Assessing Urban Vulnerability by Sensing Local

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Urban Vulnerability

Report by Sensing Local for Selco Foundation

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This two part report is an outcome of five months of work by Sensing Local commissioned by SELCO Foundation, Bengaluru on the theme of Urban Vulnerability. July 26, 2017

ÂŠ Sensing Local, Bengaluru, India sensinglocal@gmail.com www.sensinglocal.in

Report on Urban Vulnerability

TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 lays the premise of the work, the proposition of the framework and explains its workings.

PART 2 explains the process that was undertaken to arrive at the framework and the data sets that would go into it.

PART 1

PART 2

PRELUDE -4 Defining Safety Nets as per Sustain+ -4

PROCESS -42 Framework Research -44 7 Global Frameworks Approach & Methodology -Sustain+ -Global Risk Report (2017) -100 Resilient Cities - 100RC -Mahila Housing Sewa Trust – MHT -ACCCRN - Asian Cities Climate Change Network -C 40 -CARIAA-ASSAR Summary -How the frameworks compare -Correlation between Frameworks Deriving Common sector clusters Developing the vocabulary to understand Vulnerability Collection, Structuring, Archival of data sets -72 Micro level data (Community and Household) Macro Data - State Level Macro Data - CITY Level Consolidating Multi - scalar and Multi-sectoral data sets with sources of information Organisations working with the urban poor across the country -84 Cross validation of community level information with structure in case study frameworks -88 Archival Structure for Data Sets -90 Vulnerability Assessment Framework -92 Questionnaire Forms -95 Household Level Data Form Community Level Data Form

PROJECT BRIEF -6 Context -6 Perspectives and Challenges from working on ground Objectives -6 A // VULNERABILITY -7 Context of Poverty in India -7 Understanding vulnerability -8 Vocabulary to understand & assess vulnerability -12 Vulnerability Analysis -13 B // VULNERABILITY FRAMEWORK -14 Proposition -14 Framework Design -15 Applications of the Framework Back-end Wireframe for data entry and archival Types of data Usability & Relevance of data Indicator Selection Sample of Data Front end platform as a visualization and assessment tool 1A// Migration Trends- Where do people go? -Push Factors -lllustrating Migration Analysis through State Wise Maps -Pull Factors 1B// ‘Manifestation’ of slums - Where do people reach? -Job Creation -Vulnerable Geographies -Site Specific Conditions 2// Assessing Vulnerability -Risk Assessment -Trajectory -Vulnerability Assessment and Safety Nets Scaling and Replicating -40 Where this framework could go

REFERENCES -100 LIST OF TABLES -101 LIST OF FIGURES -102 LIST OF IMAGES -103

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prelude

DEFINING SAFETY NETS AS PER SUSTAIN+ In the Sustain+ proposal of May 2015, Safety Nets are defined as customized social programmes/ instruments, designed at the local and state level, through bottom up approaches, to be introduced in communities threatened by a disaster/hazard to prevent poor community to fall into abject poverty, due to occurance of such an event. Safety Nets can therefore be seen as instruments which have the following characteristics: • They are put in place to protect poor communities from falling into abject poverty.

Addressing poverty remains a pressing issue in India with 172 million people living under $1.90 (~INR 125) a day (World Bank, 2015). However, it is the increasing external/internal threats that can push poor communities into abject poverty, that pose an ever more urgent challenge. This is critical, as in the state of abject poverty, the likelihood of individuals or communities to rise out of poverty becomes negligible. In this context, ‘safety nets’, serve an important role of offering support mechanisms to poor communities at the right time to prevent such an occurrence. Sustain+, a framework conceived by SELCO Foundation and the Good Energies Foundation mentions the following as 2 key aspects for development of safety nets: • Understanding the factors that push communities into abject poverty (RISK) • Identification of points at which communities start becoming vulnerable (TRAJECTORY of communities and THRESHOLD at which communities fall into abject poverty) Simultaneously, two other factors that play a role from the perspective of an organization working on ground, with poor communities include: • Time of discovery of community by a given organization, which determines their nature and level of engagement henceforth • Capacity of the organization itself to intervene and engage with the community

• They are temporal in nature as they respond to a specific event- as an interjection in the downward trajectory of the community. However, their nature, use and strategic time of deployment needs to be determined by the type and intensity of stress or shock in question; being applied on a given community with a determined coping and adaptive capacity. • They depend on the perceived trajectory of the community in question, perceived threats at play and perceived vulnerability of the community. Therefore representation of the reality through data and analysis is key to shaping/influencing development of impactful safety nets. • Safety nets are conceived as programmes with a potential to influence policy level/ macro level interventions. Therefore, the replicability and scalability of the analysis of a ground situation of a given safety net itself is a critical aspect.

Thus, as evident, in order to shape effective safety nets that protect poor communities from falling into abject poverty, it is critical to arrive at a clearer understanding and assessment of vulnerability among them.

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Low income level

SHOCK

STRESS

Level of poverty

SAFETY NETs Below Poverty Line

Abject Poverty Fig. 1: Relationship between Safety Nets, Trajectory of Communities and Vulnerability of Communities across income/poverty levels and time

TRAJECTORY OF THE COMMUNITY THROUGH TIME

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project brief

CONTEXT Perspectives and Challenges from working on ground There is a multitude of NGOs working with poor communities on ground to help them get out of poverty. Yet, despite that often times the cumulative actions have not had the expected impact. Several times, this is because of setbacks faced when communities move away due to undocumented external reasons; as a result, erasing deep rooted connections made between communities and organizations on ground. While in other cases, communities are hit by unforeseen threats retarding any on-going progress in support initiatives. It is also observed that in other cases, initiatives taken are not adequate to affect the scale of impact required to bring poor communities out of poverty.

OBJECTIVES The objectives for the project were as follows: • Develop concept for archiving urban vulnerability in India • Archive typologies, issues, policies, organization (build potential partnerships), solutions, of and for urban poor communities • Coordinate efforts on developing a framework for an online portal for urban vulnerability

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vulnerability

a CONTEXT OF POVERTY IN INDIA According to Global Wealth Report 2016 compiled by Credit Suisse Research Institute, India is the second most unequal country in the world with the top one per cent of the population owning 58.4% of the total wealth of the country. Even though the income poverty ($1.90 per day income on purchasing power parity basis, defined by the World Bank, 2005) of the population has reduced from 29.8 % in 2009 to 12.4 % in 2015, the number of people in India under this poverty line is a staggering 170 million people. Additionally, this income poverty does not capture the deprivations of health, education and living standards that combine with poor incomes to create conditions of abject poverty. The Multidimensional Poverty Index, launched by the UNDP and the Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI) in 2010, however, is a measure of “acute” poverty because it reflects overlapping deprivation in basic needs. In 2016, nearly 54% of the Indian population was multidimensionally poor- only second to Afghanistan that is at 66%. There are more ‘Multidimensional poor people (421 mn) in the eight poorest Indian states (Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal) than in 26 poorest African countries combined (410 mn). The difference in this statistic is demonstrative of inherent complexity in understanding poverty and factors that create it.

‘Indeed, their everyday conditions are unacceptable even in the absence of climate stress. Climate stresses push these populations over an alltoo-low threshold into an insecurity and poverty that violates their basic human rights (ICHRP 2008:6; Moser and Norton 2001)”. “The poor are least able to buffer themselves against and rebound from stress. They often live in unsafe floodand drought-prone urban or rural environments, lack insurance to help them recover from losses, and have little influence to demand that their governments provide protective infrastructure, temporary relief, or reconstruction support (ICHRP 2008:8).” Efforts on field and research point to some of these as key factors in understanding why people are often pushed to abject poverty: • Poor communities face historic structural disadvantages that keep them from rising out of poverty • Disconnect of policy objectives and impact from needs on ground (not pro poor) • Seen/unforeseen external factors (Threats/Risks) that push communities to abject poverty • Lack of coordination/consolidation between locally organized efforts to tackle poverty. Localized efforts by organizations that support low income communities on ground remain largely insufficient and perhaps also ineffective to buffer risks adequately. This is because these organisations are often unable to read into structural disadvantages among communities. These disadvantages are either embedded in policies or in the root causes of poverty and marginalization, which often tend to be cyclic

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affecting the same people in both urban and rural settings. Further, this limited support too becomes impossible to reach, when communities are pushed into abject poverty, because they become invisible, in-actionable. Therefore in the absence of dependable, robust, societal mechanisms that support the most vulnerable demographic in a city, and rising social, economic or even climate threats, safety nets are needed that can prevent poor individuals/communities from falling into abject poverty in the first place.

‘.. social funds, community-driven development and social safety nets are excellent means for responding to immediate stresses and needs of poor populations; examining causality through historical studies often reveals that the poverty these programs respond to is due to larger-scale uneven development investment decisions and governance policies that limit the choices available to those affected by environmental disasters (Heltberg, Jorgensen and Siegel; Raleigh and Jordan, 2010).’

UNDERSTANDING VULNERABILITY Vulnerability is defined as the potential for loss (human, physical, economic, natural, or social) due to a hazardous event. It is the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard (UNISDR 2009: 30). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change calls vulnerability a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity. (IPCC Assessment Report (Houghton et al., 2001; McCarthy et al., 2001)). ‘Vulnerability, according to this school, includes an external dimension, which is represented here by the ‘exposure’ of a system to climate variations, as well as an internal dimension, which comprises its ‘sensitivity’ and its ‘adaptive capacity’ to these stressors. When hit by unforeseen external calamities, poor populations with low internal capacity to

THREAT - Climate change HAZARD - Heavy rains Health fragility Material fragility

Sensitivity (Susceptibility to fail)

RISK - Flooding

EXPOSURE - Altitude of area, the height houses are raised from the surroundings - Assets and demographic/state of health of people in proximity of impact

ADAPTIVE CAPACITY - Access to resources - Ease of restoration/repair - Social connections - Accessible welfare instruments

Fig. 2: Relationship between different terms used in the project. The figure illustrates threat of Climate change manifesting itself in low lying areas as a risk of flooding to poor communities that often tend to live in such area.

Report on Urban Vulnerability

deal with calamities have a very high likelihood of slipping into abject poverty very quickly. It is this state of invisibility and severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information, that it is very difficult to get out from. As articulated by Ribot, ‘the inability to sustain stresses does not come from the sky. It is produced by on-the-ground social inequality, unequal access to resources, poverty, poor infrastructure, lack of representation, and inadequate systems of social security, early warning, and planning. These factors translate climate vagaries into suffering and loss.’(Ribot, 2009)

along with making them susceptible to water/ vector borne diseases (EXPOSURE). This part of the community is composed of daily wage construction labourers who have little or no economic/social buffers (SENSITIVITY). They save money to stock on basic emergency supplies (COPING CAPACITY) and doctors from the Baptist Hospital nearby also frequently visit for medical camps to improve the overall immunity of the community (ADAPTIVE CAPACITY). (As discussed in a focus group interview on May 8, 2017 with ladies in Roshan Nagar). As a result, due to their adaptive capacity being relatively high, despite risks they face, their overall vulnerability is significantly lowered.

Risk in a city deposits itself across different sections of communities or different geographies. In many cases, risks do not apply linearly or in isolation. Risk for flooding will often be coupled with other risks to health (water borne diseases) and economic capacity (loss of property and access to livelihood).

‘Vulnerability can be understood as - ‘the susceptibility of a system to disturbances and loss, determined by exposure to perturbations, sensitivity to perturbations, and the capacity to adapt (Smit and Wandel 2006). The nature of perturbations (slow onset or sudden and episodic) and the location of the system in the risk cycle are crucial in shaping vulnerability.’ (Agrawal, 2008).

Taking the case of Roshan Nagar slum in Bengaluru. Climate Change (THREAT) induced heavy rains (HAZARD) leads to the flooding of the access road (RISK) that connects them to the city. The stagnant moat can take two-three days to subside leaving them stranded and preventing them to go to work, school or markets, etc.

Vulnerability = (Exposure x Sensitivity) - Adaptive Capacity

SHORT TERM

nity

Time of discovery of the community

Long TERM

Poverty level

Recovery determined by adaptive capacity of a community

u comm

Connection to native place

Dependant on sensitivity and exposure to threat

Low Income Bracket <645 Rs/day/pp As per World bank

Continuous Stress

ry of a

Income level

Shock Shock

to Trajec

Entitlement: Asset, environmental, social entitlement

CAPACITY

tHREATS / rISKS

Threats/risks layers upon each other

Below Poverty Line <123 Rs/day/pp

Connection to native place is the last straw Find ex. on pg. 11 Abject Poverty

Fig. 3: Relationship between different terms used in the project expressed in context of the trajectory of the community across time. The diagram illustrates how we must understand vulnerability in time and how the factors of influence intersect

/health

income / quality of life

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the condition of a community is continually improving with time, ideally

average income community A

external stress

external shocks

this persists and accumulates with time and prevents the quality of life from improving in a community. It also makes the effect of the shock worse.

one time or repeating event that can affect communities significantly

communities build capacity to get less affected by shocks and recover from them faster

low income community B

poverty line community C

abject poverty

bigger external shocks

time

the rate of improvement is lower in poorer communities

sensitivity Poorer qualities get affected by external shocks far worse and they take much longer to recover

resilience frequent high intensity shocks pull communities into abject poverty from which self initiated recovery is unlikely

Fig. 4: Trajectories of communities across time in the face of external shocks and stresses

Report on Urban Vulnerability

these layers are also critical for communities to rise up on the social and economic ladder

external stress

average income

represented like a padded mattress, these layers act together to help cushion the effect of the shocks and protect communities in addition to income, indicators such as access to land, tenureship, drinking water, sanitation, healthcare and education help measure the capacity of a community to cope with an external shock

low income

poverty line

connection to native

the foundation that makes the basis for communities to come to the city health / income

quality of life /

abject poverty

in case of an extreme threat to their existence, the community could move back to their native village, as was seen in 2016 when the urban poor were faced with demonetization

Fig. 5: Income /resources that cushion communities from external stresses and shocks

connection to native

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VOCABULARY TO UNDERSTAND & ASSESS VULNERABILITY

Hazard process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. (UNISDR, 2009) Hazard is the manifestation of threats.

Threat an impending danger that has the potential to cause serious harm. For example, Climate Change is a threat

Exposure the presence of people, livelihoods, environmental services and resources, infrastructure, economic, social, or cultural assets in places that could be adversely affected. (IPCC, 2012)

Risk the possibility of harmful consequences or expected losses resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions. Risk is ‘‘the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences’’ (UNISDR, 2009) Shock a sudden upsetting or surprising event or experience. 100 Resilient Cities identifies acute shocks as typically single event disasters, such as fires, earthquakes, terrorist attacks and floods. Stress the sum of factors that pressure a city on a daily or recurring basis, such as chronic food and water shortages, an overtaxed transportation system, endemic violence or high unemployment. (100 Resilient Cities)

Threat = Hazard x Exposure Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability Vulnerability = (Exposure x Sensitivity) - Adaptive Capacity

Sensitivity the degree to which a system is affected, either adversely or beneficially, by climate variability or climate change. (IPCC, 2007) Coping capacity the ability of people, organizations, and systems, using available skills, resources, and opportunities, to address, manage, and overcome adverse conditions. (IPCC, 2012) Better coping capacity reduces the sensitivity to calamities. Adaptive capacity the combination of the strengths, attributes, and resources available to an individual, community, society, or organization that can be used to prepare for and undertake actions to reduce adverse impacts, moderate harm, or exploit beneficial opportunities. (IPCC, 2012) Better adaptive capacity reduces the exposure to calamities. If the exposure of a community to a hazard is [HIGH], its sensitivity to get impacted is [HIGH], but if the people also have [HIGH] Adaptive capacity, this would mean a relatively [LOWER] vulnerability for the people. However, for a community with high exposure and [MODERATE] sensitivity to impact of risk, [LOW] adaptive capacity, the community will have [HIGH] vulnerability.

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VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS Vulnerability analysis is the assessment of the expected impacts, risks and the adaptive capacity of a region or sector to the effects of hazards. (Adapted from the European Climate Adaptation Platform website) In his paper, Vulnerability does not just fall from the sky, Ribot (2009) writes that ‘the objective of vulnerability analysis is to identify the active processes of vulnerability production and then to identify which are feasibly amenable to redress.’ In the analysis process, the relationships between the macro level threats and their manifestations for the community are established along with classifying the multiple dimensions of risks and the capacity to overcome them.

Correlation between threats and risks that get manifested on ground Identification of unforeseen threats

Classification of Risk Classification of factors that determine capacity

Capacity

RISK INTENSITY

Discovering causality of risks faced by communities

Fig. 6: What is required to analyze and assess vulnerability

The process makes visible the latent connections between the symptoms of vulnerability and their causalities. As suggested by Pelling (2010), rather than focusing on proximate causes, it is identifying the root causes that is critical for understanding the structural vulnerabilities of the community. This is not to suggest that vulnerability reduction measures emerge from simply understanding root causes. Some causes may be (or appear) unchanging; others may no longer be active or critical. But the awareness will still help get closer to making interjections that can help counter conditions or symptoms of vulnerability without making interventions that help permanently overcome the root problems. It will eventually help arrive at the most equitable and effective means of vulnerability reduction.

‘Understanding the causality and structure of vulnerability helps to focus on the larger social, politicaleconomic and structural variables that shape capacity and underpin livelihoods security (Ribot, 2014).’ ‘Analysis of vulnerabilities can help answer where and how society can best invest in vulnerability reduction. Analysis may not motivate all decision makers to make those investments, but can give development professionals, activists, and affected populations fodder to promote or demand the rights and protections that can make everyone better off.’ (Ribot, 2009)

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vulnerability framework

Proposition

The framework can have the potential to:

To aid the NGOs who have been collectively working on ground with urban poor communities to prevent them from slipping into abject poverty, it is critical to understand the context of these communities across time and place. The vulnerability framework assists organisations & communities to understand risks and threats across multiple scales (macro and micro) and through multiple dimensions/sectors (environment, economy, society, governance, etc.)

• help streamline and collate ground level data from the sources of different organisations that would help find a common vocabulary, co-dependencies and a shared learning of urban poor communities • enable organisations to foresee causal threats and risks for urban poor communities on ground and help assess their vulnerability

THREATS

State

THREATS

City

Risk, threats need to be identified at different scales

(State scale)

(City scale)

RISKS

(city scale)

(Community Scale)

Community

Shock / stress

Risk intensity

RISKS

Poverty

• influence in planning & strategising to develop effective and impactful safety nets.

Sectors to differentiate types of Risks

Fig. 7: Diagram depicting the multi-scalar and multi-sectoral structure of the framework

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FRAMEWORK DESIGN

The framework is imagined as an integrated web based tool with a back-end and front-end interface. Here, the back-end will be a wireframe that guides the process of data entry and archival. The front-end platform offers ways to

organize, visualize and assess data as multiple kinds of outputs that may be maps, graphs, reports etc. It is imagined as a medium to extract relevant and related data sets, perhaps seeing them as layers, that facilitate associative linkages between issues/aspects.

Primary + Secondary Sources Sources Micro Level

Micro & Macro Level

BACK-END WIREFRAME

FRONT-END PLATFORM

Data & Network Data entry portal and Archive

Visualization & Assessment

Data Inputs:

Data Outputs:

• field data • extraction of data sets from expert reports/ research papers • automated google alerts to capture articles and news reports • local data from partner organisations • data from government records such as census

maps tables charts diagrams

1//

reports

2//

Fig. 8: Diagram depicting the design of the framework with a back-end wireframe and front-end tool

Applications of the Framework Outcomes: • Digital archiving of community profiles, to create a pool of resources that can be tapped within an organization and between partners • Identify indicators to assess vulnerability using network theory on the acquired field data without the same amount of field work • It’ll help contextualize vulnerability in the Indian context and reveal the biggest bottlenecks that hinder efforts to tackle poverty effectively • Influencing policy decisions • The archival tool will help new team members with quick learning of an ongoing issue or project

Outputs: • Prediction of ‘Migration’ trends that will be followed by forecasting future ‘manifestation’ of slums to influence preemptive actions • Vulnerability assessment of communities that shall help project their future trajectories of communities. This can be used to help determine the nature of safety nets that need to be deployed for communities

Migration Trends (Macro Data)

manifestation of slums Predicting future (Macro and micro data)

Vulnerability Assessment (for existing slums) (Macro and Micro Data)

Trajectory

Safety Net

1//

2//

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Back-end Wireframe for data entry and archival Given the two predominant outputs from the framework- forecasting the manifestation of slums in cities and developing suitable safety nets for vulnerable communities, there is a need to understand the nature of data sets that are fed into the system.

Types of Data

Data here will consist of primary and secondary sources, in order to cover different scales at which data sets are available or collected that best represent context of the community. (The data will be timestamped to facilitate the process of archival)

Migration Trends Macro Data

At the same time, types of data collected also need to correspond to the two larger goals of the project 1) Understanding migration trends to predict manifestation of slums. 2) Assessment vulnerability to evaluate safety nets needed. To do so, it is critical to understand nature of data needed to be collected to derive a robust understanding of capacity of a community, exposure, sensitivity and threats it faces. This includes some data to augment community profiling itself, while other data sets would be needed at larger city,district, state, national levels.

manifestation of slums Predicting future (Macro and micro data)

Local geographies (Micro Data) Factors that affect conduciveness to creation of slums • Location of job creation sites • Morphological conditions conducive of slums • Proximity to resources

(Predicting) future manifestation of slums

Trends • Loss of jobs, home, opportunities • Job creation areas

STATE

(an

City/ District/ State/ National (Macro Data)

aly

sis )

Migration Trends

+, - Comparisons of geographies and their economies inter state and intra state

Fig. 9: Diagram depicting data entry and outcome relationship with respect to migration & manifestation

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Vulnerability Assessment for existing slums (Macro and Micro Data)

Trajectory

Safety Net

Vulnerability Analysis = Identifying active processes of vulnerability production Community Profile Data (Micro Data) Demographics • Age of community • Number of Households • Nature of settlement • ...... Environment • Geography (proximity to jobs/resources) • Morphology • ..... Economy • Occupation • Income • Access to loans • ......

Capacity Adaptive + Coping

State Data sets of community profile feed into determining State of a community

Urban systems • Energy • Water • Housing • Sewage • Waste management • Storm Water • .....

Vulnerability

SENSITIVITY *

(Exposure x Sensitivity) - Adaptive Capacity

EXPOSURE *

RISK

Threats

Hazard x Vulnerability OR (Threat x Sensitivity)Adaptive Capacity

Hazard x Exposure [EXTERNAL]

Society/Well being • Education • Health • Place of origin • Social contract • ...... Governance • Land allotment • Land ownership • Legal legitimacy • Access to welfare schemes • ....

City/ District/ State/ NationaL (Macro Data)

Hazards While larger macro data sets help understand potential threats that need to considered

* The factors of exposure to a risk or sensitivity to be susceptible to them ranges with regard to type of risk.

Fig. 10: Diagram depicting data entry and outcome relationship with respect to vulnerability assessment

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Usability & relevance of Data

Sometimes, data sets can be collected that represent a situation 1:1 with the reality on ground, such as in case of state and capacity of a community or the city/district/state it is located in. While in other cases, data at a certain scale may form only a part of the whole. For example, some community level data may offer a fair representation of the communities being sampled, while in other cases to get a better understanding of select issues, it is useful to look at data at other scales such as district/ state/national level, where the context of the issue becomes more apparent. It is important to

keep in mind, the best scale at which certain data is relevant, meaningful, and presents an accurate picture of the ground condition. Taking a case of evaluating vulnerability to water issues such as flooding/ scarcity, watershed data at the district / taluk becomes more useful than hyper local observations. While it might be useful to examine climate change symptoms at the state/national level. However, when direct datasets to measure certain aspects such as risks & threats facing a community are not possible to collect or measure, then alternative data sets that can be collected

National

State

District

Taluk Watershed maps at taluk level

City Topography data and flood map at city level Community historic incidences of floods at community level

Sector 2

Sector 3

Sector 4

Sector 5

Sector 6

re at

Sector: Environments

Fig. 11: Diagram depicting the scale at which certain data sets are more relevant and useful

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where they are instead indicators of the said risk. The indicator data sets also need not be singular or linear in function or association. One type of data set that represents ‘state’ of one subject can double up as an indicator for another situation.

For Example: Risk due to marginalization. How do we measure this? Here, indicator data sets may be trends of poverty, literacy levels and livelihoods, drop out rate among children from schools etc.

Census, National level Disaster Management Agency, Meteorological Department

National level (State wise)

At the national level, examples of data, include those collected for learning about macro level symptoms of climate change, trends of migration, and levels of multidimensional poverty. These are indicators of factors that push poor people in villages from the specific states to dangerous levels of poverty and consequently to cities/other states in search of better opportunities

State level disaster management and welfare departments

State level (District/taluk wise)

At the state level, the data is collected to gather the trends of climate change indicators, state level urbanization investments and job creation. These are indicators of factors that affect poor communities within the state and also economic pull factors into the cities.

Census data, District Administration agency

District/City level (Hobli/ taluk wise)

At the city level, the data is collected to understand the trends of new urbanizing areas, centers of major investment and no-man’s lands within the city. These are indicators of the areas where the poor communities have a tendency to settle and where slums may manifest.

Primary survey/profile + observations done by field workers or data sharing with other organizations

Community level

At the community level, the data is intended to inquire about how macro level risks manifest themselves on the ground- incidences of calamities, multidimensional poverty and indicators of the coping capacity of the community.

Primary sample survey by the field worker

Household level

At the Household level, the data attempts to capture the inequalities within the community so as to prevent the generalization that happened due to averaging at the community level

Image 1: Text Excerpt, Source: ‘Everybody Loves a Good Drought (P. Sainath, 1996)’

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Indicator Selection

While risks and threats are descriptors, indicators are measurable in the form of numeric values, percentages, ranges or yes/no type answers. Since they indicate the nature and degree of risk/threat across scales, it is critical that they are chosen carefully. The choice is not just about the type of question asked in the matrix but also about the format in which data is expected to be entered. This is made clear in order to get data in the most usable way across scales. Table 1 gives a description of criteria of indicator selection. For example, at the community level, an indicator of access to urban services is the access to energy in the form of lighting. The information is relevant, reliable and repeatable across other communities. The format of the answer is sensitive to differences and is clearly specified.

In order to get a well rounded sense of this indicator, it is imperative that the information is received in the form of percentages of households against each type of lighting (metered grid electricity, kerosene, solar lamps, etc.)

At the community level, the indicators measure the impending risk as well as the capacity of the community to cope with the risk and to adapt to it. For example, number of cases of waterborne diseases within a community is an indicator of risk; the number of NGOs working with a community is an indicator of capacity.

eld t dy

field

ts are ors at level ed d.sets city cators ata is e level

HEALTH or its 2014)

obe_centre/publications/UHI_Handbook.pdf

Table 1: Criteria and Examples of Indicator Selection Source: THE URBAN HEALTH INDEX: A Handbook for its Calculation and Use (2014)

indicators 20

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Community Sample of Datalevel data combined with macro data SNO.

STATE

DEMOGRAPHICS

ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMY

Percentage of Urban Population to total population (2012)

Population growth

Cyclones Prone (2011)

River Floods Prone (2011)

Drought Prone (2011)

Earthquake

Growth Rate of GDP

Fiscal imbalance growth rate

STATE

THREAT

STATE

RISK

INFRASTRUCTURE

Level of unemployment/ Measure of Wage Disparity underemployment (per 1000) INDICATOR OF RISK

INDICATOR OF RISK

city level data (secondary)

SOCIETY

% of households practicing Open Defecation (20132014)

Other indicators (energy access, water supply, etc)

Maximum interstate in migration (2012)

INDICATOR OF RISK

STATE

Health indicators?

GOVERNANCE

% of children aged 12- 23 % of girls aged % of % of Stunted months who Underweight 15- 18 years Literacy Rate/ Child Mortality Children under have not Children under with a BMI less State of Poverty (2012) the age of 5 (2012) beencompletel the age of 5 thaan 18.5 Literacy (2011) (2013-2014) y immunized (2013-2014) (2013-2014) (2013-2014)

INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF RISK RISK RISK RISK RISK RISK CAPACITY CAPACITY

CITY

DEMOGRAPHICS

ENVIRONMENT

Policies?

Tier

Population 2011 (Census)

Population Growth rate

Area Sq. Km 2011 (Census)

Density/km2

No of Slums

Slum population/Total Population

STATE

ECONOMY

community level data gathered from Selco

INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIETY

Geography and Morphology

Rainfall variation

Temperature Fluctuation

Change of Groundwater levels

Calamitiesintensity and frequency

Base economy and types of industries

Income disparity?

Energy Access

Access to Water Supply

Access to Housing

Access to Solid Waste Management

Access to Sewage

Access to Storm Water drainage

access to public transport

STATE

INDICATOR OF RISK

STATE

INDICATOR OF RISK

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

literacy rate (2011)

Poverty Levels

GOVERNANCE

COMMUNITY

DEMOGRAPHICS

Indicators for limited recognition as city residents

INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF CAPACITY CAPACITY RISK

ENVIRONMENT

Location

Reason for moving to this specific site

Landmark

Selco Point of Contact

Year of start of Selco's association

Selco History of Engagement

STATE

Age of Settlement

Age of the Community

No. of HH

STATE

ECONOMY

Morphological Setting

Rate of flooding

levels of Groundwater Depletion

STATE

INDICATOR OF RISK

close to CBD, close to main road

Low lying area, near drains and sewer, near lake,

Geographic Setting

Name & Nature of Occupation

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

17% Drought prone

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

17%

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Drought prone

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

21 %

64 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

8,443,675

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

IT hub, informal sectors,

Mixed

87.7 %

IT hub, informal sectors,

Mixed

87.7 %

IT hub, informal sectors,

Mixed

87.7 %

Pai Layout

Zone 1 - Zone 3

12°59'25.9"N 77° 40'06.8"E

Old Madras Road, Bangalore

12°57'40.6"N 77° 43'22.6"E

Kundanhalli gate

13°01'04.2"N 77° 37'39.1"E

Henurdepo, kacharkanhalli,

12°56'09.3"N 77° 41'15.7"E

New Horizon,

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Kariammana Agrahara

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Belahalli CrossDholakwala Community

13°05'55.7"N 77° 38'22.2"E

17%

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Ramamurthy Nagar

13°01'01.1"N 77° 39'48.5"E

17%

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Vasanth Nagar

12°59'31.0"N 77° 35'44.7"E

Yuva/ Madhu

2012

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Opposite to Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Yuva/ Madhu/ Meghna

IEC Functioning

Daily wage Construction labourer

Railway and industries

IEC Functioning

300

IEC Functioning

300

Yuva/ Madhu/ Meghna

2014

IEC Functioning

500

Yuva/ Madhu/ Meghna

2012

2011

IEC Functioning

Yuva/ Madhu

2011

Yuva/ Madhu/ Chandrima

2015

IEC Functioning

200

Yuva/ Madhu/ Meghna/ Chandrima

2014

IEC Functioning

13°02'40.3"N 77° 35'48.3"E

South of drain

Yuva/ Madhu/ Chandrima

17%

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Hebbal 2

13.045908, 77.595955

North of Drain

Yuva/ Madhu/Chandrima

2015

IEC Functioning

200

17%

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Kodihalli 1

12.957911, 77.647231 &

East side

Yuva/ Madhu

2017

IEC Functioning

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

IT hub, informal sectors,

Mixed

17%

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

17%

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

8,443,675

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

87.7 %

IT hub, informal sectors,

Mixed

87.7 %

IT hub, informal sectors,

Mixed

87.7 %

IT hub, informal sectors,

Mixed

87.7 %

Hebbal 1

APSA

12.966841, 77.673183

NIP Pottery Road

13.00207, 77.61297

UP Community, Avalahalli, JP Nagar Nomadic Mesthri Palya- Rachenahalli

2015

HAL post office

Yuva/ Madhu

Cantonment railway station

Yuva/ Madhu/ Singh Sir

12°52'28.8"N 77° 34'10.8"E

Yuva/ Madhu/ Chandrima

2012

2016

IEC Functioning

household worker

no one, one male or female, male & female

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Yuva/ Madhu

2017

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Roshan Nagar

13.01309, 77.6049

Ahead of Tannery Road, off Modi Road

Singh Sir/ Chandrima

2014 (housing)

Water Purifier

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Nagavarapalya Kowdi community

OVERLAPPING

old madras road, near Gopalan mall

Hamsa Akka

2013

Financial Support for Craft type // Need Assessment Livelihood model

87.7 %

Hoodi 1

87.7 %

Old Baiyappannahalli

87.7 %

New Baiyappannahalli

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

17%

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

17%

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

17%

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Bengaluru

8,443,675

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Belgaum

Tier 2

488,292

17%

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Belgaum

Tier 2

488,292

17%

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Belgaum

Tier 2

488,292

17%

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Belgaum

Tier 2

488,292

17%

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Belgaum

Tier 2

488,292

17%

33 %

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

Udupi

165,401

709

23.15

11910

597

0.16

5195

0.02

5195

0.02

5195

0.02

5195

0.02

5195

0.02

Mixed

68.23

2425

0.04

Coastal

Mixed

Agriculture and fishing industries Small-scale industries

73.9 %

Sagar nagar slum Sudhgarsidh Community Kanbargi - Belgaum

73.9 %

Sagar nagar slum Muslim Community - Kanbargi Belgaum

73.9 %

Sagar nagar slum Marathi

13°03'33.1"N 77° 37'10.8"E

12.99634, 77.71988

right next to the railway track

Male & female

below 8300, 8300- 16600, above 16,600

Access to loans

Access to skill development programmes

Access to EnergyLighting

Behavior Change wrt Access to energy

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

5,000

Metered Grid Electricity, Non Metered Grid Electricity (Stolen); Kerosene lamps and candles, solar lights

No Access, Access to loan, Access to loan + credit history

15°53'53.6" 74° 34'00.7"

Sagar nagar slum Beheroopia

73.9 %

Sagar nagar slum Kunchkovra

15°53'53.6" 74° 34'00.7"

83 %

Saralebettu,Udupi

13.36213, 74.78941 [1]

15°53'53.6" 74° 34'00.7"

Behind KMC hospital

Daily wage labourer Daily wage labourer

Daily wage Construction labourer

household worker

Access to EnergyCooking

Access to EnergyCharging

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

Kerosene, fire wood, LPG

Phone charging at IEC, Phone charging at workplace

SOCIETY

Access to Water Supply

Typology of housing

Access to SWM

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

20% Selco Solar Lights, Others Polynet Solar Lights and Kerosene

Access to loans

At home, Community tap (tanker, borewell), no Pucca, AC Sheets/Metal supply (within the Sheet, Blue Sheet community)

Behavior wrt Sanitation

Access to Public Transport

Reason for Community Type

Where they come from

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

STATE

Toilets at home, Community Toilets, Open Defecation

use the service, some don't use the service, many don't use the service

Permanent, Seasonal, Temporary Nomadic

Why Permanent, Seasonal, Temporary Nomadic

open defecation

Permanent

Access to Sanitation

Type of Community

Reason for The linkage of Migration from community to native the site

STATE

Access to Education

Behavior Change wrt Education

GOVERNANCE

Poverty levels?

