Harley D. Nichols, Portrait of Good Voice, 1886, detail of N° 10
1886 DAKOTA SKETCHBOOK
Weekly transmission 23-2017 contents: Young Nichols was sent to Dakota Territories to draw sketches en plein air Weekly Cartoon by ThĂŠophile: Plein Air Born in the small rural Wisconsin town of Barton, Harley lived a peripatetic life Pages from a Dakota Territories Sketch Journal
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Harley D. Nichols, Sioux Indians, detail of Sketch n°13
Artists have long painted outdoors, but in the mid-19th century, working in natural light became particularly important to the Barbizon school, Hudson River School, and Impressionists. The popularity of painting en plein air increased in the 1840s with the introduction of paints in tubes (like those for toothpaste). Young Nichols was sent on trip to Dakota Territories by Century Magazine during Fall of 1886 to draw sketches en plein air of the Sioux tribes.
The e-bulletin presents articles as well as selections of books, albums, photographs and documents as they have been handed down to the actual owners by their creators and by amateurs from past generations. The physical descriptions, attributions, origins, and printing dates of the books and photographs have been carefully ascertained by collation and through close analysis of comparable works.
N°23-2017. CHANGING PLACES: 1886 DAKOTA SKETCHBOOK Previous transmissions can be found at www.plantureux.fr
ThĂŠophile Bouchet. Plein Air
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Map of Dakota, 1886, detail of South-East corner
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HARLEY DEWITT NICHOLS (1859-1939) Born in the small rural Wisconsin town of Barton, Harley lived a peripatetic life. As a young child, he accompanied his family to Lincoln, Nebraska where he found great excitement in the roaming herds of buffalo and Native Americans. It was in these years that a talent for drawing was discovered. In 1870, after several years of hardship, his father moved the family back to Wisconsin and at the age of 11 Harley became a water boy for the railroad line being built from Milwaukee to his birthplace of Barton. When his family moved next to the First Ward in Milwaukee, he remained with his grandparents in Barton paying board despite his meager earnings. Eventually he moved to join his family and began school at the First Ward schoolhouse. At this time he was employed by a “third class� wood engraver. That led to an apprenticeship with the Milwaukee firm Marr & Richards, where he worked for three years drawing on wood. This would have led to a position as an engraver, but during his apprenticeship Nichols realized that drawing, rather than engraving, was where his true talent lay.
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Fort Schuyler (Bronx) The subsequent years included many moves, from Milwaukee to Chicago, and later to New York where he met with Professor Packard who encouraged Nichols to pursue a career as an illustrator at a European school. After that fall 1886 trip to Dakota Territories for Century Magazine, Harley Dewitt Nichols left for Munich in October 1886 to begin studies at the Royal Academy where he became a member of the American Club and socialized with Carl von Marr, the club’s president. In 1893 he illustrated the World’s Fair issue of Harper’s Weekly. He worked in New York, mostly in advertising. He helped organize the New York Water Color Club.
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Harley considered an offer to work in London and do illustrations but soon returned to the United States The art community in Los Angeles was in its infancy when he arrived in California in 1894. His first job was teaching at the Echo Mountain Summer School. Harley followed on his itinerant existence in search of subject matter as an illustrator for Harper's and Century magazines, drawing multiple sketches of Yosemite, Monterey, San Juan Capistrano and other locations in southern California. Nichols moved next to Laguna Beach where he lived until his death in 1939. .
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HARLEY DEWITT NICHOLS (1859-1939) Dakota + others misc. [ellaneas], 1886 Pocket drawing diary, 110x161 mm, green cloth sketchbook, printed label of “Chas Berry, dealer in artists’ materials, Brooklyn”. Thirty-five (35) pencil sketches, fifteen of them made during a trip to Dakota territories (now South-Dakota), Fall 1886.
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HARLEY DEWITT NICHOLS (1859-1939). Series of Sketches made in the fall of 1886 when on trip for C.M. (Century Magazine) - Iowa, Dakota and Minnesota. The Century Magazine was first published in the United States in 1881 by The Century Company of New York City, which had been bought in that year by Roswell Smith and renamed by him after the Century Association. It was the successor to Scribner's Monthly Magazine (and ceased publication in 1930). The magazine was very successful during the 19th century, most notably for the series of articles about the American Civil War, which ran for three years during the 1880s. It included reminiscences of 230 participants from all ranks of the service on both sides of the conflict. According to an author writing in the New York Times, the publication of The Century "made New-York, instead of London, the centre of the illustrated periodicals published in the English language‌". The magazine was also a notable publisher of fiction, presenting excerpts of Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1884 and 1885 and Henry James' The Bostonians.
