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Serbia is at the crossroads between Central and Southern Europe, the Balkan peninsula and the Pannonian Plain. It lies 41 ° to 47 ° north latitude and between 18 ° and 23 ° east longitude. Country covers 88,361 km2 (the disputed territory of Kosovo), which is placed at 113th place in the world; without Kosovo, total area is 77,474 km2, which has made 117 in the world.
The northern part of the Republic occupies the plains, and in the southern areas of the hills and mountains. There are over 30 peaks above 2,000 m above sea level, the highest peak Đeravica (the Cursed Mountains) with a height of 2,656 m. The mountain landscape of Serbia explains the emergence of many canyons, gorges and caves (Resavska cave, Ceremošnja, Risovača). The lowest point is located on the border with Romania and Bulgaria, at the mouth of the Timok and the Danube, at 28-36 m above sea level.
Highest point: Đeravica, Prokletije (2,656 m).
Lowest point: Delta Timok into the Danube (28 m).
The largest lake: Djerdap lake (163 km2).
The longest rivers: the Danube (587.35 km).
Largest city: Belgrade (1,659,440 st.)
• The largest part of Serbian territory occupied by mountains, which form the mountainous region. It
stretches from the Pannonian hills in the north to the Montenegrin, Albanian and Macedonian border in the south. From west to east stretches from Bosnia-Herzegovina to the Bulgarian border. • Mountains of Serbia are divided into: Rhodope Mountains, Carpathian-Balkan mountains, Dinaric
mountains, island mountain. • The highest peaks of Serbia are: Đeravica (2.656m); Black Top (2.585m); Bistra (2.651m).
Much of Serbia belongs to the Danube basin (81,646 km2 ie. 92.4%), which itself flows through northern Serbia a length of 588 km. Besides the Danube, vessels are still throughout its course through Serbia rivers Sava (206 km), Tisa (168 km) and Begej (75 km), a partially navigable Velika Morava (3 km by 185 km) and Tamis (3 km from 118 km). Other major rivers, the length of flow through Serbia, more than 200 km, are: West Morava (308 km), South Morava (295 km) Ibar (272 km), Drina (220 km) and Timok (202 km). Part of southern Serbia belongs to the basin of the river Beli Drim and Radika in Metohija in Montenegro (4,771 km2 ie. 5.4%), which flow to the Adriatic Sea. The basins Pčinja Lepenci Dragovištica and the southeast of Serbia belonging to the Aegean (1.944 km2 ie. 2.2%). In addition to the river in Serbia was built and a series of artificial channels, which are used for flood control, irrigation, land navigation and other purposes. Their total length is 939.2 km, of which the ships up to 1,000 t, 385.9 km are navigable. The largest canal system located in the lowland part of the country and is known as the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal, according to the names of rivers that connects.
Spa tourism in Serbia has a long tradition. Although the visit of healing water sources and use them for a long time is not expressed as a tourist, traces of material culture suggest that some are used as early as the Stone Age. It seems that Vick is leading or Toplicki Kiseljak at the foot of the mountain Vidojevica, near Prokuplje-Kursumlija road. Thermal and thermo-mineral resources in our country over the centuries and in different ways used by the Romans. Traces of material culture (swimming pools, water supply, heat pipes, coins, sealings, brick, mosaics, sculptures) as well as written sources clearly confirmed by the cult of the Romans to the healing waters, which are well known. When such sources Romans built villas, baths and related facilities for treatment, relaxation and enjoyment, even then confirming that the number of Serbian spas. On three continents vast Roman Empire had numerous and well-organized army. In military campaigns and battles were the wounded and sick. Many of them were treated in Banja Serbia-term, which in peacetime meeting point for prominent people who came for rest, recovery, sumptuous feasts and enjoying the benefits of hot water. Physical traces of the Romans has in Niska Banja, Vrnjacka Banja, Sokobanja, Banja Zvonačka ...
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Serbia is on the land mass of the Balkan Peninsula, which is surrounded by warm seas (Adriatic, Aegean and Black), while in the north relies on the European continent. An additional important factor that determines the climate of Serbia is a relief. Roughly one can say that Serbia has a continental climate in the north, temperate in the south, and the mountain climate of the high mountains. Winters in Serbia are short, cold and snowy, while summers are warm. The coldest month is January, and the warmest July.