Social Contract

Other NGOs that are associated

Poor Health symptom

Access to health

STATE

INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF CAPACITY CAPACITY CAPACITY CAPACITY CAPACITY CAPACITY CAPACITY

Weak Linkage, Strong linkage

None, Informal Community Association, Formal Community Association

Community Tap (Borewell)

Fire wood

Blue sheet

Open defecation

Bellary, Gulbarga, Raichur

open defecation

None

No diseases, Prevelant Cold and fever, Liver and Heart issues, skin diseases, Breathing problems, digestive, malnutrition

Formal entitlement to land

Who their land belongs to

STATE

Whether they have legal legitimacy

NGO

GMRVF Tent School APSA

Headaches, body pains, Fever

Doctor visits once every month

No tenure

Private

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Uttar Pradesh

Open defecation

open defecation

Nomadic

Mantralaya

Open defecation

open defecation

Temporary

Dharward, Raichur, Gulbarga

Male & female

8750

Access to loans

Male & female

14300

No access

Main road - 2km

Higher ground Nala

Male & female

12000

No access

Main road - 2km

Higher ground Nala

Daily wage

Daily wage waste picker

Male & female

12000

No access

15% Selco Solar Lights, Others Polynet Solar Lights and Lamps/Candles

Main road - 2km

Golf course ground

Daily wage Construction labourer

Male & female

6000

No access

Solar lights Pollinates, Chargeable lamps(at work place)

Main road -

Settlement

Main road

Street vendors on the footpath

Small business owner

Lower ground

Small business owner Sell honey

Main road - 4-5km

Settlement

Daily wage BBMP workers

Main road - 2km

Settlement Residences

Daily wage workers

Small business owners

Main road

Lower ground Nala Floods in the monsoon

Daily wage Construction labourer

Women- Kowdi Craft work

Male & female

Settlement

Daily wage Construction labourer

Daily wage BBMPworkers

Male & female

8,000

2014

HUM

2012

IEC functioning

HUM

Small business Mats, vessels, toys, charts, brooms Small business Mats, vessels, toys, charts, brooms Small business Mats, vessels, toys, charts, brooms

HUM

Daily wage Performers

HUM

375

Solar lights, kerosene lamps

Access to loans

Access to loan + credit history

Fire wood

8000

Male & female

25,800

Male & female

7500

Access to loan + credit history

Metered connection

LPG

750

Access to loan + credit history

Solar lights Pollinates, Chargeable lamps(at work place), Candles

Fire wood

Male & female

Small business Mats, vessels, toys, charts, brooms

Male & female

Small business Mats, vessels, toys, charts, brooms

Male & female

Daily wage Performers

Male & female

Small business Brooms

Male & female

6500

Daily wage Construction labourer

household help

Community Tap (Tanker)

Metered Grid Electricity

Blue sheet + Metal sheet

Community Tap (Tanker)

Blue sheet + Metal sheet

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Blue sheet + Metal sheet

No Supply (Borrowed from nearby apartments) Community Tap (Tanker)

Fire wood

Community Tap (Tanker)

Open defecation

Blue sheet

AC Sheet

Blue sheet + metal sheet

Pucca houses

LPG

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

8000

Solar lights - Selco

Kerosene. Firewood

Solar lights - Selco

Kerosene. Firewood

8000

Solar lights - Selco

Kerosene. Firewood

5000

Solar lights - Selco

Kerosene. Firewood

Solar lights - Selco

Kerosene. Firewood

Kerosene lamps

fire wood

Projector

Community Tap (Borewell)

Phone charging, Laptop, internet

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Community Tap (Borewell)

Open defecation

Community toilets

Blue sheet

Pucca houses - AC sheets

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

8000

Open defecation

Blue sheet

Community tap

LPG

10000

Open defecation

Pucca houses

Community Tap (Tanker)

Community Tap (Tanker) Community Tap (Borewell)

No access

Small business Mats, vessels, toys, charts, brooms

Small business Brooms

Blue sheet

Solar lights, selco solar and pollinates

open defecation

Blue sheet

Solar lights

No access

open defecation

Open defecation

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Fire wood

Male & female

Open defecation

Blue sheet

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

phone charging at IEC + Projector

Male or female

Blue sheet

No supply Access near by apartments

Projector

phone charging at IEC + Projector

Small business owner Sell chains, rings etc

Community Tap (Tanker)

phone charging at IEC

Fire wood

Small business owner

2017

2014

Roshan

13% Selco Solar Lights, Others Polynet & Sun King Pro Solar Lights and Kerosene 36% Selco Solar Lights, Others Polynet Solar Lights and Kerosene, Lamps/Candles 45% Selco Solar Lights, Others Polynet Solar Lights and Lamps/Candles

Access to loan + credit history

Meghna

Ration card

Private

Gulbarga and Raichur

Nomadic

Access to loan + credit history

Meghna

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Private

No tenure

Permanent

open defecation

2017

Meghna

Temple

No tenure

Primary health clinic Baptist hospital

open defecation

Open defecation

2017

Meghna

No tenure

Doctor visits twice every month

Fever, Cold, Cough

Open defecation

Blue sheet

Yuva

Meghna

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Doctor visits twice every month

Fever, Cold, Cough

Blue sheet

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

household worker, coolie

Main road - 5km

Private

Fever, Cold, Cough

GMRVF Tent School APSA

Informal

Community Tap (Borewell)

Fire wood

Main road - 4-5km

No tenure

Parinaam Foundation U&I

Formal

open defecation

Fire wood

100% Selco Solar Lights

BBMP contract labourers

Daily wage labourer

GMRVF Tent School APSA

Informal

open defecation

Fire wood

24% Selco Solar Lights, Others Polynet & Sun King Pro Solar Lights and Kerosene

No access

Daily wage Construction labourer

Daily wage BBMP workers

Formal

open defecation

Open defecation Open defecation

17% Selco Solar Lights, Few others Polynet Solar Light, Kerosene 23% Selco Solar Lights, Others Polynet Solar Lights and Kerosene

Access to loans

4167

Daily wage Construction labourer

Daily wage waste picker

open defecation

Open defecation

Access to loans

15500

Settlement Residences

Daily wage

Open defecation

Andhra

11000

10000

Male & female

Higher ground and the drain is lower to the community SettlementApartment Railway Green cover

Main road - 0.5km

Sectors that they work on

Types of projects

Community and project description

Access to welfare schemes

INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF CAPACITY CAPACITY

Primary health no ID papers, clinic, doctor Voter ID, Ration No tenure visits every Card, Aadhar, Government, papers, Tenure fortnight, no Temple, Private Aadhaar Card + papers access in the Voter ID + neighbourhood Ration Card

Gulbarga, Khedgaon, Deodurga and A.P

Male & female

Male or female

Meghna

15°53'53.6" 74° 34'00.7"

73.9 %

IEC to be planned

Main road - 3km

Daily wage Construction labourer Daily wage Construction labourer

Craft work (Dhol Craft work (Dhol making) making)

250

11910

21 %

29 %

Lower than road

Compounded site

709

29 %

35 %

Main road - 1km

0.2

35 %

33 %

Settlement Apartments Near nala, Prominent temple

Main road

Main road - 0.5km

1000

IEC Functioning

8,443,675

33 %

IEC Functioning

17%

Main road - 1km Close to bus stand

Daily wage Construction labourer

IEC Functioning

Bengaluru

17%

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Thuburahalli

Lingarajpuram

35 %

17% Drought prone

Karnataka

35 %

33 %

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

33 %

17%

Drought prone

17%

Zone 1 - Zone 3

17%

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Drought prone 15

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone Karnataka

Karnataka

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

INFRASTRUCTURE

Monthly household Income

Occupation 2

Daily wage Daily wage contruction labourers, labourer, household household workers, Small business worker, Small owners, business owner, craftwork, craftwork, BBMP contract BBMP contract labourers labourers

Pucca houses

Blue sheet

Community Tap (Borewell)

Open defecation

Permanent

West Bengal

Seasonal

Mix of Tamil, Telugu and North Kannadigas

open defecation

West Bengal

Seasonal

Informal

GMRVF Tent School

Fever, Cold, Cough

Doctor visits once every month

No tenure

Government

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Informal

KadamEducation BOSCOEducation Action AID

Fever, Cold, Cough

No access to healthcare

No tenure

Government

No ID papers

Informal

Fever, Cold, Cough

No tenure

Private

open defecation

Informal

Samridhi association Baptist Hospital

Fever, Cold, Cough

Mobile Health Clinic doctor visits every month

No tenure

Private

No ID papers

open defecation

Formal

GMRVF

Fever, Cold, Cough

Doctor visits once every month

No tenure

Private

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

open defecation

Community toilets

Nomadic

UP and Orissa

Open defecation

Formal

None

APSA

No access to healthcare

Open defecation

open defecation

Formal

Non

Toilets at home

use the service

Informal

Baptist hospitals ParinaamUjeevan Mosque committee

Gulbarga, Raichur, Yadagiri

Open defecation

open defecation

None

Parinaam

Toilets at home

Open defecation

open defecation

Dharwad

use the service

No access to healthcare

Non

Bellary

Calcutta, Mumbai, Bihar

Toilets at home

Doctor visits once every week from APSA

Informal

open defecation

Nomadic

Permanent

Temporary

No access to healthcare

Kidney, lung and liver problems

Urban Ultra Poor Program

Livelihood Development

Childcare and Education

Social Support

No tenure

Private

No tenure

Financial Literacy & Financial Services

Ration card Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

No tenure

Private

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

No tenure

Private

Doctor visits every week Baptist hospital

Tenure

Private

Voter ID, Aadhar, Ration card

Doctor visits every month Anganwadi

No tenure

Private

Voter ID, Aadhar, Ration card

The Diksha Financial Literacy Programme

5 week program teaching women about financial security and savings

Livelihood

Vocational Training Job Placement Job Fair

Community Initiative

Jalmitra Safe Drinking Water Solar Lamps Toilet & Sanitation Sports Day

GMRVF Education

Open defecation

open defecation

Toilets at home

use the service

Primary health clinic near by

use the service

Primary health clinic near by

Toilets at home

Health camps Health education and awareness programs

No ID papers

Pollinate

No tenure

Private

Aadhar cards

Tenure

Government

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Government

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Tenure

open defecation

Permanent

Open defecation

open defecation

Informal

Mahesh foundation

Doctor visits every week

No tenure

Government

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

open defecation

Permanent

Open defecation

open defecation

Informal

Mahesh foundation

Doctor visits every week

No tenure

Government

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

open defecation

Permanent

Open defecation

open defecation

Informal

Mahesh foundation

Doctor visits every week

No tenure

Government

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

open defecation

Permanent

Open defecation

open defecation

Informal

Mahesh foundation

Doctor visits every week

No tenure

Government

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

open defecation

Permanent

Open defecation

open defecation

Informal

Mahesh foundation

Doctor visits every week

No tenure

Government

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Open defecation

open defecation

No tenure

Private

open defecation

Medical intervention program Access to affordable healthcare through hospitals, primary clinics, laboratories and pharmacies

Financial Literacy, Vocational Training & Livelihood Development Programmes

Healthcare Support

open defecation

Open defecation

use the service

open defecation

Healthcare

Scholarship programmes

open defecation

Mobile Health Clinic doctor visits every month

Open defecation

Raichur

Permanent

open defecation

Doctor visits once every month

open defecation

Open defecation

Metal Sheet

Permanent

open defecation

Fever, Cold, Cough

Samridhi association Baptist Hospital

Open defecation

Toilets at home

Open defecation

Community Tap (Borewell)

open defecation

Open defecation

Community Tap (Borewell)

Seasonal

Education

Parinaam Foundation

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Who all work

INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF RISK RISK RISK CAPACITY CAPACITY CAPACITY Occupation 1

How long have they How long have they been on this site? been in the city? 0-100 HH, 101-300 below 10 years,11- below 10 years,11HH, 301+ HH 20 years, 21 + years 20 years, 21 + years

Riverine, Coastal, HIlli, etc

organisations

Final sheets - 2.Combined framework

state level data (secondary)

Health, Hygiene & Sanitation Empowerment & Livelihoods Community Development

APSA (Association for Promoting Social Action) Slum Outreach

Aanganwadi Programme

Lobby on Community issues

Domestic Workers’ Collectives Construction Workers’ Collectives

Self Help Groups Programme

SHG Meeting and Training Soukhya (Well-being) Project

Image 2: Snapshot of Cumulative Table across different scales, Source: Authors

Young Person’s Empowerment and Success Lifeskills education Workplace English Sexual Health Intervention Project (SHIP) Kaushalya Skill Kaushalya Skill Training Training Centre Centre APSA-TECH MAHINDRA ‘SMART’ PROGRAM, Hyderabad

Janalakshmi

Microfinance, health, life insurance and other financial service

Home Improvement Loans School Tuition Fees Loan Micro, small and medium enterprise (MSME) loan

CRY

Child rights

Akshara

SNO.

STATE

DEMOGRAPHICS

We studied state level parameters of Population growth Percentage of Urban Population to rate, migration, Population growth total population density, poverty levels, (2012) climate disaster risks, child health indexes, STATE STATE etc. to arrive at 14 worst affected states.

In %age

ENVIRONMENT

Over 20 cities in these worst affected states were identified and on the basis of the Selco Cyclones Foundation Prone River Floods Drought Prone partnersthey have (2011) Prone (2011) (2011) initiated projects in these cities.

In %age

ECONOMY

Earthquake

7 frameworks for understanding external risk/ Level of Fiscal unemployment/ Growth Rate of Measure of imbalance vulnerability and resililence GDP Wage Disparity underemployment growth rate (per 1000) were studied

Education

INFRASTRUCTURE

We looked at 20 organisations who work with % of households Other indicators practicing Open poor the urban (energy access, Defecation (2013water supply, etc) in 2014) the sectors of energy access, financialOFaccess, INDICATOR RISK education, health, etc.

THREAT

STATE

RISK

INDICATOR OF RISK

Yes/No

Yes/no

Yes/No

In %age

Numeric value

numeric value

In %age

text

Maximum interstate in migration (2012)

STATE

ind

INDIC

Numeric Value

Image 3: Snapshot of State wise data inquiry & answer formats, Source: Authors 1

o of Slums

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

6/12/2017 18:50:17

Slum population/Total Karnataka Population

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka STATE

Over 40-44.9% 15.1-20.0 INDICATOR OF STATE RISK

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

umeric Value

Ratio 8

Karnataka

Riverine, Coastal, Hilly, etc Over 40-44.9%

ENVIRONMENT

15.1-20.0

Geography and Rainfall variation Morphology Over 40-44.9% 15.1-20.0

5 STATE

Temperature Fluctuation -

Change of Groundwater levels

INDICATOR OF RISK

15.1-20.0

In Degree

In m

17%

33 %

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

ECONOMY17% Zone 1 - Zone 3

33 % INFRASTRUCTURE

Drought prone Calamitiesintensity and frequency Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3 Base economy and types of industries Zone 1 - Zone 3

33 %

INDICATOR Drought proneOF Zone 1STATE - Zone 3 RISK

15.1-20.0

Numeric Value

Drought prone

597

Karnataka

0.16 Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Mixed Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

597 12 if yes, what was this loan for? 597 13

0.16 Karnataka 0.16 Karnataka Access to skill development programmes 0.16 Karnataka

597 0.16 INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF CAPACITY CAPACITY 14 Karnataka 597 15

% of people having access

Text 597

597

0.16 Karnataka

Karnataka 0.16

0.16 Karnataka

Mixed Over 40-44.9% Mixed Over 40-44.9% HH having access to electricity Mixed Over 40-44.9% Mixed INDICATOR OF RISK Over 40-44.9% Mixed % of households that do not have access to Over 40-44.9% metered grid electricity % of households that have access to solar lamps/candles 40-44.9% that %Over ofMixed households have access to Kerosene lamps Mixed Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

15.1-20.0 Access to EnergyCooking

Access to EnergyCharging

15.1-20.0

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY 15.1-20.0

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

33 %

Yes/No

Yes/No 15

33 %

17%

33 %

17%

33 %

17%

33 %

33 % Access to Public Transport

33 %

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY 33 %

17%

Zone 1 - Zone 3 IT hub, informal sectors, % of households with17% houses Drought prone tapZone 1 -pucca Zone 3 At home, Community % of households with Phone charging at IEC, (tanker, borewell), no AC sheet / Metal sheet Phone charging at supply (within the houses workplace community) IT% hub, informal of households with17% sectors, Blue sheet houses -

Access to SWM

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

Drought prone 15.1-20.0

INDICATOR OF RISK

Yes/No

Access to Sanitation

IND

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

Frequency of visit to the native Duration of tim

STATE

yes/no

Community Tap (Borewell)

597

Karnataka 0.16

Over 40-44.9% Mixed

Fire wood 15.1-20.0

Community Tap (Tanker)

Drought prone No supply Access near by apartments Drought prone Community Tap (Borewell)

Fire wood 15.1-20.0

Fire wood 15.1-20.0 Fire wood

Drought prone

Community Tap Drought prone (Municipal Water)

% of households that 15 use Toilets at home % of households that use Community toilets % of households that 15 practice Open defecation

33 %

yes/no 33 %

% of people who go back to their % of people who native once in six months for less th % of people who go back to % of people who their native once a year for 1 wee % of householders who go back % of people who to their native once in five years for longer

Zone 1 - Zone 3 IT hub, informal sectors,

Over 40-44.9% Mixed

INDICATOR OF RISK

Drought prone

15.1-20.0 % of households that use LPG for cooking % of households that use Kerosene for 15.1-20.0 cooking

Karnataka 0.16

33 % INDICATOR OF RISK

17%

Image 5: Snapshot of community wise data inquiry &prone answer Source: Authors Drought Zone formats, 1 - Zone 3

21Over 40-44.9% Mixed

Zone 1 - Zone 3

IT hub, informal sectors,

Fire wood 15.1-20.0

Yes/No

Access to Water SupplyZone Typology Drought prone 1 - Zone of 3 housing IT hub, informal sectors, 17% Drought prone Zone 1 - Zone 3 IT hub, informal INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF sectors, CAPACITY CAPACITY 17%

Over 40-44.9% Mixed

597

INDICATOR OF RISK

Acc Wa

Zone 1 - Zone 3

IT hub, informal Infrastructure sectors, Zone 1 - Zone 3

Karnataka 0.16

text

Drought prone

INDICATOR OF RISK

Access to Sewage

Zone 1 - Zone 3

IT hub, informal sectors,

597

17% STATE

Image 4: Snapshot of city wise data inquiry & answer formats, Source: Authors Drought prone Zone 1 - Zone 3 Drought prone

597

Energy Access

Access to Water Access to Solid Access to Housing Supply 15 33 % Waste Management

17% Drought prone

In mm

17% Income disparity? 17%

Blue sheet IT hub, informal Zone 1sectors, - Zone 3 sheet IT hub, Blue informal sectors, Zone 1 - Zone 3 Blue sheet IT hub, informal Zone 1sectors, - Zone 3 Blue sheet IT hub, informal sectors, Zone 1 - Zone Blue 3sheet

17%

33 %

Open defecation

Seasonal Seasonal

33 %

Open defecation 17%

Permanent

Nomadic

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Front end platform as a visualization & assessment tool

Push Factors include:

The front end is a tool for planning, analysis, research and deliberation on vulnerable communities, vulnerable areas and its causalities. The tool gives us information that could be used for predicting new potentially vulnerable communities in upcoming urban areas and assessing vulnerability in existing poor communities. The researcher/ planner can use this information to conceive the nature of safety net that would be most appropriate for the community.

2. Loss of home due to natural hazards like earthquakes, flooding, development led displacement

Further, given that the front-end platform will be able to provide trends of data entered, the framework will also incentivise habit of digitization of field data. It will show how current data matches up to past readings, versus present deficiencies and project possible futures. As a result, the framework intends to aid both fieldwork and analysis. Since a principle aim of the framework is to absorb and archive data in the entirety of its context, it is also imagined to help new team members in quick learning of an ongoing issue or project. An important outcome will include the ability to extract data as reports against any search query.

1. Loss of jobs in agriculture due to climate change

3. Stress/lack of opportunities to due to low MPI or Remoteness, socio-political instability PULL factors include: 1. Job creation due to manufacturing, construction, etc. 2. Social Opportunity

PUSH FACTORS 1. Loss of jobs in agriculture Due to climate change Climate Change is resulting in drought in several parts of the country that is deeply affecting the agriculture sector. It renders the farmers helpless in the light of food protection and economic security but more importantly, it leaves the landless daily wage farm labourers to be jobless. They are pushed to move to places for employment. (1a) India Water Level fluctuation (2014-15) Plate IV

As mentioned earlier, two key outputs include: 1. Prediction of ‘Migration’ trends that will be followed by forecasting future ‘manifestation’ of slums to influence preemptive actions

This map depicts the water fluctuation in India from Pre-Monsoon 2014 to Pre-Monsoon 2015; marking the difference between the water consumed in the year and the replenishment from the 2014 monsoon.

2. Vulnerability assessment of communities that shall help project their future trajectories of communities. This can be used to help determine the nature of safety nets that need to be deployed for communities

1A// Migration Trends- Where do people go? Projection of migration trends will require the analysis of data sets that reflect the socioeconomic conditions on ground that lead to a push-pull between the village and the city. Push Factors are conditions of social- economic distress in a native place that poor people wish to escape. Pull factors are conditions that determine destinations that people seeking socio-economic opportunities move to.

Image 6: Water level fluctuation Pre Monsoon (2014-15) Source: Central Groundwater Board 9

Report on Urban Vulnerability

(1b) India Annual Rainfall (2015) This region wise map reveals the areas that had SUBDIVISION-WISE ANNUAL & SEASONAL RAINFALL MAPS a deficient rainfall in 2016 in comparison to their Subdivisionwise rainfall maps depicting observed and normal rainfallcoupled values alongwith their normal rainfall. Thistheinformation with percentage departures from normals with defined colors for different categories are given below at 13 through Figure 18. highFigurewater stress areas gives us regions that are Bold figures on the map are the normal rainfall values where as small figures indicate the actual rainfall. Percentageto departures rainfall are shown withinaffected the brackets. most likely beofadversely by a drought.

(1d) Karnataka Annual Rainfall map (2014, 2015) These hobli (cluster of villages) wise maps at the state level represent the areas that had a deficient rainfall in comparison to their normal rainfall consecutively in 2014 & 2015. This information gives us the areas in the state that would be comparatively worse affected.

2014 Figure 13: Annual Rainfall Map â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2015

18 (2015) Source: India Image 7: India Annual Rainfall Meteorological Department- Customized Rainfall Information System

(1c) Karnataka Drought (2015) This region wise map shows taluks that were affected by drought in 2015. The repeated annual incidence of drought in a region indicates to a stress within agrarian communities that low water conditions would create.

2015

Image 9,10: Karnataka Annual rainfall map (2014-15) Source: Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (2015)

(1e) Karnataka Annual Groundwater level fluctuation (2014, 2015) These district wise maps at the state level represent the areas that have seen a significant drop in the groundwater level in 2014 & 2015. The map gives us the intensity of water stress among districts. Coupled with the annual rainfall map, it can indicate the areas that would be the first to see a water crises forcing its inhabitants to move.

2014 Image 8: Karnataka Annual drought map (2015) Source: Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (2015)

2015

Image 11,12: Karnataka Annual water level fluctuation map (2014-15) Source: Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (2015) 86

114

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ILLUSTRATING MIGRATION ANALYSIS THROUGH STATE WISE MAPS To understand the migration resulting out of the loss of jobs in the agriculture sector, the overall trends of drought are understood. Average Annual and the fall in groundwater levels (for the purpose of irrigation) in the year 2015 are taken SUBDIVISION-WISE ANNUAL & SEASONAL RAINFALL MAPS as indicators of drought. First on the statewise Subdivisionwise rainfall maps depicting the observed normal rainfall values alongwith their map, the states with the andmost deficient rainfall percentage departures from normals with defined colors for different categories are given below at Figure 13 through Figure 18. and maximum drops in water level are identified. Bold figures on the map are the normal rainfall values where as small figures indicate the actual rainfall. Percentage departures of rainfall are shown within the brackets.

Then, among the lowest ranking states, for this study, Karnataka is chosen. Across the same indicators, the districts of Bidar, Bijapur, Belgaum, Uttar Kannada, Gulbarga, Gadag, Dharwad and Haveri are the worst hit comparatively. So it is safe to estimate that owing to a high rate of loss of agriculture jobs in these districts, a high number of people will migrate to cities. STATES WITH DEFICIENT RAINFALL IN 2015 COMPLETELY DEFICIENT Uttar Pradesh Uttarkhand Bihar Haryana Telangana Delhi Goa

NATIONAL LEVEL PARTLY DEFICIENT Maharashtra Karnataka Gujarat

Figure 13: Annual Rainfall Map â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2015

Image 7: India Annual Rainfall (2015) Source: India Meteorological Department- Customized Rainfall Information System 18

KARNATAKA STATE DISTRICTS WITH DEFICIENT RAINFALL IN 2015 COMPLETELY DEFICIENT Bidar Bijapur Belgaum Uttar Kannada

Image 9,10: Karnataka Annual rainfall map (2014-15) Source: Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (2015)

STATE LEVEL PARTLY DEFICIENT Gulbarga Yadgir Raichur Kopal Bagalkot Gadag Dharwad Haveri Shimoga Udupi Chikmangluru Dakshin Kannada

KEY Overlapping Severely Deficient/Affected Overlapping Moderately Deficient/Affected

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Plate IV

STATES WITH SIGNIFICANT WATER LEVEL DROP FROM PRE-MONSOON 2014 TO PRE MONSOON 2015

NATIONAL LEVEL

SEVERELY AFFECTED Telangana Maharashtra West Bengal Rajasthan Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Karnataka Bihar

Image 6: Water level fluctuation Pre Monsoon (2014-15) Source: Central Groundwater Board 9

KARNATAKA STATE DISTRICTS WITH CONSEQUENTLY LARGE WATER LEVEL DROP in 2014 & 2015 SEVERELY AFFECTED Bidar Gulbarga Haveri Mysore Gadag Dharwad Chikballapur

114

Image 11,12: Karnataka Annual water level fluctuation map (2014-15) Source: Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (2015) 86

STATE LEVEL

MODERATELY AFFECTED Bijapur Belgaum Uttar Kannada Raichur Yadgir Kopal Bagalkot Shimoga Udupi Chikmangluru Dakshin Kannada Hassan Kodagu

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2. Loss of home due to Natural hazards Apart from a loss of livelihood, a loss of home is also observed that leads to immediate displacement of communities. This is caused by natural factors of climate change such as flooding, natural calamities such as earthquakes, etc. that render people homeless instantly as well as social pressures at local/ regional level in the form of insurgency and political unrest.

3. Stress/lack of opportunities due to low MPI or Remoteness, socio-political instability (3a) Left Wing Extremist Affected Areas (2012) The map indicates the areas that are threatened by local/regional political instability that retards growth and forces communities to look for better opportunities for themselves.

(2a) India-Earthquake (2002) The map indicates the areas that are threatened by earthquake hazards and are relatively unsafe to inhabit/develop from an earthquake risk. INDIA 68°E

72°E

76°E

80°E

84°E

88°E

92°E

96°E

38°N

Earthquake Hazard Map (showing faults, thrusts and

38°N

34°N

Jammu & Kashmir

34°N

Himachal Pradesh Punjab 30°N

30°N

Chandigarh Uttaranchal

Haryana

Arunachal Pradesh

Delhi Sikkim

Uttar Pradesh

Assam

Rajasthan

26°N

Nagaland

26°N

Meghalaya Manipur

Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Jharkhand

Gujarat

West Bengal

Tripura Mizoram 22°N

22°N

Chhattisgarh Daman & Diu Dadra & Nagar Haveli

68°E

Orissa

Maharashtra 18°N 18°N

5.0 −6.0 6.1 −7.0

ARABIAN SEA

BAY OF BENGAL

7.1 −7.9

Goa

Andhra Pradesh 14°N

Karnataka

14°N

Fault Sub−surface Fault

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

96°E

Shear Zone

Pondicherry Lakshadweep

Neotectonic Fault Thrust

Tamilnadu Kerala

10°N

Neotectonic Thrust Trench Axis

Image 15: Left wing extremist affected areas map (2012), Source: Institute of Conflict Management, South Asia Terrorism Portal (data from 2011)

Suture Normal Fault Strike slip Fault

INDIAN OCEAN

6°N

Volcano

6°N

Image 13: Earthquake Map (2002), Source: Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council Zone V : Very High Damage Risk Zone (MSK IX or more) Zone IV : High Damage Risk Zone (MSK VIII) Zone III : Moderate Damage Risk Zone (MSK VII) Zone II : Low Damage Risk Zone (MSK VI or less)

72°E

76°E

80°E

84°E

88°E

92°E

BMTPC : Vulnerability Atlas −2nd Edition; Peer Group, MoH&UPA; Map is Based on digitised data of SOI, GOI; Seismic Zones of India Map IS:1893 −2002, BIS, GOI, Seismotectonic Atlas of India and its Environs, GSI, GOI

(2b) India-Flood Hazard (2006) The map indicates the areas along the river basins that are threatened by major seasonal river floods that displace communities from their native lands. As in the case of Hebbal rag picker community, the families moved from West Bengal because of a massive flood that took away their land. (Michael, and Deshpande, and Ziervogel, 2017)

Image 14: Flood Hazard Map (2006), Source: UNDP Flood Zone map

(3b) Region wise Multidimensional Poverty Index (2005) Several people in the villages are leading lives of extreme poverty and lack of resources such as education, healthcare and assets. This leaves them inherently disadvantaged.

Image 16: Region wise Multidimensional Poverty Index map (2015), Source: Regional Estimates of Multidimensional Poverty in India, Dehury and Mohanty (2015)

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Table 2: District-wise Deprivation Index and Human Development Index (per capita availability/ deprivation) Source: Poverty In India and Karnataka: Estimation, Determinants, Vulnerability and Coping Strategies, Rangegowda, R. (2014)

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PULL FACTORS 1. Social Opportunity Urban cultures are often less constrained than those in villages. Cities can also offer greater prospects of upward social mobility. ‘India’s cities receive an enormous influx of people belonging to oppressed and marginalised communities. The last decade, for example, saw an increase of 40 percent in the population of dalits in urban areas. An impressive 40% of Muslims and Christians live in urban areas.’ (Sahoo, 2014)

(2b) INDIA SMART CITY MAP (2017) This map depicts the 100 cities selected from the Smart Cities Challenge where investment will be made.

2. Job creation The City Alliance states that “in comparison with rural areas, urban areas offer dramatically increased job opportunities. People are pulled to a new destination by better job prospects, education, health facilities.” (2a) GDP GROWTH (2005-2014) The growth in the domestic product is an indicator that the economic outputs of the state are increasing and that more jobs are created. This attracts more people to migrate to cities.

Image 18: India Smart Cities Map (2017), Source: www. smartcities.gov.in

(2c) KARNATAKA SMART CITY MAP (2017) This map depicts the selected Smart Cities of Karnataka - Belgaum, Hubbali-Dharwad, Mangaluru, Tumakuru, Davangere, Bengaluru, Shimoga. It is anticipated that these cities will see a major influx of migrants due to this development investment.

Image 17: Decadal GDP Growth Rate (2005-14), Source: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

SMART CITIES Initiated by the MoUD in 2015, the Smart city mission envisions development of areas within 100 cities in the country as models of modern urban development. This is expected to set an example and influence a spin-off effect, increasing investment in other areas of the city and nearby cities and towns. This ₹980 billion investment on these 100 cities by 2020 would create massive low-skill job opportunities for construction work after which there will be jobs in the medium skill sector that migrants will be willing to access.

Image 19: Karnataka Smart Cities Map (2017), Source: www.smartcities.gov.in

NIMZ As part of the National Manufacturing Policy, to promote world-class manufacturing activities and to create 100 million additional jobs by 2022 in manufacturing sector, the National Investment and Manufacturing Zones (NIMZ)

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are being conceived as giant industrial greenfield townships. The Focus areas include Employmentintensive industries like textiles and garments, food processing industries, etc. (2d) INDIA NIMZ MAP The map depicts 22 NIMZs identified by the government. These areas will see a large influx of people due to their demand for unskilled labour for construction on the area followed by skilled laborers for the manufacturing.

Image 20: India NIMZ map (2017), Source: Press Information Bureau

INDUSTRIAL CORRIDORS Package of infrastructure spending allocated to a specific territory, with the intent to strategically strengthen connections between key nodes with high economic activity/potential. (2f) INDIA INDUSTRIAL CORRIDOR (2017) This map depicts the corridors that are presently under development: Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor, Chennai Bengaluru Industrial Corridor, Bengaluru Mumbai Economic Corridor, Amritsar Kolkata Industrial Corridor, East Coast Economic Corridor

Image 22: India Industrial Corridors (2017), Source: Press Information Bureau

(2e) KARNATAKA NIMZ MAP The NIMZ areas are being developed in Tumakuru, Gulbarga, Kolar and Bidar.

(2G) KARNATAKA INDUSTRIAL CORRIDORS (2017) The proposed Bengaluru-Mumbai Economic Corridor (BMEC) passes through Chitradurga, Hubballi-Dharwad, Belagavi, and Tumakuru in Karnataka. The â&#x201A;š3 lakh crore investment from this corridor is expected to create 2.5 million jobs.

Image 21: Karnataka NIMZ map (2017), Source: Press Information Bureau

Image 23: Karnataka Industrial Corridors (2017), Source: Press Information Bureau

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1B// ‘Manifestation’ of slumsWhere do people reach?

Vasanthanarsapura

Macro data is used to analyze the volume of poor people expected to migrate to an upcoming city and the places where their squatter settlements may emerge. To illustrate the usability of this function, an example of Tumakuru is used. • Tumakuru Population= 305,821 (Census, 2011)

Tumakuru

Markonahalli

• Per capita annual income= INR. 50,906 • 46% of its land under cultivation • total GDP stands at INR 100.75 billion- 3.4 % of Karnataka (Invest Karnataka, 2016)

Bengaluru Image 24: Finalised sites of NIMZ investments in Tumakuru district. Source: Invest Karnataka 2016 (http://www. investkarnataka.co.in/district-profiles-tumakuru)

Table 3: Finalised NIMZ investments in Tumakuru district, Source: Invest Karnataka 2016 (http://www.investkarnataka.co.in/district-profiles-tumakuru)

JOB CREATION In the NIMZ area, about 2.5 lakh jobs are slated to be created in the manufacturing sector. Of the ones finalised so far, these jobs will be located within 7 Industrial Parks and 7 Industrial Estates in the Tumakuru district including a 103 acre Food Park at Vasanthanarsapura and a US $3.12 million Flower Auction Center and a Fish Seed Farm at Markonahalli.

Image 25: Map showing the expected investments into Tumakuru. Source: Annexure, Tumakuru Smart Cities Proposal, 2016

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VULNERABLE GEOGRAPHIES

Image 26: Land-use map of Tumakuru dist. Source: Annexure, Tumakuru Smart Cities Proposal, 2016

The 2031 Masterplan for Tumakuru gives us the next centers of job creation and the areas around it that are demarcated for housing. Along with this it also gives the network of transport infrastructure and amenities that is proposed for the city. It is at the intersection of the investment plan, morphology of the landscape, job creating hubs, infrastructure and land use that waste lands where poor people might find areas conducive to settle in, thus giving rise to new slums.

The topographical map is added as another dimension to this understanding to identify areas that would be the most vulnerable to inhabit from the risk of flooding.

Image 27: Elevation Map 1 of Tumakuru (Source: www. Floodmap.net generated using elevation data from NASAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 90m resolution SRTM data)

Image 28: Elevation Map 2 of Tumakuru (Source: www. Floodmap.net generated using elevation data from NASAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 90m resolution SRTM data)

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SITE SPECIFIC CONDITIONS After understanding the regions where slums will manifest at the city level, it is useful to look at the specific locations inside a region where the poor communities would settle in. The local geographic setting is critical in determining the quality of urban environment in the slum, likelihood of its growth and often even threats to its survival. In his paper called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Geographical assessment of slums and its effect on urban environment, (2014)â&#x20AC;&#x2122;, Birajdar writes about the number of factors that could influence the origin and location of settlements in urban areas. Apart from factors such as job opportunities, industrialization, they also include proximity and access to amenities, education, attraction, trade, transportation and socio economic development. Based on his classification of slums in terms of site characteristics, surrounding functions and services and land ownership, the slums in Bengaluru that Selco Foundation works with have been analysed.

CASE OF BENGALURU SITE CHARACTERISTICS Hill Slopes Location

River Side

Drain/Rajakaluves side location

Marsh lands

Flat Land Location

SURROUNDING FUNCTIONS & SERVICES very close to industrial units

very close to access roadways

very close to railway line

very close to railway line + roadways

very close to construction site

LAND OWNERSHIP Government Land

Private Land

Disputed land

Table 4: Characteristics of Bengaluru slums , Source: Authors)

Hebbal

Vasanth Nagar

CV Raman Nagar

Image 29: Map showing the communities that Selco Foundation works with in Bengaluru. Source: Authors- Google Maps, 2017

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Image 30: Vasanth Nagar Slum. Source: Google Maps, 2017

Image 31: Hebbal 1 & Hebbal 2 Slums. Source: Google Maps, 2017

Image 32: CV Raman Nagar slum. Source: Google Maps, 2017

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EXISTING SLUMS IN Tumakuru The list of slums (2016) in tumakuru city is from the Karnataka Slum Development Board. The map of slums is Slum Free city by Karnataka State Remote Sensing Application Center. The locations and state of these slums is studied in order to estimate the general trends in the manifestations of slums within. Made for the Rajiv Awas Yojana, the draft version of the Slum Free City Plan Of Action (May, 2013) submitted to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation has detailed documentation of the slums. The report features documentation and analysis on the basis of land ownership, notification status, housing condition, access to health facilities, access to education facilities, conditions of motorable road, Solid waste management, sanitation, Drainage and Sewerage facility, occupation and livelihood profile, etc. The document also describes the components of the slum rehabilitation policy. Studying this document in detail will establish the state and tendency of the slums in the city as well as the municipalityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s preparedness for the upcoming growth of the population.

CASE OF Tumakuru SITE CHARACTERISTICS Hill & Hill Slopes Location

River Side Location

Small Stream Side Location

Flat Land Location

SURROUNDING FUNCTIONS & SERVICES very close to industrial units

very close to access roadways

very close to railway line

very close to railway line + roadways

LAND OWNERSHIP Government Land

Private Land

Disputed land

Table 5: Characteristics of Tumkur slums , Source: Authors)

Image 33: Map showing the slum communities in Tumakuru. Source: Adapted from map from Slum Free City Mapping of Selected Cities in Karnataka (Karnataka State Remote Sensing Applications Centre, 2011)

Report on Urban Vulnerability

S.No. Slum Name

Ownership

Extent

Notifi. Date

Huts Popn.

Male

Female Sc

Others

Nazeerbhad

Govt.

0.24

03/09/92

252

1418

701

717

1362

Idga Mohalla

Pvt.

1.30

01/01/00

210

110

100

210

Bhagya mandir

CMC

2.26

03/09/02

468

Maraluru Janatha colony

CMC

16.56

29/7/02

1470 10282

Shige A.K.Colony

T.M.C

7.32

192

855

420

435

814

Jayanagar

T.M.C

0.31

260

130

200

pvt

Dibbur

5.04

221

1105

550

555

890

120

Devaraya pvt/Govt pattana A.K. Colony

2.25

164

820

415

405

820

Ambedkar nagar

Pvt.

2.28

03/07/98

387

196

191

380

Pakeer Huts

Pvt.

1.35

20/12/92

423

235

188

413

Railway Goodshed

Pvt.

6.19

16/07/97

100

500

275

225

160

300

Edaga Mohalla

Pvt.

1.30

405

220

185

125

185

Sweepers Colony

CMC

1.20

16/07/76

127

799

393

406

765

N.R.Colony

Pvt.

4.00

16/07/76

612

3538

1767

1771

3197

316

Upparhalli

Pvt.

5.00

16/07/76

168

1815

925

890

1725

Labour Colony

Pvt.

2.04

14/10/83

309

1545

960

585

103

1360

Heggde Colony, Veerasagar

Board

6.39

13/11/91

388

1945

1005

940

118

1799

Allsettykere Palya

CMC

6.19

04/01/99

567

2837

1540

1297

1362

Kuripalya

Pvt.

1.30

04/01/99

423

235

188

413

G.C.R. Colony

Pvt.

2.20

16/07/76

580

3210

2950

1260

3150

Beedirmale Thota

Pvt.