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HARLEY DEWITT NICHOLS (1859-1939). At Canton, Big Sioux River, Dakota Sketches, 1886. Pencil. The Territory of Dakota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 2, 1861, until November 2, 1889, when the final extent of the reduced territory was split and admitted to the Union as the states of North and South Dakota. The Dakota Territory consisted of the northernmost part of the land acquired in the Louisiana purchase in 1803, as well as the southmost part of Rupert's Land, which was acquired in 1818 when the boundary was changed to the 49th parallel. The name refers to the Dakota branch of the Sioux tribes which occupied the area at the time. When Minnesota became a state in 1858, the leftover area between the Missouri River and Minnesota's western boundary fell unorganized. When the Yankton Treaty was signed later that year, ceding much of what had been Sioux Indian land to the U.S. Government, early settlers unsuccessfully lobbied for United States territory status. Three years later Presidentelect Abraham Lincoln's cousin-in-law, J.B.S. Todd, personally lobbied for territory status and the U.S. Congress formally created the Dakota Territory.
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HARLEY DEWITT NICHOLS (1859-1939). Pioneer’s Hut near Canton, Dakota Sketches, 1886 The earliest known visitor to the area was Lewis P. Hyde, who first came to the area in 1866. The first actual settler was August Linderman. By 1868, there were 35 people living in Lincoln County. By the summer of that year, a caravan of 180 Norwegian settlers crossed the Big Sioux River to make their home in Canton.
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HARLEY DEWITT NICHOLS (1859-1939). Depot at Canton, Dakota Sketches, 1886 The residents named the community Canton, believing the location to be the exact opposite of Canton, China. In 1880, the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad crossed the Big Sioux River to reach Canton. The city still has an active rail freight service.
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HARLEY DEWITT NICHOLS (1859-1939). Sioux Falls, Dakota Sketches, 1886 The lure of the falls has been a powerful influence. Ho-Chunk, Ioway, Otoe, Missouri, Omaha (and Ponca at the time), Quapaw, Kansa, Osage, Arikira, Dakota, and Cheyenne people inhabited and settled the region previous to Europeans and European descendants. French voyagers/explorers visited the area in the early 18th century. The first documented visit by an American (of European descent) was by Philander Prescott, who camped overnight at the falls in December 1832. Captain James Allen led a military expedition out of Fort Des Moines in 1844. Jacob Ferris described the Falls in his 1856 book "The States and Territories of the Great West Âť. The arrival of the railroads ushered in the great Dakota Boom decade of the 1880s. The population of Sioux Falls mushroomed from 2,164 in 1880 to 10,167 at the close of the decade. The growth transformed the city. A severe plague of grasshoppers and a national depression halted the boom by the early 1890s. The city grew by only 89 people from 1890 to 1900.
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HARLEY DEWITT NICHOLS (1859-1939). The Modern Sioux Home, Dakota Sketches, 1886 The fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien was negotiated between the United States and the Sac and Fox, the Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton and Sisiton Sioux, Omaha, Ioway, Otoe and Missouria tribes. The treaty was signed on July 15, 1830 ... The US government announced the treaty and its numerous adherents on February 24, 1831. In this treaty, the tribes agreed to land cession on each side of the boundary established by the first (1825) Treaty of Prairie du Chien, extending from the Mississippi River to the Des Moines River. The treaty also established the Nemaha Reservation, which provided land in southeastern Nebraska to the mixed-race descendants of European/American fur trappers and their Native American women companions, who were often kept from being allocated land, and caught between cultures.
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HARLEY DEWITT NICHOLS (1859-1939). An Old Straw Stable, near Islandran, Dakota Sketches, 1886 Following the Civil War, hostilities continued with the Sioux until the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie. By 1868, the creation of new territories reduced the Dakota Territory to the present boundaries of the Dakotas. During the existence of the organized territory, the population first increased very slowly and then very rapidly with the "Dakota Boom" from 1870 to 1880 (The Sioux were first considered very hostile and a threat to early settlers). The population increase can largely be attributed to the growth of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Settlers who came to the Dakota Territory were from other western territories as well as many from northern and western Europe. These included large numbers of Norwegians, Germans, Swedes, and Canadians.