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Most significant winds Serbia are koĹĄava (cold and dry wind characteristic of northern Serbia), norther (cold and dry north wind), moravac (cold and dry, comes from the north and blowing through the valley of Morava) southern wind (warm and dry, blowing off the south Morava valley), south-west wind (warm and humid, coming from the Adriatic Sea and reaches the Western Serbia).
Biogeographical, in Serbia there are two zonal vegetation (i.e., two biome) - a greater part of the surface is from biome broadleaf and mixed forests temperate regions, while the part above the upper forest biome boundaries belonging to the tundra (alpine of tundra). Within the forest biomes present four ecoregions: the Balkan mixed forests (occupy most of the territory south of the Sava and Danube), Pannonian mixed forests (occupying the Pannonian Plain with the peripheral areas), the dinar mixed forests (small area in southwestern part of Serbia) and Rhodope mountain mixed forests (small area in the southeastern part of Serbia). Within the tundra biome developed high mountain herbaceous vegetation Alpine mountain meadows and rocky. In addition to the zonal vegetation, there are also other forms of vegetation, depending on the local conditions, e. lowland meadows, peat bogs, steppe fragments. The Serbian spruce is endemic areas of the Drina valley, western Serbia and eastern Serbian (near Visegrad). It was named after the Serbian botanist Josif Pančić who discovered it on Mount Tara in 1875, near the village Zaovine and Rastište. The Serbian spruce is a thin, slender, up to 50 m high coniferous wood.
Fauna Serbia is quite diverse, which means that a large number of animal species that have been registered on the territory of Europe is present in Serbia. After a precise census - even 43.3%. The data shows that in the water and around 110 species of fish and 20 species of amphibians that live in the territory of Serbia at least 45 species of reptiles, about 260 nesting birds and 94 species of mammals. The most common game species that may be encountered in Serbia are red deer, fallow deer, roe deer, chamois, mouflon, wild boar, bear, mink, marten, badger, squirrel, puh, rabbit, weasel, wolf, Eurasian lynx, jackal, red fox, raccoon dog and skunk. Other animal species that inhabit Serbia hedgehogs, lizards, snakes and various insects such as butterflies.
Serbia inhabited by the following species of wild birds: sparrow, nightingale, blackbird, thrush, gray heron, wild goose, mallard Teal, wild duck Common Pochard, goshawk, Lestarka, partridge, partridge, quail, pheasant, coot, Woodcock, pigeon, dove, dove, dove, cervical, sojka (kreja), Rook, gray crows and magpies.
Many channels, natural and artificial lakes are a great potential for a variety of fish stocks. In the clearest waters can be found brook and river crabs, but usually in different locations sturgeon fish, carp, brook and lake trout, perch, pike and a large number of species of white fish. natural and artificial lakes are a great potential for a variety of fish stocks. In the clearest waters can be found brook and river crabs, but usually in different locations sturgeon fish, carp, brook and lake trout, perch, pike and a large number of species of white fish. natural and artificial lakes are a great potential for a variety of fish stocks. In the clearest waters can be found brook and river crabs, but usually in different locations sturgeon fish, carp, brook and lake trout, perch, pike and a large number of species of white fish.
Once the Šumadija reasonably wore that name because of its dense and impenetrable forests that are contained in it. Few people could understand the appeal of passengers in the first half of the 19th century that were having difficulty penetrating an extremely dense and impenetrable forests of the Principality of Serbia. These complaints were justified, and the ancestors of the Serbs, the responsibility for allowing deforestation. Neither situation is no better in the area. Serbia has 2,000,000 hectares of forest, and they annually produce about 8,000,000 tons of oxygen.
In Serbia annually burned 4,000,000 tons of firewood, which means that Serbia doprinis global balance of carbon dioxide around 6,000,000 tons per year.
Larger forests in Serbia Košutnjak, Molin Forest, Šalinac Grove, Lipovička noise valmiste, Bojčinska forests and other.
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In Serbia there are five national parks: Djerdap National Park, which was established 1974g, its surface is 93.968ha. Kopaonik National Park, which was established 1981g, its surface is 11.810ha. Tara National Park, which was established 1981g, its surface is 22.000ha. National Park Sar Mountain, which was established in 1986., its surface is 39.000ha. Fruska Gora National Park, which was established 1960g, its surface is 25.393ha.
