Impact of Western Culture on Young Generation by Sezan Tanvir

A research paper based on quantitative data and Field Survey on a metropolitan city of Bangladesh

Sezan Tanvir Sociology Discipline Khulna University Bangladesh

Acknowledgement In completing this research report over the last several months, many people helped and supported me in various ways. Among them first and principally, I am greatly obliged to my supervisor, Md. Saleh Mahmood, Assistant Professor, Sociology Discipline, Khulna University for his kind supervision, keen observation, passionate support, intellectual motivation, valuable advice and continuous guidance. I wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be able to terminate this research report without his careful readings of many drafts, rapid and practical feedback, and guidance that he provided. Alongside I am also grateful to all my teachers of Sociology Discipline, who have supported me by their advices and guidance several time in my study period. I am really grateful to all the respondents of my study area, who have given their cordial help and support by providing priceless information as my study necessity. Without their kind effort itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s impossible for me to complete my research. Next I would like to offer my earnest thanks to Abir, Amit, Mehir, Shakkhor, Tania and others who have provided their support and effort during my data collection and processing. I am also thankful to all my Batch mates, especially to Ashik, Saeed and Zishan for their unforgettable support during the study period. Finally I acknowledge my debt to my parents and all my friends specially Nahian and other relatives who have provided me continuous support, inexpressible emotional support and fervent enthusiasm to carry out my study. Last, but not the least, I would like to acknowledge all those members of young generation who have adopted the positive sides of western culture and avoided the negative sides of western culture and those, who are still trying to do so. We need to rethink about the rich tradition, culture, values and norms of our country for sake of our intellectual development.

Sezan Tanvir Student ID No. 091630 Sociology Discipline Khulna University Khulna, Bangladesh. 1|Page

Abstract The main focus of this study is to explore the impact of western culture on young generation. For this purpose survey design was used and data were collected from randomly selected 105 people who are member of young generation that means the boys & girls of the age from16 to 25 years. These people were randomly selected from Khulna city corporation area of Bangladesh. Under this city corporation area 4 Thana has been randomly selected & from each Thana, 8 areas or localities have been randomly selected and from each area, 13 people have been randomly selected. Findings indicate that most of the people of young generation are habituated with various pattern of western culture. They are adapted with dress pattern, film and literature, family pattern, cultural festival, English language, education system, food habit, religious behavior, technology and so on. Many of the respondents donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t even know about our traditional culture and they canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t differentiate our traditional culture from western culture. This study also indicates that our education system have failed to teach the young generation about the culture and tradition of our country. And the education system is mainly western influenced. But it is a matter of hope that, many of the members of young generation still have the courage to maintain our traditional culture avoiding western culture. From the historical perspective, Bangladeshi culture has rich literary heritage. The riverside landscape and the monsoon climate are closely related to the cultural practices of this country. It focuses the lifestyles and culture value of the indigenous people. From the earlier age, people give value and maintain social customs which are in our culture. However, people are now following some of the western cultures beside their own one. Mostly, the young generation is very much interested on English movies, western music, dresses, foods and other things rather than Bengali culture. Now, young generation and even also middle age people are not that much conscious about Bengali culture because of the globalization. In this way, Bengali culture is now no more originated by own culture, even it is losing her own value. We should reconsider ourselves to adopt and habituate with western culture.

2|Page

Glossary Self-entrepreneurship: Earning through mainly business which is started, structured, managed and financed by self. Hollywood: Unincorporated district in the northwestern part of the city of Los Angeles, southwestern California, famed as a center of the motion picture industry in the United States. It is also a major center of the U.S. television industry. Website: An address identifying the location of a file on the Internet, consisting of the protocol, the computer on which the file is located, and the file's location on that computer. Voice chat: Talking and gossiping with friends or relatives living at any place of the world (where internet is available) through internet with the help of headphone and chatting software. This is only talking through voice, no visual. Live chat: Talking and gossiping with friends or relatives living at any place of the world (where internet is available) through internet with the help of webcam and chatting software. This includes visual also. Nuclear family: A type of family where people only live with wife and children. Small family pattern. Joint family: Type of family where people live with wife, children, grandma, grandpa, uncle, aunt and other relatives. Relatively big family pattern. Panjabi: A type of long dress for male with vertical length toward wrist and downward to knee. Fotua: A type of male dress like Panjabi but downward length is the edge of waist. Sari: It is a dress of female of one piece cloth made by various types of cloths covered the whole body together. The length of sari varies in length from 5 to 7 yards. Its standard length in urban areas is 6 yards with a half-yard piece woven at the cloth end for the blouse. Salwar Kamiz: A special type of dress of woman which is very popular in contemporary Bangladesh. It is combined of three pieces of cloth. One is a shirt or Panjabi like part but different from those two, it is without button. Other is a pajama of women and another is long piece of cloth which uses as orna. Fast food: Highly processed restaurant foods that are prepared quickly or are available on demand. Such as, burgers and fries. Basically western type food. 3|Page

Curriculum: The subjects taught at an educational institution, or the topics taught within a subject. Globalization: Comprehensive term for the emergence of a global society in which economic, political, environmental, and cultural events in one part of the world quickly come to have significance for people in other parts of the world.

4|Page

Acronyms PDA: Personal Digital Assistant USA: United States of America SPSS: Special Package for Social Science HIV: Human Immune Deficiency Virus AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CRT: Cathode-Ray Tube LCD: Liquid Crystal Display LED: Light-Emitting Diode PVC: Polyvinyl chloride NMR: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid ACE: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme

5|Page

Table of Contents Topic Name

Page no.

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Glossary Acronyms Chapter one

3-4 5

Introduction

11-19

1.1 Statement of the Problem

12-13

1.2 Rationale of the study

1.3.Objectives of the Study

1.4 Literature Review

15-16

1.5 Methodology

17-18

1.6 Expected outcome

Chapter Two Issues related impact of western culture

20-43

2.1. What is meant by western culture

21-29

2.2. What is meant by Bangladeshi or our traditional culture

29-35

2.3. Bangladeshi culture versus western culture

36-38

2.4. Conceptual framework

2.5. Theoretical framework

40-43

Chapter three Findings and discussions

44-86

3.1. Personal factors of respondents

45-47

3.2. Impact on language of western culture

47-50

3.3. Impact on education of western culture

50-53

3.4. Attitude toward traditional culture

53-58

3.5. Impact on food habit

58-60

6|Page

3.6. Impact on dress pattern

60-63

3.7. Impact on family

63-66

3.8. Impact on social customs and values

66-69

3.9. Impact on religion

69-71

3.10. Impact on communication and technology

71-73

3.11. Impact on film and literature

73-75

3.12. Impact on profession related issues

75-78

3.13. Some psychological approach

78-80

3.14. Case studies

81-86

Chapter Four

87-93

Summary and conclusion 4.1. Key findings

88-91

4.2. Recommendations

Conclusion

References

Bibliography

Appendix

Questionnaire

96-102

List of Tables Table-1.1 Percentage distribution of Gender Identity of the Respondents

Table-1.2 Percentage distribution of Age of the Respondents

Table-1.3 Percentage distribution of Education status of the respondents

Table-1.4 Percentage distribution of Preferable language of respondents

Table-1.5 Percentage distribution of Agreement level of the respondents regarding the usefulness of English language

Table-1.6 Percentage distribution of Agreement level of the respondents regarding whether English language is playing negative role to our indigenous culture Table-1.7 Percentage distribution of Medium of reading of the respondents

49 50

Table-1.8 Percentage distribution of Type of curriculum of education of the respondents 51 Table-1.9 Percentage distribution of Agreement level of the respondents regarding whether 7|Page

the education system should be Western type

Table-1.10 Percentage distribution of Level of knowing about traditional culture from education system

Table-1.11 Percentage distribution of Identifying traditional culture from western culture 54 Table-1.12 Percentage distribution of Agreement level of the respondents of supporting the traditional living pattern & life style of our country

Table-1.13 Percentage distribution of Agreement level of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; thinking that the overall culture & tradition of our country is appropriate for present time

Table-1.14 Percentage distribution of Agreement level of the respondents supporting that the overall culture & tradition of our country should be like western culture

Table-1.15 Percentage distribution of Type of food mainly preferred by respondents

Table-1.16 Percentage distribution of Agreement level of the respondents regarding the issue traditional food items are abolishing because of fast food items

Table-1.17 Percentage distribution of Type of dress mainly preferred by respondents

Table-1.18 Percentage distribution of Agreement level of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; preferring western dress over traditional dress

Table-1.19 Percentage distribution of Agreement level of the respondents regarding the issue of replacing the traditional dress pattern by western one

Table-1.20 Percentage distribution of Type of family of the respondents

Table-1.21 Percentage distribution of Knowing of the respondents that nuclear family pattern is basically western culture

Table-1.22 Percentage distribution of Type of family preferred by the respondents

Table-1.23 Percentage distribution of How their parents look after them

Table-1.24 Percentage distribution of The fact of following the traditional social customs & norms by the respondents

Table-1.25 Percentage distribution of Agreement level of the respondents that their locality or community follows such customs

Table-1.26 Percentage distribution of Level of knowing about social customs from family or educational system

Table-1.27 Percentage distribution of Agreement level of the respondents whether they think that religion is the part & parcel of life Table-1.28 Percentage distribution of Following the religious rules-regulation

70 70

Table-1.29 Percentage distribution of Types of technologies uses by respondents for daily 8|Page

needs, academic needs, communication etc.

Table-1.30 Percentage distribution of Agreement level of the respondents that these technologies are affecting traditional culture

Table-1.31 Percentage distribution of Type of film, movie, TV shows preferred by respondents which they watch

Table-1.32 Percentage distribution of Reading other books/literature beside academic books by respondents

Table-1.33 Percentage distribution of Type of profession mainly preferred for present or future life by respondents

Table-1.34 Percentage distribution of Part time job performed/performing by respondents 77 Table-1.35 Percentage distribution of Approach of the respondents about opposite gender 78 Table-1.36 Percentage distribution of The approach of inspiring to adopt various factors by respondents such as sexual relation, attending night club, taking drugs etc. which are found in Hollywood movies, TV shows & music videos

List of Figures Figure-1.1 Bangladeshi culture versus western culture; an example

36-38

Figure-1.2 Conceptual framework: Impact of western culture on young generation

Figure-1.3 Graphical presentation of Age of the Respondents

Figure-1.4 Graphical presentation of Education status of the respondents

Figure-1.5 Graphical presentation of preferable language of respondents

Figure-1.6 Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents regarding the usefulness of English language

Figure-1.7 Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents regarding whether English language is playing negative role to our indigenous culture

Figure-1.8 Graphical presentation of Medium of reading of the respondents

Figure-1.9 Graphical presentation of Type of curriculum of education of the respondents 52 Figure-1.10 Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents regarding whether the education system should be Western type

Figure-1.11 Graphical presentation of Level of knowing about traditional culture from education system 54 Figure-1.12 Graphical presentation of identifying traditional culture from western culture 55 9|Page

Figure-1.13 Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents of supporting the traditional living pattern & life style of our country 56 Figure-1.14 Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; thinking that the overall culture & tradition of our country is appropriate for present time 57 Figure-1.15 Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents supporting that the overall culture & tradition of our country should be like western culture 58 Figure-1.16 Graphical presentation of Type of food mainly preferred by respondents 59 Figure-1.17 Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents regarding the issue traditional food items are abolishing because of fast food items 60 Figure-1.18 Graphical presentation of Type of dress mainly preferred by respondents 61 Figure 1.19 Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; preferring western dress over traditional dress 62 Figure 1.20 Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents regarding the issue of replacing the traditional dress pattern by western one 63 Figure 1.21 Graphical presentation of Type of family of the respondents 64 Figure 1.22 Graphical presentation of knowing of the respondents that nuclear family pattern is basically western culture 64 Figure 1.23 Graphical presentation of Type of family preferred by the respondents 65 Figure 1.24 Graphical presentation of how their parents look after them 66 Figure 1.25 Graphical presentation of the fact of following the traditional social customs & norms by the respondents 67 Figure 1.26 Graphical presentation of agreement level of the respondents that their locality or community follows such customs 68 Figure 1.27 Graphical presentation of Level of knowing about social customs from family or educational system 69 Figure 1.28 Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents whether they think that religion is the part & parcel of life 70 Figure 1.29 Graphical presentation of following the religious rules-regulation 71 Figure 1.30 Graphical presentation of Types of technologies use by respondents for daily needs, academic needs, communication etc. 72 Figure 1.31 Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents that these technologies are affecting traditional culture 73 Figure 1.32 Graphical presentation of Type of film, movie, TV shows preferred by respondents which they watch 74 Figure 1.33 Graphical presentation of Reading other books/literature beside academic books by respondents 75 Figure 1.34 Graphical presentation of Type of profession mainly preferred for present or future life by respondents 77 Figure 1.35 Graphical presentation of Part time job performed/performing by respondents 78 Figure 1.36 Graphical presentation of Approach of the respondents about opposite gender 79 Figure 1.37 Graphical presentation of the approach of inspiring to adopt various factors by respondents such as sexual relation, attending night club, taking drugs etc. which are found in Hollywood movies, TV shows & music videos 80

10 | P a g e

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION      

Statement of the problem Rationale of the study Objectives of the Study Literature review Methodology Expected outcome

11 | P a g e

1.1. Statement of the Problem: Young generation is the future of a country. Every country depends for the building of their brighter future on young generation. Bangladesh is not an exception. The young generation of Bangladesh has played very important role to face the barriers and various problems regarding our country. It is very important for government and all the general people and the senior generation to manage and observe the environment and the culture among which they are growing up and what are influencing their life. In recent time or over some decades the situation in Bangladesh of the young generation has been changed. This change mainly seen in the process of culture and culture related issues. Because, if we see the present time or can see back few years, there must be reveal a huge effect of Western and Indian culture upon the young generation of Bangladesh. Though the young generation of Bangladesh is affected by the neighbouring country India’s culture slightly, but the main effect upon them has been caused by Western culture. This effect of Western culture is both bad and good among the present generation of Bangladesh. But the main concerning topic is that the culture of young generation is changing through the impact of Western culture. We can see the effect of change in the pattern of dress, pattern of fashion, pattern of education, pattern of thinking, pattern of conversation, pattern of communication, pattern of music and other medias, pattern of job and work, pattern of moral, pattern of behavior and so on. The globalization and the proliferation of the mass media confronted the risks of cultural uniformity with the possibilities of unprecedented cultural integration. The problem starts with the world or global culture. In this context of integrated world, similar apprehensions of loss of national culture and identity are justifiably felt by peripheral nations as this unbridled and free flow of global communication poses genuine threats to the autonomy and the viability of the cultures of weaker and economically more dependent societies, primarily indigenous third world cultures, or even to the cultures of some first world societies, whose ‘authenticity' and uniqueness were seen as perilously vulnerable to the products of Hollywood and U.S Television. For example, European Union policies designed to create ‘a trade barrier to limit American entertainment imports in the name of cultural preservation’ to reduce the effect of American culture on their young generation. (Ashraf Khan, 2009). In order to understand the concept of national cultural identity or culture of young generation, it must be clear what is meant by “Culture”. Culture can be defined as a complete way of life of people, the shared attitude, values, goals and practices that characterize a group, their 12 | P a g e

customs, art, language, literature, religion, philosophy, etc., the pattern of learned and shared behavior among the members of a group. In short culture is a way of life shared by the members of a society. This includes their ideas, beliefs, language, values, knowledge, customs and the things they make. (Ashraf Khan, 2009). Bangladesh is a melting pot of races. She, therefore, has a mixed culture. However, her deep rooted heritage is amply reflected in her architecture, literature, dance, drama, music and painting and also in peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lifestyle. She has own Language Bengali which boasts a rich literary heritage. (Gomes and Nafiur, 2010) Now if we speak about Western culture, it is a wide range of culture that performed by the whole world. Now-a-days this culture is highly spreading in our country and people are paying their interest into western culture by the help of globalization. Mostly the young generations and highly aristocratic families are very much influenced by western culture which holds negative impact on our own culture. So, we have to make clear consciousness to the community for making strong cultural bond and better society. (Gomes and Nafiur, 2010) Bangladeshi culture is influenced by three great religions- Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam in successive order, with Islam having the most pervading and lasting impact. Like a colorful montage, the cultural tradition of the country is a happy blending of many variants, unique in diversity but in essence greatly symmetrical. (Gomes and Nafiur, 2010). On the other hand, Western culture began in Ancient Greece. Today, Western culture has at least some presence in nearly all nations of the world. It does not currently exist, however, anywhere in a perfect and complete form. Western culture currently dominates in many Western and Central European nations and several nations settled by Europeans and their descendants. Western culture also significantly exists in many Asian nations, such as Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore, and it is increasingly influential in India and China. Western culture currently has little meaningful presence also in Bangladesh. (Gomes and Nafiur, 2010).