3.00

16/07/76

264

1624

942

682

108

1421

Santhe Maidan

CMC

0.36

16/07/76

430

214

216

178

216

Dibbur Janatha Colony

Pvt.

7.32

04/01/99

205

110

100

14293

11461

7290

935

15080

Total

6027 35504

Table 6: Details of declared slums in Tumakuru District, Source: Karnataka Slum Development Board (2016) KEY CMC- City Municipal Council, Tumakuru TMC- Tumakuru City Corporation

sanitation is perceived as being important because of the health factor. In case of slums, it is observed that sanitation facilities are worst and in pathetic condition. A comprehensive view of the sanitary facilities as well as current sewerage system in the slums is shown insensinglocal table 1-7| SELCO foundation Table 1-7 Current Sanitation Statistics Drainage & Sewerage Facility Underground Drainage Digester /Sewer Lines

Storm water Drainage No. of HHs having access to

7502

2705

Not Connected to Sewer or Digester

2138

3533

Connectivity to City-wide Storm-water Drainage System Fully connected Partially connected Not connected 13 17 7 Connectivity to City-wide Sewerage System Fully connected

Partially connected

Not connected

Latrine Facility used by the households

No. of H.Hs

Public/Community Septic Servic Pi tank/ e t flush latrine 677

125

Shared Latrine Septic Service tank/ Pit latrine flush 845

680

Own Latrine Septic tank/ flush

Service latrine

Pit

3925

402

1347

Open Defecati on 3207

Source: AKM Data Table 7: Sanitary facilities as well as current sewerage system in Tumkur slums, Source: Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental for RAYDraft Slum Free City Plan Of Action-Tumkur (2013) ConnectivityStudies, to CityHyderabad wide Trunk Sewerage System RAY: SLUM FREE CITY PLANNING

TUMKUR

24% of the slums are fully connected to city wide sewerage system while 16% is partially connected to the system. Even though 40% of the slums are connected to city wide sewerage system yet 60% needs to be upgraded. The map 1-8 presents the status of the slums that connected to city wide sewerage system. Connectivity to City wide Storm water drainage System Similarly 35% of the slums are fully connected to the storm water drainage, 46% is partially linked to the system but 19% of the slums are not covered by the city wide system. Given the situation, it is necessary to improve the system as well as provide newer connections before it infiltrates into the environment.

Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies, Hyderabad

Image 34: Slums connected to city-wide sewerage system, Source: Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Map 1- 8 Slums connected to city-wide sewerage system Studies, Hyderabad for RAY- Draft Slum Free City Plan Of Action-Tumkur (2013) Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies, Hyderabad

31 36

Report on Urban Vulnerability

2// Assessing Vulnerability

Morphological Setting (Is the Altitude community located in a low lying area?)

Type of community: • 5 year old slum community • Permanent settlement of climate refugees from Bengal • Size of community: 200 HH • Location: 13°02’40.3”N 77°, 35’48.3”E, situated near Hebbal lake • Occupation: daily labourers - rag pickers • Morphological setting: vacant high land, situated edge of a drain connecting to hebbal lake • Altitude -

Flooding Frequency (How many times has the community flooded in the past two years)

RISK Flooding | Disease outbreak | Health ailments

Hebbal SLUM 1 Community state Landmark

North of Drain

No. of HH

200

Geographic Setting

Main road - 2km

Environment Morphological Setting

Higher ground Nala

Economy Nature of Occupation

Daily wage waste picker

Monthly household Income

12,000

Access to loans

No access

Infrastructure HH having access to electricity Access to Energy- Cooking

Fire wood

Access to Water Supply

Community Tap (Tanker)

Typology of housing

Blue sheet + Metal sheet

Access to SWM Access to Sanitation

Open defecation

Access to Public Transport Society The linkage of community to the site Access to Education

Open defecation

Social Contract

Informal

Access to health

Mobile Health Clinic doctor visits every month

Governance Formal entitlement to land

No tenure

Who their land belongs to Whether they legitimacy

have

Private land legal No ID papers

Access to welfare schemes Enlist the other NGOs associated Samridhi association with the community presently Baptist Hospital City level data Flood map of Bengaluru Topography map Contract information of waste pickers, schemes, benefits available State level data Schemes benefits populations 37

for

BPL

Table 8: Data Sets for Vulnerability Assessment of Hebbal Community, Source: Selco Foundation

Capacity [LOW] Adaptive capacity [LOW] • Income level - BPL • Access to resources • No identity papers • No tenure on land • No access to loans • State of housing - blue sheet, metal sheet • Social contract: informal connections between members of community Exposure [HIGH] • Proximity to the drain, makes the community easily susceptible to flooding risk and health risk due to sewage/ pollution flows that may come with water. In addition they also face threats owing to water and vector borne diseases • Community also has high exposure to occupational hazards- the nature of their job of dealing with waste everyday. Sensitivity [HIGH] • Un-affordability to check early-stage symptoms or procure treatments due to weak economic capacity and lack of awareness of health consequences owing to low education, makes the community highly sensitive to health threats. • Practice of open defecation among community members increases their chances to catch diseases. • Community’s only source of water is tanker water, which means spike in water demand in the city will immediately affect them in terms of both - increase in share of their income spent to get water and also as water shortage if tanker water is not supplied to them.

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Hazard extreme unpredictable rainfall event

RISK ASSESSMENT

tHREATS / rISKS

Disease outbreak Risk post flooding (Shock) Water/vector borne

Health Risk (Stress) Occupational, Environmental

Below Poverty Line <123 Rs/day/pp

Economic risk (Stress) result of inability to work Possible trajectories T1

Entitlement: Asset, environmental, social entitlement

Possible Safety Net 1

102Rs / day / pp

Possible Safety Net 2

CAPACITY

Income level

Low Income Bracket <645 Rs/day/pp As per World bank

Poverty level

• Social contract with community (similar native) • Housing (blue/ tin sheet) • Job(consistent)

Flooding Risk (Shock)

Possible Safety Net 3 Possible Safety Net 4

Connection to native place

Abject Poverty

No connection to native because they were displaced from their land

Time of discovery of the community

Fig. 12: Diagram depicting possible trajectories of community at Hebbal with respect to risks

TRAJECTORY Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Extreme Unpredicted Rainfall causes flooding in low lying Hebbal slum

Vector breeding in stagnant water that causes disease outbreak

Livelihood threatened due to loss of workplace for sorting and non availability of dry waste in open dumps.

safety net 1

safety net 2

safety net 3

Being daily wage rag pickers with no economic buffer due to limited or no savings. Being climate refugees from Bengal with no native, they slip to abject poverty

safety net 4

The vulnerability of the community in Hebbal changes with time depending on the turn of events. So based on the time of discovery, the safety nets need to be put in place to mitigate a specific risk at one stretch of time.

Report on Urban Vulnerability

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT & SAFETY NET STRATEGY Vulnerability =(Exposure x Sensitivity) - Adaptive Capacity STAGE 1 (Before the flood hits) Exposure (HIGH), Sensitivity (HIGH) because of low lying area, and low agency to prevent it. Social Contract (HIGH) because the community comes from the same region (West Bengal). Entitlements (MODERATE) blue sheet and tin homes. Job Security (LOW) because of daily wage rag pickers labourers. Consequently, Adaptive Capacity (LOW) and Vulnerability (HIGH) Safety Net 1 will be aimed at â&#x20AC;˘ educating the community about quick evacuation and preparedness along with general health improvement of the community in case of a flood â&#x20AC;˘ provision of identity cards for access to formal healthcare, em

STAGE 2 (As soon as the flood hits) Exposure (HIGH), Sensitivity (HIGH) because of low lying area, and low agency to prevent it. Social Contract (HIGH) because the community comes from the same region (West Bengal). Entitlements (MODERATE) blue sheet and tin homes. Job Security (LOW) because of daily wage rag pickers labourers. Consequently, Adaptive Capacity (LOW) and Vulnerability (HIGH) Safety Net 2 will be aimed at evacuating the community from the flooded area provision of food supplies and medicines

STAGE 3 (after disease is spread) Exposure (HIGH),Sensitivity (HIGH) Because of vector breeding and inherent poor health of the community. Social Contract (MODERATE) because the community is already under distress, social contracts are likely to suffer after a period. Entitlements (LOW) with persistent flooding situation there is bound to be damage to housing and assets. Job Security (LOW) because their workplace is flooded and they have a daily wage. Consequently, Adaptive Capacity (LOW) and Vulnerability (VERY HIGH) and only increasing! Safety Net 3 will be aimed at protecting their livelihood/ providing them alternative livelihood in order to give them economic security and healthcare STAGE 4 (after economic stress due to inability to work) Exposure (HIGH),Sensitivity (HIGH) Because the community homogeneously practices rag picking with little or no economic buffers/ savings. Social Contract (LOW) because crisis! Entitlements (LOW) because there is very little value/security in these assets. Job Security (VERY LOW) because they are low skill workers that are already under multiples stresses Consequently, Adaptive Capacity (VERY LOW) and Vulnerability (VERY HIGH) and VERY High Risk of the community slipping to abject poverty This is aggravated by the fact that this is a community of climate refugees. Safety Net 4 will be strengthening the access to the native place which is not likely in the case of the community in Hebbal

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SCALING AND REPLICATING Where this framework could go documenting the comparative state of urban poor communities at the inter and intra city level in the context of their impending threats and risks - helping individuals/organisations identify vulnerable communities - helping organisations improve the effectiveness of their investment and interventions within communities - synchronising peer to peer collaborative work between organisations - prioritising on issues, interventions and investments within a community - creating a compendium of research and data easily downloadable for researchers & media evaluation of capacity for organisations to intervene in communities

Report on Urban Vulnerability

TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 lays the premise of the work, the proposition of the framework and explains its workings.

PART 2 explains the process that was undertaken to arrive at the framework and the data sets that would go into it.

PART 1

PART 2

PRELUDE -4 Defining Safety Nets as per Sustain+ -4

PROJECT BRIEF -6 Context -6 Perspectives and Challenges from working on ground Objectives -6 A // VULNERABILITY -7 Context of Poverty in India -7 Understanding vulnerability -8 Vocabulary to understand & assess vulnerability -12 Vulnerability Analysis -13 B // VULNERABILITY FRAMEWORK -14 Proposition -14 Framework Design -15 Applications of the Framework Back-end Wireframe for data entry and archival Types of data Usability & Relevance of data Indicator Selection Sample of Data Front end platform as a visualization and assessment tool 1A// Migration Trends- Where do people go? -Push Factors -llustrating Migration Analysis through State Wise Maps -Pull Factors 1B// ‘Manifestation’ of slums - Where do people reach? -Job Creation -Vulnerable Geographies -Site Specific Conditions 2// Assessing Vulnerability -Risk Assessment -Trajectory -Vulnerability Assessment and Safety Nets Scaling and Replicating -40 Where this framework could go

REFERENCES -100 LIST OF TABLES -101 LIST OF FIGURES -102 LIST OF IMAGES -103

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process

The process of development of the project has been 5 months long involving 4 key outputs • Development of the concept for urban vulnerability • Documentation of typologies, issues, for urban poor communities and organizations working with such communities on ground • Comparison of global frameworks that assess vulnerability • Conception of a new vulnerability assessment framework contextualised to urban poor in India along with the structure for archival and visualization of data sets that are relevant and interconnected

DATA SET Collection, collation, Organization The primary data set collection and collation was done through interviews with field works and Selco Foundation staff. While data at macro scale (city, state, national level) was done through secondary research in order to better understand the context of the community level data as well as identify interdependencies between these data sets. These data sets were also further categorized by scale and sector using inputs from the research to develop the vulnerability framework. A key outcome of the primary data collection process was also that the authors got a close understanding of workings of Selco Foundation and its process/mechanism of data collection, tools for documentation and nature of subsequent engagement with communities towards interventions. FRAMEWORK Concept, structure, Process The authors studied research papers and compared 7 other global frameworks that assess vulnerability in order to better understand concept of vulnerability along with diverse perspectives and approaches used with regard to this subject. A key outcome of this process was also an extrapolation of a robust vocabulary that was useful in comparison of different frameworks with each other and in becoming the backbone of the proposed framework for vulnerability assessment of urban poor as well.

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Selco Foundation field data of

SUSTAIN +

Utility & Application of Safety nets

Communities in poverty

Vulnerability FraMEWORK Concept, structure, Process

Development of concept of Vulnerability Context of poverty in India

Comparison of 7 global vulnerability assessment frameworks with Sustain + • Process deployed • Target group • Data sets sought • Vocabulary

{

}

Lens of urban poor and challenges of organizations on ground

Nature of data sets required multi scale and sector perspective

Data sets

Collection, Structuring, Archival of data sets & Establishing co-relations

Re-structuring existing Micro data Community profiles (primary collection)

+ Adding New data sets requirements

Macro data - City/ Sate/National

(Secondary Research)

Organizations working with urban poor

(Secondary Research)

Archival Structure for Data sets Streamline the usability of multi-scalar and multi-sectoral data for vulnerability analysis

Framework

at intersection of data and framework

PORTAL Vulnerability + Risk Analysis & Assessment to develop Safety Nets for communities at brink of abject poverty Application of Framework

Migration trends & manifestation of slums in upcoming cities Fig 13: Diagram depicting process undertaken

Vulnerability analysis, trajectories of slums, nature of safety nets

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7 Global Frameworks

FraMEWORK Research * Development of concept of Vulnerability ** Context of poverty in India

Comparison of 7 global vulnerability assessment frameworks with Sustain + • Process deployed • Target group • Data sets sought • Vocabulary

Different organisations study vulnerability through the lenses of climate resilience, climate risks, economic risks at diverse scales based on the context of their work. With the motive to study the process, intention, dimensions and vocabulary with which to capture vulnerability, 7 of the following cases were examined. • Sustain+ • Global Risk Report (2017) • 100 Resilient Cities - 100RC • Mahila Housing Sewa Trust - MHT • ACCCRN - Asian Cities Climate Change Network

{

}

Lens of urban poor and challenges of organizations on ground

• C 40 While selecting the organisations and the projects that they work on, diversity was maintained to get a range in terms of the scale of work, sectors of operation, the intention of the work.

Approach and Methodology Framework

Identification of 7 Global relevant frameworks Understand the context and scales of applicability

Understand the aspects and sectors they use to assess Vulnerability -Threats, risks, etc. Deriving the commonalities and differences between frameworks and the classification into sectors and subsectors Assessment of relevance to urban poor, and juxtaposing frameworks on community profile data to identify missing data sets Arriving at relevant datasets under defined sectors, at multiple scales, and categorizing them under threats, risks and indicators Developing final framework Fig 14: Diagram depicting Framework research process

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Sustain+ ORIGIN: 2016 ORGANISATION: SELCO Foundation, Good Energies Fund FOCUS REGION: India Sustain+ is a proposal to develop safety nets for urban poor communities to protect them from falling into abject poverty in the wake of disasters. SELCO Foundation works to invent, create and implement solutions that push people permanently out of poverty by using sustainable energy as a catalyst. It has energy access models, health, education and livelihoods teams that encompass technology and design, financial inclusion, policy, skill development and research or evaluation skill sets. Good Energies Fund works towards helping prevent climate change and mitigating its harm, especially to people who live in poverty. Good Energies Foundation invests in early-stage market solutions and funds efforts to bring successful approaches to scale.

Global Risk Report (2017) ORIGIN: 2017 ORGANISATION: World Economic

Forum

FOCUS REGION: Global The Global Risks Report is an annual study published by the World Economic Forum ahead of their Annual Meeting since 2009. The World Economic Forum (since 1971), committed to improving the state of the world, engages the foremost political, business and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. It is independent, impartial and not tied to any special interests. The Forum strives in all its efforts to demonstrate entrepreneurship in the global public interest while upholding the highest standards of governance. The report views causes and symptoms as Global Risks and Trends:

More details about Sustain+ Safety Nets are available in PART 1 of this document. The framework uses the terms ‘Types of THREATS’ to identify the sectors in which the research work is classified. The five types of threats as described: 1. Climate change (ecological un-sustainability) 2. Natural disasters 3. Skewed development 4. Exclusive policies 5. Social conflicts and war

The approach attempts to understand the underlying causes, mechanisms and structures that lead to poverty. This is followed by attempting to create actionable knowledge that can sustainably undo the impacts of poverty.

• Global risk: an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, can cause significant negative impact for several countries or industries within the next 10 years. • Trend: a “trend” is defined as a long- term pattern that is currently evolving and that could contribute to amplifying global risks and/or altering the relationship between them. The criteria for what constitutes a global risk have been set as Global scope, Cross-industry relevance, Uncertainty, economic impact, mitigation through Multi-stakeholder approach.

Each year the risk set is assessed using quantitative and qualitative means in terms of likelihood and severity to come up with a ‘Risk Landscape’ of risks to watch in the short to medium term.

Figure 1: The Risks-Trends Interconnections Map

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Image 35: The Risk Trends Interconnections map, Source: World Economic Forum Global Risks Report 2017 Source: World Economic Forum Global Risks Perception Survey 2016 Note: Survey respondents were asked to select the three trends that are the most important in shaping global development in the next 10 years. For each of the three trends identified, respondents were asked to select the risks that are most strongly driven by those trends. The global risks with the most connections to trends are spelled out in the figure. See Appendix B for more details. To ensure legibility, the names of the global risks are abbreviated; see Appendix A for the full name and description

Failed and failing states

Oil and gas price spike

Chronic disease, developed world

Oil price shock

China economic hard landing

Asset price collapse

2nd

Asset price collapse

Retrenchment from globalization (developed)

Slowing Chinese economy (<6%)

Oil and gas price spike

Pandemics

Asset price collapse

Retrenchment from globalization

Interstate and civil wars

Pandemics

Oil price shock

1st

2nd

Image 36: The Evolving Risks Landscape 2007-17, Source: World Economic Forum Global Risks Report 2017 Asset price collapse

2010

Global governance gaps

infrastructure Fiscal crises

Breakdown of critical information

Chronic disease

Slowing Chinese economy (<6%)

Fiscal crises

Chronic disease

Oil and gas price spike

Retrenchment from globalization (developed)

Economic

Fiscal crises

infrastructure Chronic disease

Breakdown of critical information

Oil price spikes

Retrenchment from globalization (developed)

Breakdown of critical information infrastructure

Asset price collapse

2009

Retrenchment from globalization (emerging)

Global governance gaps

Chronic disease

Slowing Chinese economy (<6%)

Breakdown of critical information infrastructure

Asset price collapse

2010

Environmental

Extreme energy price volatility

Asset price collapse

Geopolitical conflict

Climate change

Fiscal crises

2011

Climate change

Biodiversity loss

Corruption

Flooding

Storms and cyclones

2011

Geopolitical

Extreme volatility in energy and agriculture prices

imbalances

Food shortage crises

Water supply crises

Major systemic financial failure

2012

Water supply crises

Cyber attacks

Rising greenhouse gas emissions

Chronic fiscal imbalances

Severe income disparity

2012

Societal

Failure of climatechange mitigation and adaptation

Diffusion of weapons of mass destruction

Chronic fiscal imbalances

Water supply crises

Major systemic financial failure

2013

Mismanagement of population ageing

Water supply crises

Rising greenhouse gas emissions

Chronic fiscal imbalances

Severe income disparity

2013

Technological

Critical information infrastructure breakdown

Unemployment and underemployment

Water crises

Climate change

Fiscal crises

2014

Cyber attacks

Climate change

Unemployment and underemployment

Extreme weather events

Income disparity

2014

Failure of climatechange mitigation and adaptation

Interstate conflict with regional consequences

Weapons of mass destruction

Rapid and massive spread of infectious diseases

Water crises

2015

High structural unemployment or underemployment

State collapse or crisis

Failure of national governance

Extreme weather events

Interstate conflict with regional consequences

2015

Severe energy price shock

Large-scale involuntary migration

Water crises

Weapons of mass destruction

Failure of climatechange mitigation and adaptation

2016

Major natural catastrophes

Interstate conflict with regional consequences

Failure of climatechange mitigation and adaptation

Extreme weather events

Large-scale involuntary migration

2016

Failure of climatechange mitigation and adaptation

Major natural disasters

Water crises

Extreme weather events

Weapons of mass destruction

2017

Massive incident of data fraud/theft

Large-scale terrorist attacks

Major natural disasters

Large-scale involuntary migration

Extreme weather events

2017

Source: World Economic Forum 20017-2017, Global Risks Reports Note: Global risks may not be strictly comparable across years, as definitions and the set of global risks have evolved with new issues emerging on the 10-year horizon. For example, cyberattacks, income disparity and unemployment entered the set of global risks in 2012. Some global risks were reclassified: water crises and rising income disparity were re-categorized first as societal risks and then as a trend in the 2015 and 2016 Global Risks Reports, respectively. The 2006 edition of the Global Risks Report did not have a risks landscape

5th

4th

3rd

2008

2007

Top 5 Global Risks in Terms of Impact

5th

4th

3rd

Middle East instability

Chronic disease in developed countries

Asset price collapse

Breakdown of critical information infrastructure

2009

2008

1st

2007

Top 5 Global Risks in Terms of Likelihood

Figure 2: The Evolving Risks Landscape, 2007-2017 Report on Urban Vulnerability

Figure 3: The Global Risks Landscape 2017

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

Image 37: The Global Risks Landscape 2017, Source: World Economic Forum Global Risks Report 2017 Source: World Economic Forum Global Risks Perception Survey 2016 Note: Survey respondents were asked to assess the likelihood of the individual global risk on a scale of 1 to 7, 1 representing a risk that is not likely to happen and 7 a risk that is very likely to occur. They also assess the impact on each global risk on a scale of 1 to 5 (1: minimal impact, 2: minor impact, 3: moderate impact, 4: severe impact and 5: catastrophic impact). See Appendix B for more details. To ensure legibility, the names of the global risks are abbreviated; see Appendix A for the full name and description

on Urban Vulnerability Figure 4:Report The Global Risks Interconnections Map 2017

Image 38: The Global Risk Interconnections Map 2017, Source: World Economic Forum Global Risks Report 2017 Source: World Economic Forum Global Risks Perception Survey 2016 Note: Survey respondents were asked to identify between three and six pairs of global risks they believe to be most interconnected. See Appendix B for more details. To ensure legibility, the names of the global risks are abbreviated; see Appendix A for the full name and description

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

100 Resilient Cities - 100RC ORIGIN: 2013 ORGANISATION: Rockerfeller

Foundation

FOCUS REGION: Global

The Surat resilience strategy has been developed around seven strategic pillars, 20 goals, and 63 initiatives/actions. This section includes the initiatives that Surat will further develop and implement between 2016 and 2025. Each pillar is defined by a number of goals and associated initiatives. Figure 3.1 shows the resilience pillars and their orientation; Figure 3.2 shows the resilience pillars, goals, and initiatives in Surat’s strategy.

100 Resilient Cities is dedicated to helping cities around the world become more resilient to the physical, social and economic challenges that are a growing part of the 21st century. It supports the adoption and incorporation of a view of resilience that includes not just the shocks— earthquakes, fires, floods, etc.—but also the stresses that weaken the fabric of a city on a day to day or cyclical basis.

Image 39: 100 RC Knowledge Network for Surat, Source: 100 RC- Surat Resilience Strategy (2017)

Image 40: Surat- Resilience Pillars and Orientation Source: 100 RC-Surat Resilience Strategy (2017)

Upscaling Health

Social Cohesion

Ecosystem & Environmental regulation

Dominant sectors of employment & economic dependency

WaterAailability & Quality

Affordable Housing

Upscaling of Health

PILLARS

Report on Urban Vulnerability

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

1.1 Basic Project Data Mahila Housing

Sewa Trust

MHT Take Lead in Resilience Building of a. Title:- Women Urban Poor b. Region: Seven 2015 Cities in South Asia- India, ORIGIN: Bangladesh and Nepal

PROJECT: Global resilience

c. Lead Organization: Gujarat Mahila Housing SEWA partnership challenge Trust (MHT) (Registered under the Trusts and Societies FOCUS REGION: India Act) Founded with the of 2015 building sound d. Target Start date: 15thmission October housing and living environments for poor women Finish date: 30th September 2017

in the informal sector, MHT facilitates access e. Any tomatching offered:legal There is no specific informationfunds and financial, and technical matching fund for the project, however in view of the services in housing, water and sanitation, energy, nature housing of the finance, projectclimate the communities w ould change, urban planning,attract public funding for common infrastructure costs. We are construction related livelihood sectors with for a exploring the possibilities of additional funding a focus on improving quality ofoflives longer term (5 year) Impact the Assessment the and project. livelihoods of poor women.

f. Team members:

3 Countries 7 Growing Cities 100 Slum Settlements 1,200 Women/Youth Leaders 25,000 Most Vulnerable Families Image 41: MHT for Global Resilience Partnership Challenge Source: MHT Solutions Statement (2015)

Titled as ‘Women’s Action towards Climate Resilience for Urban Poor Name in South TitleAsia’ theirEmail Overall Guidance and Supervision Renana Jhabvala Teamof Lead proposal was one of the eight winners the firstrenanajhabvala@gmail.com Project Implementation and Community Bijal Brahmbhatt Alternative Team bijalb@mahilahsg.org Global Resilience Challenge of Global Resilience facilitation Lead and Director Partnership by The Rockefeller South Asia Partnership building (GRP) convened Sapna Joshi and Director, HNSA homenetsouthasia@gmail.co Firoza Mehrotra Foundation, USAID, and Swedish Internationalm Geohydrological Assessment and Agency M(Sida) Schienderto and help Watermillions inm.schneider@fu-berlin.de Development Development Integrated Water Theresa Management Africa futures. The Management Solutionsand Asia build more FormmenresilientExpert Monitoring solution and Evaluationstatement prepared M Elliot Principal Housingmichael.elliott@coa.gatech.ed by Mahila Investigator SEWA Trust and Partners in 2015 was studied inuveenaiyer@iiphg.org Technical Guidance for Heat Stress and Dileep Mavlankar Technical Advisor Water Quality Monitoring and Veena Iyer detail. Team Role

Technical Guidance and Capacity Building Support for Vector Borne Diseases Technical Guidance Risk Management The for dense urban Strategies and Financial Solutions

Vijay Kohli

Engineering and Design support for water management technologies

Devang Shah and Devang Gajjar

Health Expert

kohli_vijay@yahoo.co.in

Contact

Organization

011-23970619

Mahila Housing SEWA Trust

9825029281

Mahila Housing SEWA Trust

9958323674

Homenet South Asia

493083870653

Freie Universität Berlin

404-874-4109

Georgia Institute of Technology

9898908471

Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation National Insurance VimoSEWA Cooperative Limited

9376175338

Arman Oza Financial Expert 9824451304 population in South Asia isarmanoza@hotmail.com particularly susceptible to negative climatic Development of Information Technology Vipul Shah Information vpravinchandra@gmail.com 9974287967 PH Shah & Company changes thoseExpert living and Financial Products and the most vulnerable are Technology Communication and Plan Sanskrirti Menon2013) Communication Centre for Environment Education in Strategy informal settlements (IPCC, due to asanskriti.menon@ceeindia.org 9822455250 Development and Madhavi Expert number of factors: Joshi more sharply than elsewhere. Low quality of their Water devanghepc@gmail.com 9825444159 Himadri Enviro Protection housing, with limitedConsultants ventilation, inadequate Management Private Limited A) Geographical Exposure: being located mostly Expert cooling facilities make them more vulnerable to Engineering and Design support for water Om Prakash Water 9,931,315,105 Geotech Consultant in environmentally vulnerable areaslow lyinggeotech_9@yahoo.com climate vagaries like heat stress. management technologies Management lands more prone to floods/inundation or Expert Partnering with City Governments Malhotra Technical 9724334414 Urban Management Centre high elevations with Meghna low ground waterAdvisor levels.meghna@umcasia.org

D) Financial Susceptibility: having paucity of

Urban Planning and Sustainable Kirtee Shah Technical Advisor 9925010706 Independent Consultant Land tenure Habitat insecurity further hampers capitalkirtee@ksadps.com income resources and access to credit and Designing (Architect) investment in these habitations. Disaster Management and Sustainable Anindya Kumar Technical Advisor anindyaksarkar@gmail.com Independent insurance; 9810406234 are often forced toConsultant exhaust limited Habitat Designing (Architect) Sarkar savings or assets in order to respond. Design Market based Solutions for Efficient Harish Hande and Technical Advisor harish@selco-india.com SELCO Solar India Private Limited B) Occupational Exposure: dependent on Energy Products Rachita Urban Planning and Real Estate which require Arvind Limbani Technical Advisor 9824546101 Vande Mataram Projects Private occupations heavy physical labour;arvind.limbani@gmail.com E) Social Marginalization: having least fall Development Limited outdoor working like construction, street vendingvijayanadkat@yahoo.com Partnering with City Governments Vijay Anadkat City Liasioning 9714503705 India and access back options, limitedWRI-EMBARQ, resources Expert and/or informal livelihoods like seasonal vending, to information, inhibited recognition Design Market based Solutions for Green Zeenat Naizi Alt-Technology zniazi@devalt.org Development Alternatives as a city work, that may be directly Housing andhome-based Safe Water Expert impacted resident. Slums and informal settlements are Development of community diseases Vikas Desai Health Expert psmvikas@hotmail.com 9825117259 Urban Health Advocacy & Alliance by disasters. often excluded, for instance, from early warning surveillance systems

C) Infrastructure Deprivation: living in settlements that typically lack adequate drainage, energy and communications systems where the impact of an event such as flooding or drought will be felt

systems or flood prevention infrastructure.

F) Gender Discrimination: given the gender roles in these societies, especially domestic responsibilities

52 2

investments with strong consideration for the future, to improve their

ers and slum communities within the city governance systems to enable Report on Urban Vulnerability concerns of the poor. Figure 1: Barriers to Resilience

e realise dge” but owledge eing the els which munities lutions”. critical Women’s Action towards Climate Resilience for Urban Poor in South mutual Asia s of the like water fetching, food security and care giving, women are even more vulnerable and bear the esilience Image dual42: burden of to these climate-related (UN Women Watch, 2009). (Table 1). Barriers Resilience, Source: MHTevents. Solutions Statement (2015) ng factors towards this would be; Table 1: Specifics of climate-related impacts and increased vulnerability of slum communities and

erships for women joint action between all knowledge stakeholders: community Climate stress Vulnerability drivers Impact on slum communities burden on roviders, technical experts, and other local institutions. Additional women Extreme heat Micro climatic conditions Increased mortality- the elderly and Reduced Productivity rategies and educational workshops that provide most relevant Poorly-ventilated dwellings children Increased care giving role mmunities to seek technical knowledge and Stress, adopt thinking. No access to cooling spaces/trees Increased Fatiguefuturistic and Illness Expensive Cooling technologies Reduced Productivity hnical solutions to meet the needs of the poor, especially women. Outdoor work spaces Extreme Settlement Low lying areas Loss of life and during floods Higher risk to life cts to support the poor toinmake investments inassets resilience solutions. precipitation (flooding and inundation)

Flood prone construction (below road level) No storm water drainage No sewage lines or blocked/ broken drainage Insecure Land Tenure

Temporary relocation can lead to eviction Loss of assets- home, businesses and documents Loss of Livelihood Increased health risk due to water contamination Compromised water usage Use of unsafe water Incidence of water related diseases Financial burden

Sexual harassment and lack of privacy at shelters Increased drudgery of accessing safe water Increased child protection role

e urban poor are provided with the requisite knowledge to undertake quipped with available resilient-technologies, they will be able to devise r climate resilient solutions. If the poor are empowered to implement Water scarcity Less access to reliabletheir water supply drudgery nal mechanisms representing voices are in place, theyIncreased will be able of and Dependence on groundwater (often accessing safe water ance on pro-poor and resilience action. Our model contamination adaptation shallow aquifer) Sometimes focuses girls may drop No knowledge of quality parameters from school themselves to take action and prepare for future climate Loss risks. of Productive hours Vector Breeding

Open water bodies/ nallas Increased morbidity and mortality Increased care giving role Unhygienic water storage practices Loss of wages Loss of Productive hours Low access to health care services Health expenditure Source: Inputs from Technical Experts; Focus Group Discussions with Communities and Consultation Workshop. See Table 9: Specifics climate-related impacts and increased vulnerability of slum communities and women, Source: MHT Refined Annexure 1 and of 2 for details

Problem Statement (2015)

With a low livelihood base and limited fall- back options, their capacity to withstand climate stress and shocks is limited, leaving them to be caught in the “poverty trap”- they will become poorer due to climate change but not be able to make the required resilience investments because they are poor and long term solutions seem economically non-feasible (Sach, 2005). Even though they are often seen coping in their own ways, these strategies are not feasible in the long run and often put them in a negative situation. There is an urgent need to create solutions for positive and transformative action and develop a culture of resilience among these communities, particularly women. The project will thus work directly with more than 1,25,000 people, particularly women, living in urban slums in South Asia, with the aim of influencing and upgrading the lives of more than 5.75 million slum dwellers. Defining Resilience for Urban Poor The aim is to build the resilience capacity of the urban slum community, particularly women, to survive, adapt and progress in the face of stress, while maintaining their current level of livelihood and health status without distress or loss of assets. The capacities should be 53 evolutionary in nature with an increase in risk retention capacities; improved access to basic services (like water, sanitation, adequate shelter and health) and a continued effort to transform to a threshold level of livelihood security. (adapted from UN Habitat and Rockefeller, 2014 and

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ACCCRN - Asian Cities Climate Change Network

there is rapid urbanization and fast-growing cities that are prone to sudden shocks, as well as long-term stresses.

ORIGIN: 2010 ORGANISATION: Rockerfeller

The research papers on methodologies of ACCCRN vulnerability assessment were studied in detail. Their city level resilience assessments have been done for 7 cities in India (Gorakhpur, Indore, Guwahati, Surat, Shimla, Mysore, Bhubaneshwar). For the cities of Surat and Indore, demonstrative projects to improve resilience have also been undertaken.

Foundation

FOCUS REGION: Asia ACCCRN is a regional network, connecting professionals and communities across Asia to build inclusive urban climate change resilience (UCCR) that focuses on poor and vulnerable people affected by climate change. They commit to empower people in building climate resilience, influence urban agendas, and build a regional resilient community in Asia where

A useful resource to look at is the ICLEI ACCCRN PROCESS- Building Urban Climate Change Resilience: A Toolkit for Local Governments. This documents the detailsResilienCe of the process that are AsiAn Cities ClimAte : BRiefing required to make city resilience strategies.

Table 1: Key city features and partner organisations Population (2011 census)

Key Climate Risks

Key partner organisation

Role of the organisation

medium sized city, functions as the district and divisional administrative headquarters

1.1 million (urban agglomeration)

flooding and water logging

gorakhpur environmental Action group (geAg)

Risk and vulnerability assessment; sector studies; Resilience strategy preparation

indore

largest city of the madhya Pradesh state, headquarters of indore District Division.

2.1 million (urban agglomeration)

increased temperatures and water shortages

tARU

Risk and vulnerability analysis; Climate projections; Resilience strategy preparation

surat

second largest city in gujarat state

4.4 million

sea level rise and flooding

tARU

Risk and vulnerability analysis; Climate projections; Resilience strategy preparation

guwahati

Capital city of the state of Assam and the biggest urban centre in northeast india.

0.97 million (urban agglomeration)

increased temperature, increased frequency of high rainfall events leading to floods

teRi

Risk and vulnerability assessment; Climate projections; Preparation of Resilience strategy and mainstreaming plan.

mysore

second largest city in Karnataka state

0.9 million

increased average annual temperatures, decreased annual mean rainfall

iClei

Risk and vulnerability assessment; Preparation of resilience strategy

shimla

Capital of the northern state of Himachal Pradesh

0.16 million

increased average temperature, increased precipitation

iClei

Risk and vulnerability assessment; Preparation of resilience strategy

Bhubaneswar

Capital city of the orissa, centre of economic and religious importance

0.8 million

increased temperature and precipitation

iClei

Risk and vulnerability assessment; Preparation of resilience strategy

City

Characteristic Features

gorakhpur

the institute of social and environmental transition (iset) was involved in the climate scenario projections for gorakhpur and provided climate modelling support to tARU in indore and surat. teRi also prepared a mainstreaming action plan for gorakhpur.

Table 10: Key city features and partner organisations, Source: A review of ACCCRN approaches in Indian cities (2014) important platforms for initiating urban climate action. their expectations, and the long-term nature of climate Cities require policy and regulatory support from the state impacts compared to immediate problems. However, the government, and funding for implementation of plans and approach in gorakhpur has successfully demonstrated the projects. possibilities of participatory processes for vulnerability 54 analysis and for formulating the city resilience strategy. The city respondents also emphasised the need and efficacy of integrating climate resilience planning within urban Outcomes planning processes. Unless climate change is integrated While the city respondents viewed the resilience strategy

Table 1. Vulnerability profile template: a framework for city level application

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Variables

Description

Natural Hazards Temperature observed trends

Maximum and minimum monthly temperature (1950â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2000).

Rainfall observed trends

Maximum and minimum monthly rainfall (1950â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2000).

Extreme events

Floods, flash floods, droughts, heat waves, cold waves.

Exposure to other hazards

Cyclones, sea-level rise, landslides, storm surges.

Infrastructure status Water supply

Per capita water availability, water supply coverage and water resources (surface water and ground water) and demand and supply gaps, non-revenue water.

Sewerage

Sewage collection and/or coverage of piped sewer lines, reuse and recycle and treatment capacity.

Solid waste management

Per capita MSWkg/day, collection of waste. It can also involve collection, segregation, handling, transport and treatment.

Stormwater drainage

Coverage, period of its installation, design capacity, number of cases of water logging reported.

Transportation

Road coverage, connectivity, efficiency of transportation, congestion.

Power

Energy consumption in the cities by different sectors.

Housing

Available housing units, construction material used (kutcha/pucca houses).

