspx

11. Green BRTS Program Meeting update https://

www.facebook.com/groups/HDPSAC/ permalink/612499095621716/

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