13 | P a g e

1.2. Rationale of the study: The term ‘Western Culture’ is a very familiar concept among the countries of the east side of the world specially the south Asian countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan, India etc. If we focus on Bangladesh, the scenario of the familiarity of the term western culture can be easily accessed. Especially the young generation of Bangladesh is very much affected by western culture. If we observe the pattern of daily living of young boys or girls or teenagers, they are 80-90% exaggerated by the direct impact of western culture. The effects of western culture on young generation of Bangladesh are not always negative. But it is a matter of big anxiety that the young generation is adopting negative sides of western culture very much. The indigenous or traditional culture of our country is under threat. Although there is some positive sides of western culture which can be evaluated in the context of our country, but there is also necessity to focus the original picture of the impact of western culture on young generation of our country. As a member of young generation, I want to evaluate the real picture of the effects of western culture on our young generation. Through this study I want to find out the factors that led to emerge the issue. It should be addressed as a major issue in the current context of our country when our traditional cultures and norms are in front of abolition.

1.3. Objectives of the Study: Here two types of objectives have been identified for the study: 1.3.1. Broad ObjectivesThe broad objective of my study is to identify the impacts or effects of ‘Western Culture’ on young generation of Bangladesh. 1.3.2. Specific Objectives To know how western culture plays role to change the pattern of behavior of young peoples.  To explore the types of the major changes that have been taken place among the young generation caused by the effects of western culture.  To identify the attitude of young generation toward the traditional culture and western culture. 14 | P a g e

1.4. Literature Review: Gale and Fahay (2005) concluded a study focusing on how the young generation is changing through time and generation. The change is being taken place over various generations basically in South and East Asian countries. They studied on various group of young peoples in these countries. They have focused on various issues regarding aspects of young generation mainly such as culture, habit, behaviour, norms, values, thinking, psychology etc. They tried to find out the change of their culture and psychology through the impact of various external and internal cultures. They said that, there are various effects of external cultures on young peoples of these countries. They observed that the impact of western culture on these young people and explained the effects in some negative and positive way both. They also discussed many issues such as, Youth in Asia: An overview, cultures and societies in transition: The challenges of growing up in a globalized world, Global cultural change and young peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wellbeing, Globalization and an epidemic: The consequences of HIV/AIDS for young people, A demographic view of changing youth in Asia, Generational change and cyber politics in Asia and so on. But they focused a whole chapter on the impacts of external cultures on young people. Gomes and Rahman (2010) discussed in a report that there is various positive and negative effects on our society by western culture. They structured a report on effects of western culture on our society that means Bangladeshi society. They also focused on the issue of young generation which is affected by western culture very much. They said in their study, now a dayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the production and consumption of cultural goods and services has become commodities, along with the essentials of social life (marriage and family life, religion work and leisure). What once was an element of the way of life becomes a product, rather than something unique men had made to suit their own needs and circumstances. In urban Bangladesh, technology of multi- channels TV began in 1991 and hence satellite broadcasting has been delivering 'lots of channels to viewers'. Cultural domination by electronic media within the society thus has eventually become a major concern of sociological inquiry. Their study is one of such effort to look at how the urban people, mostly youth has accepted and responded to their access to Western culture. They mainly emphasized on how the western culture is playing negative roles on Bangladeshi society and young generation.

15 | P a g e

Lamare (2009) elaborated in his article about cultural globalization. He also find out the way of globalization of culture of western countries specially USA which is affecting the Asian and African countries heavily. He focused on changing pattern of cultures and adopting the western culture in various Asian countries. He mainly pointed out the positive roles of western culture among Asian and South Asian countries and their societies. According to his article, while it can be true, to some extent, that the American economic and cultural attraction has won over the hearts and minds of the majorities of the young people of the western world, it cannot be said with the same certainly that it is the case in the other parts of the world. We have to consider that today millions of Africans and Asian live in absolute poverty, that fundamentalism and extremism are on the rise, that most the Asian countries are still entrenched in their traditional culture, that most of the islands of the Indian Ocean, the Caribbean and the Pacific still have strong feeling about their heritage. While millions are leading a hand to mouth existence, it is hard to conceive how they can aspire to converge to a global culture while living in a different reality. The rise of the popular culture is having more impact in Western countries where paradoxically, more debates and questions are raised mainly by academics. Dengar (1996) argued in his famous book that USA is spreading its culture toward many countries. He also focused on issues like rise of American nationalism, rise of new world, emergence of other super powers and cultural globalization etc. He discussed the way of spreading cultures of USA outside various countries especially in Asian countries. He also discussed in his book how the Asian countries especially the young peoples in these countries are adopting the cultures and patterns of American cultures. He spent a full chapter of his book regarding this issue.

16 | P a g e

1.5. Methodology: 1.5.1. Nature of the study: The study is a research paper based on explanatory or descriptive process. The study has been conducted through the use of survey design. Data has been collected through incorporating relevant items in the questionnaire and analyzed and interpreted using descriptive techniques. This paper is based on quantitative data. 1.5.2. Method of the study: The study is based on survey method and case study method. 1.5.3. Study area: The study area is selected Khulna metropolitan city of country Bangladesh. There is some procedure of emphasize on central or densely populated Thana or areas such as Shonadanga, Boyra, Khalishpur, Khulna Shodor, Botiaghata, Gollamary, Boshupara, Moilapota etc. where the population of study is easily available. Because the young peoples of centrally urban areas are mainly affected by western culture. 1.5.4. Unit of analysis: The people of young generation that means the people of the age 16 years to 25 or 28 years both boys and girls will be the unit of analysis. 1.5.5. Population of the study: All the people of 16 to 28 years of age. 1.5.6. Sampling procedure: Data has been collected from the field by using simple random sampling technique. It is a probability method of sampling. 1.5.7. Sample size determination: Multistage random sampling technique have been incorporated here: ď&#x192;ź Stage-1: 4 Thana has been selected randomly from Khulna District. ď&#x192;ź Stage-2: 8 areas or localities (2 from each Thana) have been selected randomly. ď&#x192;ź Stage-3:13 people have been selected randomly from each areas and the total sample will be 105.

1.5.8. Sources of data: Data can be collected from two types of sources, they are: primary and secondary data. Here in this study, explanation is based on primary data which has been collected through field work by interview with questionnaire. There is also some help and reference of secondary data such as print media, electronic media etc. 1.5.9. Development of study instruments: The data has been collected with the help of some instruments like questionnaire papers, notebook, multimedia devices such as mobile phone etc.

17 | P a g e

1.5. 10. Field work: Field work is basically data collection which has been collected through interview schedule technique, and has been asked and filled by the interviewer in face-to-face situation with the help of specific questionnaire. Almost certainly the field work has been completed within 6 or 7 days. 1.5.11. Processing of data: Data has been computerized, analyzed and processed using various statistical techniques and software like SPSS and Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word etc. 1.5.12. Analysis and interpretation of data: Data which has been collected is presented and analyzed through software like SPSS, MS Excel etc. and with the help of output tables containing frequency, percentage etc. There is also presentation with graphs or charts. 1.5.13. Limitations of the study: There can be pointed out some limitations which have been faced to complete the study:  This study can’t cover up all-embracing dimensions of young people’s culture.  There is limitation of logistic support to, correctly, gather and interpret data.  There is possibility that the informants might not provide the actual data due to unconsciousness and conventional thinking.  There was problem of communication as the study area is limited.  Financial support is essential to conduct a comprehensive study, and as a student I don’t have that ability to conduct the study in large scale.  There is problem of experience as I am not much experienced in research.

18 | P a g e

1.6. Expected outcome: After completing the research I hope I’ll get dependable and reliable result. I’ll come to know about the real scenario of impact of western culture on young people. I hope I will be able to find out a comparative picture of the negative and positive impacts of western culture on young generation. I also hope to know about:  Changing pattern of behaviour of young people.  How western culture playing role to change the behavioural approach, norms and values of young people.  Changes of dress pattern and oral language of young people.  Situation of using English language as a part of western culture.  Situation of adopting western music, movies, fashions and their effects upon young people.  Other changes among young generation for the impact of western culture.  The attitude toward indigenous or Bangladeshi culture of young people.  The moral value of young people to accept western culture.  The consciousness among young people that our cultural identity is whether vanishing or uprising regarding the entrance of western culture.  If it is a problem that western culture is affecting badly on our young generation, find out some suggestions to solve this.

19 | P a g e

CHAPTER TWO

ISSUES RELATED IMPACT OF WESTERN CULTURE     

What is meant by western culture What is meant by Bangladeshi or our traditional culture Bangladeshi culture versus western culture Conceptual framework Theoretical framework

20 | P a g e

2.1. What is meant by western culture: Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization or European civilization, is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, religious beliefs, political systems, and specific artifacts and technologies. The term has come to apply to countries whose history is strongly marked by European immigration or settlement, such as the Americas, and Australasia, and is not restricted to Western Europe. Western culture stems from two sources: the Classical Period of the Greco-Roman era and the influence of Christianity. The artistic, philosophic, literary, and legal themes and traditions; the heritages of especially Latin, Celtic, Germanic, and Hellenic ethnic or linguistic groups; as well as a tradition of rationalism in various spheres of life, developed by Hellenistic philosophy, Scholasticism, Humanisms, the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment; and including, in political thought, widespread rational arguments in favour of free thought, human rights, equality and democracy. Historical records of western culture in its European geographical range begin with Ancient Greece, and then Ancient Rome, Christianization during the European Middle Ages, and reform and modernization starting by Renaissance, and globalized by successive European empires that spread the European ways of life and education between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. European Culture developed with a complex range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism and mysticism, Christian and secular humanism. Rational thinking developed through a long age of change and formation with the experiments of enlightenment, naturalism, romanticism, science, democracy, and socialism. With its global connection, European culture grew with an all-inclusive urge to adopt, adapt, and ultimately influence other trends of culture. Some tendencies that have come to define modern Western societies are the existence of political pluralism, prominent subcultures or countercultures (such as New Age movements), and increasing cultural syncretism resulting from globalization and human migration. (Morena, 2008)[1]

2.1.1. Terminology: The Greeks contrasted themselves to their Eastern neighbors, such as the Trojans in Iliad, setting an example for later contrasts between east and west. In the middle Ages, Islam in the Near East provided a contrast to the West though it had been Hellenized since the time of 21 | P a g e

Alexander the Great, and had been ruled by Rome and Constantinople and part of "Christendom". In the later 20th to early 21st century, with the advent of increasing globalism, it has become more difficult to determine which individuals fit into which category, and the Eastâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;West contrast is sometimes criticized as relativistic and arbitrary. Globalism has, especially since the end of the cold war, spread western ideas so widely that almost all modern countries or cultures are to some extent influenced by aspects of western culture which they have absorbed. Recent stereotyped Western views of "the West" have been labeled Occidentalism, paralleling Orientalism, the term for the 19th century stereotyped views of "the East". Geographically, "The West" today would normally be said to include Western Europe as well as certain territories belonging to the Anglosphere, the Hispanidad, the Lusofonia or the Francophonie. (Morena, 2008)[1]

2.1.2. Cultural forms: Some cultural and artistic modalities are characteristically Western in origin and form. While dance, music, visual art, story-telling, and architecture are human universals, they are expressed in the West in certain characteristic ways. In Western dance, music, plays and other arts, the performers are only very infrequently masked. There are essentially no taboos against depicting God, or other religious figures, in a representational fashion. (Tomlinson, 2003)[9]

2.1.3. Music: The symphony, concerto, sonata, opera and oratorio have their origins in Italy. Many important musical instruments used by cultures all over the world were also developed in the West; among them are the violin, piano, pipe organ, saxophone, trombone, clarinet, and the Theremin. The solo piano, symphony orchestra and the string quartet are also important performing musical forms. Historically, the main forms of western music are European folk, choral, classical, country, rock and roll, hip-hop, and electronica. Many forms of popular music have been derived from African-Americans, and their innovations of jazz and blues serve as the basis from which much of modern popular music 22 | P a g e

was derived. Folklore and music during 20th and 19th centuries, initially by themselves, but later played and further developed together with White & Black Americans, British people, and Westerners in general. These include jazz, blues and rock music (that in a wider sense include the rock and roll and heavy metal genres), rhythm and blues, funk, Hip-Hop, techno as well as the ska and reggae genres from Jamaica. Several other related or derived styles were developed and introduced by western pop culture such as pop, metal and dance music. Other well-known Western musical genres include the music played by Mexican mariachis, the Argentine and Uruguayan tango, North American jazz and Brazilian bossa nova. (Tomlinson, 2003)[9]

2.1.4. Painting and photography: Jan van Eyck among other renaissance painters made great advances in oil painting, and perspective drawings and paintings had their earliest practitioners in Florence. In art, the Celtic knot is a very distinctive Western repeated motif. Depictions of the nude human male and female in photography, painting and sculpture are frequently considered to have special artistic merit. Realistic portraiture is especially valued. Photography and the motion picture as a technology and as the basis for entirely new art forms were also developed first in the West. (Wikipedia, 2012)[11]

2.1.5. Dance and performing arts: The ballet is a distinctively Western form of performance dance. The ballroom dance is an important Western variety of dance for the elite. The polka, the square dance, and the Irish step dance are very well known Western forms of folk dance. The soap opera, a popular culture dramatic form originated in the United States first on radio in the 1930s, then a couple of decades later on television. The music video was also developed in the West in the middle of the twentieth century. (Wikipedia, 2012)[11]

2.1.6. Literature: While epic literary works in verse such as the Mahabarata and Homer's Iliad are ancient and occurred worldwide, the novel as a distinct form of storytelling only arose in the West in the period 1200 to 1750. (Wikipedia, 2012)[11]

23 | P a g e

2.1.7. Architecture: Important western architectural motifs include the Doric, Corinthian, and Ionic columns, and the Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque, and Victorian styles are still widely recognized and used even today, in the West. Much of Western architecture emphasizes repetition of simple motifs, straight lines and expansive, undecorated planes. A modern ubiquitous architectural form that emphasizes this characteristic is the skyscraper, first developed in New York and Chicago. (Wikipedia, 2012)[11]

2.1.8. Religion: Religion has waned considerably in Western Europe, where many are agnostic or atheist. Nearly half of the populations of the United Kingdom (44–54%), Germany (41–49%), France (43–54%) and the Netherlands (39–44%) are non-theist. However, religious belief in the United States is very strong, about 75–85% of the population, as is most of Latin America. (Wikipedia, 2012)[11]

2.1.9. Sport: Since Classical Antiquity, sport has been an important facet of Western cultural expression. A wide range of sports were already established by the time of Ancient Greece and the military culture and the development of sports in Greece influenced one another considerably. Sports became such a prominent part of their culture that the Greeks created the Olympic Games, which in ancient times were held every four years in a small village in the Peloponnesus called Olympia. Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a Frenchman, instigated the modern revival of the Olympic movement. The first modern Olympics were held at Athens in 1896. The Romans built immense structures such as the Coliseum in Rome to house their festivals of sport. The Romans exhibited a passion for blood sports, as in the infamous Gladiatorial battles which pitted contestants against one another in a fight to the death. The Olympic Games revived many of the sports of Classical Antiquity - such as Greco-Roman wrestling, discus and javelin. The sport of Bullfighting is a traditional spectacle of Spain, Portugal, southern France and some Latin American countries which trace its roots to prehistoric bull worship and sacrifice and is often linked to Rome, where many human-versus-animal events were held.