Governance Administrative unit assigned

Government institutions authorised to handle climate change and disaster.

to address climate change and hazards Willingness of city leadership to

Initiatives by the government if any.

address climate change Socio-economic characteristics Population

Current population, sex ratio, literacy rate, population age composition (number of children between 0â&#x20AC;&#x201C;6 years and people above the age of 60 years).

Density

People per km2.

Urban poverty

Slum population and population below poverty line.

Percentage of urban areas

Affected areas.

susceptible to hazards Per capita GDP

City GDP (per capita).

Table 11: Vulnerability profile template: a framework for city level application, Source: Vulnerability profiling of cities: A framework for climate-resilient urban development in India (2014)

Figure 2. HIGS framework and detailed list of variables

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Hazards: physical and meteorological indicators ■■ Temperature (maximum, minimum) ■■ Precipitation (maximum, minimum) ■■ Mean sea level ■■ Frequency of droughts ■■ Frequency of floods ■■ Frequency of cyclones

Socio-economic indicators ■■ Demographic composition (sex ratio, age structure) ■■ Slum population (poverty status) ■■ Literacy rate ■■ Migration flow ■■ Urbanisation trend and urban sprawl

Infrastructure and urban services indicators

HIGS framework for climate responsive urban development

■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■

Water supply Sewerage system Solid waste management Stormwater drainage Transportation Power Housing

Governance and institutions indicators

Image 43: HIGS framework and detailed list of variables, Source: Vulnerability profiling of cities: A framework for climate-resilient urban development in India (2014)

Participation Transparency Accountability Response efficiency and capability ■■ Innovative financing

■■ ■■ ■■ ■■

Bhubaneswar: Risk Assessment Urban system

Impacts of climate change

Likelihood

2.1 Hazards and extreme events

Consequence

Risk score

Risk status

Increased precipitation disrupts/ damages Medium Water 3 3 9 supply infrastructure supply hazardswater Identifying requires analysis of their frequency, duration, area and extent, and the possibility of secondary hazards. High Increased causes increased 3 12processes. In the HIGS framework, eachprecipitation of the multiple hazards is treated separately4 and identified through parallel The incidences of urban flooding / water logging information collected includes location, minimum and maximum temperatures and rainfall range, and the extent of and temperatures will lead to increased 5 to changes in 3the frequency,15 intensity of floods,Increased droughts and cyclones. The change in climate may lead intensity, High spatial demand for water thereby posing additional extent, duration and timing of extreme weather and climate events, and can result in unprecedented extreme weather stress on the supply system events, so understanding past weather events can help to predict future climate impacts. The IPCC special report on Increased precipitation causes greater health High Housing 4 3 12 extreme events (IPCC risks2012) states that increases in the frequency and magnitude of warm daily temperature extremes and decreases in cold extremes will occur in the 21st century at a global scale. This will further enhance the length, frequency Increased temperature causes greater fire Medium 4 2 8 and/or intensity of warm spells or heat waves over most land areas. risks The frequency of the occurrences of climate-related hazardous events is taken into account by HIGS to assess the exposure Increased precipitation disrupts / damages Medium Energy 4 2 8 of the city to climate risks.supply In India, data on hazards and hazard risk reduction are lacking at the city level, which is a power infrastructure major challenge for improvements in urban vulnerability reduction, and therefore data from other sources must be used. Increased temperature leads to increased High 4 3 12 The selection of the hazardsdemand included will in theincrease, frameworkcausing is basedaon the Urban Statistics Handbook (NIUA 2001). The energy Vulnerability Atlasshortage of India prepared by the Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC 2006) and maps developed byThere National Thematic stress Mapping (NATMo) are important sources and willAtlas be and additional onorganization the Medium Ecosystem 4 2 8 to analyse

ecosystems e.g. cities the water bodieshazards. may dry up crosscheck the exposure of Indian to natural

Table 12: Bhubaneshwar Risk Assessment, Source: ICLEI – ACCCRN Process Learning from 3 Indian Cities-Presentation by Sunandan Tiwari (2013)

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Bhubaneswar: Increased precipitation impact (Water logging & disrupted infrastructure)

Image 44: Wards impacted by water logging and disrupted infrastructure, Source: Learning from 3 Indian CitiesPresentation by Sunandan Tiwari (2013) Bhubaneswar: Increased precipitation impact (Health risks)

Bhubaneswar

Image 46: Wards prone to health risk, Source: Learning from 3 Indian Cities-Presentation by Sunandan Tiwari (2013)

Bhubaneswar: Increased temperature impact (Shortage of water supply)

Image 45: Wards impacted by storage of water, Source: Learning from 3 Indian Cities- Presentation by Sunandan Tiwari (2013) Bhubaneswar: Increased temperature impact (Fire risks)

Image 47: Wards prone to fire risks, Source: Learning from 3 Indian Cities- Presentation by Sunandan Tiwari (2013)

Vulnerabilities • Impacted by water logging and disrupted infrastructure • Impacted by shortage of water • Prone to health and fire risks • Prone to shortage of power supply and disrupted infrastructure • Faces additional stress on ecosystems Population impacted • Commercial units • Urban residents • Slum residents • Women • Children and elderly people • Industries • Institutions • Students

Image 48: Bhubaneshwar Vulnerability Hotspots, Source: ICLEI – ACCCRN Process Learning from 3 Indian Cities-Presentation by Sunandan Tiwari (2013)

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CARIAA-ASSAR Adaptation at Scale in Semi Arid regions ORIGIN: 2014 ORGANISATION: Canada’s International Development Research Centre, UKaid, DFID FOCUS REGION: Semi-Arid regions ASSAR is a part of the Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA) programme, whose overarching research objective is to use insights from multiple-

scale, interdisciplinary work to improve the understanding of the barriers, enablers and limits to effective, sustained and widespread adaptation out to the 2030s. Working in a coordinated manner across seven countries in India, East Africa, West Africa and Southern Africa, ASSAR’s research is case study based and strives to integrate climatic, environmental, social and economic change. The dynamics of gender roles and relations form a particularly strong theme throughout our approach. The CARIAA-ASSAR Working Paper #3 titled ‘Assessing climate change risks and contextual vulnerability in urban areas of semi-arid India The case of Bangalore’ by Ritwika Basu and Amir Working Papers #3 Bazaz wasCARIAA-ASSAR studied in detail.

Table 2: Linking adaptation and prospects, key risk sectors and potential climate impacts Key risk sectors

Climatic drivers

Overall urban systems

Climate hazards such as extreme events induced by variability in temperature and rainfall.

Terrestrial ecosystems and ecological infrastructure

Untimely, irregular and intense spells of precipitation and temperature variation

Water supply systems

Drying trend, extreme and unpredictable precipitation

Potential impacts of climate change

Adaptation issues and prospects

Profound impacts on infrastructure, services, ecosystems and therefore impact economies and populations. These interact with existing social, economic and environmental risks to compound vulnerabilities.

An appropriate urban governance frame with focused adaptation measures concerning built environment, infrastructure and services and overall risk reduction has high potential for reducing key climate risks.

Reduced water availability due to damaged water supply infrastructure and inadequate supply, contaminated water supplies, and reduced capacity to effectively meet competing water demands by different sectors.

Strengthening water networks and demand management. Improvement in water resources management and increased efficiency in water supply systems. Interventions to reduce risks to floods and endeavour towards improving water quality.

Alteration in ecosystem services and functions due to changes in temperature and rainfall regimes, variations in evaporation rates, impact on soil moisture, changes in humidity affecting healthy functioning of people.

Attempts to bridge knowledge gaps with respect to ecosystem thresholds and thus carefully designed adaptation strategies and prevention of maladaptation. Demarcation and protection of green areas, provision of more drainage systems and protection of urban wetlands and ground water resources. Strategize development controls using a mix of effective policy instruments, informed by evidence and guided by experts.

Waste water system Extreme precipitation Vulnerability of climate sewageimpacts, Source: Increase in spatial coverage of risks Table 13: Linking Adaptation and Prospects, Key Risk Sectors and potential Assessing climate change treatment infrastructure sewerage systems. Managing and contextual vulnerability in urban areas of semi-arid India: The case of Bangalore to CARIAA-ASSAR Working Paper #3 (2014) damage by extreme wastewater flows, reduce precipitation event and clogging and infrastructure inability to clean up the water breakdown possibilities by using system due to inappropriate quality material and proper design (if design does not regulations and scheduled 58 take into account extreme interventions for waste precipitation condition). management.

Water supply systems

Drying trend, extreme and unpredictable precipitation

Key risk sectors

Climatic drivers

Energywater systems Waste system

Drying and warming Extreme precipitation trends, extreme precipitation

Key risk sectors

Climatic drivers

Food systems and Energy systems security

Temperature increase, Drying and warming alterations in trends, extreme precipitation and humidity

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Food systems and security Transportation and communications systems

Temperature increase, alterations in precipitation and humidity Extreme precipitation

Housing Transportation and communications systems

Warming trend, extreme Extreme precipitation

Human health Housing

drying Warming and trend, trends, extreme extreme precipitation temperature and precipitation events

Human health

Warming and drying trends, extreme temperature and precipitation events

Reduced water availability Strengthening water networks due to damaged water supply and demand management. infrastructure and Improvement in water resources CARIAA-ASSAR Working Papers #3 inadequate supply, management and increased contaminated water supplies, efficiency in water supply and reduced capacity to systems. Interventions to reduce effectively meet competing risks to floods and endeavour Potential impacts of Adaptation issues and water demands by different towards improving water climate change prospects sectors. quality. Power supplyof interruptions Reduce dependence on Vulnerability sewage Increase in spatial coverage of hydropower as the Managing main source due to damaged energy to treatment infrastructure sewerage systems. of energy byflows, replacing it with production and transmission damage by extreme wastewater reduce CARIAA-ASSAR Working Papers #3 alternative sources. infrastructureevent and the precipitation and clogging andenergy infrastructure Implement interventions forusing associated inability to high cleandependence up the water breakdown possibilities by demandmaterial side management on conventional energy system due to inappropriate quality and properin addition to energy source supply (if systems, design designabsence does notof regulations and scheduled diversification, including decentralized options. Potential impacts of Adaptation issues and take into account extreme interventions for waste decentralized options. climate change prospects precipitation condition). management. Disrupted foodinterruptions production, Power supply supply and directenergy due to damaged implicationsand on transmission food prices production and hence foodand security infrastructure the of the poor, assuming that the associated high dependence public food distribution on conventional energy systemssystems, are poorly managed. supply absence of decentralized options. Disrupted food production, supply and direct implications on food prices and hence food security of Disrupted networksthat directly the poor, assuming the affecting livelihoods, that are public food distribution partly linked to spatial systems are poorly managed. alterations in the city character and therefore, heavy reliance of the poor on public transport and other communication systems

Low quality housing in flood prone zones or otherdirectly Disrupted networks vulnerable locations are affecting livelihoods, that are prone to destruction. partly linked to spatialDirectly impacts health and alterations in the city permanence shelter. character andoftherefore, Qualityreliance of housing bears heavy of the poor on direct implications for energy public transport and other requirements. systems communication Direct healthhousing impactsindue to Low quality flood breaching temperature prone zones or other thresholds of social groups vulnerable locations are or due to to over exposure Directly (like in prone destruction. open construction impacts health andor mining activities), poor quality and permanence of shelter. Quality of housing bears direct implications for energy requirements. Direct health impacts due to breaching temperature thresholds of social groups or due to over exposure (like in open construction or mining activities), poor quality and

Promotedependence urban agriculture Reduce on practices, promote hydropower as the ecosystem main source based adaptation to regulate of energy by replacing it with ecosystem services essential for alternative energy sources. food production systems, for devise Implement interventions new adaptation policies to in take demand side management into account impacts of climate addition to energy source change on urban food supply diversification, including chain and accordingly decentralized options. design market interventions, strengthening public food Promote urbanofagriculture distribution systemecosystem and practices, promote governance. based adaptation to regulate ecosystem services essential for New production design standards in the food systems, devise context of climate changetoand new adaptation policies take enforcement of development into account impacts of climate controls.on urban food supply change chain and accordingly design market interventions, strengthening of public food distribution system and governance. Integrate effective building code practices into climate change New design standards in the action plans at thechange city scale, context of climate and effective development control enforcement of development and upgrading of informal controls. settlements and retrofitting of old buildings.

Improvement of water supply, Integrate effective building code solid waste management, practices into climate change housing conditions, land use action plans at the city scale, planning development and food security and effective control provision of market-based and upgrading of informal social security instruments like health settlements and retrofitting of old buildings. 31

Improvement of water supply, solid waste management, housing conditions, land use planning and food security and provision of market-based social security instruments like health 31

CARIAA-ASSAR Working Papers #3foundation sensinglocal | SELCO

Key risk sectors

Climatic drivers

Poverty and access to basic services

Variable precipitation and temperature

Poor and marginal social groups

Warming and drying trends, extreme temperature and precipitation events

Potential impacts of climate change

Adaptation issues and prospects

inadequate water availability leading to water-related health problems, flood situation triggered by extreme precipitation events creating health hazard in poorly located habitations.

insurance.

Direct impact on livelihoods, health capacity due to disruptions in other key sectors (terrestrial ecosystems and services, water, other economic sectors) and services and breach of thresholds of individual groups â&#x20AC;&#x201C; partly because of poor adaptive capacities and chronic poverty. Also, impacts on food security of the poor that gets disturbed due to climate change disruption food production and supply chains (some of the poorer neighbourhoods lack effective public food distribution systems)

Ensuring that the poor and marginal social groups have adequate public service provision, means to cope with sudden climatic event, availability of appropriate livelihood diversification opportunities, access to sufficient food and health care. Improvising on governance innovation to legitimize bottomup processes of resource management and use, promotion of community and neighbourhood led adaptation processes. These processes have to be constitutionally mandated or implemented through innovative governance instruments.

Water shortages leading to water related diseases, temperature alterations impacting functionality of population â&#x20AC;&#x201C; together impacting livelihoods. Informal settlements are mostly cut out from basic services, these are also places that are characterised by chronic poverty and hence lack the financial capacity to access private services.

Formalizing informal economic sector, upgrading of informal settlements, improving of housing conditions and empowering local communities in tackling problems related to climate change.

7.1 Way forward The ASSAR project, within the social differentiation research stream, aims to understand the nature of differential vulnerability in the context of our case sites. It further aims to 32

Report on Urban Vulnerability 51

C 40

C40 Networks District Energy

ORIGIN: 2007 ORGANISATION: Bloomberg

Philanthropies

FOCUS REGION: Global C40 is a network of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s megacities committed to addressing climate change. Acting both locally and collaboratively, C40 cities are having a meaningful global impact in reducing both greenhouse gas emissions and climate risks. C40 offers cities an effective forum where they can collaborate, share knowledge and drive meaningful, measurable and sustainable action on climate change. The selected C40 cities in India are Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Jaipur

Accelerating the uptake of district heating and cooling systems to improve efficiencies and reduce carbon emissions

Municipal Building

Supporting city efforts to improve the energy efficiency

Private Building

Supporting city efforts to improve the energy efficiency

3.1 INTRODUCTION of buildings they own and manage Efficiency

The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, now its 10th buildings year, connects Efficiency of existing commercial andin residential more than 80 of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s greatest cities, representing over 600 million people and one quarter ofAccelerating the globalinvestment economy. Created and led by cities, Green Growth and job creation in the C40 is focused on tacklingsustainability climate change drivingthe urban action that sector; and encouraging growth of green reduces greenhouse gas emissions and climate risks, while increasing the enterprise districts or clusters; and quantifying the economic benefit of climate health, wellbeing and economic opportunities of action urban citizens. C40 cities are committed to working together to address climate change. Sustainable Financing solutions for sustainable urban infrastructure, Currently there are 16 thematic networks and six overarching initiative Infrastructure Finance including innovative financing approaches for energy, areas within the C40 to facilitate around specific sectors. buildings,dialogue transportation, waste, water, and other city Participation in these networks allowspriorities the sharing of challenges, ideas, infrastructure and solutions, and to tailor their own city actions to local circumstances. Creditworthiness Supporting cities to acquire strong credit ratings For example, the Climate Change Risk Assessment Network helps to build climate resilient cities by promoting understanding and prioritisation Solid risks. The Reducing gas emissions across the municipal ofSustainable climate change Greengreenhouse Growth Network aims to accelerate Waste Systems solid sector through improved comprehensive investment and job creation inwaste the green economy by encouraging the planning and targeted implementation strategies growth of green enterprise districts or clusters and quantifying the wider economic benefits of climate action. The full list of all 16 C40 networks is Waste in to Table Resources Moving cities from waste management towards shown 3.01. resource management by focusing on upper waste

C40 networks help cities replicate, improve and accelerate climate action. hierarchy actions like avoidance, reduction, reutilisation and recovery These city-only working groups provide for honest knowledge exchange between city peers and links to expert partners. Through networks, cities find opportunities to collaborate onand initiatives of C40 mutual and Climate Positive Equipping empowering citiesinterest to accelerate Development the implementation of globally accepted best practice benefit. C40 networks also amplify individual city solutions by providing sustainable urban planning strategies for district-scale a global platform for showcasing city successes. The data-driven new build and regeneration projects by providing approach used by C40 to cities identify and launch topic-specific networks an urban laboratory of cutting edge largeensures that the networksscale respond to cityprojects priorities areasnet-negative with the development thatin achieve greatest potential for climate impact. emissions In 2015, for the first time, cities were asked about the information Sustainable Urban Enabling workused together on policies and exchange mechanism, if any, that cities theyto have to deliver climate Development approaches to support environmentally actions. The data reportedprogrammatic by the cities has enabled quantification of the sustainable, district scale, new build developments and impacts of networking over the past projects three years. An overall upward trend regeneration in C40 engagement and the publication of inspiring case studies where collaboration has made a real difference illustrates the growing extent Transit Oriented Supporting cities to become more compact and ofDevelopment knowledge sharing between cities, and the potential effectiveness connected by minimizing vehicle kilometres travelled of and peer-to-peer networking. increasing citizensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; access to public transportation and economic activity

Figure 3.01. BreakdownSupporting of actions by the information exchange Bus Rapid Transit cities around the world in introducing, improving mechanism through which they were and transforming Busdelivered Rapid Transit (BRT) systems Low Emission Vehicles C40 Networks

Focused on areas of municipal action critical for facilitating the uptake of low-emission vehicles in cities

Climate Change Risk Assessment

Building climate resilient cities through best practice understanding and prioritisation of climate change risks

Connecting Delta Cities

Supporting delta cities active in the field of climate change-related spatial development, water management, and adaptation

Cool Cities

Mitigating the urban heat island effect in cities through integration of cool roofs and pavements

Table 14: Breakdown of actions by the information exchange mechanism through which they were delivered, Source: Climate Action in Megacities 3.0- ARUP and C40 (2015)

ADAPTATION SANKEY DIAGRAM sensinglocal | SELCO foundation The aim of the adaptation sankey diagram is to link climate change effects to hazards and hazards to adaptation actions, showing how different climate change effects can exacerbate the same hazard globally. It shows there is no single correct way to adapt to a given hazard, as different cities respond to the same hazard through different adaptation actions. It also shows that actions may reduce the impacts of multiple hazards, and leaves room for the possibility of greater shared learning and collaboration between cities, making them aware of the various options they have to act.

CLIMATE HAZARD Climate Change Effect Climate Hazard More intense rainfall

Heat

Heat More hot days

Flood Other Flood Hotter summers

Water scarcity Sea level rise Water scarcity More frequent heat waves

Other

Increased frequency of large storms

Precipitation

Other More frequent droughts

Change in seasonality of rainfall Mass movement

Wave action

Precipitation

More intense heat waves Mass movement

Reduced average annual rainfall Insects and micro-organisms

Wildfire

More intense droughts

Wind

More frequent rainfall

Wave action Insects and micro-organisms

Greater temperature variability

Wildfire

Increased average annual rainfall

Wind

Reduced average annual snowfall Warmer water temperatures Increased wind speeds

Classification of city-specific hazards Classification of city-specific hazards

Meteorological

Geophysical Geophysical

Climatological Climatological

Biological Biological

Hydrological Hydrological

Image 49: Adaptation Sankey Diagram, Source: Climate Action in Megacities 3.0- ARUP and C40 (2015)

Report on Urban Vulnerability

ADAPTATION ACTION Tree planting and / or creation of green space

Adaption ActionFlood mapping Tree planting and/or creation of green space

Crisis management including warning and evacuation systems

Flood mapping

Green roofs / walls

Storm water capture systems Crisis management including warning and evacuation systems

Green roofs/walls

Flood defences – development and operation storage Restrict development in at risk areas

Storm water capture systems

Sea level rise modelling

Flood defences – development and operation storage

Projects and policies targeted at those most vulnerable Restrict development in at risk areas

Resilience and resistance measures for buildings Sea level rise modelling

Air quality initiatives Projects and policies targeted at those most vulnerable

Disease prevention measures Resilience and resistance measures for buildings Air quality initiatives

Heat mapping and thermal imaging Landslide risk mapping

Disease prevention measures

Retrofit of existing buildings

Heat mapping and thermal imaging Landslide risk mapping

Water efficient equipment and appliances Community engagement / education

Retrofit of existing buildings

Cooling centers, pools, water parks / plazas

Water efficient equipment and appliances

Incorporating climate change into long-term planning documents

Community engagement/education

Promoting and incentivizing water efficiency Cooling centers, pools, water parks/plazas Additional reservoirs and wells for water storage Incorporating climate change into long-term planning documents Water butts / rainwater capture Promoting and incentivizing water efficiency Public Additional reservoirs and wells forpreparedness water storage(including practice exercises/drills) Diversification of water supply Water butts/rainwater capture Maintenance repair – leaking infrastructure Public preparedness (including practice / exercises/drills) Water smart metering Diversification of water supply Water use audits Maintenance/repair – leaking infrastructure Water smart metering

Soil retention strategies

Water use audits

White roofs

Soil retention strategies

Diversifying power / energy supply

White roofs

Improve water supply distribution method

Diversifying power/energyShading supply in public spaces, markets Improve water supply distribution method Biodiversity monitoring Shading in public spaces, markets Hazard resistant infrastructure design and construction Biodiversity monitoring

Awareness campaign / education to reduce water use

Hazard resistant infrastructure and construction Cooldesign pavement Awareness campaign/education to reduce water use Real time risk monitoring Cool pavement

Xeriscapes – low water landscaping design

Real time risk monitoring Cooling systems for critical infrastructure Xeriscapes – low water landscaping Economicdesign diversification measures Cooling systems for critical infrastructure Optimizing delivery fuel mix of water supply Economic diversification measures

Water use restrictions and standards

Optimizing delivery fuel mix of water supply

Water extraction protection

Water use restrictions and standards Water extraction protection

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

Summary

Report on Urban Vulnerability

How frameworks Compare Focus Geographies

What they are looking for

Applications for urban poor

2016

Selco Foundation, Good Energies

India

The linkage between poverty and vulnerability

Creation of safety nets to protect people from abject poverty

Abject poverty, safety nets, threats, community

Global Risk Report 2017

2017

World Economic Forum

Global

Diverse risks across that affect economies

Limited, because of its macro level approach

Global Risks, likelihood, impact, threats

100 RC

2013

Rockerfeller Foundation

Global

More resilient to the physical, social, and economic challenges

Limited, because of its city scale observation and intervention

Shocks and stress

2016

Global resilience partnership challenge

India

Impact on climate change on women and urban poor communities

Extensive because of their on-ground experience

Exposure, deprivation, susceptibility, marginalisation

2010

Rockerfeller Foundation

Asia

Impact of climate change and resilience

Limited, because of its macro level approach

Indicators, likelihood, impact

2007

Bloomberg Philanthropies

Global

Reducing greenhouse gases and climate risks

Limited, because of its city scale observation and intervention

Likelihood, impact, threats

Sustain+

WEF

100 Resilient Cities

MHT

Mahila Housing SEWA Trust

Since

Funding Organisation

ACCCRN

Asian Cities Climate Change Network

C 40

Cities Climate Leadership Group

CARIAA-ASSAR

Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia

Canadaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s International Development 2014 Research Centre, UKaid, DFID

Table 15: Comparative of Frameworks, Source: Authors

Bengaluru

Assessing climate change risks and contextual Looks at risks and resources at vulnerability in urban city level areas of semi-arid India

Keywords and vocabulary

Climate change, Urban, Vulnerability, Adaptation, exposer, hazard, impact

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CORRELATION BETWEEN FRAMEWORKS The correlations between the aspects covered in each of the frameworks was analysed in order to understand the similarities and differences between them. The exercise was also intended to draw out elements that were most common amongst different frameworks and what elements were unique.

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Sustain+ Sustain+ TYPES OF THREATS NATURAL DISASTERS

WEF WEF

Sub Heads

Main Heads

100 RC 100 RC

Sub Heads

Main Heads

MHT

Variables

Natural Hazards- physical and meteorological indicators

Description

Sub Heads

Vulnerability drivers Micro climatic conditions

Flood, hurricanes

Extreme weather events

earthquakes

Geographical Exposure

Climate Risk Assessment

Poorly-ventilated dwellings

Major natural catastrophes

floods

Occupational Exposure

dependent on occupations which require heavy physical labour; outdoor working like construction, street vending and/or informal livelihoods like seasonal vending, home-based work, that may be directly impacted by disasters.

Temperature observed trends

Maximum and minimum monthly temperature (1950–2000).

Connecting Delta Cities

No access to cooling spaces/trees

living in settlements that typically lack adequate drainage, energy and communications systems where the impact of an event such as flooding or drought will be felt more sharply than elsewhere. Low quality of their housing, with limited ventilation, inadequate cooling facilities make them more vulnerable to climate vagaries like heat stress

Rainfall observed trends

Maximum and minimum monthly rainfall (1950–2000).

Cool Cities

Environmental Risks

Unpredictable weather patterns

Climate change

disease outbreaks

Infrastructure Deprivation

Failure of climate change, mitigation and adaptation

terrorist attacks

Financial Susceptibility

having paucity of income resources and access to credit and insurance; are often forced to exhaust limited savings or assets in order to respond

Extreme events

Frequency of Floods, flash floods, droughts, heat waves, cold waves.

Social Marginalization

having least fall back options, limited resources and access to information, inhibited recognition as a city resident. Slums and informal settlements are often excluded, for instance, from early warning systems or flood prevention infrastructure

Exposure to other hazards

Frequency of Cyclones, sea-level rise, landslides, storm surges.

Gender Discrimination

given the gender roles in these societies, especially domestic responsibilities like water fetching, food security and care giving, women are even more vulnerable and bear the dual burden of these climate-related events.

Infrastructure status and urban services indicator

Biodiversity loss Water supply crisis

high unemployment

Decreasing water tables

Storms & Cyclones

inefficient public transportation systems

Changing landscapes and geographies

Flooding

Abuse / Degradation of local resources SKEWED Non-uniform ecosystem development (access to DEVELOPMENT services and amenities) Lack of human resource development (education, employment and wage disparity)

Chronic Stress

CARIAA+ASSAR

Water supply

Per capita water availability, water supply coverage and water resources (surface water and ground water) and demand and supply gaps, non-revenue water

Sewerage

Sewage collection and/or coverage of piped sewer lines, reuse and recycle and treatment capacity.

endemic violence

CARIAA + ASSAR

chronic food and water shortages

Key risk Sectors

Climatic drivers

Solid waste management

Per capita MSWkg/day, collection of waste. It can also involve collection, segregation, handling, transport and treatment.

lack of affordable housing

Overall urban systems

Climate hazards such as extreme events induced by variability in temperature and rainfall.

Stormwater drainage

Coverage, period of its installation, design capacity, number of cases of water logging reported

Weapons of mass destruction

Terrestrial ecosystems and ecological infrastructure

Untimely, irregular and intense spells of precipitation and temperature variation

Transportation

Road coverage, connectivity, efficiency of transportation, congestion.

Interstate conflict with regional consequences

Water supply systems

Drying trend, extreme and unpredictable precipitation

Power

Energy consumption in the cities by different sectors.

Rising Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Global Governance gaps

Waste water system

Extreme precipitation

Housing

Failure of National governance

Energy systems

Drying and warming trends, extreme precipitation

Governance & institutions indicators- Participation, Transparency, Accountability, Response efficiency and capability, Innovative financing

Large scale terrorist attacks

Food systems and security

Temperature increase, alterations in precipitation and humidity

Geopolitical Risks

Administrative unit assigned to address climate change and hazards

Available housing units, construction material used (kutcha/pucca houses).

Transportation andcommunications systems

Extreme precipitation

Willingness of city leadership to address climate change

Lack of grassroots experience in policy formulation and implementation

Failed and Failing States

Housing

Warming trend, extreme precipitation

Socio-economic characteristics

Poverty and access to basic services

Variable precipitation and temperature

Density

People per km2

Poor and marginal social groups

Warming and drying trends, extreme temperature and precipitation events

Urban poverty

Slum population and population below poverty line.

Percentage of urban areas susceptible to hazards

Affected areas

Per capita GDP

City GDP (per capita).

Unstable and/or corrupt governments

Large scale involuntary migration

Terrorism* (forced migration and brain drain)

Water crisis

Municipal Building Efficiency

Settlement in Low lying areas

Private Building Efficiency

Flood prone construction (below road level) Extreme precipitation (flooding and No storm water drainage inundation)

Finance and Economic Development

Measurement and Planning

Green Growth

No sewage lines or blocked/ broken drainage

Sustainable Infrastructure Finance

Insecure Land Tenure

Measurement

Less access to reliable water supply

Reporting

Dependence on groundwater (often shallow aquifer)

Sustainable Solid Waste Systems

Waste to Resources

Massive incident of data fraud Critical information infrastructure breakdown Chronic fiscal imbalance Asset price collapse Income disparity Unemployment and Underemployment Fiscal crisis Oil Price Shock China Economic Hard Landing Oil & Gas Price Spike Slowing Chinese Economy Retrenchment from Globalization Major Systemic Financial Failure Extreme energy price volatility

Open water bodies/ nallas Vector Breeding

Bus Rapid Transit Transportation

Low Emission Vehicles Mobility Management

Climate Positive Development Program Urban Planning and Development

Food Systems Land Use Planning Transit Oriented Development

Food shortage crisis

Water scarcity and contamination

No knowledge of quality parameters

Low-Carbon Districts

Cyber attacks

Table 16: Correlation between Frameworks, Source: Authors

Energy

Income disparity

Rapid and massive spread of disease

Economic Risks

District Energy

Chronic disease

Mismanagement of population ageing

Technological Risks

Population

Current population, sex ratio, literacy rate, population age composition (number of children between 0–6 years and people above the age of 60 years).

State Collapse or Crisis

Cultural/Ethnic and Religious conflicts

Societal Risks

Warming and drying trends, extreme temperature and precipitation events

Expensive Cooling technologies Outdoor work spaces

Initiatives by the government if any.

Geopolitical Conflict Retrenchment from Globalization

Discrimination and social inequality

Human health

Extreme heat

Solid Waste Management

Middle East Instability

Corruption

Adaptation and Water

Government institutions authorised to handle climate change and disaster.

Counter productive policies

Slow pace of formalization and implementation

Main Heads

Definition

Climate stress

earthquakes, tsunamis

Extreme weather change

SOCIAL CONFLICTS AND WAR

C40

being located mostly in environmentally vulnerable areaslow lying lands more prone to floods/inundation or high elevations with low ground water levels. Land tenure insecurity further hampers capital investment in these habitations

famines,

EXCLUSIVE POLICIES

C40

Vulnerability profile template: a framework for city level application - iRADe for ACCCRN

Sub Heads

Acute Shocks

CLIMATE CHANGE (ecological unsustainability)

ACCCRN

MHT

Unhygienic water storage practices Low access to health care services

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

Deriving Common sectors clusters This reorganization gave us buckets or sectors and sub-sectors to place the aspects each framework encompassed. The sectors were broadly classified under Environment, Economy, Urban systems, Society and Governance. Aside from sectoral classification, it was also observed that each framework looked at analysing Vulnerability at a defined scales; which was either Macro - which covered global parameters or Micro - which was more City/ community specific. This, resulted in a multi-scalar and multi-sector framework through one could understand the position of each framework and what it was seeking to tackle.

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Scales

Framework

MICROCOMMUNITY

THREATS

RISKS

MICRO-CITY INDICATORS

MACRO

INDICATORS OF THREATS

INDICATORS

Environmental

Economic

Urban Systems

Sustain +

MHT

ACCRN

WEF

100RC

Natural disasters Flood, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, famines

CLIMATE (WEATHER AND TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS) CLIMATE CHANGE (ecological unsustainability) Extreme weather change

CLIMATE CHANGE (ecological unsustainability) Unpredictable weather patterns

Geographical Exposure being located mostly in environmentally vulnerable areaslow lying lands more prone to floods/inundation

Natural HazardsNatural Hazardsphysical and physical and meteorological meteorological indicators indicators Exposure to other Extreme events hazards Frequency of Floods, Frequency of Cyclones, flash floods, droughts, sea-level rise, landslides, heat waves, cold waves. storm surges.

Environmental Risks Major natural catastrophes Storms & Cyclones Flooding

GEOGRAPHIES AND WATER CRISIS CLIMATE CHANGE (ecological unsustainability) Decreasing water tables

Environmental risks Climate change Extreme weather events Failure of climate change, mitigation and adaptation Rising Greenhouse gas emission

Financial Susceptibility having paucity of income resources and access to credit and insurance; are often forced to exhaust limited savings or assets in order to respond

WATER SUPPLY

SANITATION

Skewed Skewed Skewed Development Development Development Skewed Skewed Non-uniform Non-uniform Non-uniform Development Development ecosystem ecosystem ecosystem Abuse/Degradatio Abuse/Degradation of development (access development (access development (access n of local local resources to services and to services and to services and resources amenities) amenities) amenities)

Societal

Natural Hazardsphysical and meteorological indicators Temperature observed trends Maximum and minimum monthly temperature (1950â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2000).

Economic risks Income disparity Unemployment and Underemployment Societal Risks Water Crisis

Overall urban systems Climate hazards such as extreme events induced by variability in temperature and rainfall.

Adaptation and Water Climate Risk Assessment Connecting Delta Cities Cool Cities Terrestrial Overall urban ecosystems and systems ecological Climate hazards such infrastructure as extreme events Untimely, irregular and induced by variability intense spells of in precipitation and temperature and temperature variation rainfall.

Governance TRANSPORTATION

Societal risk Income disparity

Infrastructure status and urban services indicator Stormwater Drainage Coverage, period of its installation, design capacity, number of cases of water logging reported

Infrastructure status and urban services indicator Sewerage Sewage collection and/or coverage of piped sewer lines, reuse and recycle and treatment capacity.

ENERGY Skewed Development Non-uniform ecosystem development (access to services and amenities)

Skewed Development Non-uniform ecosystem development (access to services and amenities)

Infrastructure deprivation living in settlements that typically lack adequate drainage

Environmental Risks Environmental Risks Water crisis Biodiversity loss

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Infrastructure status and urban services indicator Infrastructure status Solid waste and urban services management indicator Per capita Transportation MSWkg/day, Road coverage, collection of waste. It connectivity, efficiency can also involve of transportation, collection, congestion. segregation, handling, transport and treatment.

HOUSING Skewed Development Non-uniform ecosystem development (access to services and amenities)

Infrastructure deprivation living in settlements that typically lack energy and communications systems

Infrastructure Deprivation Low quality of their housing, with limited ventilation, inadequate cooling facilities make them more vulnerable to climate vagaries like heat stress

Infrastructure status and urban services indicator Power Energy consumption in the cities by different sectors.

Infrastructure status and urban services indicator Housing Available housing units, construction material used (kutcha/pucca houses).

CONFLICT SOCIAL CONFLICTS AND WAR Cultural/Ethnic and Religious conflicts

BAD GOVERNANCE SOCIAL CONFLICTS AND WAR Unstable and/or corrupt governments

Chronic Stress inefficient public transportation systems Finance and Economic Development Green Growth Sustainable Infrastructure Finance

Solid waste management Sustainable Solid Waste Systems Waste to Resources

Water supply systems Drying trend, extreme and unpredictable precipitation

Waste water system Extreme precipitation

Transportation Bus Rapid Transit Low Emission Vehicles Mobility Management

Transportation and communications systems Extreme precipitation

Chronic stress lack of affordable housing Urban Planning and Development Low-Carbon Districts Transit Oriented Development

Energy District Energy Municipal Building Efficiency Private Building Efficiency

Energy systems Drying and warming trends, extreme precipitation

Societal

TERRORISM

GOVERNANCE AND POLICY

SOCIAL CONFLICTS AND WAR Terrorism(forced migration and brain drain)

EXCLUSIVE POLICIES Counter productive policies Lack of grassroots experience in policy formulation and implementation Slow pace of formalization and implementation

INEQUALITY

DISEASES

FOOD CRISIS

Geopolitical risk Weapons of mass destruction Large scale terrorist attacks

Societal risks Chronic disease Rapid and massive spread of disease

Societal risks Food shortage crisis

Acute shocks Terrorist attacks

Acute Shocks Disease Outbreak

Chronic stress chronic food and water shortages

SOCIAL CONFLICTS AND WAR Discrimination and Social inequality Social Marginalization having least fall back options, limited resources and access to information, inhibited recognition as a city resident. Slums and informal settlements are often excluded, for instance, from early warning systems or flood prevention infrastructure

Governance & institutions indicators- Participation, Transparency, Accountability, Response efficiency and capability, Innovative financing

Geopolitical risk Geopolitical risk Global Governance gaps Interstate conflict Failure of National with regional governance consequences Failed and Failing Middle East States Instability Corruption Geopolitical State Collapse or Conflict Crisis

Economic Risks Chronic fiscal imbalance Asset price collapse Fiscal crisis Major Systemic Financial Failure

Chronic Stress High unemployment Urban Planning and Development Climate Positive Development Program

Overall urban systems Climate hazards such as extreme events induced by variability in temperature and rainfall.