Anthem of the Republic of Serbia is the old anthem of the former Kingdom of Serbia "God of Justice", with slightly altered text. The coat of arms of the Republic of Serbia is the old coat of arms of the Kingdom of Serbia from Obrenovic seasons of 1882 and makes it a twoheaded white eagle with a shield on the chest where they cross and the coat, and overhead an eagle with a crown Nemanjića. The Republic of Serbia has a national flag that is horizontally placed the tricolor colors: red, blue and white. In addition to national, there is the state flag that is basically the same as the national team as a third of the length, seen from left to right on a blue field with a small coat of arms of Serbia.
According to the 2002 census, which is conducted on the entire territory of the Republic of Serbia, as it is not carried out in the south of Serbia, in Kosovo and Metohija, listed part of the territory of the Republic of Serbia had 7,498,001 inhabitants, where 52% of the population lives in cities. The percentage of literate population was 97.8% (men 98.9%, women 94.1%). The birth rate is 1.78 children on average per woman. The average length of life of inhabitants of Serbia is 75.3 years (men 71.25; women 77.1).
According to the 2011 census, which did not this time has not been implemented in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija, but did not include nor Albanians from southern Serbia who had boycotted the population of Serbia without Kosovo and Metohija was 7,186,862. This represents a decrease of 311,139 listed in relation to the previous census in 2002.
According to separate Kosovo census, which is conducted in Northern Kosovo, in Kosovo in 2011 lived 1,733,872 inhabitants.
It is estimated that in the south of Serbia still lives about 36,000 Albanians who did not participate in the census, and that in Northern Kosovo still live around 68,000 inhabitants.
The largest number of believers in Serbia are Orthodox Christians (84.59%). They are followed by Catholics (4.97%), Muslims (3.1%), which are overwhelmingly Sunni, and Protestants (0.99%), while other religions are underrepresented. The population makes 1.11% and atheists.
Serbian Constitution and laws provide for freedom of religion, which in practice and respect, even though freedom of religion is not fully realized. Examples of this are the existence of two Islamic communities in Serbia and their strained relationship with each other, the question of nationalized property of religious communities, as well as sporadic attacks on the faithful servants and objects of smaller religious communities.
Serbia has no state religion, but not so religious holidays are not treated as a state, but citizens are allowed to celebrate religious holidays, as well as a number of non-working days for the most important holidays of each religion (the first day of Christmas, Easter, patron saint, Eid al-Fitr and Kurbaskog and Yom Kippur).
Decree of the Government of Serbia on organizing and implementing religious education from the academic year 2001-2002. year as an elective subject in all primary and secondary schools in Serbia teach religious education. There are several types of religious education, which is normally carried out through one time per week - Orthodox (catechism), Islamic, Catholic, Protestant and Judaism (Jewish). In addition to attending this course, the other option is civic education. Protestant and Judaism (Jewish). In addition to attending this course, the other option is civic education. Protestant and Judaism (Jewish). In addition to attending this course, the other option is civic education.
Serbia has a developed road, rail, air and water transport.
Serbian road network has 40,845 km, of which about 5,500 km roads of the first order. The network has 498 km of highway with toll and 136 km of semiautomatic highways with toll.
Serbian Railways JSC carries the main activity of transport of goods and passengers on the national railway network. The total length of the railway network in Serbia is 3,619 km and the total length of roads is 42,692 km (asphalt) and 24,860 km (concrete).
The most important road is the European road and railway Corridor 10 (highway A1, Subotica - Belgrade - Nis Presevo, with their arms A4 highway Nis - Dimitrovgrad and a highway A3 Sid - Belgrade). The corridor has historically been the road connecting the east and west, and connecting the Middle East and Central Europe.
Runs through Serbia, the Danube River, an important waterway (Corridor 7) which connects Central Europe with the Black Sea. In addition to the Danube River, navigable rivers are: Sava, Velika Morava and Tisa and DanubeTisa-Danube.
Airports in international passenger traffic in Serbia Nikola Tesla airport in Belgrade, Kοnstantin Βeliki airport in Nis, Slatina airport in Pristina and Morava Airport in Kraljevo.