24 | P a g e

Bullfighting spread from Spain to its Central and South American colonies and in the 19th century to France, where it developed into a distinctive form in its own right. Jousting and hunting were popular sports in the Western Europe of the middle Ages, and the aristocratic classes of Europe developed passions for leisure activities. A great number of the popular global sports were first developed or codified in Europe. The modern game of golf originated in Scotland, where the first written record of golf is James II's banning of the game in 1457, as an unwelcome distraction to learning archery. The Industrial Revolution which began in Britain in the 18th Century brought increased leisure time, leading to more time for citizens to attend and follow spectator sports, greater participation in athletic activities, and increased accessibility. These trends continued with the advent of mass media and global communication. The bat and ball sport of cricket was first played in England during the 16th century and was exported around the globe via the British Empire. A number of popular modern sports were devised or codified in Britain during the 19th Century and obtained global prominence â&#x20AC;&#x201C; these include Ping Pong, modern tennis, Association Football, Netball and Rugby. Football (also known as soccer) remains hugely popular in Europe but has grown from its origins to be known as the "world game". Similarly, sports such as cricket, rugby and netball were exported around the world, particularly among countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, thus India and Australia are among the strongest cricketing nations, while victory in the Rugby World Cup has been shared among the Western Nations of New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and England. Australian Rules football, an Australian variation of football with similarities to Gaelic football and rugby evolved in the British colony of Victoria in the mid-19th century. The United States also developed unique variations of English sports. English migrants took antecedents of baseball to America during the colonial period. The history of American football can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football. Many games known as "football" were being played at colleges and universities in the United States in the first half of the 19th century American football resulted from several major divergences from rugby, most notably the rule changes instituted by Walter Camp, the "Father of American Football". Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith, a Canadian physical education instructor working in Springfield, Massachusetts in the United States. From these American origins, basketball has grown to be one of the great international participation sports. 25 | P a g e

Professionalism in sport in the West became prevalent during the 20th Century, further adding to the increase in sport's popularity, as sports fans began following the exploits of professional athletes through radio, television, and the internetâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;all while enjoying the exercise and competition associated with amateur participation in sports. (Wikipedia, 2012)[11]

2.1.10. Scientific and technological inventions and discoveries: A feature of Western culture is its focus on science and technology, and its ability to generate new processes, materials and material artifacts. It was the West that first developed steam power and adapted its use into factories, and for the generation of electrical power. The electrical motor, dynamo, transformer, and electric light, and indeed most of the familiar electrical appliances, were inventions of the West. The Otto and the Diesel internal combustion engines are products whose genesis and early development were in the West. Nuclear power stations are derived from the first atomic pile constructed in Chicago in 1942. Communication devices and systems including the telegraph, the telephone, radio, television, communication and navigation satellites, mobile phone, and the Internet were all invented by Westerners. The pencil, ballpoint pen, CRT, LCD, LED, photograph, photocopier, laser printer, ink jet printer, plasma display screen and world wide web were also invented in the West. Ubiquitous materials including concrete, aluminum, clear glass, synthetic rubber, synthetic diamond and the plastics polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and polystyrene were invented in the West. Iron and steel ships, bridges and skyscrapers first appeared in the West. Nitrogen fixation and petrochemicals were invented by Westerners. Most of the elements were discovered and named in the West, as well as the contemporary atomic theories to explain them. The transistor, integrated circuit, memory chip, and computer were all first seen in the West. The ship's chronometer, the screw propeller, the locomotive, bicycle, automobile, and aero plane were all invented in the West. Eyeglasses, the telescope, the microscope and electron microscope, all the varieties of chromatography, protein and DNA sequencing, computerized tomography, NMR, x-rays, and light, ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy, were all first developed and applied in Western laboratories, hospitals and factories.

26 | P a g e

In medicine, vaccination, anesthesia, and all the pure antibiotics were created in the West. The method of preventing Rh disease, the treatment of diabetes, and the germ theory of disease were discovered by Westerners. The eradication of that ancient scourge, smallpox, was led by a Westerner, Donald Henderson. Radiography, Computed tomography, Positron emission tomography and Medical ultrasonography are important diagnostic tools developed in the West. Other important diagnostic tools of clinical chemistry including the methods of spectrophotometry, electrophoresis and immunoassay were first devised by Westerners. So were the stethoscope, electrocardiograph, and the endoscope. Vitamins, hormonal contraception, hormones, insulin, Beta blockers and ACE inhibitors, along with a host of other medically proven drugs were first utilized to treat disease in the West. The double-blind study and evidence-based medicine are critical scientific techniques widely used in the West for medical purposes. In mathematics, calculus, statistics, logic, vector, tensor and complex analysis, group theory and topology were developed by Westerners. In biology, evolution, chromosomes, DNA, genetics and the methods of molecular biology are creatures of the West. In physics, the science of mechanics and quantum mechanics, relativity, thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics were all developed by Westerners. The discoveries and inventions by Westerners in electromagnetism include Coulomb's law (1785), the first battery (1800), the unity of electricity and magnetism (1820), Biotâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Savart law (1820), Ohm's Law (1827), and the Maxwell's equations (1871). The atom, nucleus, electron, neutron and proton were all unveiled by Westerners. In finance, double entry bookkeeping, the limited liability company, life insurance, and the charge card were all first used in the West. Westerners are also known for their explorations of the globe and space. The first expedition to circumnavigate the Earth (1522) was by Westerners, as well as the first to set foot on the South Pole (1911), and the first human to land on the moon (1969). The landing of robots on Mars (2004) and on an asteroid (2001), and the Voyager explorations of the outer planets (Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989) were all achievements of Westerners. (Wikipedia, 2012)[11]

27 | P a g e

2.1.11. Themes and traditions: Western culture has developed many themes and traditions, the most significant of which are: 

Greco-Latin classic letters, arts, architecture, philosophical and cultural tradition, that include the influence of preeminent authors such as Plato, Aristotle, Homer, Herodotus, and Cicero, as well as a long mythological tradition



A tradition of the importance of the rule of law which has its roots in Ancient Greece.



The Catholic and Protestant Christian cultural tradition and ethic.



Secular humanism, rationalism and Enlightenment thought, as opposed to traditionally preeminent Catholicism and Protestant Christianity, religious and moral doctrines in lifestyle. Though such opposition has not fully ended, it set the basis for a new critical attitude and open questioning of religion, favouring freethinking and questioning of the church as an authority, which resulted in open-minded and reformist ideals inside, such as liberation theology, which partly adopted these currents, and secular and political tendencies such as laicism, agnosticism, materialism and atheism.



Widespread usage of terms and specific vocabulary borrowed, based or derived from Greek and Latin roots or etymologies for almost any field of arts, science and human knowledge, becoming easily understandable and common to almost any European language, and being a source for inventing internationalized neologisms for nearly any purpose. It is not rare for full loan Latin phrases or expressions, such as in situ, habeas corpus or tempus fugit, to be in usage, many of them giving name to artistic or literary concepts or currents. The usage of such roots and phrases is standardized in giving official scientific names for biological species (such as Homo sapiens or Tyrannosaurus rex). This shows a reverence for these languages, called classicism.



Generalized usage of some form of the Latin or Greek alphabet. The latter includes the standard cases of Greece and other derived forms, such as Cyrillic, the case of those Slavic Eastern countries of Christian Orthodox tradition, historically under the Byzantine and later Russian czarist or Soviet area of influence. Other variants of it are encountered for Gothic and Coptic alphabets, that historically substituted older scripts, such as Runic, and Demotic or Hieroglyphic systems.



Scholasticism.

28 | P a g e



Renaissance arts and letters.



Natural law, human rights, constitutionalism, parliamentarism (or presidentialism) and formal liberal democracy in recent times — prior to the 19th century, most Western governments were still monarchies.



A large influence, in modern times, of many of the ideals and values developed and inherited from Romanticism



Several subcultures (sometimes deriving into urban tribes) and countercultural movements, such as hippie lifestyle or New Age, that have left several influences on contemporary mainstream or subcultural tendencies (some of them, especially in the mainstream, can become merely aesthetic). (Wikipedia, 2012)[11]

2.2. What is meant by Bangladeshi or our traditional culture: Bangladesh has a long history in its culture. The land, the rivers, and the lives of the Bengali people formed a rich heritage with marked differences from neighbouring regions. It has evolved over the centuries and encompasses the cultural diversity of several social groups of Bangladesh. The Bengal Renaissance of the 19th and early 20th centuries noted Bengali writers, saints, authors, scientists, researchers, thinkers, music composers, painters and filmmakers have played a significant role in the development of Bengali culture. The Bengal Renaissance contained the seeds of a nascent political Indian nationalism and was the precursor in many ways to modern Indian artistic and cultural expression. The culture of Bangladesh is composite and over the centuries has assimilated influences of Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. It is manifested in various forms, including music, dance and drama; art and craft; folklore and folktale; languages and literature, philosophy and religion; festivals and celebrations, as also in a distinct cuisine and culinary tradition. (Banglapedia, 2011)[14]

2.2.1. Music, dance, drama and film: The music and dance styles of Bangladesh may be divided into three categories: classical, folk and modern. The classical style has been influenced by other prevalent classical forms of music and dances of the Indian subcontinent, and accordingly show some influenced dance forms like Bharata Natyam and Kuchipudi. The folk and tribal music and dance forms of Bangladesh are of indigenous origin and rooted to the soil of Bangladesh. Several dancing styles in vogue in the north-eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, like monipuri and santal 29 | P a g e

dances, are also practiced in Bangladesh, but Bangladesh has developed its own distinct dancing styles. Bangladesh has a rich tradition of folk songs, with lyrics rooted into vibrant tradition and spirituality, mysticism and devotion. Such folk songs also revolve round several other themes, including love themes. Most prevalent of folk songs and music traditions include Bhatiali, Baul, Marfati, Murshidi and Bhawaiya. Lyricists like Lalon Shah, Hason Raja, Kangal Harinath, Romesh Shill, Abbas Uddin and many unknown anonymous lyrists have enriched the tradition of folk songs of Bangladesh. In relatively modern context, Rabindra Sangeet and Nazrul geeti form precious cultural heritage of Bangladesh. In recent time, western influences have given rise to several quality rock bands, particularly in urban centers like Dhaka. Several musical instruments, some of them of indigenous origin, are used in Bangladesh, and major musical instruments used are the bamboo flute (banshi), drums (dhol), a single stringed instrument named ektara, a four stringed instrument called dotara, a pair of metal bawls used for rhythm effect called mandira, are important in the culture of Bangladesh. Currently, several musical instruments of western origin like guitars, drums, and the saxophone are also used, sometimes alongside with traditional instruments. (Banglapedia, 2011)[14]

2.2.2. Festivals and celebrations: Festivals and celebrations are an integral part of the culture of Bangladesh. Prominent and widely celebrated festivals are Pohela Boishakh, Independence day, National Mourning Day, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Muharram, Durga puja, and Language Movement Day.