Urban Systems FINANCIAL CRISIS

Occupational Exposure dependent on occupations which require heavy physical labour; outdoor working like construction, street vending and/or informal livelihoods like seasonal vending, home-based work, that may be directly impacted by disasters.

Geographical Exposure being located mostly in environmentally vulnerable areas-high elevations with low ground water levels.

Natural Hazardsphysical and meteorological indicators Rainfall observed trends Maximum and minimum monthly rainfall (1950â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2000).

UNEMPLOYMENT Skewed Development Lack of human resource development (education, employment and wage disparity)

CLIMATE CHANGE (ecological unsustainability) Changing landscapes and geographies

Acute shocks Earthquakes, Floods

C40

ASSAR

Governance

Sectors

Table 17: Deriving Common Sectors, Source: Authors

Economy

Frameworks NATURAL DISASTERS

MACRO

Environment

Chronic stress Endemic violence

Urban Planning and Development Land use planning

Housing Warming trend, extreme precipitation

Urban Planning and Development Food Systems

Poverty and access to basic services Variable precipitation and temperature

Poor and marginal social groups Warming and drying trends, extreme temperature and precipitation events

Human health Warming and drying trends, extreme temperature and precipitation events

Food systems and security Temperature increase, alterations in precipitation and humidity

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Developing the vocabulary understand Vulnerability

Once the sectors were broadly classified, it was understood that the frameworks analysed vulnerability through different lenses; viz. threats, risks, exposure, shocks, stress etc. It was also observed that the frameworks were looking to collect data on either threats or risks or indicators and not all of them together which defines the limitations of the lens of these frameworks and indicates the need to combine these multiple frameworks to arrive at a holistic approach for addressing Vulnerability

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Environment FRAMEWORKS

ENVIRONMENTAL NATURAL DISASTERS

Sustain +

NATURAL DISASTERS Flood, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, famines MA, ME, MI // shock

ECONOMIC

CLIMATE (WEATHER AND TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS)

GEOGRAPHIES AND WATER CRISIS

CLIMATE CHANGE (ecological unsustainability) Extreme weather change Unpredictable weather patterns

CLIMATE CHANGE (ecological unsustainability) Decreasing water tables Changing landscapes and geographies

MA, ME, MI // stress

Urban Systems

Economy

MA, ME, MI // stress

UNEMPLOYMENT

Governance

INFRASTRUCTURE

FINANCIAL CRISIS

FINANCIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY SKEWED having paucity of income DEVELOPMENT Lack of human resource resources and access to development (education, credit and insurance; are often forced to exhaust employment and wage limited savings or assets disparity) in order to respond MA // stress MI // shock + stress

WATER SUPPLY

SKEWED DEVELOPMENT Abuse/Degradation of local resources Non-uniform ecosystem development (access to services and amenities) MA // stress

SANITATION

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Societal

POLITICAL TRANSPORTATION

SKEWED DEVELOPMENT Non-uniform ecosystem development (access to services and amenities)

MA // stress

ENERGY

HOUSING

SKEWED DEVELOPMENT SKEWED Non-uniform DEVELOPMENT ecosystem Non-uniform ecosystem development (access to development (access to services and services and amenities) amenities) MA // stress MA // stress

CONFLICT

SOCIAL CONFLICTS AND WAR Cultural/Ethnic and Religious conflicts MA + MI // stress + shock

BAD GOVERNANCE

SOCIAL CONFLICTS AND WAR Unstable and/or corrupt governments MA // stress + shock

SOCIAL TERRORISM

GOVERNANCE AND POLICY

INEQUALITY

SOCIAL CONFLICTS AND WAR Terrorism(forced migration and brain drain)

EXCLUSIVE POLICIES Counter productive policies Lack of grassroots experience in policy formulation and implementation Slow pace of formalization and implementation

SOCIAL CONFLICTS AND WAR Discrimination and Social inequality

MA // shock + stress

DISEASES

FOOD CRISIS

Environmental risks Failure of climate change mitigation and adaptation

Societal risks Chronic disease Rapid and massive spread of disease

Societal risks Food shortage crisis

MA // Stress

MA+ ME+ MI // shock

MA + MI // Stress

MA // stress

MHT

Geographical Exposure being located mostly in environmentally vulnerable areashigh elevations with low ground water levels.

Geographical Exposure being located mostly in environmentally vulnerable areaslow lying lands more prone to floods/inundation ME, MI // stress

ME, MI // stress

Infrastructure Deprivation Low quality of their Infrastructure housing, with limited deprivation ventilation, living in settlements that typically lack energy and inadequate cooling facilities make them communications more vulnerable to systems climate vagaries like heat stress MI // stress

Infrastructure deprivation living in settlements that typically lack adequate drainage MI // stress

Framework

ACCRN

MA, ME, MI

Natural Hazards- physical and meteorological indicators Rainfall observed trends Maximum and minimum monthly rainfall (1950â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000). Temperature observed trends Maximum and minimum monthly temperature (1950â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2000).

Infrastructure status and urban services indicator Water supply Per capita water availability, water supply coverage and water resources (surface water and ground water) and demand and supply gaps, non-revenue water Stormwater Drainage Coverage, period of its installation, design capacity, number of cases of water logging reported

MA + ME

ME+ MI Environmental Risks Major natural catastrophes Storms & Cyclones Flooding

WEF

MA, ME, MI // shock

100RC

MA, ME, MI // shock + stress

ME+ME // stress

Chronic Stress High unemployment

MA, ME, MI // shock

ME // Stress

Urban Planning and Development Climate Positive Development Program

Climate hazards such as extreme events induced by variability in temperature and rainfall. eg. Hurricane, floods, drought, etc/

Variability in temperature and rainfall that affects overall urban systems, terrestrial systems and ecological infrastructure

MA+ME+MI //shock

MA, ME // stress

KEY Threats Risk Indicators

Table 18: Developing the vocabulary to understand Vulnerability, Source: Authors

MA+ME+MI // stress

Economic risks Income disparity Unemployment and Underemployment

Acute shocks Earthquakes, Floods

C40

ASSAR

Environmental risks Climate change Extreme weather events

Environmental Risks Water crisis Biodiversity loss Rising Greenhouse gas emission

Adaptation and Water Climate Risk Assessment Connecting Delta Cities Cool Cities

ME + MI // stress

MI // stress

MI // stress Natural Hazards- physical and meteorological indicators Extreme events Frequency of Floods, flash floods, droughts, heat waves, cold waves. Frequency of Cyclones, sea-level rise, landslides, storm surges.

Social Marginalization having least fall back options, limited resources and access to information, inhibited recognition as a city resident. Slums and informal settlements are often excluded, for instance, from early warning systems or flood prevention infrastructure

Infrastructure status Infrastructure status and urban services and urban services Infrastructure status indicator indicator and urban services Infrastructure status and Solid waste Sewerage indicator urban services indicator management Sewage collection Transportation Power Per capita MSWkg/day, and/or coverage of Road coverage, Energy consumption in collection of waste. It piped sewer lines, connectivity, efficiency the cities by different can also involve reuse and recycle of transportation, sectors collection, segregation, and congestion. handling, transport and treatment capacity. ME treatment. ME + MI ME + Mi ME

Infrastructure status and urban services indicator Housing Available housing units, construction material used (kutcha/pucca houses)

Governance & institutions indicatorsParticipation, Transparency, Accountability, Response efficiency and capability, Innovative financing MA+ME

ME + MI

Economic Risks Chronic fiscal imbalance Asset price collapse Fiscal crisis Major Systemic Financial Failure

Geopolitical risk Interstate conflict with regional consequences Middle East Instability Geopolitical Conflict MA // Stress

MA // stress

Finance and Economic Development Green Growth Sustainable Infrastructure Finance

Solid waste management Sustainable Solid Waste Systems Waste to Resources

Water supply systems

Waste water system

Chronic Stress inefficient public transportation systems

Chronic stress lack of affordable housing

ME+ MI //stress

Transportation Bus Rapid Transit Low Emission Vehicles Mobility Management Urban Planning and Development Low-Carbon Districts Transit Oriented Development Transportation and communications systems

Energy District Energy Municipal Building Efficiency Private Building Efficiency

Energy systems

Geopolitical risk Global Governance gaps Failure of National governance Failed and Failing States Corruption State Collapse or Crisis MA // Stress + Shock

Geopolitical risk Weapons of mass destruction Large scale terrorist attacks MA + MI // Shock

Chronic stress Endemic violence

Acute shocks Terrorist attacks

Acute Shocks Disease Outbreak

MA+ME+MI // Stress

MA + MI // Shock

MA+ ME+ MI // shock

Urban Planning and Development Land use planning

Housing

ME+ MI // shock

Chronic stress chronic food and water shortages MA+ME+ MI // shock

Urban Planning and Development Food Systems

Poverty and access to basic services

Human health

Food systems and security

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

Collection, Structuring, Archival of data sets Re-structuring existing Micro data Community profiles (primary collection)

+ Adding New data sets requirements

Macro data - City/ Sate/National

(Secondary Research)

Organizations working with urban poor

(Secondary Research)

Archival Structure for Data sets

The datasets behave as proof to validate situations and consequences of vulnerability and looking across various scales of data will help in reading and understanding vulnerability and its impact at different multitudes at varying timeline.

Micro level data (Community and Household) The datasets collected can broadly be clustered under community level data, which defines a common set of information about the community; and Household level data, which is specific to each HH and the data is finally analysed based on the percentage of outcome in each category The parameters of study are broadly classified under the following categories which give us a robust understanding and context of the community • Community profile - To understand the Location, Age of settlement & community, no. of HH, Community type, Native place, reason for migration, etc. • Site context - To understand the Geography and Morphology of the settlements and their surroundings, etc. • Security - Covers Land Ownership, tenureship, livelihood and financial access, etc. • Stability - Availability of access to basic amenities and facilities like water supply, sanitation, energy, health, education, social contract, other NGOs, etc TO NOTE: The same data sets however, are also subsequently re-organized as per 6 sectors of demographics, environment, urban systems, society/wellbeing and governance under the community scale level, when it is represented in the proposed multi-scalar, multi-sectoral framework for vulnerabiltiy assessment.

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Community Profile

Geography + Morphology

Location, Age of Settlement and Community, No. of HH, Community type, Reason for migration etc. COMMUNITY PROFILE SNo.

Name of Community

Location

Landmark

Selco Point of Contact

Year of start of Selco's association

Selco History of Engagement

Security

Site Context

Land and Tenure, Legality, Livelihood

SITE CONTEXT (PLACE)

Type of Community

Reason for Community Type

Age of Settlement

Age of the Community

No. of HH

History/Story of Community

Where they come from

Reason for Migration from native

Geographic Setting

Reason for Morphological moving to this Setting specific site

SECURITY The linkage of community to the site

Formal entitlement to land

Who their land belongs to

info

No. of solar lights intervened with

Old Madras Road, Bangalore

Pai Layout

12°59'25.9"N 77°40'06.8"E

Thuburahalli

12°57'40.6"N 77°43'22.6"E

Lingarajpuram

13°01'04.2"N 77°37'39.1"E

Kariammana Agrahara

12°56'09.3"N 77°41'15.7"E

Belahalli CrossDholakwala Community

13°05'55.7"N 77°38'22.2"E

Yuva/ Madhu/ Meghna

Ramamurthy Nagar

13°01'01.1"N 77°39'48.5"E

Yuva/ Madhu/ Chandrima

2015

IEC Functioning

Saralebettu, Udupi

13.36213, 74.78941

Roshan

2012

IEC functioning

Percentage Share of Solar intervention

Permanent, Seasonal, Temporary Nomadic

Why Permanent, Seasonal, Temporary Nomadic

How long have How long have they been on they been in the 0-100 HH, 101this site? below city? below 10 300 HH, 301+ 10 years,11-20 years,11-20 HH years, 21 + years, 21 + years years

2012

IEC Functioning

Permanent

2011

IEC Functioning

16.7

Seasonal

300

Very stable

Henurdepo, kacharkanhalli,

Yuva/ Madhu

2011

IEC Functioning

23.3

300

Problem with alcoholism

New Horizon,

Yuva/ Madhu/ Meghna

2014

IEC Functioning

120

500

Behind KMC hospital

2012

IEC Functioning

100

12.5

Seasonal

Permanent

Nomadic

200

375

Andhra

Gulbarga and Raichur They are relatives to each to other, a community of dholak makers and sellers

Uttar Pradesh

Mantralaya

Vasanth Nagar

12°59'31.0"N 77°35'44.7"E

Hebbal 1

13°02'40.3"N 77°35'48.3"E

South of drain

Yuva/ Madhu/ Chandrima

North of Drain

Yuva/ Madhu/Chandri ma

2015

IEC Functioning

Permanent

200

East side

Yuva/ Madhu

2017

IEC Functioning

31.4

Seasonal

Mix of Tamil,Telugu and North Kannadigas

18.8

Seasonal

Raichur

2014

IEC Functioning

35.7

Temporary

They moved here only in 2015

Dharward, Raichur, Gulbarga

2015

IEC Functioning

45.7

Permanent

There is a contractor/thekedaar who controls the system

West Bengal

How much they earn

Whether they have legal legitimacy

Access to loans

Household Income

No tenure papers, Tenure papers

Government, Temple, Private

Daily wage contruction labourer, HH worker, Small business owner, craftwork, BBMP contract labourers

Daily wage labourers, HH workers, Small business owners, craftwork, BBMP contract labourers

no one, one male or female, male & female

household worker

below 8300, 8300- 16600, above 16,600

Utilities and Facilities Access to Water Supply

no ID papers, Voter ID, Ration No Access, Card, Aadhar, Access to loan, Aadhaar Card + Access to loan Voter ID + + credit history Ration Card

Access to Sanitation

Behavior wrt Sanitation

At home, use the service, Community tap Toilets at home, some don't use (tanker, Community the service, borewell), no Toilets, Open many don't use supply (within Defecation the service the community)

Access to EnergyLighting Metered Grid Electricity, Non Metered Grid Electricity (Stolen); Kerosene lamps and candles, solar lights

No tenure

Private

Daily wage Construction labourer

Male & female

5,000

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Access to loans

Community Tap (Borewell)

Settlement Apartments

No tenure

Private

Daily wage Daily wage labourer Male & female Construction labourer

11000

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Access to loans

Community Tap (Tanker)

Open defecation

17% Selco Solar Lights, open defecation Few others Polynet Solar Light, Kerosene

Main road

Near nala, Prominent temple

No tenure

Temple

Daily wage Daily wage labourer Male & female Construction labourer

10000

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Access to loans

No supply Access near by apartments

Open defecation

open defecation

No tenure

Private

Daily wage Construction labourer

household worker

15500

Ration card

Access to loans

Community Tap (Borewell)

Open defecation

open defecation

Private

Craft work (Dhol making)

No access

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Open defecation

open defecation 100% Selco Solar Lights

No tenure

Government

Daily wage Construction labourer

BBMP contract labourers

Male & female

8750

Access to loans

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Open defecation

13% Selco Solar Lights, Others Polynet & Sun open defecation King Pro Solar Lights and Kerosene

No tenure

Private

Daily wage Construction labourer

household help

Male & female

6500

Main road - 0.5 km Lower than road Main road - 1km

Compounded site

Higher ground and the drain is lower to the community Main road - 3km SettlementApartment Railway Green cover

Main road - 0.5 km

Settlement Residences

Main road - 2km Higher ground Nala

No tenure

Government

Daily wage Construction labourer

No tenure

Private

Daily wage

Male & female

Male or female

4167

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Open defecation

open defecation

Community Tap Open defecation (Municipal open defecation Water)

20% Selco Solar Lights, Others Polynet Solar Lights and Kerosene

None

GMRVF Tent School APSA

Formal

GMRVF Tent School APSA

23% Selco Solar Lights, Others Polynet Solar Lights and Kerosene

Fire wood

Fever, Cold, Cough

Doctor visits twice every month

Secondary govt school

Blue sheet

Informal

Parinaam Foundation U&I

24% Selco Solar Lights, Others Polynet & Sun King Pro Solar Lights and Kerosene

Fire wood

Fever, Cold, Cough

Doctor visits twice every month

Secondary

Blue sheet

Formal

GMRVF Tent School APSA

Fever, Cold, Cough

Primary health clinic Baptist hospital

No school

Blue sheet

Informal

Fever, Cold, Cough

Doctor visits once every month

Primary

Blue sheet

Informal

GMRVF Tent School

Kerosene lamps

36% Selco Solar Lights, Others Polynet Solar Community Tap Open defecation Lights and Kerosene, (Municipal open defecation Lamps/Candles Water)

8,000

Ration card

Access to loans

No Supply (Borrowed from Open defecation open defecation nearby apartments)

Main road

Street vendors on the footpath

No tenure

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Access to loan + credit history

Community Tap Community toilets (Tanker)

UP and Orissa

Main road - 45km

Lower ground

No tenure

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

No access

Community Tap Open defecation open defecation (Tanker)

Bellary

Main road - 45km

Settlement

No tenure

No access

Community Tap Open defecation open defecation (Tanker)

1000

Calcutta, Mumbai, Bihar

Main road - 2km

Settlement Residences

Tenure

250

Main road

Lower ground Nala Floods in the monsoon

No tenure

Yuva/ Madhu/ Chandrima

2016

IEC Functioning

140

Nomadic

13°03'33.1"N 77°37'10.8"E

Yuva/ Madhu

2017

IEC Functioning

37.5

Nomadic

0.2

Singh Sir/ Chandrima

2014 (housing)

Water Purifier

Permanent

Hamsa Akka

2013

Financial Support for Craft type // Need Assessment Livelihood model

Temporary

No school

Blue sheet + Metal sheet

Informal

Samridhi association Baptist Hospital

Fever, Cold, Cough

Mobile Health Clinic doctor visits every month

No school

Blue sheet + Metal sheet

Informal

Samridhi association Baptist Hospital

Fever, Cold, Cough

Doctor visits once every month

Secondary

Blue sheet + Metal sheet

Formal

GMRVF

Doctor visits once every week from APSA

Primary

Blue sheet

Formal

APSA

No access to healthcare

Secondary

Pucca houses

Informal

No access to healthcare

No school

Blue sheet

None

No access to healthcare

No school

Blue sheet

Formal

Non

Doctor visits every week Baptist hospital

Until college

Pucca houses AC sheets

Informal

Baptist hospitals ParinaamUjeevan Mosque committee

Doctor visits every month Anganwadi

Primary

AC Sheet

None

Parinaam

Doctor visits every week

Secondary Anganwadi

Blue sheet

Informal

Mahesh foundation

Blue sheet

phone charging at IEC + Projector

Daily wage Daily wage labourer Male & female Construction labourer

12°52'28.8"N 77°34'10.8"E

Mobile Health Clinic doctor visits every month

phone charging at IEC + Projector

Private

UP Community, Avalahalli, JP Nagar

Fever, Cold, Cough

45% Selco Solar Lights, Others Polynet Solar Lights and Lamps/Candles

No tenure

KadamEducation BOSCOEducation Action AID

Community Tap Open defecation open defecation (Tanker)

Settlement

Vendors are provided with lights and mobile charging units through IEC

Informal

No access

Main road -

Permanent

Blue sheet

No ID papers

Community Tap Open defecation (Municipal open defecation Water)

IEC Functioning

Primary

12000

No access

2016

No access to healthcare

Male & female

No access

Yuva/ Madhu/ Singh Sir

Fever, Cold, Cough

Daily wage waste picker

No ID papers

Cantonment railway station

Fire wood

phone charging at IEC

No access

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

13.00207, 77.61297

Phone charging, Laptop, internet

No ID papers

6000

NIP Pottery Road

fire wood

14300

12000

Projector

Male & female

IEC Functioning

Fire wood

household worker, coolie

Male & female

2012

Small business owner

Male & female

Private

Small business owner Sell honey

Small business owner Sell chains, rings etc

Male or female

8000

Private

Daily wage BBMP workers

Male & female

25,800

Private

Daily wage workers

Small business owners

Male & female

Private

Daily wage Construction labourer

Women- Kowdi Craft work

Male & female

None, Informal Community Association, Formal Community Association

Blue sheet

Daily wage Construction labourer

Yuva/ Madhu

Pucca, AC Sheets/Metal Sheet, Blue Sheet

Other NGOs that are associated

Blue sheet

Daily wage waste picker

HAL post office

No School, Only Primary, Until Secondary, Until College

Social Contract

Secondary

Daily wage

12.966841, 77.673183

Primary health clinic, doctor visits every fortnight, no access in the neighbourhood

Typology of housing Behavior Change wrt Education

Secondary

Daily wage Construction labourer

APSA

Access to Education

Doctor visits once every month

Private

No diseases, Prevelant Phone charging Cold and fever, Liver at IEC, Phone and Heart issues, skin charging at diseases, Breathing workplace problems

Access to health

Doctor visits once every month

Private

Main road - 2km Higher ground Nala

Poor Health symptom

Headaches, body pains, Fever

No tenure

West Bengal

Kerosene, fire wood, LPG

Access to EnergyCharging

Fever, Cold, Cough

No tenure

There is a contractor/thekedaar who controls the system

Access to EnergyCooking

Fire wood

Golf course ground

Kodihalli 1

Behavior Change wrt Access to energy

Fire wood

Main road - 2km

Hebbal 2

12.957911, 77.647231 &

Who all work

15% Selco Solar Lights, Others Polynet Solar Community Tap Open defecation open defecation Lights and (Tanker) Lamps/Candles

Nomadic Mesthri PalyaRachenahalli

13.045908, 77.595955

Yuva/ Madhu/ Meghna/ Chandrima

Weak Linkage, Strong linkage

Occupation 2

Railway and industries

The blue sheet houses were upgraded to metal sheets by a corporator because of a new stadium in the abutting site. To make the area look more cleaner

Opposite to Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Solar lights Pollinates, Chargeable lamps(at work place) Solar lights, kerosene lamps

Fire wood

Metal Sheet

Fire wood

Solar lights

Solar lights, selco solar and pollinates

Fire wood

7500

Voter ID, Aadhar, Ration card

Access to loan + credit history

Community tap

Metered connection

LPG

750

Voter ID, Aadhar, Ration card

Access to loan + credit history

Community Tap Open defecation open defecation (Tanker)

Solar lights Pollinates, Chargeable lamps(at work place), Candles

Fire wood

Non

Roshan Nagar

13.01309, 77.6049

Ahead of Tannery Road, off Modi Road

Nagavarapalya - Kowdi community

OVERLAPPING

old madras road, near Gopalan mall

Sagar nagar slum Sudhgarsidh Community Kanbargi Belgaum

15°53'53.6" 74°34'00.7"

Meghna

2014

HUM

Permanent

No tenure

Government

Small business Mats, vessels, toys, charts, brooms

Male & female

8000

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Community Tap Open defecation open defecation (Borewell)

Solar lights - Selco

Kerosene. Firewood

Sagar nagar slum - Muslim Community Kanbargi Belgaum

15°53'53.6" 74°34'00.7"

Meghna

2014

HUM

Permanent

No tenure

Government

Small business Mats, vessels, toys, charts, brooms

Male & female

8000

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Community Tap Open defecation open defecation (Borewell)

Solar lights - Selco

Kerosene. Firewood

Doctor visits every week

Secondary Anganwadi

Informal

Mahesh foundation

Sagar nagar slum - Marathi

15°53'53.6" 74°34'00.7"

Meghna

2014

HUM

Permanent

No tenure

Government

Small business Mats, vessels, toys, charts, brooms

Male & female

8000

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Community Tap Open defecation open defecation (Borewell)

Solar lights - Selco

Kerosene. Firewood

Doctor visits every week

Secondary Anganwadi

Informal

Mahesh foundation

Sagar nagar slum Beheroopia

15°53'53.6" 74°34'00.7"

Meghna

2014

HUM

Permanent

No tenure

Government

Daily wage Performers

Male & female

5000

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Community Tap Open defecation open defecation (Borewell)

Solar lights - Selco

Kerosene. Firewood

Doctor visits every week

Secondary Anganwadi

Informal

Mahesh foundation

Sagar nagar slum Kunchkovra

15°53'53.6" 74°34'00.7"

Meghna

2014

HUM

Permanent

No tenure

Government

Small business Brooms

Male & female

10000

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Community Tap Open defecation open defecation (Borewell)

Solar lights - Selco

Kerosene. Firewood

Doctor visits every week

Secondary Anganwadi

Informal

Mahesh foundation

Hoodi 1

12.99634, 77.71988

Yuva

2017

IEC to be planned

No tenure

Private

Daily wage Construction labourer

Daily wage BBMPworkers

Male & female

Old Baiyappannahal li

Meghna

2017

Tenure

Government

New Baiyappannahal li

Tenure

Government

BTM Layout

No tenure

Private

Judicial Layout ( Carto DB Data from Feb 2015)

13.0865, 77.58839

right next to the railway track

12°54'27.4"N 77°36'20.3"E

Channasandra

12.90058, 77.52061

Krishnappa Garden slum

12.9769, 77.6580

behind Bagmane Tech park, Bangalore

JP Nagar (Carto DB data 2015 Feb)

12.9105, 77.5939

opp petrol bunk, near priyadarshini school

Uttarahalli 1

12.9071, 77.53909

Opposite Uttarahalli Lake

Uttarahalli 2

12.9026, 77.5231

On Uttarahalli Main road, Behind Silicon Honda Service Station

Uttarahalli 3

Off. Uttarahalli Main Road, Adjacent to NICE Road

CV Raman Nagar TC Palya

12.9925, 77.6647

Summanahalli

12°59'12.6"N 77°31'16.2"E

Maruthi Nagar

13.0592, 77.56989

Bannerghata

2017

2012

Yuva/ Madhu

36 [1]

Meghna

Yuva/ Madhu

IEC Closed

Nallurahalli

12.9770, 77.7345

Kodigehalli

13.062013, 77.570919

HSR Layout

12.916, 77.64113

Temporary

Hubli Dharwad

Temporary

Davanagere, hubli, Andhra

Main road - 0.5 km Nice road

Settlement Residences

No tenure

Temporary

300

Raichur and Gulbarga

Main road - 3km

Open ground

No tenure

2015

Need assessment

Permanent

1000

Localites, From Tamil Nadu

Khyati/ Hamsa Akka

2015

Need assessment

Seasonal

Gulbarga and Bellary (Virtual Partition)

Main road

Construction sites

Khyati/ Hamsa Akka

2015

Need assessment

Seasonal

Gulbarga, Raichur

Main road

Construction sites

Khyati/ Hamsa Akka

2015

Need assessment

Seasonal

Construction sites

Hamsa Akka

2015

Need assessment

Permanent

2014

IEC Closed

Permanent

2015

Need assessment

Temporary

No Information

12.9242, 77.66269

Beside Shobha Residency.

Daily wage Construction labourer

Male & female

16500

No ID

No access

Community Tap Open defecation open defecation (Borewell)

Male & female

14000

No ID

No access

Community Tap Open defecation open defecation (Borewell)

No access

Community Tap Open defecation (Municipal open defecation Water) Community Tap Open defecation (Municipal open defecation Water)

150

Main road Close to bus stand

Settlement Flyover

No tenure

Private

Daily wage Construction labourer

Male & female

9000

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Access to loans

Community Tap (Borewell)

Daily wage Construction labourer

domestic worker, business owner

Private

Daily wage Rag pickers

No tenure localites , mixed migrants from tamil nadu, north karnataka

300

120

Labour colony which shifts to the locations as per the construction site

No tenure

Raichur and Gulbarga

Main road - 5km

Railways Green cover

No tenure

Private

Daily wage Construction labourer

Daily wage construction workers

Male & female

16,000

No ID paper

No access

No tenure

Private

Daily wage Construction labourer

household worker

Male & female

10000

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

No access

Was a located in the prime location and had problems with the new apartments around them Raichur, Tamil nadu not being occupied because of their existence there Raichur, Gulbarga, Darawad

Main road - 0.5 km

Settlement Residences

No tenure

Daily wage Construction labourer

household help

No tenure

Daily wage Construction labourer

0.8

Sarjapura

No information (NA done)

200

West Bengal, Delhi

Rachmanahalli, Rachmanahalli Dinne and Besthamanahall i

On Attibele Road from Anekal

No Information

Haradi

Doopadakatte

No Information

MM road Ambedkar slum

End of mosque road frazer town

No Information

Sadaramangala

near the railway track

No Information

SEZ 1

N R Royal park residency

No Information

SEZ 2

No Information

Yuva/Madhu

No access

Private

16500

No tenure

No information (NA done)

Male & female

Voter ID, Aadhar, Ration card

Settlement

No tenure

No Information

Daily wage construction workers

Main road - 5km

No tenure

2015

Ration card, Voters ID

Raichur, UP, AP

Raichur

Thammanayakanahalli Post, Anekal

Male & female

Daily wage Construction labourer

Raichur, Gulbarga

Laxmipura, Muttur, Basavanapura

open defecation

Access to loans

Open defecation

Daily wage Construction labourer

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Daily wage Construction labourer

Access to loans

Daily wage Construction labourer

No information (NA done)

Ration card, Voters ID

Private

No Information

5000

Private

Sarjapura

Male & female

open defecation

No tenure

No information (NA done)

Ashwath nagar slum

domestic worker, business owner

Open defecation

No tenure

No information (NA done)

Community Tap (Municipal Open defecation open defecation Water)

Daily wage Construction labourer

Khyati

No access

Government

No tenure

Khyati

2015

Community (Borewell/ Tanker /Municipal Tap)

Aadhar card, Ration card, Voters ID

No ID

200

Bellandur (Carto DB data 2015 Feb)

No access

7,000

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Male & female

10000

Nomadic

Temporary

12500

household worker

17000

Besides saahas waste collection center

Daily wage Daily wage labourer Male & female Construction labourer

Private Daily wage (Litigation land) Construction labourer

Male & female

EVICTED

12.9525, 77.6199

No access

Male & female

2015

Koramangala 2

10000

Community Tap (Municipal Open defecation open defecation Water)

Daily Wage Construction Labourers

Daily wage Construction labourer

Yuva/ Madhu

Male & female

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Daily Wage Construction Labourers

Daily wage Construction labourer

HSR BMTC Bus Stop

Take right from HDFC Bank. Kodigehalli gate bus stop

open defecation

Open defecation

Daily wage Construction labourer

350

12.9704, 77.6872

use the service

No supply Access near by residences

Daily wage Construction labourer

BEML Layout

Community Tap (Municipal Toilets at home Water)

No access

Private

Temporary

Doddanekundi

Access to loan + credit history

Private

Metered Grid Electricity

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

No tenure

EVICTED

Metered Grid Electricity

No tenure

500

Temporary

use the service

Lake Green cover

2013

Community Tap (Municipal Toilets at home Water)

Main road

Hamsa Akka

Access to loan + credit history

Main road - 5km

About 1 km walk south-west of Mahesh Bhupathi Tennis Village

EVICTED

Aadhar card + Voter ID + Ration card

Gulbarga, Raichur

EVICTED

No access

9000

Daily wage Daily wage labourer Male & female Construction labourer

Community toilets

Kerosene

Non Metered Grid Electricity (Stolen) Solar lights Kerosene lamps and candles

many don't use

Community Tap Open defecation (Municipal Water)

Kerosene

Primary health clinic near by

Secondary

Pucca houses

No access to healthcare

No school

Doctor visits once every month

Skin diseases

Primary Anganwadi

Blue sheet

Until secondary

AC Sheets

Parinam APSA Janalakshmi bank

Blue sheet

Kerosene lamps and candles

Blue sheet

kerosene, firewood

Fire wood

Common cold, fever, vomit, loose motions

Kerosene Firewood

Fever, cold

Primary

Blue sheet

Co-operative works

Primary

Metal Sheet

GNI Adarsh builders

Blue sheet

Good neighbours India Another NGO (Namr unknown) for education

Blue sheet

GMRVF Tent School

Kerosene Solar lights

Fire wood

Cold and flu

Secondary

Non Metered Grid Electricity (Stolen)

Kerosene, fire wood

Fever, cold

Primary

Non Metered Grid Electricity (Stolen)

Kerosene

Solar lights

Fire wood

no ID

Open defecation

No tenure

Painters, Small scale business

household help

No tenure

Daily wage Construction labourer

household help

7000

Ration card, Labour card

Community Tap (Tanker)

Open defecation

Daily wage Construction labourer

household help

7000

No ID

Community (Tanker /Municipal Tap)

Open defecation

6500

Voter ID, Aadhar, Ration card

Community Tap (Municipal Toilets at home Water)

Metered Grid Electricity

Voter ID, Aadhar, Ration card

Community Tap (Municipal Toilets at home Water)

Metered Grid Electricity

Community Tap Open defecation (Municipal Water)

Metered Grid Electricity

fire wood

Kerosene lamps

Open defecation Diesel generators

Doctor visits every fortnight

Kerosene

Blue sheet

Primary

Blue sheet

Until college

Fire wood

Fever, cold

Fire wood

Skin rashes, digestive ailments, Cough, Cold

Until secondary

Fire wood

Fever, cold

Primary

No tenure No tenure

No tenure

Government

Daily wage Construction labourer

domestic worker, business owner, farmer

200

No tenure

Government

Daily wage labourer in Factory brick kiln, agriculture,

craftwork and garments

6500

No tenure

Private

Daily wage Construction labourer

13500

300

No tenure

Daily wage Construction labourer

household help

Aadhar card, Ration card, Voters ID

Community Tap Toilets at home (Municipal Water)

Metered Grid Electricity

Kerosene, fire wood, LPG

120

No tenure

Daily wage Construction labourer

Municipality Workers

5850

Aadhar card

Community Tap Open defecation (Tanker)

Kerosene lamps

Fire wood

Fever, cold, cough

No school

100

Raichur, Gulbarga

No tenure

Daily wage Construction labourer

household help

3000

Voter ID of native

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Open defecation

Fire wood

Breathing problems, Fever, Malnutrition

Primary

160

Raichur, Gulbarga

No tenure

Daily wage Construction labourer

household help

8000

Ration card in native

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Open defecation

Kerosene, firewood

Cold and cough

Metered Grid Electricity

Blue sheet

Non Metered Grid Electricity (Stolen)

Parinam

Primary

800

Permanent

Formal

Blue sheet

Temporary

None

AC Sheets

Voter ID, Aadhar

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Blue sheet

Fire wood

13500

Community Tap Open defecation (Borewell)

Pollinate

Blue sheet

Fire wood

13500

Private

Pucca houses

Blue sheet

household help

Ration card, Voters ID, Aadhaar card

Secondary

No access to healthcare

Fever, cold

Daily wage Construction labourer

Male & female

Primary health clinic near by

Fire wood

Community Tap Open defecation (Borewell)

Open defecation

Fire wood

Blue sheet + metal sheet

Kerosene

Non Metered Grid Electricity (Stolen)

Open defecation

Fever, Cold, Cough

Primary

Kerosene lamps and candles

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Community (Borewell, tanker) // Municipal Tap from nearby apartments

LPG

Fire wood

Solar Lights

Kerosene lamps and candles

Community (Borewell/ Community toilets Tanker Supply by company)

LPG

Daily wage Daily wage labourer Male & female Construction labourer Private

Projector

Solar lights, kerosene lamps and candles

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Community Tap (Tanker)

4625

Kidney, lung and liver problems

Community Tap Open defecation open defecation (Borewell)

Aadhar cards

Mix of Telugu, Kannada and Tamil communities

2015

Private

use the service

Permanent

Hamsa Akka

Private

Toilets at home

600

near woody's hotel

No tenure

IEC Closed

EVICTED

JP Nagar central

Railways Settlement

Need assessment

2012

Thanisandra

Main road - 5km

Settlement Residences

2015

Yuva/ Madhu

Main road - 2km

Settlement

2015

Yuva/Madhu

Gulbarga

Main road - 5km

Meghna

Near Summanahalli Bus Stop

This colony is right behind Manyata Tech Park, near a huge parking area for the private buses.

12.999833,77.73114

Nomadic

Dharwad

Hamsa Akka

opposite to maruthi suzuki service station

IEC Closed

A lake bed before

Kowdi art done for personal uses, presently and entrepreneur Gulbarga, Raichur, runs the community art as a Yadagiri business and brings in a financial stability for the community

Table 19: Micro level data (Community), Source: Authors+ SELCO Foundation

Gulbarga, Khedgaon, Deodurga and A.P

Low lying area, near drains and sewer, near lake,

What they do

Occupation 1

Water supply, Sanitation, Energy, Health, Education, Social Contract etc STABILITY

Main road - 1km Close to bus stand

Bellary, Gulbarga, Raichur

Yuva/ Madhu Yuva/ Madhu/ Meghna

Kundanhalli gate

close to CBD, close to main road

Description

Stability

Primary

GNI, Adarsh builders GMRVF

Metal Sheet

Blue sheet Until secondary

AC Sheets

Samarthanam foundation Pollinate

KEY Missing Information Intensity of expected vulnerability Intensity in effect

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

Macro Data - State Level To get a sense of vulnerability at the macro level, levels of poverty, rates of migration and impacts of climate change are compared across states. As secondary research of indicators of risk and threats, these relevant state level datasets in the context of the urban poor are gathered. The indicators are selected on the basis of whether the specific information is available, reliable and representative of its symptom. It included parameters such as Population growth rate, migration, density, poverty levels, climate disaster risks, child health indexes, etc.

Image 50: Excerpt â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Everybody Loves a Good Drought (P. Sainath, 1996)â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Sl no.

