UNWTOQtr14-3-IntroductoryBooklet by S Figueras

UNWTO course in Qatar - 3rd edition 2014 Sustainable Tourism Project Development

Doha, Qatar

Welcome to the UNWTO course in Qatar – 3rd edition 2014 on

Sustainable Tourism Project Development

With this booklet, we wish to inform and prepare you to the intensive course, to be held in Doha from 7th to 11th December 2014. To do so, we would like you to read the following documents before assisting the course:  Introduction to the course;  Understanding tourism – Basic Glossary;  Global Code of Ethics for Tourism; and  “Sustainable Tourism as a Development Tool” from the UNWTO publication Sustainable Tourism for Development.

We wish you a pleasant reading and look forward to seeing you in Qatar!

UNWTO course in Qatar – 3rd Edition

Sustainable Tourism Project Development Doha, Qatar

7-11 December 2014

World economies are benefiting from the tourism industry’s positive economic, environmental, and socio-cultural impacts, through the creation of jobs, preservation and celebration of indigenous local culture, reduction of poverty, and promotion of environmental conservation and environmentally-friendly alternative livelihoods. In 2013, for example, the total tourism’s economic contribution, taking into account its combined direct, indirect and induced impacts, was of 9% to Global GDP; 1 of 11 jobs; US$ 1.3 trillion in exports; 30% of world’s service exports; and the top export earner in more than 60 countries and the primary source of foreign exchange earnings for one third of developing countries and one half of least developed countries. Given its size, the sector bears considerable potential for economic growth, diversification and structural transformation. International development agencies and developing countries have recognized the numerous positive impacts of tourism and actively pursue tourism development to promote economic growth and development assistance objectives. A key element for tourism growth is to design and implement solid, innovative and transformative projects for sustainable tourism development in line with tourism policies, sustainable tourism principles and criteria, where funding, investment and partnerships take an important role. Based on the above, this 3-module course has been designed so as to transfer a solid knowledge of project management processes, principles, techniques, variables, tools to formulate, implement and evaluate successful and sustainable tourism projects in line with sustainable tourism principles and criteria. Moreover, it will give participants an overview of the elements, roles, tools, and most significant opportunities of tourism investment and partnerships. Main objective The objective of this course is to provide participants with knowledge, skills, tools and a forum for discussion on sustainable tourism project development. Upon successful completion of this course, participants will be able to: • Understand the key elements and concepts of a sustainable tourism project management • Understand key elements and concepts of funding and investment for a tourism project • Understand key elements and concepts of partnerships • Apply a framework for developing a sustainable tourism project management, with emphasis on investment and partnership Content The course is to follow the philosophy of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. Module 1. Tourism project management 1.1 Project management 1.2 Project identification and screening

1.3 Project planning and preliminary feasibility analysis 1.4 Project organisation 1.5 Project implementation Module 2. Funding and investment for a tourism project 2.1 Projects identification and selection for funding 2.2 Financial feasibility principles 2.3 Identifying and approaching potential investors 2.4 Investors relationship management and networks 2.5 Defining operating rules, procedures and monitoring 2.6 Introduction to tourism investment portfolio preparation and presentation Module 3. Partnerships for a tourism project 3.1 Identifying potential partners 3.2 Recognizing opportunities of partnership 3.3 Setting up and managing a partnership 3.4 Regenerating the mature partnership 3.5 Benefits of partnership International experts Dr. Adel Rady has over 30 years of experience of working in the tourism sector and especially in tourism development, economic analysis of tourism projects, urban planning, architecture, local and regional economic development strategies, as well as tourism masterplanning. He has worked for many years in leading positions in governmental tourism bodies in the Middle East and mainly in Egypt managing major strategic tourism projects and undertaking financial modelling to arrive at feasibility analysis. He has been the CEO of the Tourism Development Authority in Egypt and Deputy Minister of Tourism, a senior consultant of the Ministry of Tourism in Egypt; Director of the Economic Department for the Al Ain Economic Development & Tourism Promotion Authority; Advisor to the SCT for the Supreme Commission of Tourism (SCT), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Principal and Manager of Oman branch of CDD for the Center for Design and Development (CDD), Muscat; Advisor Economic and Financial Consultancy in tourism affairs for the Ministry of Tourism in Egypt, UAR... Silvia Barbone https://www.linkedin.com/pub/silvia-barbone/2/605/944 an international expert in sustainable tourism and management with an extensive knowledge of the tourism policies and funding opportunities. Silvia is an experienced project manager and trainer. She ha s been working with leading global organizations, including UNWTO, UNEP, European Travel Commission, European Commission, European Parliament, as well as local, regional and national public authorities. She is a regular speaker at conferences and international events. She is also the developer and the main author of PM4SDâ&#x201E;˘ â&#x20AC;&#x153;Project Management for Sustainable Development, a new methodology for managing projects with success and sustainability. She is exploiting PM4SDâ&#x201E;˘ in Europe (Italy, UK, Norway, Austria, Finland, Portugal and Poland) and in the Middle East (Morocco, Palestine, Jordan, Turkey). She is the chief editor of her own blog and newsletter "Tourism Around Europe", which addresses 5000 tourism stakeholders. Silvia is highly interested in transfering her skills and knowledge in new promising, sustainable and challenging contexts. Agenda Announcements informing of unexpected changes to the agenda may be made during class.