2.2.2.1. Eid ul-Fitr: As the most important religious festival for the majority of Muslims, the celebration of Eid ul-Fitr has become a part of the culture of Bangladesh. The government of Bangladesh declares the holiday for three days on Eid-ul Fitr. People living in towns have their families or parents in villages go to their country homes to meet relatives and celebrate the festival together. All outgoing public transport from the major cities has become highly crowded and in many cases the fares tend to rise in spite of government restrictions. Males from around the Barashalghar union of Comilla's Debidwar upazila can be seen attending Khutbah as part of the Eid-ul Fitr prayers on November 7, 2011.On Eid day, the Eid prayer are held all over the country, in open areas like fields or inside mosques. In Dhaka, the largest Eid prayer is held at the national Eidgah. All major mosques including the Baitul Mukarram also holds prayers. The biggest congregation of Bangladesh is held at Sholakia in 30 | P a g e

Kishoreganj, where about half a million people join the Eid prayer. After the Eid prayers, people return home, visit each other's home and eat sweet dishes called shirni. Throughout the day gentlemen embrace each other. It is also customary for junior members of the society to touch the feet of the seniors, and seniors returning blessings (sometimes with a small sum of money as a gift). In the rural areas, the Eid festival is observed with great fanfare. In some areas Eid fares are arranged. Different types of games including boat racing, kabaddi, and other traditional Bangladeshi games as well as modern games like cricket and football are played on this occasion. In urban areas, people play music, visit each other's houses and eat special food. Watching movies and television programs has also become an integral part of the Eid celebration in urban areas. All local TV channels air special program for several days for this occasion. (Samuel, 2009)[5]

2.2.2.2. Eid ul-Ajha: The celebration of Eid ul-Ajha is similar to Eid ul-Fitr in many ways. The only big difference is the Qurbani or sacrifice of domestic animals on Eid ul-Ajha. Numerous temporary marketplaces of different sizes called haat operate in the big cities for sale of Qurbani animals (usually cows and goats). In the morning on the Eid day, immediately after the prayer, affluent people slaughter their animal of choice. Less affluent people also take part in the festivity by visiting houses of the affluent who are taking part in qurbani. After the qurbani, a large portion of the meat is given to the poor people. Although the religious doctrine allows the sacrifice anytime over a period of three days starting from the Eid day, most people prefer to perform the ritual on the first day of Eid. However, the public holiday spans over three to four days. Many people from the big cities go to their ancestral houses and homes in the villages to share the joy of the festival with friends and relatives. (Samuel, 2009)[5]

2.2.2.3. Pohela Boishakh: P么hela Boishakh is the first day of the Bangla Calendar. It is usually celebrated on the 14th of April. Pohela Boishakh marks the start day of the crop season. Usually on P么hela Boishakh, the home is thoroughly scrubbed and cleaned; people bathe early in the morning and dress in fine clothes. They spend much of the day visiting relatives, friends, and neighbours and going to the fair. Fairs are arranged in many parts of the country where various agricultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold. The fairs also provide entertainment, with singers, dancers and traditional plays and 31 | P a g e

songs. Horse races, bull races, bullfights, cockfights, flying pigeons, and boat racing were once popular. All gatherings and fairs consist a wide spread of Bengali food and sweets. The most colourful New Year's Day festival takes place in Dhaka. Large numbers of people gather early in the morning under the banyan tree at Ramna Park where Chhayanat artists open the day with Rabindranath Tagore's famous song, Esho, he Boishakh, Esho esho (Come, year, come, come). A similar ceremony welcoming the New Year is also held at the Institute of Fine Arts (Dhaka) and University of Dhaka. Students and teachers of the institute take out a colourful procession and parade to round the campus. Social and cultural organizations celebrate the day with cultural programs. Newspapers bring out special supplements. There are also special programs on radio and television. Prior to this day, special discounts on clothes, furniture, electronics and various deals and shopping discounts are available. Special line of sarees, usually cotton, white sarees with red print and embroidery is sold before this day as everyone dresses up for this day. Jasmine flowers are also a huge sale for this event which adorns the women's hair. (Samuel, 2009)[5]

2.2.3. Language Movement Day: Language Movement Day is a unique part of the culture of Bangladesh. Every year on February 21 this day is observed to pay tribute to the martyrs who sacrificed their lives to establish Bengali as the official language of then East Pakistan in 1952. The mood of the day is sad and humble. The celebration of Language Movement Day goes on the entire month of February. Ekushey Book Fair is a book fair arranged to mark this occasion every year. The fair has also become an integral part of the culture of Bangladesh. Authors and readers in Bangladesh eagerly await the fair each year. To commemorate this movement, Shaheed Minar, a solemn and symbolic sculpture, was erected in the place of the massacre. Today the Shaheed Minar is the center of cultural activities in Dhaka. On the morning of February 21 each year, people from all walks of life including the national leaders pay tribute to the martyrs by leaving flowers at Shaheed Minar. A very melodious and melancholy song, Amar Bhaier Rokte Rangano, written by Abdul Gaffar Choudhury and composed by Altaf Mahmud, is played repeatedly in electronic media and cultural gatherings throughout the month, and especially on February 21. This song, too, has become a symbolic mark of culture of Bangladesh. (Samuel, 2009)[5]

32 | P a g e

2.2.4. Weddings: A traditional wedding is arranged by Ghotoks (matchmakers), who are typically friends or relatives of the couple. The matchmakers facilitate the introduction, and also help agree the amount of any settlement. Bengali weddings are traditionally in five parts: first it is the bride and groom's Mehendi Shondha, the bride's Gaye Holud, the groom's Gaye Holud, the Beeya, and the Bou Bhaat. These often take place on separate days. The first event in a wedding is an informal one: the groom presents the bride with a ring marking the "engagement" which is gaining popularity. For the mehendi shondha the bride's side apply henna to each other as well as the bride for the bride's Gaye Holud, the groom's family - except the groom himself, go in procession to the bride's home. Bride's friends and family apply turmeric paste to her body as a part of Gaye Holud, and they are traditionally all in matching clothes, mostly orange in colour. The bride is seated on a dais, and the henna is used to decorate the bride's hands and feet with elaborate abstract designs. The sweets are then fed to the bride by all involved, piece by piece. The actual wedding ceremony "Biye" follows the Gaye Holud ceremonies. The wedding ceremony is arranged by the bride's family. On the day, the younger members of the bride's family barricade the entrance to the venue, and demand a sort of admission charge from the groom in return for allowing him to enter. The bride and groom are seated separately, and a Kazi (authorized person by the govt. to perform the wedding), accompanied by the parents and a Wakil (witness) from each side formally asks the bride for her consent to the union, and then the groom for his. The bride's side of the family tries to play some kind of practical joke on the groom such as stealing the groom's shoe. The reception, also known as Bou-Bhaat (reception), is a party given by the groom's family in return for the wedding party. It is typically a much more relaxed affair, with only the secondbest wedding outfit being worn. (Banglapedia, 2011)[14]

2.2.5. Sports: Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh, followed by football. Kabaddi is the national sport in Bangladesh. Cricket is a game which has a massive and passionate following in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has joined the elite group of countries eligible to play Test Cricket since 2000. The Bangladesh national cricket team goes by the nickname of the Tigers - after the Royal Bengal Tiger. The people of Bangladesh enjoy watching live sports. Whenever there is a cricket or football match between popular local teams or international teams in any local stadium significant number of spectators gather to watch the match live. The people 33 | P a g e

also celebrate major victories of the national teams with great enthusiasm for the live game. Victory processions are the most common element in such celebrations. A former prime minister even made an appearance after an International one day cricket match in which Bangladesh beat Australia, she came to congratulate the victory. Also in late 2006 and 2007, football legend Zinedine Zidane paid a visit to local teams and various events thanks to the invite of Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Muhammad Yunus. (Banglapedia, 2011)[14]

2.2.6. Religion: Bangladesh is ethnically homogeneous, with Bengalis comprising 98% of the population. The majority of Bangladeshis (about 90%) are Muslim, and a small number of Hindus, Christians and Buddhists are also living in the country. But due to immense cultural diversity, multiple dialects, hybridization of social traits and norms as well as cultural upbringing, Bangladeshis cannot be stereotyped very easily, except for the only fact that they are very resilient in nature. People of different religions perform their religious rituals with festivity in Bangladesh. The Government has declared National Holidays on all important religious festivals of the four major religions. Durga Puja, Christmas and Buddha Purnima are celebrated with enthusiasm in Bangladesh. All of these form an integral part of the cultural heritage of Bangladesh. (Banglapedia, 2011)[14]

2.2.7. Lifestyle 2.2.7.1. Cuisine: Bangladesh is famous for its distinctive culinary tradition, and delicious food, snacks and savories. Boiled rice constitutes the staple food, and is served with a variety of vegetables, fried as well with curry, thick lentil soups, and fish and meat preparations of mutton and chicken, and more rarely pork and beef by certain groups. Sweetmeats of Bangladesh are mostly milk based, and consist of several delights including roshgulla, sandesh, rasamalai, gulap jamun, kalo jamun, and chom-chom. Several other sweet preparations are also available. Bengali cuisine is rich and varied with the use of many specialized spices and flavours. Fish is the dominant source of protein, cultivated in ponds and fished with nets in the fresh-water rivers of the Ganges delta. More than 40 types of mostly freshwater fish are common, including carp, varieties like rui (rohu), katla, magur (catfish), chingĹ&#x2014;i (prawn or shrimp), as well as shuĹŁki (dried sea fish) are popular. Salt water fish (not sea fish though) and Ilish (hilsa ilisha) is very popular among Bengalis, can be called an icon of Bengali cuisine. 34 | P a g e

Serving dishes with beef is not a rare occurrence in Bangladesh. Beef curry is very common and an essential part of Bengal cuisine. (Banglapedia, 2011)[14]

2.2.7.2. Dress: Bangladeshi people have unique dress preferences. Bangladeshi men wear kurta on religious and cultural occasions, lungi as casual wear and shirt-pant on formal occasions. Shalwar Kameez and Sharee are the main dresses of Bangladeshi women. The women also have a different preference to which types of Shalwar Kameez and Sharee they would like to wear. Whether it may be silk sharees, georgette sharees, or designer sharees each particular fabric contributes to representing the culture overall. Weaving the fabric for these dresses is a traditional art in Bangladesh. (Banglapedia, 2011)[14]

35 | P a g e

2.3. Bangladeshi culture versus western culture: Culture is called the total way of life of a people. Culture may be divided into 2 parts: 1. Material culture: Housing, Clothing, Food habit etc. 2. Non-Material culture: Marriage, Family and Relation, Religious festival etc. Below, here given an example of a comparison of culture between two villages. One is a village of Canada and other is a village of Bangladesh: Tree view of Silimpurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; village in Tangail, Bangladesh:

36 | P a g e

Tree view of Dovadoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; village in Canada:

37 | P a g e

Figure 1.1: Bangladeshi culture versus western culture; an example (www.admission_bd.com, 2011)[2]

38 | P a g e

2.4. Conceptual framework:

Impact on

Impact on food

education

habit

Impact on

language

dress pattern

Impact of western culture

Impact on Impact on

film and

family

literature Impact on

Impact on social customs and values

Impact on

communication

religion

and technology

Young generation

Figure 1.2: Impact of western culture on young generation

39 | P a g e

2.5. Theoretical framework: Here, with this topic, two renowned theories regarding culture can be correlated. They are: Acculturation theory and Cultural lag theory.

2.5.1. Acculturation theory: Acculturation is a process through which a group or community adopt a new culture or cultures which is different from their own. In Bangladesh, this topic is a good example of acculturation. Not only young people but also most of the people of our country is adopting western culture as a process of acculturation. Acculturation theory explains the process of cultural and psychological change that results following meeting between cultures. The effects of acculturation can be seen at multiple levels in both interacting cultures. At the group level, acculturation often results in changes to culture, customs, and social institutions. Noticeable group level effects of acculturation often include changes in food, clothing, and language. At the individual level, differences in the way individuals acculturate have been shown to be associated not just with changes in daily behavior, but with numerous measures of psychological and physical well-being. As enculturation is used to describe the process of first-culture learning, acculturation can be thought of as second-culture learning. The concept of acculturation has been studied scientifically since 1918. As it has been approached at different times from the fields of psychology, anthropology, and sociology, numerous theories and definitions have emerged to describe elements of the acculturative process. Despite definitions and evidence that acculturation entails a two-way process of change, research and theory have primarily focused on the adjustments and adaptations made by minorities such as immigrants, refugees, and indigenous peoples in response to their contact with the dominant majority. Contemporary research has primarily focused on different strategies of acculturation and how variations in acculturation affect how well individuals adapt to their society. (Microsoft Encarta, 2009)[12] 2.5.1.1. Historical approaches: The earliest recorded thoughts towards acculturation can be found in Sumerian inscriptions from 2370 B.C. These inscriptions laid out rules for commerce and interaction with foreigners designed to limit acculturation and protect traditional cultural practices. Plato also said that acculturation should be avoided as he thought it would lead to social disorder. 40 | P a g e

Accordingly, he proposed that no one should travel abroad until they are at least 40 years of age, and that travellers should be restricted to the ports of cities to minimize contact with native citizens. Nevertheless, the history of Western civilization, and in particular the histories of Europe and the United States, are largely defined by patterns of acculturation. J.W. Powell is credited with coining the word "acculturation" in 1880, defining it as "the psychological changes induced by cross-cultural imitation." The first psychological theory of acculturation was proposed in W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki's 1918 study, "The Polish Peasant in Europe and America." From studying Polish immigrants in Chicago, they illustrated three forms of acculturation corresponding to three personality types: Bohemian (adopting the host culture and abandoning their culture of origin), Philistine (failing to adopt the host culture but preserving their culture of origin), and Creative-Type (able to adapt to the host culture while preserving their culture of origin). In 1936, Redfield, Linton, & Herskovits provided the first widely used definition of acculturation as "those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groupsâ&#x20AC;Śunder this definition acculturation is to be distinguished fromâ&#x20AC;Śassimilation, which is at times a phase of acculturation. Since then scholars in different disciplines have developed more than 100 different theories of acculturation. (Microsoft Encarta, 2009)[12] 2.5.1.3. Fourfold Model: Meta-analyses of research on acculturation have shown pronounced disagreement in the categorization of different strategies of acculturation. However, the majority of these models have divided the ways in which individuals approach acculturation into four categories. The fourfold model categorizes acculturation strategies along two dimensions. The first dimension concerns the retention or rejection of an individual's minority or native culture (i.e. "Is it considered to be of value to maintain one's identity and characteristics?"). The second dimension concerns the adoption or rejection of the dominant group or host culture (i.e. "Is it considered to be of value to maintain relationships with the larger society?") From this, four acculturation strategies emerge. 1.Assimilation â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Assimilation occurs when individuals reject their minority culture and adopt the cultural norms of the dominant or host culture.

41 | P a g e

2.Separation â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Separation occurs when individuals reject the dominant or host culture in favor of preserving their culture of origin. Separation is often facilitated by immigration to ethnic enclaves. 3.Integration â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Integration occurs when individuals are able to adopt the cultural norms of the dominant or host culture while maintaining their culture of origin. Integration leads to, and is often synonymous with biculturalism. 4.Marginalization â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Marginalization occurs when individuals reject both their culture of origin and the dominant host culture. (Microsoft Encarta, 2009)[12]

2.5.2. Cultural lag theory: Cultural lag means the backwardness or remaining behind of a culture than any advanced or superior culture. This topic, impact of western culture of young generation, can be related with this theory. Young people of our country are adopting western culture. Behind this fact there is a fact that our culture is lag behind from western culture in many aspects especially according to the view of young generation. So, many of them are adopting it. The term cultural lag refers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag. Subsequently, cultural lag does not only apply to this idea only, but also relates to theory and explanation. It helps by identifying and explaining social problems and also to predict future problems. As explained by James W. Woodward, when the material conditions change, changes are occasioned in the adaptive culture, but these changes in the adaptive culture do not synchronize exactly with the change in the material culture, this delay is the culture lag. The term was coined by sociologist William F. Ogburn in his 1922 work Social change with respect to culture and original nature. His theory of cultural lag suggests that a period of maladjustment occurs when the non-material culture is struggling to adapt to new material conditions. This resonates with ideas of technological determinism, in that it presupposes that technology has independent effects on society at large. According to Ogburn, cultural lag is a common societal phenomenon due to the tendency of material culture to evolve and change rapidly and voluminously while non-material culture tends to resist change and remain fixed for a far longer period of time. Due to the opposing nature of these two aspects of culture, adaptation of new technology becomes rather difficult. 42 | P a g e

This distinction between material and non-material culture is also a contribution of Ogburn's 1922 work on social change. Cultural lag creates problems for a society in a multitude of ways. The issue of cultural lag tends to permeate any discussion in which the implementation of some new technology is a topic. For example, the advent of stem cell research has given rise to many new, potentially beneficial medical technologies; however these new technologies have also raised serious ethical questions about the use of stem cells in medicine. Cultural lag is seen as a critical ethical issue because failure to develop broad social consensus on appropriate applications of modern technology may lead to breakdowns in social solidarity and the rise of social conflict. (Microsoft Encarta, 2009)[13]

43 | P a g e

CHAPTER THREE

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSSIONS  Personal factors of respondents  Impact on language of western culture  Impact on education of western culture  Attitude toward traditional culture  Impact on food habit  Impact on dress pattern  Impact on family  Impact on social customs and values  Impact on religion  Impact on communication and technology  Impact on film and literature  Impact on profession related issues  Some psychological approach  Case studies

44 | P a g e

3.1. Personal factors of respondents: In this point some personal factors or information about respondents are discussed.