Indicators of vulnerability

State 1

State 2

State 3

State 4

State 5

State 6

State 7

State 8

State 9

State 10

Arunachal Pradesh

Manipur

Tripura

Goa

Assam

Jammu & Kashmir

Himachal Pradesh

Uttarakhand

Orissa

Chattisgarh

State 1

GDP (2016)

Lowest Growth Rate Jharkhand of GDP (2005-2011)

Assam

Punjab

Uttar Pradesh

West Bengal

Orissa

Chattisgarh

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Kerala

Percentage of Urban Mizoram Population to total population (2012)

Goa

Delhi

Maharashtra

Tamil Nadu

Gujarat

Karnataka

Punjab

Madhya Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh

Total area of Maharashtra Agricultural land lost to Urban Growth in India (2001-2010)

Andhra Pradesh

Chattisgarh

Tamil Nadu

Uttar Pradesh

West Bengal

Karnataka

Madhya Pradesh

Orissa

Punjab

Corruption Perception (2005)

Bihar

Jammu & Kashmir

Karnataka

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Assam

Jharkhand

Haryana

Delhi

Tamil Nadu

Relative per Capita Income

Uttar Pradesh

Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Jharkhand

Chattisgarh

Jammu & Kashmir

Karnataka

Rajasthan

Andhra Pradesh

Orissa

Naxal Affectected Areas

Andhra Pradesh

Orissa

Bihar

Chattisgarh

West Bengal

Uttar Pradesh

Karnataka

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh

Climate change 8

Cyclones (2011)

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

Karnataka

Andhra Pradesh Orissa

Gujarat

Maharashtra

West Bengal

River Floods (2011)

Uttar Pradesh

Delhi

Bihar

West Bengal

Maharashtra

Gujarat

Assam

Punjab

Drought Prone (2011)

Karnataka

Andhra Pradesh

Maharashtra

Gujarat

Orissa

Uttar Pradesh

Rajasthan

Uttarakhand

Bihar

Jharkhand

Earthquake

Arunachal Pradesh

Assam

West Bengal

Uttarakhand

Himachal Pradesh

Gujarat

Jammu & Kashmir

Punjab

Delhi

Uttar Pradesh

Migration 12

Maximum interstate Uttar Pradesh out migration (2012)

Bihar

Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

Madhya Pradesh

West Bengal

Maharashtra

Punjab

Gujarat

Haryana

Maximum interstate in migration (2012)

Delhi

West Bengal

Uttar Pradesh

Haryana

Gujarat

Punjab

Rajasthan

Karnataka

Andhra Pradesh

Chattisgarh

Jharkhand

Arunachal Pradesh

Assam

Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Orissa

Uttar Pradesh

Karnataka

Maharashtra

Multidimensional Poverty Index - MPI State 14

Poverty (2012)

Manipur

Multidimensional Bihar pverty Index in india (2011)

Jharkhand

Chattisgarh

Madhya Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh

Orissa

Rajasthan

West Bengal

Arunachal Pradesh

Assam

Population with Least Electricity Supply

Assam

Orissa

Jharkhand

Uttar Pradesh

Rajasthan

West Bengal

Meghalaya

Tripura

Arunachal Pradesh

Least % of slum Karnataka Households that use renewable cooking fuel (2011)

Gujarat

Orissa

Chattisgarh

Jharkhand

Bihar

West Bengal

Tripura

Madhya Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh

Open Defecation

Orissa

Jharkhand

Bihar

Chattisgarh

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

Tamil Nadu

Andhra Pradesh Assam

Bihar

Andhra Pradesh

Jharkhand

Arunachal Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh

Rajasthan

Jammu & Kashmir

Orissa

Madhya Pradesh

Assam

Bihar

Education 19

Illiteracy (2011)

Health 20

Total Fertility

Himachal Pradesh

West Bengal

Delhi

Andhra Pradesh

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

Goa

Karnataka

Maharashtra

Punjab

Stunted Children

Uttar Pradesh

Bihar

Jharkhand

Chattisgarh

Meghalaya

Gujarat

Madhya Pradesh

Assam

Orissa

Haryana

Underweight

Jharkhand

Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh

Gujarat

Chattisgarh

Orissa

Rajasthan

Meghalaya

Tripura

Immunization

Nagaland

Meghalaya

Uttar Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh

Jammu & Kashmir

Assam

Manipur

Gujarat

Tripura

Low BMI

Goa

Rajasthan

Karnataka

Maharashtra

Gujarat

Himachal Pradesh

Orissa

Andhra Pradesh Chattisgarh

Bihar

Child Mortality (2012)

Orissa

Madhya Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh

Assam

Bihar

Maharashtra

Karnataka

Andhra Pradesh Delhi

Gujarat

Table 20: Macro level state data, Source: Authors

This list of indicators is not exhaustive. It is made to create the framework for data collection.

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

Macro Data - City Level The list was aligned in the order of worst affected states. Over 20 cities in these worst affected states were identified (cities identified through the NGO research) and the basic datas of those cities were collected to support further analysis

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Sl no.

State

City

Tier

Ecosystem

Area (kmsq)

Population (2011)

Population (2001)

Population growth(in %)

Density(kmsq)

literacy rate (2011)

Calamities Hazards*

Economy

Bihar

Patna

Tier 2

Riverine

99.45

1,683,200

1,427,709

15.17888546

16925.08798

84.71

Flood Earthquake Drought Naxal hit

Agricultural hub and centre of trade

Katihar

Tier 3

Riverine

25.5

243,232

190,873

21.52636166

9538.509804

79.87

Flood

Agricultural hub and Small scale industries

Slum population

Reference

13,533

https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-bihar.php?adm2id=1028 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bihar_by_population https://terraurban.wordpress.com/tag/patna/

62,120

http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Katihar.pdf

Administrative, information technology, education and tourism

436

3,01,611

Industries

77602

Orissa

Bhubaneswar

Tier 2

Riverine

422

837,456

176,000

78.9839705

1984.492891

93.15

Flood Drought Naxal hit

Jharkand

Ranchi

Tier 2

Hill

175

1,073,440

847,093

21.0861343

6133.942857

87.68

Flood

West Bengal

Kolkata

Tier 1

Wetland

185.00

14,112,536

4,573,000

67.59618541

76283.97838

87.14

Flood

Commercial and financial hub Local agricultural (Rice and Poha); Forest products; Steel, Cement industries

Chattisgarh

Raipur

Tier 2

Plateau

226

1,010,087

700,113

30.68785164

4469.411504

86.9

Earthquake (Zone 3) Drought

Maharashtra

Pune

Tier 1

Riverine

479

3,124,458

2,697,001

13.68099683

6522.876827

86.15

Flood Earthquake (Moderate and Low intensity)

Automotive companies, IT Parks, Educational hub, Manufacturing industries

Mumbai

Tier 1

Coastal

603.4

12,442,373

20620.43918

94.7

Sangli

Tier 2

Mixed

118.18

513,862

4348.129971

81.48

Flood

Tumeric, sugarcane, spice industries

Madhya Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh

Karnataka

Andhra Pradesh

Miraj

Tier 3

Mixed

Tier 3

Mixed

171.5

1,729,320

10083.49854

14,90,811

http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/slum-population-in-india.html

154

1,59,120

https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume13/3-Urban-Poor-Living-in-Slums-ACase-Study.pdf

211

8,06,815

http://www.researchfront.in/19%20OCT.-DEC._2015/11.pdf

380

936066

http://mhupa-ray.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/bhopal-city-profile.pdf

2219609

http://www.mpurban.gov.in/Pdf/CDP/Indore%20CDP_%20Final.pdf

Flood Flood

Kolhapur

Tier 2

Mixed

66.82

889,879

13317.55462

Flood

Bhopal

Tier 2

Mixed

285.9

1,745,333

1437354

17.64585899

6104.697447

85.24

389.8

1,994,397

1,639,000

17.81977209

5116.462288

87.38

Flood

The major industries in the old city are electrical goods, medicinal, cotton, chemicals and jewellery.

Indore

Tier 2

Mixed

Vidisha

Tier 3

Mixed

Hosangabad

Tier 3

Riverine

Lucknow

Tier 2

Riverine

2,528

2,902,601

2,245,509

22.63804085

1148.180775

84.72

Flood

potential in the handicrafts sector a growing IT hub promoted public-private partnerships

714

10,97,110

http://nuhm.upnrhm.gov.in/nuhm/images/cityProfile/Lucknow.pdf

Varanasi

Tier 2

Riverine

82.1

1,435,113

1,371,749

4.415262073

17480.0609

Flood

Silk weaving Tourism and Hospitality Trade and commerce

217

457,568

http://nuhm.upnrhm.gov.in/nuhm/images/cityProfile/Varanasi.pdf

Agra

Tier 2

Riverine

188.4

1,585,704

1,331,339

16.04114009

8416.687898

73.11

Booming tourism industry as well as royal crafts

459

12,50,000

http://nuhm.upnrhm.gov.in/nuhm/images/cityProfile/Agra.pdf

302

11,50,000

http://nuhm.upnrhm.gov.in/nuhm/images/cityProfile/Meerut.pdf http://nuhm.upnrhm.gov.in/nuhm/images/cityProfile/Gorakhpur.pdf

Tier 2

Mixed

Gorakhpur

Tier 3

Riverine

Bangalore

Mixed

Mysore

Tier 2

Commercial centre for goods and services

1068772

18.35345903

2908.94

78.29

Tyres, textile, transformer, sugar, distillery, chemical, engineering, paper, publishing, and sports goods manufacture

166

4,50,000

8,443,675

5,101,000

39.5879164

11909.27362

IT hub, informal sectors,

597

13,86,000

152

887,446

799,228

9.940661178

5838.460526

86.84

Tourism is the major industry Traditional economy (weaving, sandalwood carving, bronze work and the production of lime and salt)

143

81000

Argricultural hub, Foundry hub, Sugar industries

12063

Agriculture and fishing industries Small-scale industries

6866

450

1,309,023

Mixed

709

Mixed

673,446

Flood

http://mhupa-ray.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/mysore-workshop-report.pdf

Belgaum

Tier 2

Mixed

488,292

5194.595745

Udupi

Tier 3

Coastal

68.23

165,401

127,124

23.14193989

2424.168254

93.89

Hyderabad

Tier 1

Mixed

650

6,809,970

3,637,483

46.58591741

10476.87692

82.96

Flood

Service industry Pearl and diamond trade IT Hub Informal economy

1,476

17,00,000

Tirupati

Tier 3

Hill

27.44

287,035

100

10460.45918

85.22

Flood

Tourism industry Hospitality industry Mobile & Electronics Manufacturing Hub

94054

http://www.yorku. ca/bunchmj/ICEH/proceedings/Krishnaiah_K_ICEH_papers_226to232.pdf

Agriculture Traditional crafts Mineral based industry

18563

http://jnnurmmis.nic.in/toolkit/ItanagarCdp/ItanagarCDP.pdf https://www.ibef.org/states/arunachal-pradesh.aspx

Textile industry Automobile industry

834

262,551

http://www.crdf.org.in/cue/saic/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/26CUEWP-26_CityProfile-Ahmedabad.pdf

307

4,90,305

http://jnnurmmis.nic.in/toolkit/SuratCdp/Surat_CDP.PDF

217

1,39,000

http://cept.ac.in/UserFiles/File/CUE/Working%20Papers/Revised%20New/24% 20City%20Profile%20Guwahat.pdf

Arunachal Pradesh

Itanagar

Tier 3

Hill

152

59,490

34,970

41.21701126

391.3815789

66.95

Gujarat

Ahmedabad

Tier 1

Riverine

464

6,352,254

4,525,013

28.76523829

13690.20259

89.62

Kutch

Tier 3

Mixed

Surat

Tier 2

Coastal

326.5

4,467,797

2,811,614

37.06934312

13683.91118

86.65

Earthquake, Flood

Diamond polishing Textiles Corporate industries Information technology

Vadodara

Tier 2

Mixed

225

2,065,771

1,491,045

27.82138001

9181.204444

94.5

Flood

Large scale industries

Patana

Tier 3

Mixed

Earthquake Earthquake

Surendranagar

Tier 3

Riverine

1,756,000

39022.22222

Assam

Guwhati

Tier 2

Riverine

215

957,352

4452.8

91.47

Delhi

Tier 1

Mixed

1,484

16,753,235

11289.24191

86.34

13,782,976

17.72946538

Table 21: Macro level city data, Source: Authors (The data is gathered from secondary sources) * Hazards are observed from hazard maps of India for Earthquakes, Floods and left wing extremism 77

http://www.academia. edu/13180659/Urbanisation_and_Growth_of_Slum_Population_in_Jharkhand_A_ Spatial_Analysis_Rahul_Harshwardhan_and_Dr_V.K._Tripathy https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110410/jsp/jharkhand/story_13834429.jsp

Financial and commercial hub

Pimpri-Chinchwad

Meerut

355,000

Slum

Tea manufacturing Refinery Flood

Information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism, Construction, power, health and community services and real estate

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

Consolidating Multi-scalar and Multi-sectoral data sets with sources of information This is not an exhaustive list but includes all the data sets researched in the project. The data sets are also time stamped to ensure they can be compared with each other.

Report on Urban Vulnerability

LEVEL

Sl no.

NATIONAL (Statewise Data)

State

Indicators of vulnerability

Lowest Growth Rate of GDP (2005-2010)

Year

Source

Map Link

Data Link

2005-2010

Planning Commission of India

http://geocurrents.info/wpcontent/uploads/2013/04/Indianstates-by-GDP-growth-2005-2010Map.png

https://web.archive. org/web/20140715140421/ht tp://planningcommission.nic. in/data/datatable/0306/table %20168.pdf

https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and _union_territories_by_GDP#/medi a/File:India_GSDP.png

https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_Indian_state s_and_union_territories_by_ GDP

GDP

2016

Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

Percentage of Urban Population to total population (2012)

2012

Census 2011

http://geocurrents.info/wpcontent/uploads/2013/05/IndiaUrbanization-Fertility-Map.png

Total area of Agricultural land lost to Urban Growth in India (2001-2010)

2001-2010

MODIS NDVI

http://lcluc.umd. edu/newsletter_article_Karen_form at.php

2005

Nicholas Charron (2010), The Correlates of Corruption in India: Analysis and Evidence from the States, Asian Journal of Political Science, Volume 18, Issue 2, pp. 177-194

https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Corruption_perceptions_distributio n_in_Indian_states_2005_map.svg

Corruption Perception (2005)

Relative per Capita Income

http://greaterpacificcapital. com/unleashing-indias-industrialpotential-building-a-globallycompetitive-manufacturing-base/

Naxal Affectected Areas

CNN-IBN

https://foreignpolicyblogs. com/2010/06/29/a-naxal-threat-toindias-nuclear-arsenal/

Geological survey of india

https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File: India_climatic_disaster_risk_map_ en.svg

Geological survey of india

https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File: India_climatic_disaster_risk_map_ en.svg

Geological survey of india

https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File: India_climatic_disaster_risk_map_ en.svg

Geological survey of india

https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Earthquake_zones_of_Ind ia

Climate change

Cyclones (2011)

River Floods (2011)

Drought Prone (2011)

2011

Earthquake

Migration 12

Maximum interstate out migration (2012)

2012

Ministry of statistics and programme implementation

http://blog.gramener. com/281/migration-patterns

Maximum interstate in migration (2012)

2012

Ministry of statistics and programme implementation

http://blog.gramener. com/281/migration-patterns

2012

Reserve bank of India

https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Poverty_in_India

MPI report

https://news.wikinut. com/Analyzing-Poverty-of-Indiathrough-Poverty-Indicators/1n72. quw/

India National health Survey

http://www.geocurrents. info/cultural-geography/electricityentertainment-and-birth-rates-inindia

2014

Rapid Survey of Children, UNICEF and GOI

http://www.economist. com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/07/d aily-chart-0 http://www.economist. com/news/asia/21607837-fixingdreadful-sanitation-india-requiresnot-just-building-lavatories-alsochanging

2011

Primary Census Abstract for Slum, 2011 Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

https://drive.google.com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQUjM0eFR1 UndBZms

http://www.censusindia.gov. in/2011census/population_e numeration.html

2011

Primary Census Abstract for Slum, 2011 Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

https://drive.google.com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQZHhFeEo2 V0NtVUk

http://www.censusindia.gov. in/2011census/population_e numeration.html

Sex Ratio(Females per 1000 males) in slums 2011

Primary Census Abstract for Slum, 2011 Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

https://drive.google.com/open? http://www.censusindia.gov. id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQUV9XNkNR in/2011census/population_e RzBQWVU numeration.html

Multidimensional Poverty Index MPI State 14

Poverty (2012)

Multidimensional poverty Index in india (2011)

2011

Standard of living

Population with Least Electricity Supply

Open Defecation

Percentage of slum population

Proportion of child population in slums

2006

Table 22: Consolidating Multi-scalar and Multi-sectoral data sets with sources of information, Source: Authors

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

Child Sex Ratio(Females per 1000 males) in slums

Literacy rate in slums

Work Participation Rate (WPR) in slums

2011

Primary Census Abstract for Slum, 2011 Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

https://drive.google.com/open? http://www.censusindia.gov. id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQd3BPRnlzO in/2011census/population_e XdXdnM numeration.html

2011

Primary Census Abstract for Slum, 2011 Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

https://drive.google.com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQdlpsdk5CT Go2N3M

2011

Primary Census Abstract for Slum, 2011 Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

https://drive.google.com/open? http://www.censusindia.gov. id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQakNtaHlhZ3 in/2011census/population_e NmYjg numeration.html

2011

Census 2011

https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Literacy_in_India

2012

Department of Health and Family Welfare, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

https://community.data.gov. in/stateut-wise-infant-mortalityrate-imr-during-2004-2012/ http://www.economist. com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/07/d aily-chart-0

http://www.censusindia.gov. in/2011census/population_e numeration.html

Education 24

Illiteracy (2011)

Health 25

Child Mortality (2012)

Stunted Children

2014

Rapid Survey of Children, UNICEF and GOI

Underweight

2014

Rapid Survey of Children, UNICEF and GOI

http://www.economist. com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/07/d aily-chart-0

Immunization

2014

Rapid Survey of Children, UNICEF and GOI

http://www.economist. com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/07/d aily-chart-0

Low BMI

2014

Rapid Survey of Children, UNICEF and GOI

http://www.economist. com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/07/d aily-chart-0

Population Reference Bureau

https://thebreakthrough.org/index. php/programs/conservation-anddevelopment/population-bomb-sowrong/

Smart city Mission

https://www.google. com/maps/d/edit? mid=189PmazgLtlDcyKBTmF8VH http://smartcities.gov. Kxq6YI in/content/

NIMZ

https://www.google. com/maps/d/edit? http://pib.nic. mid=189PmazgLtlDcyKBTmF8VH in/newsite/printrelease. Kxq6YI aspx?relid=137814

Total Fertility

2012

Jobs/Investments

Smart cities

NIMZ

Construction and Real estate

2016

https://www.ibef. org/industry/real-estateindia.aspx

BMEC,DMIC, CBIC, ADKI, VANPIC

Industrial corridor

https://www.google. com/maps/d/edit? http://pib.nic. mid=189PmazgLtlDcyKBTmF8VH in/newsite/PrintRelease. Kxq6YI aspx?relid=153692

STATE (District wise data) State 1

District map

http://www.karnatakapcc. com/karnataka-map/

Political map

http://maps.newkerala. com/karnataka-travel-map.php

Multidimensional Poverty index

District wise Human development Index (HDI)

http://krishikosh.egranth.ac. in/bitstream/1/5810004115/1 /th10832.pdf

2001

https://drive.google.com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQcXEzVl84Z VR5SzQ

2016

Smart city Mission

https://www.google. com/maps/d/edit? mid=16xgBFuKCAAfwdeN7SLjkg QqytOc&ll=15. 426007579711186%2C77. 04375000000005&z=6

http://www.uddkar.gov. in/SMART%20Cities%20in% 20Karnataka

NIMZ

https://www.google. com/maps/d/edit? mid=16xgBFuKCAAfwdeN7SLjkg QqytOc&ll=15. 426007579711186%2C77. 04375000000005&z=6

http://pib.nic. in/newsite/printrelease. aspx?relid=137814

Jobs/Investment

Smart cities

NIMZ

Construction and Real estate

2016

Government of Karnataka Department of Labour

http://labour.kar.nic.in/ http://labour.kar.nic. in/labour/notificationsonmini mum.htm http://labour.kar.nic. in/labour/2016-17% 20Minimum%20wages% 20rates.pdf

Climate change Rainfall

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC https://www.ksndmc. org/ReportHomePage.aspx

Weighted average rainfall hobli wise

Weighted average rainfall hobli wise 2014

2014

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC https://www.ksndmc. org/ReportHomePage.aspx

https://drive.google. https://drive.google.com/open? com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQdkc3NTdLc id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQalJsS m12RDA mVNRlhtNTg

2015

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC https://www.ksndmc. org/ReportHomePage.aspx

https://drive.google.com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQZ01iTFJNc XVCQjA

2016

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC https://www.ksndmc. org/ReportHomePage.aspx

https://drive.google. https://drive.google.com/open? com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQU2R0UGEx id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQRkhy YXV0MDg ZGRxcWtDSkU

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQNEJP aFAybXJLNHc

Agriculture

Agro Climatic Zones in Karnataka-district-rainfallsoil type-crops grown

https://drive.google.com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQclhqTzZJV WxlTlE

http://raitamitra.kar.nic. in/stat/kacz.htm http://shodhganga.inflibnet. ac. in/bitstream/10603/8529/13/ 13_chapter%203.pdf

Water levels - Ground water 9

Moisture Adequacy index taluk wise

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

Moisture Adequacy Index South-west Monsoon Taluk wise 2014

2014

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google. https://drive.google.com/open? com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQNE1ZTkhQ id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQalJsS R1lpUEk mVNRlhtNTg

2014

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google. https://drive.google.com/open? com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQQk81Q2Np id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQalJsS VVJ4cFU mVNRlhtNTg

2015

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google. https://drive.google.com/open? com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQWjhheEh3X id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQNEJP 3E5OUU aFAybXJLNHc

2015

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google. https://drive.google.com/open? com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQSUs2dFhlT id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQNEJP nNNTGM aFAybXJLNHc

Moisture Adequacy Index North-east Monsoon Taluk wise 2014 Moisture Adequacy Index South-west Monsoon Taluk wise 2015 Moisture Adequacy Index North-east Monsoon Taluk wise 2015

Aridity index - taluk wise

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

Aridity index anomaly map South-west Monsoon Taluk wise 2014

2014

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google.com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQV2MweVZ WZ29Icms

2014

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google. https://drive.google.com/open? com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQWVN1ZDJE id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQalJsS dGxrWk0 mVNRlhtNTg

2015

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google.com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQUjRzZUFM YjdpQ0U

2015

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google. https://drive.google.com/open? com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQdVlUTmx0Y id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQNEJP WF2NzA aFAybXJLNHc

Aridity index anomaly map North east Monsoon Taluk wise 2014 Aridity index anomaly map South-west Monsoon Taluk wise 2015 Aridity index anomaly map North east Monsoon Taluk wise 2015

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

Water level depth map taluk wise Nov 2014

2014

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google. https://drive.google.com/open? com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQbFNBNVpu id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQalJsS VU5lZlU mVNRlhtNTg

2015

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google. https://drive.google.com/open? com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQRXZkTXNF id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQNEJP b3ozc0U aFAybXJLNHc

2014

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google. https://drive.google.com/open? com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQOW5qX29P id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQalJsS WnFsRG8 mVNRlhtNTg

2015

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google. https://drive.google.com/open? com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQeXRQSnZy id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQNEJP bU9NcUE aFAybXJLNHc

Water level fluctuation map taluk wise - 6 months Water level fluctuation map taluk wise May-Nov 2014

Water level fluctuation map taluk wise May-Nov 2015 13

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQNEJP aFAybXJLNHc

Water level depth - taluk wise - month

Water level depth map taluk wise Nov 2015 12

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQalJsS mVNRlhtNTg

Water level fluctuation map taluk wise - Annual

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

Water level fluctuation map taluk wise Nov 2013-14

Water level fluctuation map taluk wise Nov 2014-15

https://drive.google. https://drive.google.com/open? com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQQjVVWVQx id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQalJsS X1VXc3M mVNRlhtNTg

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google.com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQSHI1Z3Yz WE12WW8

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google. https://drive.google.com/open? com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQOS1RYUxN id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQalJsS Z3pJZVk mVNRlhtNTg

2005-15

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

https://drive.google. com/open? https://drive.google.com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQbEV1MUE3 id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQNEJP TnJEMlU aFAybXJLNHc

2013-14

2014-15

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQNEJP aFAybXJLNHc

Water level fluctuation map taluk wise - Decadal fluctuation Water level fluctuation map taluk wise - Decadal fluctuation Nov 2004-14 Water level fluctuation map taluk wise - Decadal fluctuation Nov 2005-15

DISTRICT (City level data)

Karnataka State natural Disaster Monitoring Cell KSNDMC

2004-14

Job Opportunities 1

NIMZ ZONES

2016

NIMZ

2016

Smart city proposal

ABD (Area Based Development) zones under Smart cities

Construction boom

Existing slums

NGO's supporting the slums (number of)

Type of industries/employment

Slum board

2011

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Climate Change Water shortage

Rainfall trends

Ground water level fluctuation trends

2011

Multideomensional Poverty Index Morphology

Springs/river/canal/lake/po nd

2011

Infrastructure

House condition Permanent/Temporary

Water supply/connection

2011

Sanitation/Open defecation 2011

Electricity supply

Anganwadi centers

2011

Primary/government educational institutions

Primary/Community/govern ment health centers 2011

Literacy rate Working population by gender

2011

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Self help groups

Availability of Community toilets

Transportation and connectivity

2011

Migration 22 COMMUNITY PROFILING

Migration pattern (Inter state, Intra state, Inter district, Intra district)

Data as per table

2011

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

Census 2011

https://drive.google. com/open? id=0BwiWPDGHQ1AQTUc4 N1BidWdscmc

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

Organisations working with the urban poor across the country 20 odd organisations/NGOs who work with the urban poor were researched to understand the multiple sectors (in the areas like energy access, financial access, education, health, etc) and location of interventions across India. Cities and States in which the organisations intervene were identified. The obtained list of organisations can be potential partners to address communities at the identified worst hit states and cities across India.

Report on Urban Vulnerability

SL NO

ORGANISATION

CITIES/STATES

SECTORS

Shelter Associates

Pune, Pimpri Chinchwad, Sangli-Miraj, and Kolhapur

Housing Sanitation "Spatial data (GIS) Research and Poverty Mapping"

SPARC+NSDF+Mahila Milan

Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, AP, Gujarat, Pondicherry, Orissa, West Bengal, UP, Karnataka, Delhi

Housing

Energy Relocation and rehabilitation projects Sanitation 3

Parinaam Foundation

"20 states "

Healthcare Education Urban Ultra Poor Program The Diksha Financial Literacy Programme Livelihood Community Initiative

MHT - Mahila Housing Sewa Trust

"Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Katihar, Bhopal, Vidisha,Hosangabad, Kutch, Patana and Surendranagar Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Delhi, MP"

Water Sanitation & hygiene

Energy & Climate Change Affordable Housing & Land Rights Housing & Infrastructure Finance Skill Development & Livelihood Urban Land Planning & Governance Rural Housing, Water & Sanitation Consultancies 5

GMRVF

Education Health, Hygiene & Sanitation Empowerment & Livelihoods Community Development

LIFE trust

Mumbai

Education

Health Table 23: Organisations working with the urban poor across the country, Source: Authors

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

APSA (Association for Promoting Social Action)

Bangalore, Hyderabad

Slum Outreach

Self Help Groups Programme Young Personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Empowerment and Success Kaushalya Skill Training Centre 8

Bal Utsav

Education

Janalakshmi

Microfinance, health, life insurance and other financial service

SANA (Social Awareness Newer Alternatives)

New Delhi

Clean Water Access

CURE

Agra, Gangtok, Delhi, Bhubaneswar, Ludhiana, Noida

Slum Upgrading: Housing and Resettlement

Water supply Sanitation Housing Livelihood Environment Health Community Processes Smart Technology 12

CRY

Haryana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Manipur, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, J&K, Assam and other states across India

Child rights

MHS City lab

Delhi, Ahmedabad

Housing Digital Tool Research

Chintan Environmental Delhi Research and Action Group

A Voice for waste

Scavengers to managers No child in trash Metamorphosis Low carbon futures Knowledge power 15

YUVA - Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action

Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar

Poverty Alleviation

Environment

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Urban Governance and planning 16

Pradan

7,000 remote villages of India

Social Mobilization Food Security

Managing Natural Resources Livelihoods Market Linkages Governance 17

MYRADA

Livelihoods Environment and Natural Resource Management Health and Sanitation Education/Vocational Education Capacity Building

Akshara

Education

NASVI-National Association for Street Vendors of India

Street vendor

Goonj

Cloth waste recycling

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

Cross validation of community level information with structure in case study frameworks In order to understand how the data sets collected from Selco Foundationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s field work compare to the 7 case study frameworks that assess vulnerability, the framework parameters were overlapped over the community datasets. This was done to look for commonalities between datasets being sought and those being collected. It can be observed in the table on the right that the Orange hatched cells show the community level data available for the framework parameters. While blue/green/maroon hatches depict where new data sets may need to be collected.

Report on Urban Vulnerability

Community Level Data DETERMINANT TO CHOOSE A COMMUNITY COMMUNITY PROFILE Framework

Exposure/Risks

Location

Type of Community

Permanent, Seasonal, Temporary Nomadic

Reason for Community Type

Age of Settlement

Age of the Community

SITE CONTEXT (PLACE) No. of HH

How long have How long have Why Permanent, they been on this they been in the 0-100 HH, 101Seasonal, site? below 10 city? below 10 300 HH, 301+ Temporary years,11-20 years,11-20 HH Nomadic years, 21 + years years, 21 + years

History/Story of Community

Description

Where they come from

Reason for Migration from native

Geographic Setting

close to CBD, close to main road

Access to Public Transport

Morphological Setting

Low lying area, near drains and sewer, near lake, biodiversity

SECURITY The linkage of Reason for moving to community to this specific site the site

Weak Linkage, Strong linkage

Formal entitlement to land

No tenure papers, Tenure papers

Who their land belongs to

Government, Temple, Private

NATURAL DISASTERS (Flood, Hurricanes, Tsunamis, Earthquakes, Famines) CLIMATE CHANGE (ecological un-sustainability) Extreme weather change Unpredictable weather patterns Decreasing water tables Changing landscapes and geographies

Sustain+

SKEWED DEVELOPMENT Abuse / Degradation of local resources Non-uniform ecosystem development (access to services and amenities) Lack of human resource development (education, employment and wage disparity) EXCLUSIVE POLICIES Counter productive policies Lack of grassroots experience in policy formulation and implementation Slow pace of formalization and implementation SOCIAL CONFLICTS AND WAR Discrimination and social inequality Cultural/Ethnic and Religious conflicts Unstable and/or corrupt governments Terrorism* (forced migration and brain drain) Economic risk Chronic fiscal imbalance Asset price collapse Income disparity Unemployment and Underemployment Fiscal crisis Oil Price Shock China Economic Hard Landing Oil & Gas Price Spike Slowing Chinese Economy Retrenchment from Globalization Major Systemic Financial Failure Extreme energy price volatility

WEF

Geopolitical risk Weapons of mass destruction Interstate conflict with regional consequences Global Governance gaps Failure of National governance Large scale terrorist attacks Middle East Instability Failed and Failing States Corruption State Collapse or Crisis Geopolitical Conflict Retrenchment from Globalization Environmental risk Extreme weather events Major natural catastrophes Climate change Failure of climate change, mitigation and adaptation Biodiversity loss Water supply crisis Storms & Cyclones Flooding Rising Greenhouse Gas Emissions Societal risk Large scale involuntary migration Water crisis Chronic disease Income disparity Food shortage crisis Mismanagement of population ageing Rapid and massive spread of disease Technological risk Massive incident of data fraud Cyber attacks Critical information infrastructure breakdown Chronic Stress high unemployment inefficient public transportation systems endemic violence

100 RC

chronic food and water shortages lack of affordable housing

Framework

Acute Shocks earthquakes floods disease outbreaks terrorist attacks Geographical Exposure being located mostly in environmentally vulnerable areaslow lying lands more prone to floods/inundation or high elevations with low ground water levels. Land tenure insecurity further hampers capital investment in these habitations Occupational Exposure dependent on occupations which require heavy physical labour; outdoor working like construction, street vending and/or informal livelihoods like seasonal vending, home-based work, that may be directly impacted by disasters.

MHT

Infrastructure Deprivation living in settlements that typically lack adequate drainage, energy and communications systems where the impact of an event such as flooding or drought will be felt more sharply than elsewhere. Low quality of their housing, with limited ventilation, inadequate cooling facilities make them more vulnerable to climate vagaries like heat stress Financial Susceptibility having paucity of income resources and access to credit and insurance; are often forced to exhaust limited savings or assets in order to respond Social Marginalization having least fall back options, limited resources and access to information, inhibited recognition as a city resident. Slums and informal settlements are often excluded, for instance, from early warning systems or flood prevention infrastructure Gender Discrimination given the gender roles in these societies, especially domestic responsibilities like water fetching, food security and care giving, women are even more vulnerable and bear the dual burden of these climate-related events. Overall urban systems Profound impacts on infrastructure, services, ecosystems and therefore impact economies and populations. These interact with existing social, economic and environmental risks to compound vulnerabilities. Terrestrial ecosystems and ecological infrastructure Alteration in ecosystem services and functions due to changes in temperature and rainfall regimes, variations in evaporation rates, impact on soil moisture, changes in humidity affecting healthy functioning of people. Water supply systems Reduced water availability due to damaged water supply infrastructure and inadequate supply, contaminated water supplies, and reduced capacity to effectively meet competing water demands by different sectors. Waste water system Vulnerability of sewage treatment infrastructure to damage by extreme precipitation event and inability to clean up the water system due to inappropriate design (if design does not take into account extreme precipitation condition). Energy systems Power supply interruptions due to damaged energy production and transmission infrastructure and the associated high dependence on conventional energy supply systems, absence of decentralized options. Food systems and security Disrupted food production, supply and direct implications on food prices and hence food security of the poor, assuming that the public

CARIAA + ASSAR (Key Risk Sectors)

Transportation and communications systems Disrupted networks directly affecting livelihoods, that are partly linked to spatial alterations in the city character and therefore, heavy reliance of the poor on public transport and other communication systems

Housing Low quality housing in flood prone zones or other vulnerable locations are prone to destruction.Directly impacts health and permanence of shelter. Quality of housing bears direct implications for energy requirements Human health Direct health impacts due to breaching temperature thresholds of social groups or due to over exposure (like in open construction or mining activities), poor quality and inadequate water availability leading to water-related health problems, flood situation triggered by extreme precipitation events creating health hazard in poorly located habitations. Poverty and access to basic services Water shortages leading to water related diseases, temperature alterations impacting functionality of population â&#x20AC;&#x201C; together impacting livelihoods. Informal settlements are mostly cut out from basic services, these are also places that are characterised by chronic poverty and hence lack the financial capacity to access private services. Poor and marginal social groups Direct impact on livelihoods, health capacity due to disruptions in other key sectors (terrestrial ecosystems and services, water, other economic sectors) and services and breach of thresholds of individual groups â&#x20AC;&#x201C; partly because of poor adaptive capacities and chronic poverty. Also, impacts on food security of the poor that gets disturbed due to climate change disruption food production and supply chains (some of the poorer neighbourhoods lack effective public food distribution systems)

Table 24: Cross validation of community level information with structure in case study frameworks, Source: Authors

What they do

STABILITY Who all work

Occupation 1

Occupation 2

Daily wage contruction labourer, household worker, Small business owner, craftwork, BBMP contract labourers

Daily wage labourers, household workers, Small business owners, craftwork, BBMP contract labourers

How much they earn

Whether they have legal legitimacy

Access to loans

Household Income no ID papers, Voter ID, No Access, no one, one Ration Card, Aadhar, Access to loan, below 8300, 8300- 16600, above male or female, Aadhaar Card + Voter ID Access to loan + 16,600 male & female + Ration Card credit history

Utilities and Facilities

Access to Water Supply

Access to Sanitation

At home, Community tap (tanker, borewell), no supply (within the community)

Toilets at home, Community Toilets, Open Defecation

Behavior wrt Sanitation

Access to Energy- Lighting

use the service, Metered Grid Electricity, Non some don't use Metered Grid Electricity (Stolen); the service, many Kerosene lamps and candles, don't use the solar lights service

Behavior Change wrt Access to energy

Access to EnergyCooking Kerosene, fire wood, LPG

Access to EnergyCharging

Poor Health symptom

Access to health

Phone charging No diseases, Prevelant Cold and Primary health clinic, at IEC, Phone fever, Liver and Heart issues, skin doctor visits every charging at diseases, Breathing problems, fortnight, no access in workplace digestive, malnutrition the neighbourhood

Access to Education No School, Only Primary, Until Secondary, Until College

Typology of housing

Social Contract

Pucca, AC Sheets/Metal Sheet, Blue Sheet

None, Informal Community Association, Formal Community Association

Behavior Change wrt Education

Whether the community is marginalized

Access to Communication/ information (Phone & internet)

Other NGOs that are associated

Comments

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

ARCHIVAL STRUCTURE FOR DATA SETS • MICRO Data (Community Level) • Macro Data (City/ State/ National) • Organizations working with urban poor

Comparison of 7 global vulnerability assessment frameworks with Sustain +

Vulnerability assessment Framework

Archival Structure for Data sets Streamline the usability of multi-scalar and multi-sectoral data for vulnerability analysis

PORTAL Vulnerability + Risk Analysis & Assessment to develop Safety Nets for communities at brink of abject poverty

Fig 15: Diagram depicting Archival Structure for Data Sets

Report on Urban Vulnerability

SNO.

STATE

DEMOGRAPHICS

ENVIRONMENT

Percentage of Urban Population to total population (2012)

Population growth

Cyclones Prone (2011)

River Floods Prone (2011)

STATE

THREAT

ECONOMY

URBAN SYSTEMS

Drought Prone (2011)

Earthquake Zones (2002)Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council

Annual Rainfall Variance of the State (2015)Customized Rainfall Information System

Water level Per capita Level of fluctuation Pre Gross State unemployment/ Per capita Monsoon (2014- Growth Rate of domestic income (2016- underemployment 15)- Central product (2016- 17)- Economic (per 1000) (2015)GDP Groundwater 17)- Economic Survey of India Unemployment Board Survey of India Survey of India

THREAT

INDICATOR OF RISK

STATE

INDICATOR OF RISK

% of households practicing Open Defecation (20132014)

No. of proposed Water Supply projects (20152016)- SAAP AMRUT

Funds allocated for proposed Water Supply projects (2015-2016)- SAAP AMRUT

No. of proposed Sewerage Management projects (20152016)- SAAP AMRUT

INDICATOR OF RISK

STATE

SNO.