In Serbia, there are still remnants of the cultural legacy of prehistory. The most famous Neolithic culture on the territory of Serbia is the culture of Lepenski Vir. In Serbia, they are magnificent imperial castles and palaces in the time of the late Roman Empire and early Byzantine Empire, whose remains can be seen in Sirmium, Gamzigrad and Caričin city (Justiniana Prima).
Serbian medieval monuments that have been preserved until today, mainly churches and monasteries. Most of these monuments have frescoes adorned the walls. The most original monument of Serbian medieval art is the Studenica Monastery (about 1190). This monastery was a model for later monasteries Mileseva, Sopocani and Visoki Decani. Probably the most famous Serbian medieval fresco is the show "The Marys at the Tomb" (or the White Angel) from the monastery Mileseva.
Ikonoslikarstvo is also part of Serbian medieval cultural heritage.
The influence of Byzantine art intensified after the fall of Constantinople in the hands of the Crusaders in 1204, when many artists fled to Serbia. Their influence is evident in the construction of church of Our Lady, Monastery Staro Nagoricane and the monastery of Gracanica.
Visoki Decani Monastery was built between 1330 and 1350. Unlike other Serbian monasteries, this was built in the Romanesque style under the supervision of master Vita from Kotor. On the frescoes of the monastery are 1,000 portraits describe all the most important episodes of the New Testament. The Cathedral is the iconostasis, igumanov throne and decorated sarcophagus of King Stefan of Decani III. Another style of church construction was developed in Serbia at the end of the 14th century, in the valley of the Velika Morava (Moravia school). The characteristic of this style was rich decoration outside the church walls. The frescoes in the monastery Manasija showing religious scenes involving people in the Serbian medieval robes.
Many young artists from the newly established Serbian state-19th century were educated abroad, especially in France and Germany, and brought with them the avantgarde styles. In addition to Paris and Munich, Belgrade was in the first half of the 20th century, one of the centers of Impressionism. Nadezda Petrovic is painted in the style of Fauvism, while Sava Šumanović was influenced by Cubism. However, in this period of Serbian painting is marked by Paja Jovanović.
Significant Serbian painters of the 20th century were: Milan Konjović, Marko Čelebonović, Petar Lubarda, Vladimir Velickovic and Mica Popovic.
Serbia has a long tradition of folklore and folk music. A part group of dancers, as the wheel, is the favorite type of folklore in Serbia and differs from region to region. The most popular car's wheel and Uzice moravac.
Art music:
The most important Serbian composer of art music was Stevan Mokranjac (1856-1914). He was also a musicologist and collector of folk music and director of the first music school in Serbia. His most famous piece of music the choir songs Rukoveti. Other important Serbian composers: Cornelius Stankovic, Stevan and Stanislav Hristić Binički. Cornelius Stankovic is considered the first Serbian composer because it is the first fundamental educated musician Serbian ethnicity and what is nurturing folk song called founder. Serbian national orientation in music (romantic ideology). Saved from oblivion many Serbian folk melodies, and his works are more than the art of processing harmonization. His recordings of folk tunes printed in 6 volumes entitled Serbian folk songs. Among the other should mention Ljubica Maric, Petar Konjović, Josif Marinkovic and Isidor Bajic who made a great contribution to the development of art music in Serbia.
Serbian cuisine is hetorogena, although the turbulent historical events influenced the food of the people, so that each region has its own peculiarities and differences. It can be said that a decisive influence was the Byzantine-Greek, therefore - Mediterranean then oriental and Austro-Hungarian. Storing food is an integral part of Serbian tradition and culture. In Serbia, the usual eating 3 times a day (breakfast, lunch and dinner), noting that the most important and most often the most extensive meal - lunch.
Nutrition is identified with the introduction of nutrients (food and drink), or in a broader sense, is enjoying the holiday table. This very complex process, creating what is called a "national cuisine", consisting of a selection of foods, their growing, preparation of meals, the environment in which food is served, as well as the way they are served.
In Serbian villages title for the kitchen was "home" a central part of the fireplace was, which was a matter cult place, next to which was taking place everyday life, gather the whole family. Sede on wooden benches, tripods and chairs, dishes were wood and earth, and in affluent homes and copper.
Bread is made from wheat or corn flour.
Mladen Todorović, VI5