3.1.1. Gender Identity of the Respondents: It was found that among the respondents 56 people was male and 49 people was female. It is positive that female respondents were larger in number than most other issues. Table 1.1. Percentage distribution of gender Identity of the Respondents Sex

Number of respondents

Percent

Male

53.3

Female

46.7

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

3.1.2. Age of the Respondents: Most of the respondents were 20-22 years old. This level of age represents larger portion of young generation. 24.8 percent of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is 18-2- years old, 47.6 percent 20-22 years old and 21 percent is 22-24 years old. Table 1.2. Percentage distribution of age of the Respondents Age level

Number of respondents

Percent

16-18

3.8

18-20

24.8

20-22

47.6

22-24

21.0

24-26

1.0

26-28

1.9

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

45 | P a g e

120

105

100

100 80 60

50 47.6

40 20

26 24.8

22 21

4 3.8

2 1.9

0 16-18

18-20

20-22

22-24

Number of respondents

24-26

26-28

Total

Percent

Figure 1.3: Graphical presentation of Age of the Respondents

3.1.3. Education status of the respondents: Here, education status of the respondents is shown. Most of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, 61.9 percent educational status is graduation level. Beside this, there are also respondents of HSC and SSC level. Table 1.3. Percentage distribution of education status of the respondents Educational status

Number of respondents

Percent

Secondary level

7.6

Higher Secondary level

30.5

Graduation level

61.9

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

46 | P a g e

120

105

100

100 80

61.9

60 32

40 8

30.5

7.6

0 Secondary level

Higher Secondary level

Graduation level

Number of respondents

Total

Percent

Figure 1.4: Graphical presentation of Education status of the respondents

3.2. Impact on language of western culture: Here, shown various criteria which analyze various impact of western culture on language and use of language of young generation. It indicates that the overall language pattern of our country is western influenced and young generation is also influenced by it.

3.2.1. Preferable language of respondents: Though the overall language pattern is western influenced but most of the members of young generation preferred Bengali to use and adopt than English as language. 92.4 percent preferred Bengali and 7.6 percent preferred English. Table 1.4. Percentage distribution of preferable language of respondents Preferred language

Number of respondents

Percent

Bengali

92.4

English

7.6

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

47 | P a g e

120

100

105 92.4

100

80 60 40 8

7.6

0 Bengali

English

Total

Number of respondents

Percent

Figure 1.5: Graphical presentation of preferable language of respondents

3.2.2. Agreement level of the respondents regarding the usefulness of English language: Here, the table shows how respondents agree that whether English language is useful and badly in need for our countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s education and other aspects. 26.7 percent agreed, 27.6 percent partially agreed and 29.5 percent disagreed about it. Table 1.5. Percentage distribution of agreement level of the respondents regarding the usefulness of English language Agreement level

Number of respondents

Percent

Agree

26.7

Strongly agree

7.6

Partially agree

27.6

Disagree

29.5

Strongly disagree

6.7

No comment

1.9

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

48 | P a g e

120

105

100

100 80 60 40

29 27.6

28 26.7

31 29.5

8 7.6

7 6.7

2 1.9

0 Agree

Strongly agree

Partially agree

Disagree

Strongly disagree

Number of respondents

No comment

Total

Percent

Figure 1.6: Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents regarding the usefulness of English language

3.2.3. Agreement level of the respondents regarding whether English language is playing negative role to our indigenous culture: Here, in this table it shows how the respondents agree that English language is playing negative role to our indigenous culture. 22.9 percent agreed, 21 percent partially agreed and 33.3 percent disagreed about it. Table 1.6. Percentage distribution of agreement level of the respondents regarding whether English language is playing negative role to our indigenous culture Agreement level

Number of respondents

Percent

Agree

22.9

Strongly agree

9.5

Partially agree

21.0

Disagree

33.3

Strongly disagree

8.6

No comment

4.8

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

49 | P a g e

120

105

100

100 80 60 35 33.3

24 22.9

22 21 10 9.5

9 8.6

5 4.8

0 Agree

Strongly agree

Partially agree

Disagree

Strongly disagree

Number of respondents

No comment

Total

Percent

Figure 1.7: Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents regarding whether English language is playing negative role to our indigenous culture

3.3. Impact on education of western culture: In this point the impact of western culture on education and education system of young generation can be analyzed.

3.3.1. Medium of reading of the respondents: It is seen from table below that almost half of the respondents is reading currently or have read in English medium of education. It can be said that the rate of reading in English medium is increasing. And students also feeling comfortable to read in English medium. 56.2 percent of the respondents read in English medium and 43.8 percent in Bengali. Table 1.7. Percentage distribution of medium of reading of the respondents Medium of reading

Number of respondents

Percent

Bengali

56.2

English

43.8

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

50 | P a g e

105

120

100

100 80

56.2 46

43.8

40 20 0 Bengali

English

Total

Number of respondents

Percent

Figure 1.8: Graphical presentation of Medium of reading of the respondents

3.3.2. Type of curriculum of education of the respondents: Here shown the type of curriculum in which the respondents reading or have read. Here some of the respondents didn’t give answers because they didn’t clearly know about the type of their curriculum. 74.3 percent of the respondents’ studied under western influenced curriculum and 12.4 percent traditional curriculum. Table 1.8. Percentage distribution of type of curriculum of education of the respondents Type of curriculum

Number of respondents

Percent

Traditional

12.4

Western influenced

74.3

No answer

13.3

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

51 | P a g e

120

105

100

74.3

60 40 20

12.4

13.3

0 Traditional

Western influenced

No answer

Number of respondents

Total

Percent

Figure 1.9: Graphical presentation of Type of curriculum of education of the respondents

3.3.3. Agreement level of the respondents regarding whether the education system should be Western type: Here, the way of agreement of young generation has been shown that the education system should be western type or not. 24.8 percent agreed, 11.4 percent strongly agreed, 24.8 percent partially agreed and 26.7 percent disagreed about it. Table 1.9. Percentage distribution of agreement level of the respondents regarding whether the education system should be Western type Agreement level

Number of respondents

Percent

Agree

24.8

Strongly agree

11.4

Partially agree

24.8

Disagree

26.7

Strongly disagree

4.8

No comment

7.6

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

52 | P a g e

120

105

100

100 80 60 40

26 24.8

28 26.7

12 11.4

5 4.8

8 7.6

Strongly disagree

No comment

0 Agree

Strongly agree

Partially agree

Disagree

Number of respondents

Total

Percent

Figure 1.10: Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents regarding whether the education system should be Western type

3.4. Attitude toward traditional culture: In this point of view it can possible to analyze the attitude and thinking of young generation toward our traditional and indigenous culture and their knowing level about it.

3.4.1. Level of knowing about traditional culture from education system: In this table it is shown that the respondents who are member of young generation learnt or became able to know partially or something about our traditional culture. Some respondents, 12.4 percent, answered that they have fully learnt, but their number was very few. And most of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, 67.6 percent answered that they have learned something about traditional culture. Table 1.10. Percentage distribution of level of knowing about traditional culture from education system Level of knowing

Number of respondents

Percent

Fully learnt

12.4

Something learnt

67.6

Very little learnt

11.4

Nothing learnt

8.6

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey) 53 | P a g e

120

105

100

100 71

67.6

60 40 13

12.4

11.4

8.6

0 Fully learnt

Something learnt

Very little learnt

Nothing learnt

Number of respondents

Total

Percent

Figure 1.11: Graphical presentation of Level of knowing about traditional culture from education system

3.4.2. Identifying traditional culture from western culture: Here, in this table, it can be find out how the respondents differentiated traditional culture from western culture. Most of the respondents differentiated successfully. But some of the respondents canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t differentiate them; they are very little in number. About 20 percent respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; differentiated by social customs, 17.1 percent by dress pattern, lifestyle & social customs and 25.7 percent by food habit, film & literature, family pattern, social customs, dress pattern. Table 1.11. Percentage distribution of identifying traditional culture from western culture Way of identifying

Number of respondents

Percent

No answer

4.8

By dress pattern

8.6

By food habit

1.0

By film & literature

2.9

By social customs

20.0

By life style

20.0

By dress pattern, lifestyle & social customs

17.1

25.7

By food habit, film & literature, family pattern, social customs, dress pattern

(Source: field survey) 54 | P a g e

2725.7

30 21 20

21 20

20 15 10

5 4.8

1817.1

9 8.6 1 1

3 2.9

Number of respondents

Percent

Figure 1.12: Graphical presentation of identifying traditional culture from western culture

3.4.3. Agreement level of the respondents of supporting the traditional living pattern & life style of our country: In this point, it has been found how the respondents are supporting the traditional living pattern & life style of our country or either they oppose it. It is a matter to be optimistic that most of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; are supporting the traditional living pattern & life style of our country; they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want to see it like western culture. 52.4 percent agreed, 11.4 percent strongly agreed, 15.2 percent partially agreed and 14.3 percent disagreed about it. Table 1.12. Percentage distribution of agreement level of the respondents of supporting the traditional living pattern & life style of our country Agreement level

Number of respondents

Percent

No answer

1.0

Agree

52.4

Strongly agree

11.4

Partially agree

15.2

Disagree

14.3

Strongly disagree

4.8

No comment

1.0

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

55 | P a g e

120

105

100

100 80 55 52.4

60 40

12 11.4

20 1

16 15.2

15 14.3 5 4.8

0 No answer

Agree

Strongly agree

Partially Disagree Strongly No agree disagree comment

Number of respondents

Total

Percent

Figure 1.13: Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents of supporting the traditional living pattern & life style of our country

3.4.4. Agreement level of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; thinking that the overall culture & tradition of our country is appropriate for present time: Many respondents think that the overall culture & tradition of our country is capable to cope with the present world. But also a large number of respondents think that it is not appropriate. It should be changed or should be modernized. 34.3 percent agreed, 24.8 percent partially agreed and 21.9 percent disagreed and 12.4 percent strongly disagreed about it. Table 1.13. Percentage distribution of agreement level of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; thinking that the overall culture & tradition of our country is appropriate for present time Level of agreement

Number of respondents

Percent

Agree

34.3

Strongly agree

3.8

Partially agree

24.8

Disagree

21.9

Strongly disagree

12.4

No comment

2.9

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

56 | P a g e

120

105

100

100 80 60 40

36 34.3

26 24.8

23 21.9

4 3.8

13 12.4 3 2.9

0 Agree

Strongly agree

Partially agree

Disagree

Number of respondents

Strongly disagree

No comment

Total

Percent

Figure 1.14: Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; thinking that the overall culture & tradition of our country is appropriate for present time

3.4.5. Agreement level of the respondents supporting that the overall culture & tradition of our country should be like western culture: Most of the respondents think that the overall culture & tradition of our country should not be like western culture. Some respondents agreed partially that it should be like western culture. And a little number of respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; agreed that it should be like western culture. 8.6 percent agreed, 14.3 percent partially agreed and 27.6 percent disagreed, 11.4 percent strongly disagreed and 33.3 percent didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t comment about it. Table 1.14. Percentage distribution of agreement level of the respondents supporting that the overall culture & tradition of our country should be like western culture Level of agreement

Number of respondents

Percent

No answer

1.0

Agree

8.6

Strongly agree

3.8

Partially agree

14.3

Disagree

27.6

Strongly disagree

11.4

No comment

33.3

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey) 57 | P a g e

120

105

100

100 80 60 35 33.3

29 27.6

40 20

15 14.3

9 8.6

12 11.4

4 3.8

0 No answer

Agree

Strongly agree

Partially Disagree Strongly No agree disagree comment

Number of respondents

Total

Percent

Figure 1.15: Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents supporting that the overall culture & tradition of our country should be like western culture

3.5. Impact on food habit: One of the most notable factors of impact of western culture is on food habit. Today, many of the members of young generation is habituated with food items which are like western food. But from these tables it is also can be said that many young people still prefer traditional foods than fast foods.

3.5.1. Type of food mainly preferred by respondents: From this table it is seen the food type preferred by respondents. Here, as it can be seen, most of the respondents like homemade food items which is mainly traditional food items. 19.0 percent of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; preferred fast food, 15.2 percent preferred local food and 53.3 percent homemade food items. Table 1.15. Percentage distribution of type of food mainly preferred by respondents Type of food

Number of respondents

Percent

Local food items

15.2

Fast food items

19.0

Traditional food items

12.4

Homemade food items

53.3

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey) 58 | P a g e

120

105

100

100 80 56

60 40 20

15.2

53.3

12.4

0 Local food items

Fast food items

Traditional food items

Homemade food items

Number of respondents

Total

Percent

Figure 1.16: Graphical presentation of Type of food mainly preferred by respondents

3.5.2. Agreement level of the respondents regarding the issue traditional food items are abolishing because of fast food items: In this table it is shown how respondents agree that issue traditional food items are abolishing because of fast food items. 53.3 percent agreed, 21.0 percent strongly agreed, 17.1 percent partially agreed and 3.8 percent disagreed about it. Table 1.16. Percentage distribution of agreement level of the respondents regarding the issue traditional food items are abolishing because of fast food items Agreement level

Number of respondents

Percent

Agree

53.3

Strongly agree

21.0

Partially agree

17.1

Disagree

3.8

Strongly disagree

1.9

No comment

2.9

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

59 | P a g e

105 100

120 100 80 60

56 53.3

22 21

18 17.1

4 3.8

2 1.9

3 2.9

Disagree

Strongly disagree

No comment

0 Agree

Strongly agree

Partially agree

Number of respondents

Total

Percent

Figure 1.17: Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents regarding the issue traditional food items are abolishing because of fast food items

3.6. Impact on dress pattern: Another important issue of impact of western culture on young generation is impact on dress pattern. From these tables it can be said that, most of the members of young generation is habituated highly with western type of dresses. Though they use western type dresses, but many of them donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t prefer western dress over traditional dress.