Funds allocated for proposed Funds allocated for No. of proposed Sewerage proposed Drainage Drainage projects Management projects (2015(2015-2016)- SAAP projects (20152016)- SAAP AMRUT 2016)- SAAP AMRUT AMRUT STATE

STATE

SOCIETY SOCIETY

GOVERNANCE

CITY

Funds Funds allocated to Funds allocated to allocated to state as part of state as part of Multidimensio state as part of scheme- DAY schemeNational Urban shcemenal Poverty Jawaharlal Livelihoods Pradhan Index(2016) Nehru National Mission Mantri Awas Urban Renewal Yojana (2015) (NULM) 2016Mission 17

No. of proposed Urban Transport projects (20152016)- SAAP AMRUT

Funds allocated for proposed Urban Transport projects (2015-2016)- SAAP AMRUT

Maximum interstate in migration (2012)

% of % of Stunted Underweight Child Mortality Children under Children under the age of 5 (2012) the age of 5 (2013-2014) (2013-2014)

% of children % of girls aged aged 12- 23 Whether the 15- 18 years Literacy Rate/ months who state lies in Income with a BMI less State of have not been Left extremism Poverty (2012) thaan 18.5 Literacy (2011) immunized affected areas (2013-2014) (2013-2014)

STATE

INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF RISK RISK RISK

INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF RISK RISK CAPACITY RISK RISK RISK CAPACITY CAPACITY CAPACITY

DEMOGRAPHICS

ENVIRONMENT

Tier

Population 2011 (Census)

Population Growth rate

Area Sq. Km 2011 (Census)

Density/km2

No of Slums

Slum population/Total Population

STATE

Geography and Altitude above Morphology Sea level

STATE

ECONOMY

Rainfall variation

Temperature Fluctuation

Change of Groundwater levels

INDICATOR OF RISK

Incidences of Calamitiesintensity and frequency

THREAT

SNO.

Is this a selected city for the Solar Base economy Cities under MNRE and types of Development of industries Solar Cities Programme? STATE

INDICATOR OF RISK

URBAN SYSTEMS URBAN SYSTEMS

Water Supply Coverage in slumsRAY Slum Free City Action Plan

Water Supply Frequency in slums- RAY Slum Free City Action Plan

Storm-water Drainage System connectivity in slums- RAY Slum Free City Action Plan

Sewerage System connectivity in slums- RAY Slum Free City Action Plan

INDICATOR OF RISK

SOCIETY

Garbage Disposal Access Road Energy Access Arrangement Coverage in slums- Coverage in slumsCoverage in slumsRAY Slum Free City RAY Slum Free City RAY Slum Free City Action Plan Action Plan Action Plan INDICATOR OF RISK

INDICATOR OF RISK

literacy rate (2011)

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

GOVERNANCE

COMMUNITY

Funds Funds allocated to Funds allocated to Pre-Primary School Percentage of BPL Percentage of SC Percentage of ST Percentage of OBC allocated to state as part of High School state as part of Coverage population living in population living in population living in population living in Primary Health Government state as part of scheme- DAY Coverage (Govt/ scheme(Aanganwadi/ slums against total slums against total slums against total slums against total Centre Coverage in Hospitals Coverage National Urban shcemeMunicipal/ Private) in Jawaharlal Municipal/ Private) in population living in population living in population living in population living in slums- RAY Slum in slums- RAY Slum Livelihoods Pradhan slums- RAY Slum Nehru National slums- RAY Slum slums- RAY Slum slums- RAY Slum slums- RAY Slum slums- RAY Slum Free City Action Plan Free City Action Plan Mission Mantri Awas Free City Action Plan Urban Renewal Free City Action Plan Free City Action Plan Free City Action Plan Free City Action Plan Free City Action Plan Yojana (2015) (NULM) 2016Mission 17 INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF CAPACITY CAPACITY CAPACITY

SNO. DEMOGRAPHICS DEMOGRAPHICS

ENVIRONMENT

Location

Reason for moving to this specific site

Landmark

Year of start of Selco's association

Selco History of Engagement

Year when the community came into this city

STATE

The number of times the community has moved its location within the city

No. of HH

Geographic Setting

Morphological Setting

STATE

Morphological Setting (Is the community located in a low lying area?)

Morphological Setting (What is this community next to?)

STATE

Flooding Frequency (How many times has the community flooded in the past two years)

SNO.

How long does the water stay every time it floods?

What is the groundwater level presently?

INDICATOR OF RISK

What year was the What is the groundwater groundwater level measured level then? last?

INDICATOR OF RISK

Nature of Occupation

INDICATOR OF RISK

% of working population Name & Nature of Occupation who are unemployed

INDICATOR OF RISK Occupation 1

In %age

Yes/No

Yes/no

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Yes/No

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Drought prone 18

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Karnataka

Over 40-44.9%

15.1-20.0

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Over 40-44.9%

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Drought prone

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Table 25: ARCHIVAL STRUCTURE FOR DATA SETS, Source: Authors

numeric value

In %age

Numeric Value

INR (in crores)

Numeric Value

INR (in crores)

Numeric Value

INR (in crores)

Numeric Value

INR (in crores)

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

Numeric Value

In %age

17.9

35 %

29 %

17.9

35 %

48.8

17.9

48.8

Range

INR (in crores)

Numeric Value

In %age

Numeric Value

Ratio

in m

In mm

In Degree

In m

Numeric Value

text

Yes/No

% of slums with street lights/ % of slums without street lights

In %age

% of slums with motorable road Less than 0.5 KM/ % of slums with motorable road at 0.5 to 1.0 km/ % of slums with motorable road 1.0 km to 2.0 KM/ % of slums with motorable road more than 2 km

% of occupants stating reason to be Proximity to Occupation % of occupants stating reason to be Proximity to Resources % of occupants stating reason to be Proximity to Family members % of occupants stating reason to be Proximity to Infrastructure

text

Text

2012

IEC Functioning

Kundanhalli gate

2011

IEC Functioning

300

13°01'04.2"N 77° 37'39.1"E

Henurdepo, kacharkanhalli,

2011

IEC Functioning

300

Kariammana Agrahara

12°56'09.3"N 77° 41'15.7"E

New Horizon,

2014

IEC Functioning

500

Belahalli CrossDholakwala Community

13°05'55.7"N 77° 38'22.2"E

2012

IEC Functioning

In %age

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Pai Layout

12°59'25.9"N 77° 40'06.8"E

Old Madras Road, Bangalore

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Thuburahalli

12°57'40.6"N 77° 43'22.6"E

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Lingarajpuram

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

In %age

INR (in crores)

How long have they How long have they been in the city? been on this site? 0-100 HH, 101-300 below 10 years,11- below 10 years,11HH, 301+ HH 20 years, 21 + years 20 years, 21 + years

Numeric Value

In %age

INR (in crores)

Text

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Ramamurthy Nagar

13°01'01.1"N 77° 39'48.5"E

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Vasanth Nagar

12°59'31.0"N 77° 35'44.7"E

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Hebbal 1

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Hebbal 2

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Kodihalli 1

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

Low lying area, close to CBD, near drains and close to main road sewer, near lake,

you can choose more than one option yes/no

Storm Water Drain/ sewage lines/ waterbody/ railway track/ landfill

numeric value

one day, two days to seven days, eigh days to in m fifteen days, longer than fifteen days

in years

in m

Distance of Work place from home

INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF RISK RISK CAPACITY

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

no one, one male or female, male & female

% of people whose independent monthly household income is below 2000 % of people whose independent monthly household income is between 2000-5000 % of people whose independent monthly household income is between 5000-10000 % of people whose independent monthly household income is above 10,000

% of working population whose workplace is within 1 km from the community % of working population whose workplace is 2 km- 5 km from the community %of working population whose workplace is beyond 5 km from the community

% of working population who walk to work % of working population who cycle to work % of working population who take public transport to work

Mode of transport to work

Expenditure Share on Rent

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

Expenditure share on Remittence to native

INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF CAPACITY CAPACITY

Nature of Occupation at Native

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

Monthly household Income at Native

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

Access to loans

Percentage of households if yes, what who were able was this loan to pay back for? their loan

Geographic SettingAccess to skill Average Distance of development the nearest bus stop programmes from the community

INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF CAPACITY CAPACITY CAPACITY CAPACITY CAPACITY

Geographic SettingAverage Distance of the nearest main road from the community

STATE

Access to SWM

Can this community avail the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission?

Access to welfare schemes

INDICATOR OF RISK

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

At home, Community tap (tanker, borewell), no supply (within the community)

% of households with pucca houses % of households with AC sheet / Metal sheet houses % of households with Blue sheet houses

yes/no

% of people who are aware of the welfare schemes % of people who have availed a welfare scheme in the past five years

Geographic SettingAverage Distance of the nearest shop/amenity from the community

HH having access to electricity

Access to EnergyCooking

Access to EnergyCharging

Access to Water Supply

Typology of housing

STATE

INDICATOR OF RISK

% of households that do not have access to metered grid electricity % of households that have access to solar lamps/candles % of households that have access to Kerosene lamps

% of households that use LPG for cooking % of households that use Kerosene for cooking

Phone charging at IEC, Phone charging at workplace

STATE

Enlist the other NGOs associated with the community presently

INDICATOR OF INDICATOR OF CAPACITY CAPACITY

% of working population who Daily wage Daily wage are employed in daily wage contruction labourers, employment labourer, household % of working population who household workers, Small are employed in monthly wage worker, Small business employment business owner, owners, % of working population who craftwork, craftwork, are engaged in their own BBMP contract BBMP contract enterprise labourers labourers

In %age

Average percentage of the income that is spent in rent

In %age

Average Percentage of the household income that was sent to their native

% of working population who are employed in daily wage employment % of working population who are employed in monthly wage employment % of working population who are engaged in their own enterprise % of working population who are unemployed

% of people whose independent monthly household income is below 2000 % of people whose independent monthly No Access, household income is between 2000-5000 Access to loan, % of people whose independent monthly Access to loan household income is between 5000+ credit history 10000 % of people whose independent monthly household income is above 10,000

in %age

Text

% of people having access

in km

Text

Railway and industries

Daily wage Construction labourer

household worker

Male & female

5,000

Access to loans

Fire wood

Community Tap (Borewell)

Blue sheet

GMRVF Tent School APSA

Main road - 1km Close to bus stand

Settlement Apartments

Daily wage Construction labourer

Daily wage labourer

Male & female

11000

Access to loans

Fire wood

Community Tap (Tanker)

Blue sheet

GMRVF Tent School APSA

Main road

Near nala, Prominent temple

Daily wage Construction labourer

Daily wage labourer

Male & female

10000

Access to loans

Fire wood

No supply Access near by apartments

Blue sheet

Parinaam Foundation U&I

Lower than road

Daily wage Construction labourer

household worker

Male & female

15500

Access to loans

Fire wood

Community Tap (Borewell)

Blue sheet

GMRVF Tent School APSA

Male or female

4167

No access

Fire wood

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Blue sheet

Projector

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Blue sheet

GMRVF Tent School

phone charging at IEC

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Blue sheet

KadamEducation BOSCOEducation Action AID

Main road - 0.5km

Main road - 1km

Compounded site

Craft work (Dhol Craft work (Dhol making) making)

Higher ground and the drain is lower to the community SettlementApartment Railway Green cover

Daily wage Construction labourer

BBMP contract labourers

Male & female

8750

Access to loans

Main road - 0.5km

Settlement Residences

Daily wage Construction labourer

household worker, coolie

Male & female

14300

No access

Main road - 2km

Higher ground Nala

Daily wage

Daily wage waste picker

Male & female

12000

No access

phone charging at IEC + Projector

Community Tap (Tanker)

Blue sheet + Metal sheet

Samridhi association Baptist Hospital

Main road - 2km

Higher ground Nala

Daily wage

Daily wage waste picker

Male & female

12000

No access

phone charging at IEC + Projector

Community Tap (Tanker)

Blue sheet + Metal sheet

Samridhi association Baptist Hospital

Main road - 2km

Golf course ground

Daily wage Construction labourer

Male & female

6000

No access

Fire wood

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Blue sheet + Metal sheet

GMRVF

Main road -

Settlement

Daily wage Construction labourer

Daily wage labourer

Male & female

8,000

Access to loans

Fire wood

No Supply (Borrowed from nearby apartments)

Blue sheet

APSA

Main road

Street vendors on the footpath

Small business owner

Male & female

Access to loan + credit history

Community Tap (Tanker)

Pucca houses

Community Tap (Tanker)

Blue sheet

Community Tap (Tanker)

Blue sheet

Non

2015

IEC Functioning

200

Opposite to Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

2014

IEC Functioning

13°02'40.3"N 77° 35'48.3"E

South of drain

2015

IEC Functioning

13.045908, 77.595955

North of Drain

2015

IEC Functioning

200

12.957911, 77.647231 &

East side

2017

IEC Functioning

APSA

12.966841, 77.673183

HAL post office

2012

IEC Functioning

87.7 %

NIP Pottery Road

13.00207, 77.61297

Cantonment railway station

2016

IEC Functioning

87.7 %

UP Community, Avalahalli, JP Nagar

12°52'28.8"N 77° 34'10.8"E

2016

IEC Functioning

Main road - 4-5km

Lower ground

Small business owner Sell honey

Small business owner Sell chains, rings etc

Male or female

8000

No access

87.7 %

13°03'33.1"N 77° 37'10.8"E

2017

IEC Functioning

Main road - 4-5km

Settlement

Daily wage BBMP workers

Male & female

25,800

No access

Main road - 3km

Fire wood

Non

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Roshan Nagar

13.01309, 77.6049

Ahead of Tannery Road, off Modi Road

2014 (housing)

Water Purifier

1000

Main road - 2km

Settlement Residences

Daily wage workers

Small business owners

Male & female

7500

Access to loan + credit history

LPG

Community tap

Pucca houses - AC sheets

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Nagavarapalya Kowdi community

OVERLAPPING

old madras road, near Gopalan mall

2013

Financial Support for Craft type // Need Assessment Livelihood model

250

Main road

Lower ground Nala Floods in the monsoon

Daily wage Construction labourer

Women- Kowdi Craft work

Male & female

750

Access to loan + credit history

Fire wood

Community Tap (Tanker)

AC Sheet

Parinaam

Settlement

Daily wage Construction labourer

Daily wage BBMPworkers

Male & female

No access

Community Tap (Borewell)

Blue sheet + metal sheet

Pollinate

Access to loan + credit history

LPG

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Pucca houses

Access to loan + credit history

LPG

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Pucca houses

Community Tap (Borewell)

Blue sheet

Mahesh foundation

Blue sheet

Mahesh foundation

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

Hoodi 1

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

87.7 %

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Bengaluru

8,443,675

709

11910

597

0.16

Mixed

IT hub, informal sectors,

12.99634, 77.71988

right next to the railway track

2017

Old Baiyappannahalli

2017

87.7 %

New Baiyappannahalli

2017

15°53'53.6" 74° 34'00.7"

2014

IEC to be planned

Main road - 5km

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Belgaum

Tier 2

488,292

5195

0.02

Mixed

73.9 %

Sagar nagar slum Sudhgarsidh Community Kanbargi - Belgaum

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Belgaum

Tier 2

488,292

5195

0.02

Mixed

73.9 %

Sagar nagar slum Muslim Community - Kanbargi Belgaum

15°53'53.6" 74° 34'00.7"

2014

HUM

Small business Mats, vessels, toys, charts, brooms

Male & female

8000

Kerosene. Firewood

Community Tap (Borewell)

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Belgaum

Tier 2

488,292

5195

0.02

Mixed

73.9 %

Sagar nagar slum Marathi

15°53'53.6" 74° 34'00.7"

2014

HUM

Small business Mats, vessels, toys, charts, brooms

Male & female

8000

Kerosene. Firewood

Community Tap (Borewell)

Mahesh foundation

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Belgaum

Tier 2

488,292

5195

0.02

Mixed

73.9 %

Sagar nagar slum Beheroopia

15°53'53.6" 74° 34'00.7"

2014

HUM

Daily wage Performers

Male & female

5000

Kerosene. Firewood

Community Tap (Borewell)

Mahesh foundation

17%

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Belgaum

Tier 2

488,292

5195

0.02

Mixed

73.9 %

Sagar nagar slum Kunchkovra

15°53'53.6" 74° 34'00.7"

2014

HUM

Small business Brooms

Male & female

10000

Kerosene. Firewood

Community Tap (Borewell)

Mahesh foundation

83 %

Saralebettu,Udupi

13.36213, 74.78941 [1]

2012

IEC functioning

Daily wage Construction labourer

household help

Male & female

6500

fire wood

33 %

551.54

612.65

48.8

17.9

35 %

29 %

21 %

64 %

75.6 %

25-30%

6735.75

Udupi

165,401

23.15

68.23

2425

0.04

Coastal

Agriculture and fishing industries Small-scale industries

Behind KMC hospital

HUM

Small business Mats, vessels, toys, charts, brooms

Male & female

8000

Kerosene. Firewood

375

Enlist the any other NGOs that have been associated with the community in the past 10 years

Occupation 2

Nomadic Mesthri Palya- Rachenahalli

Percentage of households who have taken at least one loan in the past five years

Baptist hospitals ParinaamUjeevan Mosque committee

17% Drought prone

Numeric value

Riverine, Coastal, Hilly, etc

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Karnataka

INR

Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3

% of slums with motorable road Less than 0.5 KM/ % of slums with motorable road at 0.5 to 1.0 km/ % of slums with motorable road 1.0 km to 5.0 KM/ % of slums with motorable road more than 5 km

Monthly household Income

Percentage of households that sent a part of their income to their native in one year

Zone 1 - Zone 3

In %age

Numeric Value (between 0 and 1)

% of slums with Municipal staff collection/ % of slums Municipal Contractor collection/ % of slums where residents themselves dispose/ % of slums with no arrangement

Zone 1 - Zone 3

Zone

%age (positive or in m (positive or negative) negative)

No/ partly/completel y

% of slums with once daily/ % of slums with % of slums Fully % of slums Fully twice a week/ % of connected/ % of connected/ % of slums with once a slums Partially slums Partially week/ % of connected/ % of connected/ % of households with no slums Not connected slums Not connected supply

% of slums Fully connected/ % of slums Partially connected/ % of slums Not connected

% of women in the working population

Who all work

GOVERNANCE SNO.

URBAN SYSTEM

Projector

Phone charging, Laptop, internet

Community Tap (Municipal Water)

Metal Sheet

Text

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

Vulnerability Assessment Framework At the National level, across states, it is aimed at learning about symptoms of climate change, trends of migration, and levels of multidimensional poverty. These are indicators of factors that push people from the specific states to dangerous levels of poverty and consequently to other states in search of better opportunities At the City level, the data is looking for the trends of new urbanising areas, centers of major investment and no-man’s lands within the city. These are indicators of the areas where the poor communities might have a tendency to settle and slums may manifest. At the Community level, the datasets are community and household driven, which are very context/site and people specific. These datasets address the local nature and basic systems on ground which can be addressed and solved.

Comparison of 7 Global Vulnerability Assessment Frameworks with Sustain +

{

}

Lens of urban poor and challenges of organizations on ground

• Micro Data (Community Level) • Macro Data (City/ State/ National) • Organizations working with urban poor

Archival Structure for Data sets Streamline the usability of multi-scalar and multi-sectoral data for vulnerability analysis

Vulnerability assessment Framework

Fig 16: Diagram depicting Vulnerability Assessment Framework

PORTAL Vulnerability + Risk Analysis & Assessment to develop Safety Nets for communities at brink of abject poverty Fig 17: Vulnerability Assessment Framework

Report on Urban Vulnerability

S TAT E

S EC TO R

D E M O G R A P H IC S

ENVIRONMENT

ECO N O MY

U R BA N SYS T E MS

S OCIE T Y/ WE LL B E ING

GOV ER NA NC E

covers natural resources, events and physical environments

covers productivity, cost of living, livelihoods

covers the supply of basic services and amenities

covers education, health and social status

covers policies, public programmes and schemes

Growth Rate of GDP

Percentage of urban population/ total population Rate of Population growth

Climate Change extreme & unpredicted weather change

Annual Rainfall variance

Per capita income

drainage projects

water supply projects

urban transport projects

Cyclones

droughts

earthquakes

River floods

Discrimination and Social inequality

level of Unemployment and Underemployment

open defecation

Risk to basic life// human resourse development stunted, underweight, non-immunized children

income poverty, multidimensional poverty levels

child mortality

low BMI girls

Literacy Rate

CITY

left extremism

Geography & Morphology (River, Coast, hills, etc.)

Tier

Slum Population/ Total Population

COMMUNITY

DAY National Jawaharlal Urban Pradhan Mantri Nehru National Livelihoods Awas Yojana Urban Renewal Mission (2015) funds Mission funds (NULM) 2016-17 funds

Community Type, location, reason for location,

Community • Location • Project that selco has engaged with • Year when the community came to the city

Climate Change

Water Crisis

Rainfall variation

Temperature fluctuation

Cyclones

droughts

earthquakes

River floods

moved within the city • No. of households Non uniform ecosystem development (supply, access, usage pattern) energy access coverage to slums

Fiscal Imbalance

water supply coverage & frequency in slums

access road coverage to slums

LOCAL Geographical setting

sewage system connectivity in slums

storm water drainage connectivity in slums

Access to Public Transport

Access of community to main road, public transport and market place

Income Disparity

LOCAL Morphological setting

solid waste mgmt coverage in slums

Cultural, Social ethno-religious Discrimination, conflicts, marginalization endemic and inequality violence school coverage in slums

Literacy Rate

SC,ST, OBC population living in slums

Poverty levels of population living in slums

Frequency, duration of travels to native

disease outbreak

Inhibited recognition as city residents (linked to access to services)

• this specific site hospitals coverage in slums

linkage of community to site

DAY National Urban Jawaharlal Pradhan Mantri Livelihoods Nehru National Awas Yojana Mission Urban Renewal (2015) funds (NULM) Mission funds 2016-17 funds

Land ownership and tenure Security

Environment

• Earthquake zone Flooding

groundwater depletion

categories frequency & intensity of flooding

groundwater level change

described

measurement

• Proximity to infrastructure/health/education

• Drought prone

no. of households

INDICATOR OF CAPACITY

• Proximity to family members

• River floods

frequency of moving in the city,

measurement

• Proximity to resources

• Cyclone prone

age of community in the city,

INDICATOR OF RISK

• Proximity to occupation

State

selco’s history of engagement,

described

Household • Primary reason for moving to

native location and reason for migration

landmark,

TYPOLOGY WITHIN SECTOR

• Slum population/total population

• Year of start of selco’s association

Solar Energy Access

• No. of slums

Base Economy and types of industries

change of change of sea levels groundwater levels

RISK

• Population growth rate • density/km sq

Natural Disasters

No. of slums

THREAT

• Population census 2011

• No. of times the community has

Population, Area, Density

STATE

State

• Percentage of Urban Population to total population (2012) • Population growth

• Area (in sq km) census 2011

Altitude above sea level

Growth Rate of Population

State

City Exclusive Policies and poor Implementation

Skewed distribution of resources

Fiscal Imbalance

Economy

• Tier level

Market Instability

sea level rise

Annual Water level fluctuation

Interstate inmigration

sewage projects

Natural Disasters

changing georaphies

decreasing water tables

Per capita SGDP

Demographics

Volatile Cost of Living

Gender Composition of Working population Income Levels

CLIMATE CHANGE

NATURAL DISATERS

Loss of livelihood

% of unemployed population native occupation

Nature of Occupation (daily wage, monthly, contract, enterprise) Access to skill development

expenditure share as remittance

Presence of skill Access to Loans development and financial programmes schemes

expenditure share as rent

distance of workplace from home

UNEMPLOYMENT

Infrastructure Deprivation (Supply, Access, Cost, Usage)

Energy Access

access to water supply

housing type

access to sewage system

access to solid waste mgmt

storm water drain

FINANCIAL CRISIS

SOLID WASTE ENERGY

WATER

TRANSPORT HOUSING

City

disease outbreak

• Geography and morphology • Rainfall fluctuation • Temperature variation

access to public transport

mode of transport to work

Cultural, Social ethno-religious Discrimination, conflicts, marginalization endemic and inequality violence

STORM WATER SEWAGE

Social Contract

no. of NGos here

Access to education

SC, ST, OBC Composition

INEQUALITY

DISEASES

Poor Health levels

Access to DAY Access to National Urban Access to Jawaharlal Livelihoods Pradhan Mantri Nehru National Mission Awas Yojana Urban Renewal (NULM) 2016(2015) Mission 17 Identity Proof, Address Proof etc.

FOOD CRISIS

CORRUPTION

awareness NGOs working about Welfare with community Schemes TERRORISM

• Change of groundwater levels • Calamities - intensity and frequency

Community

• Morphological setting • Flooding and its effects • Groundwater depletion

POLICY

Household • -----

• • • •

Growth rate of GDP Fiscal imbalance growth rate Measure of Wage Disparity Level of unemployment/ underemployment (per 1000)

City • Base economy and types of industries • Income disparity

Community • Geographic setting • Proximity to bus stop • Proximity to main road • Proximity to shops/amenities • Access to loans/financial assistance • Access to skill development program

Household • Independent monthly HH income Below 2000 | 2000-5000 | 500010000 | 10000 above • Distance to workplace Within 1km | 2-5km | Beyond 5km • Mode of transport to workplace By walk | Cycle | Public transport • Nature of Occupation Daily wage | Monthly wage | Small scale business • No. of employed vs unemployed • No. of working women • Families sending part income to native / approx cost • Nature of Occupation at native Percentage of people whose nature of occupation in their native was - daily wage / monthly wage / enterprise / unemployed • Household income at native Percentage of people whose independent monthly household income in their native is - below 2000 / between 2000-5000 / between 5000-10000 / above 10,000

Society State • • • • • •

Maximum in migration Health indicators Child mortality %age of stunted children under the age of 5 Underweight children under the age of 5 Immunization rate

City • Literacy rate • Poverty levels

Community • Access to healthcare?

Household • Type of community • Percentage of householders who go back to their native - once in 6 months / once a year / once in five years Reason for Community Type Percentage of people who go to their native - for less than a week / 1 week to a month / longer than a month Where they come from Percentage of people - who came from within the state / who came from outside the state / who moved to the city from a village / who moved to the city from another city Reason for Migration Percentage of persons who cite the primary reason for their migration to be - better opportunity in the city / threat to their life (or home) in the village Education Percentage of households with children who have dropped out of primary school - aged 5-11 / 11-16 / aged 17-21 who have dropped out of college Health Percentage of working population whose occupations can be classified as hazardous for their health Percentage of households who use kerosene and fuel wood to meet their energy needs Percentage of households who had a member who suffered from a communicable disease in the past year Percentage of households who had a member who suffered from a non-communicable disease in the past year Percentage of households who had a member who suffered from a fatal disease in the past year Social contract Percentage of people who are convinced that they will get help from other members of their community in case of a crisis Percentage of people who are convinced that they will get help from other members of their community in case of a crisis

Governance State Policies City Indicators for limited recognition as city residents Community Who owns the land that the community is on? Enlist the other NGOs associated with the community presently Enlist the any other NGOs that have been associated with the community in the past 10 years Household Tenure-ship Percentage of people who have formal tenureship to their land/ house ID Proof Percentage of households that have Aadhar cards Percentage of households that have Aadhar cards Percentage of households that have no identity proof Welfare schemes Percentage of households who are aware of the welfare schemes that they are eligible to get access to Percentage of people who have availed a welfare scheme in the past five years

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

Covers productivity, cost of living, livelihoods Risks include Volatile Cost of Living and Loss of Livelihood. 4. What is your average monthly household income presently? *

Report on Urban Vulnerability

7/7/2017

Household level Community D

Questionnaire Forms

5. Do you send any part of this income to your native? * Mark only one oval.

Household Level Data Form Household level Community Data form for Community Profiling * Required

Yes No

6. If yes, how much money do you send to your What was the primary reason or you to move to native? * 1. this What was the primary reason for you to move to this specific site? * specific site? Mark only one oval. Proximity to occupation 7. How far is your workplace from home? * Mark only one oval.

Proximity to resources Proximity to family members

Within 1 km

Proximity to health and education/infrastructure

1 km to 5 km

Other:

Beyond 5 km

2. How many earning members in the household? * Mark only one oval.

8. How do you travel to work everyday? * Mark only one oval.

Walking

Cycling

Public Transport

Other:

5 more than 5 3. How many among these earning members are women? * Mark only one oval.

9. What is the nature of occupation that you are engaged with? * Mark only one oval. Daily Wage employment

Monthly Wage employmeny

Enterprise/ business

Unemployed

Other:

5 10. What is your monthly rent? *

Environment

Covers natural resources, events and physical environments. Risks include Flooding and Ground water depletion. No questions for you here. Move to the next.

Economy

11. Have you taken any loans in the past 5 years? * Mark only one oval. Yes

Covers productivity, cost of living, livelihoods Risks include Volatile Cost of Living and Loss of Livelihood.

4. What is your average monthly household income presently? *

5. Do you send any part of this income to your native? * Mark only one oval. Yes No 6. If yes, how much money do you send to your native? * 95

7. How far is your workplace from home? * Mark only one oval.

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1un-kU9pZIo8XMdv

16. Do you have access to an LPG stove * No 16. Do have only oneaccess oval. to 16. Mark Do you you have access to an an LPG LPG stove stove ** 16. Do you have Mark only oneaccess oval. to 16. Mark Do you have access to an an LPG LPG stove stove ** only one oval. Yes only one oval. 16. Mark Do you have access to an LPG stove * Mark only one oval. Yes Yes sensinglocal | SELCO foundation Mark only one oval. No Yes Yes No No Yes No No 17. What type of a building is your house? * No 17. What type of building 17. Mark What only typeone of a aoval. building is is your your house? house? ** 17. What type of building Mark 17. What typeone of a aoval. building is is your your house? house? ** Mark only only one oval. Pukka house only one oval. 17. Mark What type of a building is your house? * Mark only one oval. Pukka house Pukka house Mark only one oval. AC/ metal sheet house Pukka house Pukka house AC/ metal sheet house AC/ metal sheet blue sheet househouse Pukka house AC/ metal sheet house AC/ metal sheet house blue blue sheet sheet house house AC/ metal sheet house blue sheet house blue sheet house your household household have have access access to to Solid Solid Waste WasteManagement? * 12. If yes, what was this loan for? * 18. Does Does your blue sheet house 18. Management? Does only yourone household have access access to to Solid Solid Waste Waste Management? Management? ** 12. Mark If yes,only what was this loan for? * one oval. Mark oval. 18. Does your household have 12. If yes, what was this loan for? * 18. Does your household have Mark only one oval. 18. Mark Does only yourone household have access access to to Solid Solid Waste Waste Management? Management? ** Mark only one oval. oval. Mark only one oval. Home Yesone oval. 18. Mark Does only your household have access to Solid Waste Management? * Mark only one oval. Yes Home Yes Mark only one oval. Personal No Home Yes Yes No Personal No Bike Yes Personal No No Bike 19. What sanitation infrastructure does your household use? * Education Bike No 19. What sanitation infrastructure does yourhousehold household use? What sanitation infrastructure does does you Mark only one oval. use? ** 19. What sanitation infrastructure your household Education 19. What sanitation infrastructure Education Other: Mark only only one oval. oval. use? ** 19. use? What sanitation infrastructure does does your your household household use? Mark one Toilets home Mark only only one at oval. Other: 19. What sanitation infrastructure does your household use? * Mark one oval. Other: Toilets at at home home Toilets Mark only one at oval. Community Toilets home you availed availed access access to any skill skill development development schemes in the past five years? * Toilets 13. Have Have you to any Toilets at home Community Toilets Community 13. schemes Have only youinone availed access years? * Toilets theoval. past 5 yearsto any skill development schemes in the past five Mark Open Defecation Toilets at home Community Toilets 13. Have you availed access to any skill development schemes in the past five years? * Toilets Community Open Defecation Defecation Mark only one oval. Open Mark only Community Toilets Yesone oval. Open Defecation Defecation Open Yes Society/Well Being Open Defecation No Yes Society/Well Being Covers education, health and social status No Society/Well Being No Society/Well Being Covers education, health and Risks include Cultural, ethno-religious conflicts, endemic violence; Social Discr Society/Well Being Covers education, health and social social status status Covers education, health and include Cultural, ethno-religious conflicts, endemic violence; Risks include cultural, ethno-religious conflicts, endemic Disease outbreak and inequality; Covers education, health and social social status status Society/Well Being Urban Systems Risks include Cultural, ethno-religious conflicts, endemic violence; Social Social Discr Discr Risks include Cultural, ethno-religious conflicts, endemic violence; Social and inequality; Disease outbreak violence, social discrimination, marginalization and Risks include Cultural, ethno-religious conflicts, endemic violence; Social Discr Discr and inequality; Disease Urban Covers education, healthoutbreak and social status Covers theSystems supply of basic services and amenities and inequality; Disease outbreak Urban Systems inequality; Disease outbreak and inequality; Disease outbreak 20. How often does you travel to your native? * Risks include Cultural, ethno-religious conflicts, endemic violence; Social Discr Risks include Infrastructure Deprivation (Supply, Access, Cost, Usage) Covers the supply of basic services and amenities Covers the supply of basic services and amenities. Risks Covers the supply of basic services and (Supply, amenities 20. How does you travel Disease outbreak Risks include Infrastructure Deprivation Access, Mark only one oval. 20. inequality; How often often does you travel to to your your native? native? ** include infrastructure deprivation (supply, access, costCost, Usage) and Risks include Infrastructure Deprivation (Supply, Access, Cost, Usage) 20. often does you Mark only oval. 20. How How does you travel travel to to your your native? native? ** 14.usage) Do you have access to metered grid electricity? * and Mark often only one one oval. once in oval. sixyou months Mark only one 20. How often does travel to your native? * Mark only one oval. 14. Do you have access to metered grid electricity? * Mark only one oval. once in six months 14. Do you have access to metered grid electricity? * once in oval. sixyear months Mark only one once in a Mark only one oval. once in in six six months months once Mark only Yesone oval. once once in in a a year year once in five years six months Yes once in a year once in a year No Yes once in five years once in five years haven't back since we came here once in gone a year No once in five once in gone five years years No here haven't haven't gone back back since since we we came came here once in gone five years since we came here haven't 15. Do you have access to solar lights? * haven't gone back back since we came here 21. What is the duration of this trip to your native? * 15. Do you have haven't gone back since we came here Mark only oneaccess oval. to solar lights? * 15. Do you have access to solar lights? * 21. is duration Mark one oval. of 21. What What only is the the duration of this this trip trip to to your your native? native? ** Mark only one oval. 21. What is the duration of this trip to your native? ** 21. Mark What is the duration of this trip to your native? Mark only only one oval. Yesone oval. Mark only one oval. Less than 1 week one oval. only Yes 21. Mark What is the duration of this trip to your native? * Mark only one oval. No Yes Less than 1 week Less than 1 week Mark only one oval. 1 week to 1 month No Less than 1 week Less than 1 month week No 1 week to 1 1 week to 1 month Longer than 1 month Less than week 1 week to 1 month 16. Do you have access to an LPG stove * 1 week than to 1 month Longer 1 Longer than 1 month month 16. Do you have Not applicable Mark only oneaccess oval. to an LPG stove * 1 week than to 1 month Longer 1 month Longer than 1 month 16. Do you have access to an LPG stove * Not Mark only one oval. Not applicable applicable Longer than 1 month Mark only Yesone oval. Not Not applicable applicable 22. Did you migrate from the same state that you are in presently? * Yes Not applicable No Yes 22. Did you migrate from the same state that you are presently? ** Mark only one oval. migrate from 22. Did Did you you migrate fromthe thesame samestate statethat thatyou youare areinin in presently? No 22. Did from Mark onlymigrate one oval. 22. presently? Did you you migrate from the the same same state state that that you you are are in in presently? presently? ** * oval. No Mark only one Yes Mark only one oval. oval. 22. Did you migrate from the same state that you are in presently? * Mark only one 17. What type of a building is your house? * Yes Yes Mark only one oval. 17. What typeone of aoval. building is your house? * No Mark only Yes Yes 17. What type of a building is your house? * No Mark only one oval. No Yes Mark only one house oval. Pukka No No 23. From what type of settlement did you migrate to the city? * Pukka house No AC/ metal sheet house Pukka house 23. From From whatone type of settlement settlement did did you you migrate migrate to to the the city? city? ** Mark only oval. 23. what type of AC/ metal sheet house 23. From Fromonly whatone type ofsettlement settlementdid didyou youmigrate migrate to the city? city? ** Mark oval. 23. From what type of settlement did you migrate the blue sheet sheet househouse what type of toto the AC/ metal Mark only one oval. Smaller City Mark one oval. blue sheet house 23. city? From what type of settlement did you migrate to the city? * Mark *only only one oval. blue sheet house Smaller City City Smaller Mark only one oval. Village Smaller City 18. Does your household have access to Solid Waste Management? * Smaller Village City Village 18. Mark Does only yourone household have access to Solid Waste Management? * oval. Smaller City Village Village 18. Does your household have access to Solid Waste Management? * Mark only one oval. 24. What is your average monthly household Village Mark only one oval. Yes 24. What What is in your average monthly household income your native? * 24. is your average monthly household Yes 24. What your average monthly household your native? ** income in 24. income What is is in your average monthly household No your native? Yes income in your native? ** income your native? No 24. What is in your average monthly household No income in your native? * 19. What sanitation infrastructure does your household use? * 19. Mark What only sanitation infrastructure does your household use? * one oval. 19. What sanitation infrastructure does your household use? * Mark only one oval. Mark only one at oval. Toilets home 96 Toilets at home Community Toilets Toilets at home Community Toilets Open Defecation Community Toilets Open Defecation