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HARLEY DEWITT NICHOLS (1859-1939). Calliope, Dakota Sketches, 1886 Sioux County was organized on January 20, 1860, on land occupied by the indigenous Sioux until they were forced to abandon it under the terms of the fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien in 1830.[2][3] The original courthouse was a log structure on the Big Sioux River in the hamlet of Calliope, Iowa (now part of Hawarden). That building was part office, part residence, and part fort, but in 1869–1870 the White residents of Calliope fled to Sioux City, Iowa, 40 miles to the south, temporarily abandoning the log courthouse during renewed armed Native American resistance to the newcomers. The courthouse was sold off soon after the Whites returned, when after a referendum in 1872 the county seat was moved to Orange City.
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HARLEY DEWITT NICHOLS. Good Voice - Sioux , Dakota , 1886
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Good Voice by John Choate (private collection)
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Good Voice (Ho Waste) was according to historian George Hyde a Wazhazha leader. An early mention can be found in the Waggoner & Bettelyoun book “With my own Eyes”: "In 1865, after the Battle of Horse Creek, Good Voice and Coarse Voice were Indian Hunters kept at Fort Mitchell with their families. These were taken to Omaha". In the Ricker interviews half-breed interpreter William Garnett stated that Good Voice was part of the Lakota delegation to Washington in 1875. In December 1876 he was one of the Indian leaders mentioned in a large peace party to get Crazy Horse to come to the agencies. Dutch/American historian Richard Hardorff gave the following information about Good Voice: — leader of a band of Wajaje Brule — member of delegation to Washington in 1877 — enlisted in the U.S. Indian Scouts in 1877 — later became one of the first on the reservation to adopt the white men´s dress Louis Bordeaux, described Good Voice´s role in the death of Crazy Horse. When Crazy Horse fled from Red Cloud agency to Touch-the-Cloud´s camp at Spotted Tail in autumn 1877, Good Voice and Horned Antelope, Indian Scouts at Camp Sheridan, were sent down to watch him and not let him get away. Good Voice as the principal scout was even ordered to shoot his horses or shoot him if necessary to not let him escape from Touch-the-Cloud´s camp. Moreover, in a newspaper story of 1877 (Chicago Times, Sept. 7, 1877) after Crazy Horse´s death, Good Voice (named here as a Brule chief) is cited: “the Indians do not blame the whites for killing Crazy Horse, and that he brought it all upon himself.” Good Voice went to Washington in 1877. Good Voice became known as a chief who induced his Indians to stay away from the Ghost Dances and to work their land and care for the stock and it was through his efforts that the first church and school were built at Okreek [Oak Creek].
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HARLEY DEWITT NICHOLS. Sioux Indians, Dakota Sketches, 1886
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HARLEY DEWITT NICHOLS (1859-1939). Dakota Sketches, 1886 In one of the oldest, unresolved cases in US legal history, United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians (448 U.S. 371, 1980), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the United States was wrong in breaking the terms of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, which forever exempted the Black Hills from all-white settlement. When European Americans discovered gold there in 1874, miners swept into the area in a gold rush. The US government reassigned the Lakota, against their wishes, to other reservations in western South Dakota, breaking up the Great Sioux Reservation into smaller portions. The Supreme Court awarded eight Sioux tribes $106 million in compensation—the 1877 value of $17.5 million, plus interest. The Sioux Nation has refused to accept the award, saying they want their land returned. The money is held in accounts at the Treasury Department, accruing interest. As of 2011, the accounts are estimated to be valued at over $1 billion.
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HARLEY DEWITT NICHOLS (1859-1939). Mill At Elk Point, Dakota Sketches, 1886 The British established a Hudson's Bay Company trading post in 1755 near present-day Elk Point. Incorporated in 1873, now part of the Sioux City Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,963 people, 770 households, and 505 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 97.0% White, 0.3% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population. There were 770 households of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.9% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.4% were nonfamilies. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.16. The median age in the city was 36.3 years. The gender makeup of the city was 48.0% male and 52.0% female.
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