3.6.1. Type of dress mainly preferred by respondents: Here, in this table, types of dresses are shown which respondents like to wear generally. Among male respondents, 26.7 percent preferred shirt-pant, 26.7 percent preferred T shirtpant and among female respondents 31.4 percent preferred salwar kamiz, 5.7 percent preferred sari and 2.9 percent preferred tops-skirt. Table 1.17. Percentage distribution of type of dress mainly preferred by respondents Type of dress

Number of respondents

Percent

Shirt-Pant

26.7

Panjabi-Pant/Pajama

5.7

T shirt-Pant

26.7

Fotua-Lungi

1.0

Sari

5.7

Salwar Kamiz

31.4

Tops-Skirt

2.9

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey) 60 | P a g e

120

105

100

100 80 60 40

28 26.7

33 31.4

28 26.7 6 5.7

6 5.7

3 2.9

Number of respondents

Percent

Figure 1.18: Graphical presentation of Type of dress mainly preferred by respondents

3.6.2. Agreement level of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; preferring western dress over traditional dress: In this table it is shown how respondents preferred western dress over traditional dress. Most of the respondents, however, preferred traditional dress over western dress. But there is a little doubts that many respondents know that t-shirt, pant, skirt etc. are our traditional dresses. 25.7 percent agreed, 17.1 percent partially agreed, 29.5 percent disagreed, 16.2 percent strongly disagreed and 8.6 percent didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t comment about it. Table 1.18. Percentage distribution of agreement level of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; preferring western dress over traditional dress Agreement level

Number of respondents

Percent

Agree

25.7

Strongly agree

2.9

Partially agree

17.1

Disagree

29.5

Strongly disagree

16.2

No comment

8.6

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

61 | P a g e

120

105

100

100 80 60 40

31 29.5

27 25.7

18 17.1

17 16.2

9 8.6

3 2.9

0 Agree

Strongly agree

Partially agree

Disagree

Strongly disagree

Number of respondents

No comment

Total

Percent

Figure 1.19: Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; preferring western dress over traditional dress

3.6.3. Agreement level of the respondents regarding the issue of replacing the traditional dress pattern by western one: Here, shown how respondents agree/disagree regarding the issue of replacing the traditional dress pattern by western. Most of them think that our traditional dress pattern is replacing by western dress pattern in our country. Though many of them donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a clear idea about our traditional dress pattern. 66.7 percent agreed, 19.0 percent strongly disagreed and 12.4 percent partially agreed, about it. Table 1.19. Percentage distribution of agreement level of the respondents regarding the issue of replacing the traditional dress pattern by western one Agreement level

Number of respondents

Percent

Agree

66.7

Strongly agree

19.0

Partially agree

12.4

Strongly disagree

1.0

No comment

1.0

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

62 | P a g e

120

105

100

100 70 66.7

80 60 40

13 12.4 1

0 Agree

Strongly agree

Partially agree

Strongly disagree

Number of respondents

No comment

Total

Percent

Figure 1.20: Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents regarding the issue of replacing the traditional dress pattern by western one

3.7. Impact on family: Impact on family and family pattern of western culture in our country is also prominent. Since last few decades, the family pattern of our country is changing to nuclear family type from extended. And nuclear family pattern is basically western culture. This type of change in family pattern is also placing impact on young generation.

3.7.1. Type of family of the respondents: In this table it is shown the family pattern of respondents in which they are living. It is seen that most of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; family is nuclear family. Very few respondents answered that their family is joint or extended. 83.8 percent of the respondents live in nuclear family and 16.2 percent live in joint family. Table 1.20. Percentage distribution of type of family of the respondents Family type

Number of respondents

Percent

Nuclear

83.8

Joint

16.2

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

63 | P a g e

105

120 88

100

83.8

80 60 40

16.2

20 0 Nuclear

Joint Number of respondents

Total Percent

Figure 1.21: Graphical presentation of Type of family of the respondents

3.7.2. Knowing of the respondents that nuclear family pattern is basically western culture: In this table the respondents answered whether they know or don’t know that nuclear family pattern is basically western culture. It is seen that most of the respondents know that nuclear family is western culture. 85.7 percent of the respondents’ know that nuclear family pattern is western culture and 14.3 percent don’t know it. Table 1.21. Percentage distribution of knowing of the respondents that nuclear family pattern is basically western culture Answer

Number of respondents

Percent

Yes

85.7

14.3

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey) 200

90 85.7

105 100 15 14.3

0 Yes

Number of respondents

Total Percent

Figure 1.22: Graphical presentation of knowing of the respondents that nuclear family pattern is basically western culture 64 | P a g e

3.7.3. Type of family preferred by the respondents: Here, respondents preferred which type of family they like to live in. Most of the respondents like to live in nuclear family rather joint family, which is a direct impact of western culture. Because, our traditional culture is joint family. 72.4 percent of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; preferred nuclear family and 27.6 percent preferred joint family. Table 1.22. Percentage distribution of type of family preferred by the respondents Type of family preferred

Number of respondents

Percent

Nuclear

72.4

Joint

27.6

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

105

120 100

80 60

72.4 29

100

27.6

20 0 Nuclear

Joint Number of respondents

Total Percent

Figure 1.23: Graphical presentation of Type of family preferred by the respondents

3.7.4. How their parents look after them: From this table, it can be scrutinized how the parents of the respondents look after them. It can be said that most of the parents look after their children with proper love and affection. Though nuclear family pattern comes from western culture, till now in our country parents behavior are not like western culture. As a result, young generation of our country still not fully westernized. However, some respondents answered about the behavior of their parents leads to western type parentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; befaviour, but they are very few in number. And their also found little cases that their parents are very rigid about them like our tradition and old times, but most of the answers says that, their parents are very relaxed about them as a result of modernization and westernization. 50.5 percent of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; said that their parents look after them with proper love & affection and 28.6 percent said very intimately. 65 | P a g e

Table 1.23. Percentage distribution of how their parents look after them Parents behaviour

Number of respondents

Percent

No answer

1.9

Very intimately

28.6

With proper love & affection

50.5

They don't give you proper time

3.8

They are very relaxed & flexible about you

7.6

They are very rigid to you

1.0

4.8

1.9

Very intimately, with proper love & affection, they are very relaxed They don't give proper time, they are very rigid

(Source: field survey) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

53 50.5 3028.6 2 1.9

4 3.8

8 7.6

Number of respondents

1 1

5 4.8

2 1.9

Percent

Figure 1.24: Graphical presentation of how their parents look after them

3.8. Impact on social customs and values: Social customs, values and norms are important means of any countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture. Bangladesh is not exceptional. In our culture, there is various practice of social customs such as, respecting elders, be affectionate to youngers, do proper duty over neighboures etc. Upon these social customs, there is also impact of western culture. Now a day, basically in metropolitan cities in our country, these types of social customs are not practiced much. And young generation is the most vulnerable to these social customs. They generally donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t follow much of these values.

66 | P a g e

3.8.1. The fact of following the traditional social customs & norms by the respondents: From this table, it can be analyzed that the real picture of following social customs of young generation. Whether they follow or don’t follow these social customs. It is shown in this table that, most of the respondents follow social customs properly and others follow partially. And very few don’t follow. But there can be a debate that respondents didn’t give proper answer because they can feel uncomfortable to say that they don’t follow social customs. 52.4 percent of the respondents’ follow properly and 44.8 percent follow partially social rules. Table 1.24. Percentage distribution of the fact of following the traditional social customs & norms by the respondents Following social customs

Number of respondents

Percent

Follow properly

52.4

Follow partially

44.8

Don't follow

2.9

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

120 100 80 60 40 20 0

105 55

52.4

44.8 3

Follow properly

100

Follow partially

2.9

Don't follow

Number of respondents

Total

Percent

Figure 1.25: Graphical presentation of the fact of following the traditional social customs & norms by the respondents

3.8.2. Agreement level of the respondents that their locality or community follows such customs: In this table it is shown that, how the respondents agree with the fact that their locality or community follow social customs. Most of the respondents said that there locality follow

67 | P a g e

social customs and some disagreed with it. 48.6 percent of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; agreed, 26.7 percent partially agreed and 13.3 percent disagreed about it. Table 1.25. Percentage distribution of agreement level of the respondents that their locality or community follows such customs Agreement level

Number of respondents

Percent

Agree

48.6

Strongly agree

4.8

Partially agree

26.7

Disagree

13.3

Strongly disagree

2.9

No comment

3.8

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey) 105 100

120 100 80 60

51 48.6 28 26.7

40 5 4.8

14 13.3

3 2.9

4 3.8

Strongly disagree

No comment

0 Agree

Strongly agree

Partially agree

Disagree

Number of respondents

Total

Percent

Figure 1.26: Graphical presentation of agreement level of the respondents that their locality or community follows such customs

3.8.3. Level of learning about social customs from family or educational system: Here, the level of knowing of respondents about social customs from educational institutions and family are shown. It is seen that there is lacking in knowing about social customs of respondents. Many of the respondents learnt something but not properly about social customs and some didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t learn anything. Though the majority said that they have learnt properly about social customs. In this point, the debate of previous point can also be drawn again. 51.4 percent learned properly, 41.9 percent didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t learn properly about social customs. 68 | P a g e

Table 1.26. Percentage distribution of level of learning about social customs from family or educational system Learning level

Number of respondents

Percent

Yes, properly

51.4

Yes, but not properly

41.9

Very few

5.7

Didn't learn

1.0

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

105

120

100

100 80 60

51.4

41.9

40 6

5.7

0 Yes, properly

Yes, but not properly

Very few

Number of respondents

Didn't learn

Total

Percent

Figure 1.27: Graphical presentation of Level of learning about social customs from family or educational system

3.9. Impact on religion: Religion is one of the major components of society and culture. There can be observed the impact of western culture on religious behavior also in this point. It can be analyzed that young generation is less interested in religion than any former generation. It is a result of impact of western culture.

3.9.1. Agreement level of the respondents whether they think that religion is the part & parcel of life: In this table, it is shown whether the respondents think that religion is very important or part and parcel of our life and society. Most of the respondents agreed that it is so. And very few disagreed with it. 32.4 percent agreed, 46.7 percent strongly agreed and 14.3 percent partially agreed about it. 69 | P a g e

Table 1.27. Percentage distribution of agreement level of the respondents whether they think that religion is the part & parcel of life Agreement level

Number of respondents

Percent

Agree

32.4

Strongly agree

46.7

Partially agree

14.3

Disagree

4.8

No comment

1.9

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey) 105 100

120 100 80 60 40

49 46.7

34 32.4

15 14.3

4.8

1.9

0 Agree

Strongly agree

Partially agree

Disagree

Number of respondents

No comment

Total

Percent

Figure 1.28: Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents whether they think that religion is the part & parcel of life

3.9.2. Following the religious rules-regulation: Here, in this table, it is shown that the respondents follow their religious rules-regulation in which way. Though most of the respondents think that religion is part and parcel of our life, but, most of the respondents donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t follow religious rules-regulations properly. And some respondent also answered that they follow them very rare or donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t follow. 30.5 percent follow properly, 55.2 percent follow partially and 12.4 percent follow very rarely religious rules. Table 1.28. Percentage distribution of following the religious rules-regulation

70 | P a g e

Way of following

Number of respondents

Percent

Yes, properly

30.5

Yes, partially

55.2

Yes, but very rare

12.4

Don't follow

1.9

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

120

105

100

100 80

60 40

55.2

30.5 13

12.4 2

1.9

0 Yes, properly

Yes, partially

Yes, but very rare

Number of respondents

Don't follow

Total

Percent

Figure 1.29: graphical presentation of following the religious rules-regulation

3.10. Impact on communication and technology: Communication and technology are now two important elements of society and culture now a day. It can analyze in this point the impact of western culture on communicative and technological behavior of young generation as radically changed rather than any older generation. They now use various technological components such as, Mobile phone (including PDA, Android and internet brows able handset), Internet service (including website, mailing, voice chat, live chat) etc. These technologies are part of western culture basically.

3.10.1. Types of technologies uses by respondents for daily needs, academic needs, communication etc.: Here, it is shown what type technologies respondents use mainly for their daily needs, communicational needs, academic needs etc. About 97 percent of respondents use modern means of communication. 52.4 percent of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; uses Mobile phone (including PDA, Android, and Internet browse able handset) and 20 percent uses Internet service (including website, mailing, voice chat, live chat etc.).

71 | P a g e

Table 1.29. Percentage distribution of types of technologies uses by respondents for daily needs, academic needs communication etc. Type of technology

Number of respondents

Percent

52.4

20.0

2.9

24.8

Mobile phone(including PDA, Android, Internet browse able handset) Internet service (including website, mailing, voice chat, live chat etc.) Traditional service(including manual govt. mailing, analog phone) Mobile phone & Internet service

(Source: field survey)

52.4

50 40 21

24.8

20 3

2.9

0 Mobile phone(including PDA, Android, Internet browse able handset)

Internet service (including website, mailing, voice chat, live chat etc.)

Traditional service(including manual govt. mailing, analog phone)

Number of respondents

Mobile phone & Internet service

Percent

Figure 1.30: Graphical presentation of Types of technologies use by respondents for daily needs, academic needs, communication etc.

3.10.2. Agreement level of the respondents that these technologies are affecting traditional culture: In this table, it is shown how respondents agreed with the issue that these types of technologies are affecting badly our traditional culture. Most of the respondents partially agreed with it. And some disagreed with it. However, many respondents considered these technologies as universal culture, not a part of western culture anymore. 20 percent of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; agreed, 28.6 percent partially agreed, 23.8 percent disagreed, 7.6 percent strongly disagreed and 11.4 percent didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t comment about it.

72 | P a g e

Table 1.30. Percentage distribution of agreement level of the respondents that these technologies are affecting traditional culture Agreement level

Number of respondents

Percent

Agree

20.0

Strongly agree

8.6

Partially agree

28.6

Disagree

23.8

Strongly disagree

7.6

No comment

11.4

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey) 120

105

100

100 80 60 40

30 28.6

21 20

25 23.8

9 8.6

8 7.6

12 11.4

0 Agree

Strongly agree

Partially agree

Disagree

Number of respondents

Strongly disagree

No comment

Total

Percent

Figure 1.31: Graphical presentation of Agreement level of the respondents that these technologies are affecting traditional culture

3.11. Impact on film and literature: Film, music and literature are very important element of any countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture. Here, in this point it can be analyze the impact on western culture on young generation regarding film, music and literature. These tables show the choice and approach about film, music and literature of members of young generation.

73 | P a g e

3.11.1. Type of film, movie, TV shows preferred by respondents which they watch: Here, in this table it is shown type of film, music, movie and TV shows such as, Hollywood, Indian or Bangladeshi generally respondents like to enjoy. Most of the respondents still watch Bangladeshi Shows and movies and enjoys Bangladeshi music. But a big number of respondents enjoys Hollywood movies and TV shows and American and western music. Some respondents enjoy Indian movies, TV shows and music. 36.2 percent of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; enjoy Bangladeshi film, music, movie and TV shows, 29.5 percent enjoy Indian film, music, movie and TV shows and 32.4 percent enjoy Hollywood film, music, movie and TV shows. Table 1.31. Percentage distribution of type of film, movie, TV shows preferred by respondents which they watch Type of film, TV shows and music

Number of respondents

Percent

No answer

1.9

Bangladeshi

36.2

Indian

29.5

Hollywood

32.4

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

120

105

100

100 80 60 38 40 20

36.2

29.5

32.4

1.9

0 No answer

Bangladeshi

Indian

Number of respondents

Hollywood

Total

Percent

Figure 1.32: Graphical presentation of Type of film, movie, TV shows preferred by respondents which they watch 74 | P a g e

3.11.2. Reading other books/literature beside academic books by respondents: Here, in this table it is shown which type of book (e.g. Bangladeshi, Indian or Western literature) respondents mainly like to read beside educational books. About 14 percent respondents answered they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t read other books beside educational books. The rest 85 percent read other books beside educational books. Among them, most like to Bangladeshi literature. Some like translated western literature and very few like Indian literature. Though there is big impact of western culture on young generation, but still most of them habituated to read Bangladeshi literature. 68.6 percent of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; read Bangladeshi literature and 20 percent read translated English literature. Table 1.32. Percentage distribution of reading other books/literature beside academic books by respondents Type of literature

Number of respondents

Percent

Bangladeshi books/novels/poems

68.6

Indian books/novels/poems

10.5

20.0

Original English books/novels/poems

1.0

Total

105

100.0

Translated English or other European literature/novels/poems

(Source: field survey) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

105 100 72 68.6

11 10.5

Number of respondents

Percent

Figure 1.33: Graphical presentation of Reading other books/literature beside academic books by respondents

75 | P a g e

3.12. Impact on profession related issues: Respondents who were chosen for this research were mainly student. Very few of them are not student and involve in professional life. But also the respondents have thinking about their future profession. And regarding this thinking, there also can be seen the impact of western culture.