7/7/2017 7/7/2017 7/7/2017

Household level Community Data Household level Community Data Household level Community Data

No 29. In your Yes household, do you have children aged 11-16? * 22. Did you migrate from the same state that you are in presently? *29. In your No Yes household, Mark only one oval. do you have children aged 11-16? * No Mark only one oval. only 29.Mark In your household, Noone oval. do you have children aged 11-16? * Yes 29. In your household, Mark only one oval. do you have children aged 11-16? * Report on Urban Yes Vulnerability Yes 29. Mark In your household, only No one oval. do you have children aged 11-16? * Yes No 29. In your household, Mark only one oval. do you have children aged 11-16? * No Yesone oval. Mark only No Yes 30. If yes, do Nothey go to secondary school? * 23. From what type of settlement did you migrate to the city? * Yes 30. If yes, do they go to secondary school? * Mark only Noone oval. Mark only one oval. only 30.Mark If yes, do theyoval. go to secondary school? * Noone Yes 30. If yes,only do one theyoval. go to secondary school? * Mark Smaller City Yes 30. If yes,only do they go to secondary school? * Mark one oval. No Yesone 30. If yes,only do theyoval. go to secondary school? * Village Mark No Yesone oval. Mark only No In your yourYes househols, do doyou youhave havechildren/young children/young 31. In household, adults aged 17No 24. What is your average monthly household Yes 31. In your household, do you have children/young adults aged 17adults aged 17-21?* Mark only one oval. No income in your native? * only one oval. do you have children/young adults aged 17 31.Mark In your household, No Yes 31. In your household, Mark only one oval. do you have children/young adults aged 17 Yes 31. In your household, Mark only No one oval. do you have children/young adults aged 17 Yes 31. In your household, Mark only one oval. do you have children/young adults aged 17 No Yes is the thenature natureofof occupation that were only one oval. 25. What What is occupation that youyou were engaged with in yourMark native? * No Yes If native? yes, do they go to college? * with in your * 25.engaged Whatonly the nature ofnative? occupation thatyou youwere wereengaged engagedwith withinin32. your native? 25. What isisthe nature of occupation that your * Mark one oval. No * Yes If yes, do they go to college? * 25.Mark What is the nature your native? * oval. Mark only Markonly only one oval. of occupation that you were engaged with in32. one oval. Noone 25. What is the nature of occupation that you were engaged with in 32. your native? * oval. Mark only Daily Wage Mark only one oval.employment If yes, do they go to college? * Noone 25. What is the nature of occupation that you were engaged with in 32. your native? * Yes Daily Wage employment Mark only one oval.employment Daily Wage If yes, do one they go to college? * Mark only oval. Monthly Wage employmeny Yes Daily Wage Mark only one oval.employment 32. If yes,only do one theyoval. go to college? * Mark No Monthly Wage employmeny Monthly Wage employmeny Daily Wage employment Yesone Enterprise/ business 32. If yes, do theyoval. go to college? * Mark only No Monthly Wage employmeny Daily Wage business employment Yesone oval. Enterprise/ Enterprise/ business Mark only Monthly Wage employmeny No Unemployed Enterprise/ business Yes 33. Can your Monthly Wage employmeny Nooccupation can be classified as hazardous for your he Unemployed Unemployed Enterprise/ business Yes 33. Mark Can your occupation can be classified as hazardous for your he Other: only Unemployed Noone oval. Enterprise/ business only one oval. can Other: Can bebe classified as hazardous Other: Unemployed 33.Mark Canyour your occupation can classified as hazardous for your h Nooccupation Yes Other: Unemployed 33. for Can your occupation can be classified as hazardous for your h your health * Mark only one oval. Yes Other: 26. What was the primary reason for your migration in the city? * 33. Can can be classified as hazardous for your h Markyour only one oval. No occupation Other: 26.Mark What was primaryreason reasonfor foryour yourmigration migration thecity? city?** 33. Can What theoval. primary reason to 26. What was the primary for your migration ininthe Yesoccupation only one your can be classified as hazardous for your h Mark only one oval. No 26.Mark What was theoval. primary reason for your migration in the city? * the city * one Yesone oval. Mark only one oval. only Mark only No 26. Mark What only was the primary reason Better opportunities in thefor cityyour migration in the city? * 34. Do you Yes one oval. use fuel wood/ kerosene to meet your energy needs for No 26. Mark What only was the primary reason your migration in the city? * Better opportunities thefor city one oval. Better opportunities ininthe city Yes 34. Mark Do you use fuel wood/ kerosene to meet your energy needs for Threat to your everyday lifecity in the village only Noone oval. Better in the Mark only oneopportunities oval. only onefuel oval. Threat toyour youreveryday everyday lifecity thevillage village 34.Mark Do you use wood/ kerosene to meet your energy needs for Threat life ininthe No Better to opportunities in the Yes you use fuel wood/kerosene keroseneto to meet your Threat to your everyday lifecity in the village 34. Do Do you use fuel wood/ meet your energy needs for Mark only one oval. Better opportunities in the Yes Threat to your lifechildren in the village 27. In your household, doeveryday you have aged 5-11? * needs for cooking? * 34. energy Do you use fuel wood/ kerosene to meet your energy needs for Mark only one oval. No Threat to your everyday lifechildren in the village 27.Mark Inyour your household, do youhave have children aged5-11? 5-11?** 27. In household, do you aged only one oval. Yes 34. Do you use fuel wood/ kerosene to meet your energy needs for Mark only one oval. No In your your househols, doyou you have children aged 27.Mark In household, have children aged 5-11? * Mark only oneoval. oval. do Yesone oval. only one Mark only No 27. Mark In your household, 5-11?* Yes only one oval. do you have children aged 5-11? * Yesbeen any members in your household who have suffe 35. Has there No 27. Mark In your household, Yes only one oval. do you have children aged 5-11? * Yes Yes 35. the Haspast there 1 been year?any * members in your household who have suffe No No Yesone oval. Mark only the 1 year? * members in your household who have suff all apply. No 35.Check Haspast there been any No Yes Nothat Check all that apply. No the past 1 year? * members in your household who have suff 35. Has there been any Yes A communicable disease in Nothey go to primary school? * 28. If yes, do there been any members in your yourhousehold household who have suff the past year? * members 35. Has Has there been any Check all1that apply. disease A communicable Noone 28.Mark yes, do they goto toprimary primaryschool? school?** 28. IfIfyes, do they go the past 1 year? * only oval. have suffered from any of the following in the who have suff 35. who Has there been any members in your household Check all that apply. A non-communicable disease 28.Mark If yes, doone theyoval. go to primary school? * communicable disease Mark only one oval. the past 1that year? * only past 1AAyear? * apply. Check all non-communicable disease 28. Mark If yes,only do one theyoval. go to primary school? * Yes disease AAfatal communicable Check all that apply. disease Afatal non-communicable disease 28. If yes,only do theyoval. go to primary school? * AA disease disease Yesone Mark Yes communicable No No member suffered from any diseases A non-communicable disease Yesone oval. Mark only A communicable disease fatal disease No member suffered from any diseases No No A non-communicable disease Yes A fatal disease No A non-communicable disease Yes Nofatal member suffered from any diseases A disease No 29. In your household, do you have children aged 11-16? * 36. Are you that you will getdiseases help from other members o Noconvinced member suffered from any A fatal No 36. Are convinced that you will get help from other members o 29.Mark Inyour your household, doyou youhave havechildren childrenaged aged11-16? 11-16?** 29. In household, of a you crisis? *disease only one oval. do No member suffered from any diseases 29.Mark In your household, a crisis? * oval. that you will get help from other members o Mark only oneoval. oval. do you have children aged 11-16? * only one Mark only one 36.of Are you convinced No member suffered from any diseases 29. Mark In your household, do you you have have children childrenaged aged1111-16? * your househols, Yes only one oval. do onlyconvinced one* oval. that you will get help from other members o of crisis? 36.Mark Area you 29. Mark In your household, 16?* Yes only one oval. do you have children aged 11-16? * Yes Yes of a you crisis? * oval. that you will get help from other members o 36. Mark Are convinced only one No Yesone oval. Yes * Mark only of a crisis? 36. Are you Mark only one oval. that you will get help from other members o No No Noconvinced Yes Yesone of a crisis? * oval. No Mark only No Yes Maybe Yesone oval. Nothey go to secondary school? * 30. If yes, do Mark only No Maybe Yes Noone 30.Mark yes, do they goto tosecondary secondaryschool? school?** do they go 30. IfIfyes, only oval. No 30.Mark If yes, do they go to secondary school? * Yes Maybe Markonly onlyone oneoval. oval. No 30. If yes, do they go to secondary school? * Yes one oval. Maybe Governance Mark only No 30. Mark If yes,only do theyoval. go to secondary school? * Governance Yesone Maybe Yes Covers policies, public programs and schemes No Yesone oval. Mark only Covers policies, public programs Maybe Risks include Inhibited recognitionand as schemes city residents (linked to access to s Governance No No Yes Risks include Inhibited as city residents (linked to access to s Governance Covers policies, publicrecognition programs and schemes No Yes Governance Risks Inhibited recognition as schemes city residents (linked accessoftoy Covers policies, public programs and No 37. Do you have a formal agreement/ entitlement for thetotenure 31. In your household, do you have children/young adults aged 17-21? * include 37. Mark Do you have aoval. formal agreement/ entitlement for thetotenure Governance Risks Inhibited recognition as schemes city residents (linked accessoftoy Covers policies, public programs and No doyou youhave havechildren/young children/youngadults adultsaged aged17-21? 17-21? 31.In Inyour your household, 31. household, ** include only one Mark only one oval. do 31.Mark In your household, do you have children/young adults aged 17-21? * Risks include Inhibited recognition as city residents (linked to access to y Covers policies, public programs and schemes Mark only one oval. Markonly onlyone oneoval. oval. 37. Do you have a formal agreement/ entitlement for the tenure of 31. In your household, * include Yes Risks Inhibited recognition as cityentitlement residents (linked to tenure access of to y Yes Mark only one oval. do you have children/young adults aged 17-21? 37. Mark Do you have formal agreement/ for the only oneaoval. 31. Mark In your household, * youYes Yes only one oval. do you have children/young adults aged 17-21? Yes 37. Do have a formal agreement/ entitlement for the tenure of y Mark only No one oval. No Yesone oval. Mark only Yes 37. Do you have a formal agreement/ entitlement for the tenure of y Mark only one oval. No No No Yes Yesone oval. Mark only No No Yes 38. Do you Yes have any of the following identity proofs? * Nothey go to college? * 32. If yes, do No Yes 38. Do you have any of the following identity proofs? * Noone 32.If Ifyes, yes, do they goto tocollege? college?** 32. do they go Check all Mark only oval. Nothat apply. 32.Mark If yes, do they go to college? * Check all that apply. 38. Do you have any of the following identity proofs? * Markonly onlyone oneoval. oval. No 32. If yes,only do one theyoval. go to college? * Aadhar Yes Mark 38. Check Do you any of the following identity proofs? * allhave thatCard apply. If yes,only do theyoval. go to college? * Aadhar Card Yesone 9732. Mark Yes 38. Do you any of Card the following identity proofs? * Check allhave that apply. Voter id/ Ration No Yesone oval. Mark only Aadhar Card 38. Check Do you have any of Card the following identity proofs? * all that apply. Voter id/ Ration No No Yes I Aadhar don't have any identity proof Card Check all that apply. No Voter Ration Card proof Yes don't id/ have any identity Card Nooccupation can be classified as hazardous for your health? * I Aadhar 33. Can your

7/7/2017 7/7/2017 7/7/2017 7/7/2017 7/7/2017 7/7/2017

Household level Community D Household level level Community Community DD Household Household level Community D Household level Community D Household level Community D

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1un-kU9pZIo8XMdvu7XhXNKku9YvORSlmuils6GaHOpI/edit

A non-communicable disease disease A fatal non-communicable disease A fatal disease disease A fatal No member suffered from any diseases No member suffered from any diseases No member suffered from any diseases

sensinglocal | SELCO foundation

36. Are you convinced that you will get help from other members of your slum community in case 36. of Are convinced that you will get help from other members of your slum community in case a you crisis? * 36. Are convinced of a you crisis? * oval. that you will get help from other members of your slum community in case Mark only one of a crisis? * Mark only one oval. Mark only Yesone oval. Yes Yes No No Maybe No Maybe Maybe

Community Level Data Form for 7/7/2017 Community Profiling 7/7/2017 7/7/2017

Governance

Demographics Demographics Demographics

Governance Covers policies, publicprograms programsand andschemes schemes policies, public ** Required Required Governance Covers policies, public recognition programs and schemes include Inhibited as city (linked to access to *services) Risks include inhabited recognition asresidents city residents Required Covers policies, public programs and schemes Risks include Inhibited recognition as city residents (linked to access to services) * Required (linked to access to services) Risks include Inhibited recognition as city residents (linked to access to services) 37. Do you have a formal agreement/ entitlement for the tenure of your home? * 1. 1. Location Location have aaforma agreement/ entitlement forfor the 37. Do Do you you have formal agreement/ entitlement the tenure of your home? * only one a oval. 1. Location 37. Mark Do you have formal agreement/ entitlement for the tenure of your home? * tenure of your home? Mark only one oval. 1. Location Mark only Yesone oval. Yes No Yes 2. 2. Year Year when when the the community community came came into into this this city city No No 2. Year when the community came into this city 2. Year when the community came into this city 38. Do you have any of the following identity proofs? * 38. Check Do you have of the following identity proofs? * that any apply. 38. Do youallhave any of the following identity proofs? * Check all that apply. 3. 3. The The number number of of times times the the community community has has moved moved CheckAadhar all thatCard apply. the city its location location within thethe citycommunity has moved 3. its The numberwithin of times Aadhar Card 3. The number within of times community has moved its location thethe city Voter id/Card Ration Card Aadhar its location within the city Voter id/ Ration Card Ration IVoter don'tid/ have any Card identity proof I don't have any identity proof IOther: don't have any identity proof Environment Other: Environment Covers Covers natural natural resources, resources, events events and and physical physical environments. environments. Other: Environment Risks and Ground water depletion Risks include include Flooding andevents Ground water depletion Covers naturalFlooding resources, and physical environments. 7/7/2017 Household level Community Data Covers naturalFlooding resources, events and physical environments. Risks include and Ground water depletion 7/7/2017 Household level Risks include Flooding and Ground water depletion Community Data Setting Is the community located in 4. Morphological Setting the located in 4. Morphological Morphological Setting (Is the community community located in aa low low lying lying area?) area?) you aware awareofofthe thewelfare welfare schemesthat that your 7/7/2017 Household level Community Data 39. Are Are you schemes your household is eligible to get access to? *((Is 4. a Morphological Setting low lying area) ?*to? * (Is the community located in a low lying area?) Mark only one oval. Mark only one oval. 39. household Are you aware of the welfare schemes that your household is eligible to get access is eligible to get access to? * Mark only one oval. 4. Morphological Setting (Is the community located in a low lying area?) Marktoonly oval. 39. Mark Are you of the welfare schemes that your household is eligible get one access to? * onlyaware one oval. https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1un-kU9pZIo8XMdvu7XhXNKku9YvORSlmuils6GaHOpI/edit Mark only one oval. Yes Yes https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1un-kU9pZIo8XMdvu7XhXNKku9YvORSlmuils6GaHOpI/edit Yes Mark only one oval. https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1un-kU9pZIo8XMdvu7XhXNKku9YvORSlmuils6GaHOpI/edit Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No No Morphological Setting 5. Morphological Setting (What (What is is this this community community next next to?) to?) ** 40. Has your household availed any welfare scheme in the past five5. years? * 5. Morphological Setting( (What isthe thiscommunity communitynext next to?) * Morphological Setting What is your household availed any welfare scheme in Check all that apply. Check all that apply. the past five years? * 40. Has Has your household availed any welfare scheme in Mark only one oval. 5. Morphological Setting (What is this community next to?) * to) ?* * all that apply. Check 40. the Haspast your household Mark onlyfive oneyears? oval. * availed any welfare scheme in the past five years? CheckSewage all that apply. line Sewage line Yes Mark only one oval. Sewage line Yes Storm Storm Water Water Drain Sewage line Drain No Yes Storm Water Drain No Waterbody Waterbody Storm Water Drain No Waterbody Railway Railway track track Waterbody Railway track Landfill Landfill track Railway Landfill Other: Other: Landfill Powered by Other: Powered by Other: Powered by 6. 6. How How many many times times has has the the slum/settlement slum/settlement in past two years? ** flooded in the the past two years? 6. flooded How many times has the slum/settlement 6. How many hastwo theyears? slum/settlement flooded in times the past * flooded in the past two years? * 7. 7. How How long long does does the the water water stay stay every every time time itit floods? floods? ** 7. Mark How only long does the water stay every time it floods? * oval. Mark only one one oval. 7. How the water stay every time it floods? * Marklong only does one oval. Mark only one oval. 11 day day 1 day days 2-7 days 12-7 day 2-7 days 8-15 day 8-15 day 2-7 days 8-15 day More than More than 15 15 days days 8-15 day More than 15 days More than 15 days 8. 8. What What is is the the groundwater groundwater level level presently? presently? (in (in m) m) 8. **What is the groundwater level presently? (in m) 8. What is the groundwater level presently? (in m) * * 9. 9. What What year year was was the the groundwater groundwater level level measured measured 98 ** the groundwater level measured last? (year) 9. last? What (year) year was 9. What was * the groundwater level measured last? year (year) last? (year) *

6. How How many many times times has has the the slum/settlement slum/settlement 6. flooded in past two years? ** 6. How many times has the slum/settlement flooded in the the past two years? 6. How many times has the slum/settlement flooded in the past two years? * flooded in the past two years? *

No 15. Is there access to loans/ financial assistance services within the Mark only one oval.

Report on Urban Vulnerability

7. How How long long does does the the water water stay stay every every time time it it floods? floods? ** 7. 7. How does the water stay every time it floods? * Mark only oval. Mark long only one one oval. 7. How does the water stay every time it floods? * Mark long only one oval. 1 day day Mark only one oval. 1 1 day 2-7 days 2-7 days 1 day 2-7 days 8-15 day 8-15days day 2-7 8-15 day More than Moreday than 15 15 days days 8-15 More than 15 days More than 15 days 8. 8. What What is is the the groundwater groundwater level level presently? presently? (in (in m) m) 8. *What is the groundwater level presently? (in m) * 8. What is the groundwater level presently? (in m) * *

Yes No

Urban Systems

Covers the supply of basic services and amenities Risks include Infrastructure Deprivation (Supply, Access, Cost, Usage)

Society/Well Being 7/7/2017 Covers education, helath and social status 7/7/2017 Risk include Cultural, ethno-religious Covers education, health and social status conflicts, https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1g5sduLRCXAw6-8 endemic violence; Social discrimination,

9. measured 9. What What year year was was the the groundwater groundwater level level measured ** the groundwater level measured 9. last? What year was last? (year) (year) 9. What year was last? (year) * the groundwater level measured last? (year) *

Risks include Cultural, ethno-religious conflicts, endemic violence; Social D Covers education, health and social status marginalization and inequality; and inequality; Disease outbreak Disease outbreak Risks include Cultural, ethno-religious conflicts, endemic violence; Social D and inequality; Disease outbreak 16. Access to healthcare? * Mark only oval. 16. Access toone healthcare? * Mark only one oval. Primary health clinic

10. 10. What What was was the the groundwater groundwater level level then? then? (in (in m) m) ** 10. What was the groundwater level then? (in m) * 10. What was the groundwater level then? (in m) *

Economy Economy Covers productivity, cost cost of of living, living, livelihoods livelihoods Covers productivity, Economy Risks Volatile Cost Living and Covers productivity, of of living, livelihoods Risks include include Volatilecost Cost of Living and Loss Loss of of Livelihood Livelihood Covers productivity, of of living, livelihoods Risks include Volatilecost Cost Living and Loss of Livelihood Risks include Volatile Cost of Living and Loss of Livelihood 11. Geographic Geographic SettingSetting- Average Average Distance Distance of of the the 11. bus stop the km) 11. nearest Geographic Average Distance (in of the nearest bus Settingstop from from the community. community. (in km) ** 11. nearest Geographic Average Distance (in of the bus Settingstop from the community. km) * nearest bus stop from the community. (in km) *

Primary health clinicfortnight Doctor visits every Doctor Doctor visits visits every every fortnight month Doctor visitsinevery month No access the neighbourhood No access in the neighbourhood

Governance Covers policies, policies, public publicprograms programsand andschemes schemes Covers Governance Risks include inhibited recognition as city residents

Risks include Inhibited recognition as city residents (linked to access to ser Covers policies, public programs and schemes (linked to access to services) Risks include Inhibited recognition as city residents (linked to access to ser 17. Who owns the land that the community is on? * only one 17. Mark Who owns theoval. land that the community is on? *

12. 12. Geographic Geographic SettingSetting- What What is is the the Average Average of nearest main road from 12. Distance Geographic SettingWhat is the Average Distance of the the nearest main road from the the 12. community Geographic Settingis the Average km)? **What Distance of (in the nearest main road from the community (in km)? Distance of (in thekm)? nearest community * main road from the community (in km)? *

Mark only one oval. Government Government Private Private Disputed Disputed

18. Enlist the other NGOs associated with the community presently * 13. 13. Geographic Geographic SettingSetting- Average Average Distance Distance of of the the nearest shop/amenity from the the community (in Setting- Average Distance of the 13. nearest Geographic shop/amenity from community (in Setting- Average Distance of the 13. nearest Geographic km) from the community (in km) ** shop/amenity nearest km) * shop/amenity from the community (in km) *

18. Enlist the theother otherNGOs NGOsassociated associated with community presently * with thethe community presently. *

14. Has Hasthe thecommunity communityhas had access toskill a skill skill development scheme scheme in in the the past past five five years? years? ** access to ato development 14. Has the community had access a development 14. scheme Has community had access in the past years ?* to a skill development scheme in the past five years? * Markthe only one oval.five Mark only one oval. 14. Has Markthe onlycommunity one oval. had access to a skill development scheme in the past five years? * Yes Mark only 19. Enlist the any other NGOs that have been associated with the com Yesone oval. Yes No NGOs that that havehave beenbeen assciated with with the com 19. Enlist any the other any other NGOs associated No Yes No the community in the past 10 years. No 15. Is Is there there access access to to loans/ loans/ financial financial assistance assistance services services within within the the community community presently? presently? ** 15. there access totoloans/ financial assistance services 15. Is Is there access loans/ financial assistance services within the community presently? * Mark only one oval. oval. Mark only one 15. within Is there access to loans/ financial assistance services within the community presently? * the community presently? Mark only one oval. Yes Mark only one oval. Yes Yes No No Yes No No

Urban Systems Urban Covers the theSystems supply of of basic basic services services and and amenities amenities Covers supply Urban Infrastructure Deprivation (Supply, Access, Cost, Cost, Usage) Usage) Risks include Covers theSystems supply of basic services and (Supply, amenities Risks include Infrastructure Deprivation Access,

Powered by Covers the of and amenities Covers the supply supply ofbasic basicservices services and(Supply, amenities Risks include Infrastructure Deprivation Access, Cost, Usage) Cost, Usage) Risks include Infrastructure Deprivation (Supply, Access, Powered by Risk include infrastructure Deprivation (Supply, Society/Well Being Access, Cost, Usage)

Society/Well Being Society/Well Being

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1g5sduLRCXAw6-8l-LTecEfhLFKyYZv28VrVV3-wVr7c/edit https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1g5sduLRCXAw6-8l-LTecEfhLFKyYZv28VrVV3-wVr7c/edit https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1g5sduLRCXAw6-8l-LTecEfhLFKyYZv28VrVV3-wVr7c/edit 99

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references

1. World bank Global Monitoring Report (2015-16) http://www.worldbank.org/en/ publication/global-monitoring-report 2. Credit Suisse Research Institute-The Global Wealth Report (2016) https://www.creditsuisse.com/in/en/about-us/research/ research-institute/news-and-videos/ articles/news-and-expertise/2016/11/en/ the-global-wealth-report-2016.html 3. The Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and the United Nations Development Programme-Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) (2010) http://www.ophi.org.uk/policy/ multidimensional-poverty-index/ 4. MPI Country Briefings 2017 http://www. dataforall.org/dashboard/ophi/index.php/ mpi/country_briefings 5. http://www.indianeconomy. net/splclassroom/355/what-ismultidimensional-poverty-index/ 6. The International Council on Human Rights Policy- Climate Change and Human Rights A Rough Guide (2008) http://www.ichrp.org/ files/reports/45/136_report.pdf 7. Moser and Norton (2001) To Claim our Rights: livelihood security, human rights and sustainable development https://www. odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/ publications-opinion-files/1816.pdf 8. Robin Mearns and Andrew Norton, EditorsSocial Dimensions of Climate ChangeEquity and Vulnerability in a Warming World (World Bank) (2010) https://openknowledge. worldbank.org/handle/10986/2689 9. 2009 UNISDR (United Nations Office for Disaster and Risk Reduction) terminology on

disaster risk reduction http://www.unisdr. org/we/inform/publications/7817 10. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability https://www. ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ ar4_wg2_full_report.pdf 11. Ribot, Jesse C. 2009 â&#x20AC;&#x2022;Vulnerability does not just Fall from the Sky: Toward Multi-scale Pro-poor Climate Policy,â&#x20AC;&#x2013; in Robin Mearns and Andrew Norton (eds.), Social Dimensions of Climate Change: Equity and Vulnerability in a Warming World. Washington, DC: The World Bank. http://www.icarus.info/wp-content/ uploads/2009/10/Ribot-Vulnerability-FinalDraft-for-Distribution.pdf 12. Barry Smit and Johanna Wandel (2006) Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0959378006000410 13. Adaptation to Climate Change: From resilience to transformation Mark Pelling (2011) http://talos.unicauca.edu.co/ gea/sites/default/files/Adaptation%20 to%20Climate%20Change%20From%20 Resilience%20to%20Transformation.pdf 14. IPCC, 2012: Glossary of terms. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 555-564. https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/specialreports/srex/SREX-Annex_Glossary.pdf 15. Everybody Loves a Good Drought, P. Sainath (1996) 16. World Health Organization, THE URBAN HEALTH INDEX: A Handbook for its Calculation and Use (2014) http://www. who.int/kobe_centre/publications/UHI_ Handbook.pdf 17. Cities Alliance (website, 2017) http://www. citiesalliance.org/About-slum-upgrading 18. Tumakuru District - Invest Karnataka http:// www.investkarnataka.co.in/district-profilestumakuru 19. Geographical assessment of slums and its effect on urban environment, (Rajesh Trambak Birajdar,2014) http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ bitstream/10603/44930/6/06_

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chapter%201.pdf 20. Michael, Kavya and Deshpande, Tanvi and Ziervogel, Gina, Examining Vulnerability in a Dynamic Urban Setting: The Case of Bangaloreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Interstate Migrant Waste Pickers (February 10, 2017). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2924375 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2924375 21. Statewise Allocation of Funds under the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana- National Urban Livelihoods Mission, 2016-17, (April 26, 2016) Available at http://mhupa.gov. in/writereaddata/Central_Funds_DAY_ NULM_26_04_2016.pdf 22. Economic Survey of India 2016-17, Ministry of Finance, Department of Economic Affairs (January, 2017) Available at http:// indiabudget.nic.in/es2016-17/echapter.pdf 23. Report on Fifth Annual Employment - Unemployment Survey (2015-16) Available at http://labourbureaunew.gov.in/ UserContent/EUS_5th_1.pdf 24. State Annual Action Plan (SAAP) under AMRUT in Karnataka 2015-2016. Available at http://amrut.gov.in/writereaddata/SAAPAMRUT_Karnataka.pdf 25. Resilience Strategy for Surat (June, 2016) Available at http://www.100resilientcities. org/strategies/city/surat#/-_/ 26. Rajiv Awas Yojana- Slum Free City Draft Plan of Action- Tumkur (May 21, 2013) Available at http://mhupa.gov.in/User_Panel/ UserView.aspx?TypeID=1311 27. Urban India 2011: Evidence by Indian Institute of Human Settlements (Third Edition: January 21, 2012) Available at http://iihs.co.in/wp-content/ uploads/2013/12/IUC-Book.pdf

list of tables

Table 1: Criteria and Examples of Indicator Selection, Source: THE URBAN HEALTH INDEX: A Handbook for its Calculation and Use (2014) Table 2: District-wise Deprivation Index and Human Development Index (per capita availability/ deprivation) Source: Poverty In India and Karnataka: Estimation, Determinants, Vulnerability and Coping Strategies, Rangegowda, R. (2014) Table 3: Finalised NIMZ investments in Tumakuru district, Source: Invest Karnataka 2016 (http://www.investkarnataka.co.in/districtprofiles-tumakuru) Table 4: Characteristics of Bengaluru slums , Source: Authors) Table 5: Characteristics of Tumkur slums , Source: Authors) Table 6: Details of declared slums in Tumakuru District, Source: Karnataka Slum Development Board (2016) Table 7: Sanitary facilities as well as current sewerage system in Tumkur slums, Source: Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies, Hyderabad for RAY- Draft Slum Free City Plan Of Action-Tumkur (2013) Table 8: Data Sets for Vulnerability Assessment of Hebbal Community, Source: Selco Foundation Table 9: Specifics of climate-related impacts and increased vulnerability of slum communities

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and women, Source: MHT Refined Problem Statement (2015)

Table 24: Cross validation of community level information with structure in case study frameworks, Source: Authors

Table 10: Key city features and partner organisations, Source: A review of ACCCRN approaches in Indian cities (2014)

Table 25: ARCHIVAL STRUCTURE FOR DATA SETS, Source: Authors

Table 11: Vulnerability profile template: a framework for city level application, Source: Vulnerability profiling of cities: A framework for climate-resilient urban development in India (2014) Table 12: Bhubaneshwar Risk Assessment, Source: ICLEI â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ACCCRN Process Learning from 3 Indian Cities-Presentation by Sunandan Tiwari (2013) Table 13: Linking Adaptation and Prospects, Key Risk Sectors and potential climate impacts, Source: Assessing climate change risks and contextual vulnerability in urban areas of semi-arid India: The case of Bangalore CARIAAASSAR Working Paper #3 (2014) Table 14: Breakdown of actions by the information exchange mechanism through which they were delivered, Source: Climate Action in Megacities 3.0- ARUP and C40 (2015) Table 15: Comparative of Frameworks, Source: Authors Table 16: Correlation between Frameworks, Source: Authors Table 17: Deriving Common Sectors, Source: Authors Table 18: Developing the vocabulary to understand Vulnerability, Source: Authors Table 19: Micro level data (Community), Source: Authors+ SELCO Foundation Table 20: Macro level data, Source: Authors Table 21: Macro level city data, Source: Authors Table 22: Consolidating Multi-scalar and Multisectoral data sets with sources of information, Source: Authors Table 23: Organisations working with the urban poor across the country, Source: Authors

list of figures Fig. 1: Relationship between Safety Nets, Trajectory of Communities and Vulnerability of Communities across income/poverty levels and time Fig. 2: Relationship between different terms used in the project. The figure illustrates threat of Climate change manifesting itself in low lying areas as a risk of flooding to poor communities that often tend to live in such area. Fig. 3: Relationship between different terms used in the project expressed in context of the trajectory of the community across time. The diagram illustrates how we must understand vulnerability in time and how the factors of influence intersect Fig. 4: Trajectories of communities across time in the face of external shocks and stresses Fig. 5: Income /resources that cushion communities from external stresses and shocks Fig. 6: What is required to analyze and assess vulnerability Fig. 7: Diagram depicting the multiscalar and multisectoral structure of the framework Fig. 8: Diagram depicting the design of the framework with a back-end wireframe and front-end tool

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Fig. 9: Diagram depicting data entry and outcome relationship with respect to migration & manifestation Fig. 10: Diagram depicting data entry and outcome relationship with respect to vulnerability assessment Fig. 11: Diagram depicting the scale at which certain data sets are more relevant and useful Fig. 12: Diagram depicting possible trajectories of community at Hebbal with respect to risks Fig 13: Diagram depicting process undertaken Fig 14: Diagram depicting Framework research process Fig 15: Diagram depicting Archival Structure for Data Sets Fig 16: Diagram depicting Vulnerability Assessment Framework Fig 17: Vulnerability Assessment Framework

list of images

answer formats, Source: Authors Image 5: Snapshot of community wise data inquiry & answer formats, Source: Authors Image 6: Water level fluctuation Pre Monsoon (2014-15) Source: Central Groundwater Board Image 7: India Annual Rainfall (2015) Source: India Meteorological Department- Customized Rainfall Information System Image 8: Karnataka Annual drought map (2015) Source: Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (2015) Image 9: Karnataka Annual rainfall map (2014) Source: Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (2014) Image 10: Karnataka Annual rainfall map (2015) Source: Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (2015) Image 11: Karnataka Annual water level fluctuation map (2014) Source: Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (2014) Image 12: Karnataka Annual water level fluctuation map (2015) Source: Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (2015) Image 13: Earthquake Map (2012), Source: Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council Image 14: Flood Hazard Map (2006), Source: UNDP Flood Zone map Image 15: Left wing extremist affected areas map (2012), Source: Institute of Conflict Management, South Asia Terrorism Portal (data from 2011)

Image 1: Text Excerpt, Source: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Everybody Loves a Good Drought (P. Sainath, 1996)â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Image 16: Region wise Multidimensional Poverty Index map (2015), Source: Regional Estimates of Multidimensional Poverty in India, Dehury and Mohanty (2015)

Image 2: Snapshot of Cumulative Table across different scales, Source: Authors

Image 17: Decadal GDP Growth Rate (2005-14), Source: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

Image 3: Snapshot of State wise data inquiry & answer formats, Source: Authors

Image 18: India Smart Cities Map (2017), Source: www.smartcities.gov.in

Image 4: Snapshot of city wise data inquiry &

Image 19: Karnataka Smart Cities Map (2017),

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Source: www.smartcities.gov.in Image 20: India NIMZ map (2017), Source: Press Information Bureau Image 21: Karnataka NIMZ map (2017), Source: Press Information Bureau Image 22: India Industrial Corridors (2017), Source: Press Information Bureau Image 23: Karnataka Industrial Corridors (2017), Source: Press Information Bureau Image 24: Finalised sites of NIMZ investments in Tumakuru district. Source: Invest Karnataka 2016 (http://www.investkarnataka.co.in/districtprofiles-tumakuru) Image 25: Map showing the expected investments into Tumakuru. Source: Annexure, Tumakuru Smart Cities Proposal, 2016 Image 26: Land-use map of Tumakuru dist. Source: Annexure, Tumakuru Smart Cities Proposal, 2016 Image 27: Elevation Map 1 of Tumakuru (Source: www.Floodmap.net generated using elevation data from NASAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 90m resolution SRTM data) Image 28: Elevation Map 2 of Tumakuru (Source: www.Floodmap.net generated using elevation data from NASAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 90m resolution SRTM data) Image 29: Map showing the communities that Selco Foundation works with in Bengaluru. Source: Authors- Google Maps, 2017 Image 30: Vasanth Nagar Slum. Source: Google Maps, 2017 Image 31: Hebbal 1 & Hebbal 2 Slums. Source: Google Maps, 2017 Image 32: CV Raman Nagar slum. Source: Google Maps, 2017 Image 33: Map showing the slum communities in Tumakuru. Source: Adapted from map from Slum Free City Mapping of Selected Cities in Karnataka (Karnataka State Remote Sensing Applications Centre, 2011) Image 34: Slums connected to city-wide sewerage system, Source: Regional Centre for

Urban and Environmental Studies, Hyderabad for RAY- Draft Slum Free City Plan Of ActionTumkur (2013) Image 35: The Risk Trends Interconnections map, Source: World Economic Forum Global Risks Report 2017 Image 36: The Evolving Risks Landscape 200717, Source: World Economic Forum Global Risks Report 2017 Image 37: The Global Risks Landscape 2017, Source: World Economic Forum Global Risks Report 2017 Image 38: The Global Risk Interconnections Map 2017, Source: World Economic Forum Global Risks Report 2017 Image 39: 100 RC Knowledge Network for Surat, Source: 100 RC- Surat Resilience Strategy (2017) Image 40: Surat- Resilience Pillars and Orientation Source: 100 RC-Surat Resilience Strategy (2017) Image 41: MHT for Global Resilience Partnership Challenge Source: MHT Solutions Statement (2015) Image 42: Barriers to Resilience, Source: MHT Solutions Statement (2015) Image 43: HIGS framework and detailed list of variables, Source: Vulnerability profiling of cities: A framework for climate-resilient urban development in India (2014) Image 44: Wards impacted by water logging and disrupted infrastructure, Source: Learning from 3 Indian Cities-Presentation by Sunandan Tiwari (2013) Image 45: Wards impacted by storage of water, Source: Learning from 3 Indian CitiesPresentation by Sunandan Tiwari (2013) Image 46: Wards prone to health risk, Source: Learning from 3 Indian Cities-Presentation by Sunandan Tiwari (2013) Image 47: Wards prone to fire risks, Source: Learning from 3 Indian Cities- Presentation by Sunandan Tiwari (2013)

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Image 48: Bhubaneshwar Vulnerability Hotspots, Source: ICLEI – ACCCRN Process Learning from 3 Indian Cities-Presentation by Sunandan Tiwari (2013) Image 49: Adaptation Sankey Diagram, Source: Climate Action in Megacities 3.0- ARUP and C40 (2015) Image 50: Excerpt ‘Everybody Loves a Good Drought (P. Sainath, 1996)’

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