3.12.1. Type of profession mainly preferred for present or future life by respondents: In this table, it is shown that which type of profession respondents preferred for their future life. Most of the respondents preferred government service as profession. But a big number of respondents said they would like bank job. It is an impact of western culture. Because, older generationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only choice was government service rather business as tradition of our country. Some respondents preferred private company job also. 37.1 percent of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; preferred government service, 16.2 percent preferred private company job, 24.8 percent preferred bank job and 8.6 percent preferred teaching as their future profession. Table 1.33. Percentage distribution of type of profession mainly preferred for present or future life by respondents Type of profession

Number of respondents

Percent

No answer

1.9

Government service

37.1

Private company/corporate level job

16.2

Bank job

24.8

Teaching

8.6

Business

4.8

Self-entrepreneurship

2.9

Going abroad

3.8

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

76 | P a g e

120

105100

100 80 60

3937.1

40 20

1716.2 2 1.9

2624.8 9 8.6

5 4.8

3 2.9

4 3.8

Number of respondents

Percent

Figure 1.34: Graphical presentation of Type of profession mainly preferred for present or future life by respondents

3.12.2. Part time job performed/performing by respondents: In this table it is shown if the respondents did or doing or not doing any part time job beside their study or other works to maintain his personal expenditure. As it is seen, almost 50 percent of the respondents doing part time job. It is another impact of western culture. In western countries, young people do part time job to maintain their personal costs. 41 percent of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; are doing part time job and 44.8 percent never did or doing any part time job. Table 1.34. Percentage distribution of part time job performed/performing by respondents Answer

Number of respondents

Percent

Yes, I am doing

41.0

I did before

14.3

I never did

44.8

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey)

77 | P a g e

105

120

100

100 80 43

44.8

14.3

0 Yes, I am doing

I did before

I never did

Number of respondents

Total

Percent

Figure 1.35: Graphical presentation of Part time job performed/performing by respondents

3.13. Some psychological approach: Psychology is such a fact which can include anything. The impact of any external culture can also affect the peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s psychology. There is also some psychological impact of western culture which can be analyzed from these tables.

3.13.1. Approach of the respondents about opposite gender: Here, in this table it can be seen how respondents think about their opposite sex/gender. It can be said that, the psychological approach toward opposite gender of young generation is changed than any older generation. Most of the respondents think their opposite gender as friend or co-worker. Some also mentioned about physical need. 56.2 percent of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; appreciate their opposite sex as friend, 19 percent appreciate their opposite sex as co-worker, 11.4 percent appreciate their opposite sex for physical need and 10.5 percent appreciate their opposite sex as co-worker, friend & physical need all. Table 1.35. Percentage distribution of approach of the respondents about opposite gender Approach about opposite sex/gender

Number of respondents

Percent

Friend

56.2

Co-worker

19.0

For physical need

11.4

Friend & Co-worker

2.9

Co-worker, friend & physical need

10.5

(Source: field survey)

78 | P a g e

59 60

56.2

50 40 30

11.4

11 3

10.5

2.9

0 Friend

Co-worker

For physical need

Friend & Coworker

Number of respondents

Co-worker, friend & physical need

Percent

Figure 1.36: Graphical presentation of Approach of the respondents about opposite gender

3.13.2. The approach of inspiring to adopt various factors by respondents such as sexual relation, attending night club, taking drugs etc. which are found in Hollywood movies, TV shows & music videos: From this table, it can be analyzed how various factors such as, sexual relation, attending night club, taking drugs etc. which are found in Hollywood movies, TV shows & music videos inspires respondents psychologically. Most of the respondents answered that these factors donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t inspire them but, some said that these factors inspire them psychologically. 17.1 percent of the respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; answered these factors inspire them sometimes, 17.1 percent answered these factors inspire them very rare and 61 percent answered these factors inspire them never. Table 1.36. Percentage distribution of the approach of inspiring to adopt various factors by respondents such as sexual relation, attending night club, taking drugs etc. which are found in Hollywood movies, TV shows & music videos Approach

Number of respondents

Percent

No answer

2.9

Yes, always

1.9

Yes, sometimes

17.1

Very rare

17.1

Never inspire

61.0

Total

105

100.0

(Source: field survey) 79 | P a g e

120

105

100

100 80 64

60 40 18 17.1

20 3

2.9

18 17.1

1.9

0 No answer

Yes, always

Yes, sometimes

Very rare

Number of respondents

Never inspire

Total

Percent

Figure 1.37: Graphical presentation of the approach of inspiring to adopt various factors by respondents such as sexual relation, attending night club, taking drugs etc. which are found in Hollywood movies, TV shows & music videos

80 | P a g e

3.14. Case studies: There given three case studies from the respondents.

 Case study 1:  Name: Tarikul Islam Liton (Fictional).  Age: 24.  Sex: Male. Tarikul Islam Liton is a student in profession. His educational status is higher secondary level. He is one of them who are trying to adopt the positive sides of western culture and avoid negative sides of western culture. He is devoted to our traditional culture, not to western culture. He definitely prefers Bengali as his main language. But he also thinks that English language is also necessary beside Bengali in our country. He thinks that, beside this necessity, English language is playing negative role to our indigenous culture. He reads in Bengali medium. And the curriculum type under which he reading is western influenced. He doesn’t think that education system of our country should be western or European type. He said he have learnt fully about our traditional culture from the education system. And he can identify our traditional culture from western culture differently. He mainly differentiates them by life style. He likes homemade food items as food. And in his house homemade food items means the traditional food items basically. He agreed partially that traditional food items are abolishing because of fast food or western type food items. He generally wears shirt-pant as his usual dress. But he also likes Panjabi-pajama as a traditional dress of our country. And he doesn’t prefer western dress over traditional dress. He thinks that traditional dress pattern of our country is replacing by western dress pattern. His family type is joint or extended type. He knows that nuclear family pattern is basically western culture. He likes or prefers joint family rather than nuclear family to live in. Because he enjoying various facilities in living joint family. His parents look after him with proper love and affection. They are also flexible to him. He follows our traditional social customs and norms such as, respecting elders, be affectionate to youngers, do proper duty over neighboures etc. partially. He can’t afford to

81 | P a g e

follow them properly. He thinks that his locality follows such social customs also. He learnt about these social customs from family and educational institutions properly. Liton agreed partially that religion is part and parcel of our life. He follows his religionsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rules and regulations partially, not fully. His view about opposite gender is as friend. He looks ladies or girls as friend. He strongly agreed with the issue of equal participation and rights of both male and female. He uses various Internet service (including website, mailing, voice chat, live chat) as his main medium of communication and to fulfill academic needs. He partially agreed that these technologies are in collision with our traditional culture. He mainly likes to watch Hollywood movies and TV shows. But he likes to enjoy Bangladeshi music. Various cultures which we can see such as drinking wine, sexual relation, attending night club, taking drugs etc. in Hollywood movies and TV shows, inspires him sometimes. He has habit to read various books beside his academic books. He likes to read Bangladeshi books/novels/poems very much. He thinks that foreign literature is acquiring the traditional literature of our country day by day. He preferred government service as his future life profession. And he is now performing a part time job beside his study to maintain his own expenditures. However, he supports the traditional living pattern and life style of our country. He also thinks that overall culture & tradition of our country is appropriate for present time and situation. He said there is no necessity to convert it into western type.

82 | P a g e

 Case study 2:  Name: Adnan Rashidul Islam (Fictional).  Age: 28.  Sex: Male. Adnan Rashidul Islam is a Supervising Officer in a private company. He has completed graduation level. He is also one of them who are trying to adopt the positive sides of western culture and avoid negative sides of western culture. He prefers Bengali as his main language. But he also thinks that English language is also necessary beside Bengali in our country. He disagreed that English language is playing negative role to our indigenous culture. He read in Bengali medium. And the curriculum type under which he read is western influenced. He disagreed that education system of our country should be western or European type. He said he have learnt something about our traditional culture from the education system. And he can identify our traditional culture from western culture differently. He mainly differentiates them by social customs. He likes homemade food items as food. He agreed partially that traditional food items are abolishing because of fast food or western type food items. He generally wears shirt-pant as his usual dress .And he also likes it. He prefers partially western dress over traditional dress. He agreed that traditional dress pattern of our country is replacing by western dress pattern. His family type is nuclear type. He knows that nuclear family pattern is basically western culture. He likes or prefers nuclear family to live in. His parents look after him very intimately and with proper love and affection. They are also relaxed and flexible to him. He follows our traditional social customs and norms such as, respecting elders, be affectionate to youngers, do proper duty over neighboures etc. partially. He thinks that his locality follows such social customs also partially. He learnt about these social customs from family and educational institutions not properly. Adnan agreed partially that religion is part and parcel of our life. He follows his religions’ rules and regulations partially. His view about opposite gender is as friend and also for physical need. He agreed with the issue of equal participation and rights of both male and female. 83 | P a g e

He uses Mobile phone (including PDA, Android and internet brows able handset) as his main medium of communication and to fulfill official needs. He partially agreed that these technologies are in collision with our traditional culture. He mainly likes to watch Bangladeshi movies and TV shows. He also likes to enjoy Bangladeshi music. Various cultures which we can see such as drinking wine, sexual relation, attending night club, taking drugs etc. in Hollywood movies and TV shows, never inspires him. Overall, he supports the traditional living pattern and life style of our country. He also thinks that overall culture & tradition of our country is appropriate for present time and situation. He thinks that it should not be like western culture.

84 | P a g e

 Case study 3:  Name: Sonia Sharmin (Fictional).  Age: 22.  Sex: Female. Sonia Sharmin is a student in profession. Her educational status is graduation level. She prefers Bengali as her main language. But she strongly agreed that English language is also necessary beside Bengali in our country. She strongly disagreed that English language is playing negative role to our indigenous culture. She reads in English medium. And the curriculum type under which she reading is western influenced. She strongly agreed that education system of our country should be western or European type. She said she have learnt something about our traditional culture from the education system. And she can identify our traditional culture from western culture differently. She mainly differentiates them by dress pattern, social customs and life style. She likes traditional food items. She strongly agreed that traditional food items are abolishing because of fast food or western type food items. She generally wears Salwar Kamiz as her usual dress. But she also likes Sari as a traditional dress of our country. And she doesn’t prefer western dress over traditional dress. She strongly agreed that traditional dress pattern of our country is replacing by western dress pattern. Her family type is nuclear type. She knows that nuclear family pattern is basically western culture. But she likes or prefers joint family rather than nuclear family to live in. Her parents are very relaxed and flexible to her. She follows our traditional social customs and norms such as, respecting elders, be affectionate to youngers, do proper duty over neighboures etc. properly. She also agreed that her locality follows such social customs. She learnt about these social customs from family and educational institutions properly. Sonia strongly agreed that religion is part and parcel of our life. She follows her religions’ rules and regulations properly. Her view about opposite gender is as friend and co-worker. She strongly agreed with the issue of equal participation and rights of both male and female.

85 | P a g e

She uses various Internet service (including website, mailing, voice chat, live chat) and Mobile phone (including PDA, Android and internet brows able handset) both as her main medium of communication and to fulfill academic needs. She partially agreed that these technologies are in collision with our traditional culture. She mainly likes to enjoy Bangladeshi movies, TV shows and music. Various cultures which we can see such as drinking wine, sexual relation, attending night club, taking drugs etc. in Hollywood movies and TV shows, never inspires her. She has habit to read various books beside her academic books. She likes to read Bangladeshi books/novels/poems mainly. She agreed that foreign literature is acquiring the traditional literature of our country. She preferred business as her future life profession. And she never performed any kind of part time job. She doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t support the traditional living pattern and life style of our country. She also thinks that overall culture & tradition of our country is not appropriate for present time and situation. She said that it should be based on technology. But she strongly disagreed that it should be like western type.

86 | P a g e

CHAPTER FOUR

Summary and conclusion  Key findings  Recommendations  conclusion

87 | P a g e

4.1. Key findings: The focus on this study was on impact of western culture on young generation basically. After analyzing the answers and information of respondents it can be said that, young generation is influenced in many ways by western culture. They are now habituated with English language beside Bengali. And many of them are also reading in English medium. He curriculum type under which they are reading/read is also western influenced. Beside this, most of them didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t learn properly about our traditional and indigenous culture properly. Some of them are habituated with fast food. But still most of the young people like traditional food items. Young people are very much habituated with western dress pattern such as, shirt. T-shirt, pant tops, skirt etc. But still some of male are habituated with traditional dress like Panjabi, pajama. Mostly the females are still habituated with traditional dresses such as, Sari, Salwar Kamiz etc. The family under which young people are growing is also western influenced. Most of the families are now nuclear family in our country which is basically western culture. But the behavior of parents toward their children is still positive. Most of the parents looks after their children with proper love, affection and intimacy. Though there is touch of modernization in their behavior such as, they are very relaxed and flexible to their child which is contradictory to our tradition. But it is not negative. The young people now a days follows partially our various traditional social customs and norms such as, respecting elders, be affectionate to youngers, do proper duty over neighboures etc. But the rate of following these customs among young generation is decreasing. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s one of the causes is their locality or community is also not practice these customs properly. Another cause is young people are not learning about these customs properly from educational institutions and family. Young people, most of them, partially agree that religion as a significant part of our life. And the rate of following religious rules-regulation among young generation is average partially. Young people think about their opposite gender more moderately now. Most of them look their opposite gender as friend and co-worker. It is also an impact on their psychology of modernization and westernization. There also can fond impact of western culture in using rate of technology of young generation. Most of them use Internet service (including website, mailing, voice chat, live chat) and Mobile phone (including PDA, Android and internet brows able handset) both for their educational, communicational and other needs. The refreshment or entertainment behavior of young generation is also western influenced. Though many of the young people like to watch Bangladeshi movies, dramas,

88 | P a g e

listen Bangladeshi music and to read Bangladeshi literature, but many of them also habituated to watch Hollywood movies, listening English songs and reading translated English literature. It can be revealed that, the indigenous culture have been lost mostly among young generation from this discussion. But it is a matter of to be enthusiastic that, most of the members of young generation still have positive view about our traditional culture. The criteria of culture which they are habituated is now a part and parcel of their daily life, They can’t avoid them, but many of them are still be aware and many are concerning about our traditional culture. Many of them are avoiding the bad sides of western culture such as, drinking wine, free sexual relation, going to DJ party etc. But it is a matter of great sorrow that many of them already acquired these cultures. But there is hope that the consciousness is growing among them. Even now, many of young people don’t prefer western foods, dresses and education system over our traditional foods, dresses and education system. And most of them also support our traditional living pattern and life style of our country. They think that overall culture & tradition of our country is appropriate for present time and situation. They don’t see it like western culture. After reviewing different findings, it can be just focus on ‘The Impact of Western Culture on young generation’ from three different angles. These are:  Impact of socio-cultural Globalization.  Positive impact of westernization.  Negative impact of westernization. Impact of socio-cultural Globalization: Now a day’s every country in this world is treated as village, you can imagine whatever you can. That’s the way people are communicate easily to each other make things differences. Globalization has only one overarching feature–integration. It is all about collectiveness and ever increasing interconnectedness. It in effect influences everything, whether it is a company or a country. But here is a fact, is globalization all the way keeps help to connect to each other or build a strong communication in “borderless world”? If it is a question, then how it impacts in our society as well as in our culture? The Cable television has made different attraction in around the world as well as in Bangladeshi household. Foreign movies have come and have reflected their culture in it. This has made a huge impact on the minds of the Bangladeshi people. The internet has opened up opportunities for young people to learn more about foreign cultures and places. Globalization 89 | P a g e

has broken all borders. As a result, the new generation of Bangladesh is more knowledgeable, more aware and more interested in the world around them. In our society, young women who were once the exploited and ignored part of the population, now assert their rights of being a woman. They now have more access to education and know more about their rights and their identity as a woman. Nowadays, you find women in the society who work alongside men. Men-dominated fields see the coming up of the woman. Men and women are slowly being treated equally. However, this does not mean that all Bangladeshi women are fully free. In many places, exploitation still continues. Positive impact of westernization: Due to globalization, westernization is spreading out all over the world. Westernization has been placed in different countries because of globalization and needless to say, it has had an impact on the Bangladeshi young generation. It has out-rooted the traditional Bengali culture and the rate at which westernization is happening to Bangladesh is surprising. Regional languages are on the process of redefined. In many ways instating of regional language people have been used to English especially in urban areas youngsters. It had started get fixing with western clothing, western languages, western mannerisms and everything else westernized. Besides, the festival of Pohela Baishakh, people is now celebrating like other western cultural festivals especially in young group such as:  Valentine’s Day,  Friendship Day,  Mother’s day,  Father’s day.  And other international celebrations. Now a day, young people are concern about how we think about globally, what the other country are doing in their cultural issue, just we observe and absorbing them. There is lot of issues that we automatically know about it; even he/she has a little knowledge about westernization. But, young people are moving with it in all the way.

90 | P a g e

Negative impact of westernization: At the side of the positive, Bangladeshi young people are involving day by day with negative activities which our own culture because of following western culture. However no matter have occurred by this way, what young people are doing in our society. With Globalization and westernization of our culture, Bangladesh now has access to things like adult movies, pornographic material, sex toys and other sexual content from all around the world especially in young group of people. Bangladeshiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population has been corrupted by easy access which has been brought about by westernization. In fact, this has gone to such limits that now pornographic material is even made in Bangladesh also. These perverted habits have raised a population who sometimes are so full of hunger for that they choice to rape. It is a fact that rape cases have risen since the spread of globalization. So that, western dress is another factor that creates an imbalance in our society especially for woman group (whenever girls wear a shirt, t-shirt, and pant in our society, due to feel or sensation of comfortable) which does not permit within our culture as majority of Muslim nationality. For wearing that kind of dresses young men are mostly thinking in negative sense. The previous findings have reported results on the western culture effect on urban youth generation in our society. However, according to above mentioned circumstances, the present study takes the initiative to conduct an empirical investigation based on the impact of western culture on young generation includes their thought according their status, how the Bengali culture is becoming a westernized and which factors are related with that. The findings from this study will work as valuable guidelines to give respect our own culture and to be a wholesome Bangladeshi member of young generation.

91 | P a g e

4.2. Recommendations: As most of the findings are discussed yet, it can be said that impact of western culture is a part of modernization. But it can be consider as a problem also in our country’s perspective. Because many of young people of our country are addicted day by day to the negative sides of western culture. Below, there given some recommendations:  There should be vast opportunities for young people to know and learn more about our traditional culture.  They should be made aware what is traditional culture and what western culture is.  There should be awareness program through various media like print and electronic media for young generation concerning them about bad sides of western culture and significance of our traditional culture.  Motivation program should be held encouraging for preserving of our traditional culture.  There should be government’s steps to prevent elements such as pornography, drugs, and hard drinks from reaching to young generation.  Moral value of young generation should be increase through motivation programs.  Exercise of obtaining religious rules-regulations should be increased among young generation.  Family members especially parents should be aware of what their children doing in their room, which type of company he/she keeping and where he/she goes etc.  Proper knowledge should be spread among young generation about the negative sides of western culture, the significance of our traditional culture and not to adopt western culture. It is the responsibility of educational institutions, teachers and parents mostly.  Patriotism should be spread among young generation.  Bangladeshi festivals should be observed with more importance nationally.  Bangladeshi entertainments such as movies, music etc. should be more advanced and up-to-date so that young people will attract to it.  Easy access of western culture into our country should be more restricted by government.  Lacking and needs of young people should try to fulfill by government, society and family.

92 | P a g e

Conclusion: Eventually, it can be concluded that, this research has found a lot of significant issues that is Western culture is not a curse to our society but it can bring a lot of negative effects. We must understand that the young generation is the future image of our country. So, it is necessary to enlighten them about our own cultural values which will make our nation proud. Now a dayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the production and consumption of cultural goods and services has become commodities, along with the essentials of social life (marriage and family life, religion work and leisure). What once was an element of the way of life becomes a product, rather than something unique men had made to suit their own needs and circumstances. In urban Bangladesh, technology of multi-channels TV began in 1991 and hence satellite broadcasting has been delivering 'lots of channels to viewers'. Cultural domination by electronic media within the society thus has eventually become a major concern of sociological inquiry. The present study is one of such effort to look at how the urban people, mostly youth has accepted and responded to their access to Western culture. In Bangladesh perspective, since it is the one of very few and one way concentration on the impact of western culture, it is precise that this thesis contains the groundwork of further research, which may find useful tools considering the probable findings in the long run. No study has been done at before. However, for doing this research best analysis was used to make the research as full proof but due to short sample, it cannot be recommend as full proof. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s why; it is recommend for further modification as it is a phrase valid that research is a never ending process.

93 | P a g e

References Gale, F. and Stephanie Fahay (2005). “Youth in transition: The challenges of generational change in Asia”. The Association of Asian Social Science Research Councils (AASSREC) in association with The Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (ASSA). Gomes, G. and Mohammad Nafiur Rahman (2010). “Impact of Western Culture in Bangladesh”. American International University Bangladesh; Research Methodology - Summer 2010. Lamare, L. (2009). “Cultural Globalization: What is it?” Montray Kréyol SPIP 2.1.10 [17657]. Dengar, K. N. (1996). “America: Past to Modern”. Trans. By: Hossain, F. (1999). Bangla Academy, Dhaka.

94 | P a g e

Bibliography 1. Morena, E. (2008). “Differences between Asian and Western cultures”. 2. “The difference of Bangladeshi culture and Western culture”. (March 11, 2011). <accessed on March 2012 at http://www.admission_bd.com>. 3. Khan, M. A. (Ph.D) and Iram Arif, Research Scholar (2009), “Media Imperialism and Its Effects on Culture of Pakistan: A Case Study of Youth of Multan”. Global Media Journal; Pakistan Edition. pp.184. 4. Athiyal, S. (2011). “The Young Generation and Their Problems”. Harper Collins Publishers, New York. 1981. 126-127. 5. Samuel, M. (2009). “Contemporary Bangladesh and Popular Culture” New Horizon. United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia. 6. Andrew Stevens, “The Youthful Revolution.” CNN online. (April 20, 2004). <accessed on January 2012 at http://www.cnn.com>. 7. Furlong, A. and F. Cartmel (1997), “Young People and Social Change: Individualization and Risk in Late Modernity”. Buckingham, Open University Press. 8. Miles, S. (2000). “Youth Lifestyles in a Changing World”. Buckingham, Open University Press. 9. Tomlinson, J. (2003). “Globalization and Cultural Identity”. 10. Youth Culture, 2012, Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society, <accessed on January 2012 at http://www.faqs.org/childhood/index.html>. 11. Western culture, 2012, <accessed on January 2012 at http://www.wikipedia.org>. 12. “Acculturation theory” Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008. 13. “Cultural lag theory” Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008. 14. Nawaz, A. (2008). “Culture of Bangladesh”. Banglapedia 2011. Dhaka, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 95 | P a g e

Appendix A Questionnaire on Impact of Western Culture on Young Generation

Schedule no……….

Date:

1. Gender of the respondent: 1. □ Male

2. □ Female

2. Age of the respondent: 1. □ 16-18

2. □ 18-20

3. □ 20-22

□ 22-24

5. □ 24-26

6. □ 26-28

3. Education status of the respondent: 1.

□ Illiterate

□ Higher secondary level

□ Primary level 5.

□ Secondary level

□ Graduation level

4. Which language you prefer to use? 1.

□ Bengali

□ English

5. Do you think English is more useful and necessary than Bengali in our country? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ Disagree

□ No comment

6. Do you think English language is playing negative role to our indigenous culture? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ No comment

7. In which medium you read in? 1.

□ Bengali

96 | P a g e

□ English

□ Others

□ Disagree

8. Under which type of curriculum you read in/reading? 1.

□ Traditional

□ Western influenced

□ No answer

9. Do you think that education system should be Western or European type? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ Disagree

□ No comment

10. Have you learnt anything about our traditional culture from this education system? 1.

□ Fully learnt

□ Nothing learnt

□ Something learnt

□ Very little learnt

11. Can you identify our traditional culture and western culture differently? 1.

□ Yes, I can

□ I can, but not properly

3. □ No, I can’t

12. If yes, how can you differentiate them (multiple response)? 1.

□ By dress pattern 2. □ By food habit

□ By film and literature

□ By social customs

□ By family pattern

□ Others

□ By life style

13. If no, why you can’t differentiate them? 1.

□ I don’t know what western culture is

□ I don’t know what traditional/indigenous culture is

□ I haven’t learn anything about indigenous culture

□ No comment

14. What type of food you usually prefer to eat? 1.

□ Local food items

□ Traditional food items

97 | P a g e

□ Fast food items (western food) 4.

□ Homemade food items

15. Do you think that local/traditional food items are abolishing because of fast food (western foods)? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ Disagree

□ No comment

16. What type of dress you generally like to wear? 1.

□ Shirt-Pant

□ Panjabi-Pant/Pajama

□ Fotua-lungi

5. □ Sari

□ T shirt-Pant

6. □ Salwar Kamiz

7. □ Tops-Skirt

17. Do you prefer western dress over traditional dress? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ Disagree

□ No comment

18. Do you think traditional dress pattern of our country is replacing by western dress pattern? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ Disagree

□ No comment

19. What type of family you living in? 1.

□ Nuclear

□ Joint

20. Do you know that nuclear family pattern is basically western culture? 1.

□ Yes

□ No

21. Which type of family you prefer to live in? 1.

□ Nuclear

□ Joint

22. Your parents look after you (multiple response)_ 1.

□ Very intimately

□ With proper love and affection

98 | P a g e

□ They don’t give you proper time

□ They are very relaxed and flexible about you

□ They are very rigid about you

23. Do you follow the traditional social customs and norms such as, respecting elders, be affectionate to youngers, do proper duty over neighboures etc.? 1.

□ Follow properly

□ Follow partially

□ Don’t follow

24. Do you think that your locality or community follows such customs? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ Disagree

□ No comment

25. Have you learnt properly through your family or educational institution about these social customs? 1.

□ Yes, properly

□ Didn’t learnt

□ Yes, but not properly

□ Very few

26. Do you think that religion is part and parcel of our life? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ Disagree

□ No comment

27. Do you follow your religion and its rules-regulations? 1.

□ Yes, properly

□ Don’t follow

□ Yes, partially

□ Yes, but very rare

28. What do you think about your opposite sex/gender (multiple response)? 1.

□ Rival

□ Friend

□ Co-worker

□ For physical need

29. Have you ever been a victim of sexual torture from your opposite gender? 1.

□ Yes

99 | P a g e

□ Never

30. Do you agree with equal participation and right of both male and female? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ Disagree

□ No comment

31. Do you support the traditional living pattern and life style of our country? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ Disagree

□ No comment

32. If you don’t support, do you think it should be changed? 1.

□ Yes, it should be modernize

□ Yes, it should be based on technology

□ Yes, it should be like western country

33. What type of technology you use for your daily needs such as academic needs, communication needs etc. (multiple response)? 1.

□ Mobile phone (including PDA, Android and internet brows able handset)

□ Internet service (including website, mailing, voice chat, live chat)

□ Traditional service (including manual govt. mailing, analog phone)

34. Do you think these technologies are in collision with our traditional culture? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ Disagree

□ No comment

35. What type of film, movie, TV show and music you mainly prefer to watch? 1.

□ Bangladeshi

□ Indian

□ Hollywood

36. When you watch violent movies (mainly Hollywood movies and TV shows), does it inspire you to do any violent work? 1.

□ Yes, sometimes

100 | P a g e

□ Very rare

□ Never

37. In Hollywood movie’s TV shows and music videos, there we can see various cultures such as drinking wine, sexual relation, attending night club, taking drugs etc. Are these factors influence or inspire you? 1.

□ Yes, always

□ Yes, sometimes

□ Very rare

□ Never inspire

38. Do you read other books beside your academic books? 1.

□ Yes

□ No

39. If yes, what type of books you mainly prefer to read? 1.

□ Bangladeshi books/novels/poems

□ Indian books/novels/poems

□ Translated English or other European literature/novels/poems

□ Original English books/novels/poems

40. Do you think foreign literature is acquiring the traditional literature of our country? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ Disagree

□ No comment

41. What type of profession you mainly prefer for your present or future life and carrier? 1.

□ Govt. service

□ Teaching

2. 5.

□ Private Company/Corporate level job

□ Business

□ Self-entrepreneurship

□ Bank job

□ Going abroad

42. Do you perform any kind of part time job to help yourself or your family? 1.

□ Yes, I am doing

□ I did before

□ I never did

43. Do you think every member of a family should income when they become matured like western countries? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

101 | P a g e

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ No comment

□ Disagree

44. Do you think the overall culture & tradition of our country is appropriate for present era and situation? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ Disagree

□ No comment

45. If no, do you think it should be like western culture? 1.

□ Agree

□ Strongly disagree

□ Strongly agree 6.

□ Partially agree

□ No comment

……………………… Signature of the interviewer

102 | P a g e

Thank you very much