Sunday

Monday

07:15-07:45 Registration

08:00-09:30 Module 1

07:45-08:15 Inauguration

09:30-10:00 Break

08:15-08:30 Official photograph

10:00-11:30 Module 1 & Module 2

08:30-09:30 The role and activities of UNWTO and the UNWTO.Themis Foundation 09:30-09:45 Break 09:45-10:45 Introduction to the course & Participants’ introduction 10:45-11:45 Module 1 11:45-12:15 Break 12:15-14:15 Module 1 14:15-14:30 Qatar National Tourism Strategy 14:30 Welcome lunch at The Courtyard 17:30 Dhow Cruise with Dinner

Tuesday Technical Site Visit 07:30 Departure from the venue of the course to the technical visit sites

11:30-12:00 Break with light lunch

08:30 – 10:00 Visit to Qatari Diar & Lusail City

12:00-13:30 Module 2

11:00-16:00 Fieldwork

13:30-15:00 Preparation for fieldwork in groups

Lunch provided on the field

16:00 Visit to Katara Hospitality

Wednesday

Thursday

08:00-09:30 Group work on the presentation on the outcomes of the fieldwork

08:00-09:30 Module 3

09:30-10:00 Break

10:00-11:30 Module 3

10:00-11:30 Participants (in groups) presentations on the outcomes of the fieldwork [5’ per group + 5’ Qs]

11:30-12:00 Break

11:30-12:00 Break with light lunch 12:00-13:30 Module 2 13:30-15:00 Group work time for the final task 19:30 Dinner in Al Terrace

09:30-10:00 Break

12:00-14:00 Group presentations on final Activity [10’ per group + 5’ Qs] 14:00-14:30 Closing Forum 14:30-15:00 Closing ceremony with certificates 15:00 Lunch in Argan

Further Informative Reading



Barbone S (2013), Project Management for Sustainable Development, TSO, London: http://www.tsoshop.co.uk/bookstore.asp?FO=1159994&DI=638716



European Commission (2004), Project Cycle Management Guidelines, Europaid, Brussels: http://goo.gl/xC2l9e



Foundation for European Sustainable Tourism (2013), Project Management for Sustainable Development, TSO, London: http://goo.gl/auv4Ns



Greasley, K.; Watson, P. J.; Patel, S. (2008) The formation of public-public partnerships: A case study examination of collaboration on a “back to work” initiative. International Journal of Public Sector Management 21:305–313.



Grimsey, D and Mervyns L (2004), Public Private Partnerships: The Worldwide Revolution in Infrastructure Provision and Project Finance, Edward Elgar.



Lohrey J. (2013), Factors to Consider When Investing. Demand Media, Free Funds Newsletter



Mazilu, M. (2010), Key Elements of a Model for Sustainable Tourism, International Journal of Energy and Environment, Issue 2, Volume 4, Romania.



PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (2007), Guide to key performance indicators, London, UK.



Seader, D (2004), The United States Experience with Outsourcing, Privatisation and Public Private Partnerships, www.ncpp.org



Tech Capital Partners (2009), Securing Venture Capital for Your Early Stage Technology Business.



Teker S. & Teker D., (2012) Tourism Projects Financing: A Public-Private Partnership Model Society for Business and Management Dynamics, Vol.2, No.5 at: www.bmdynamics.com



The Open University, Project management: the start of the project journey http://www.open.edu/openlearn/money-management/management/leadership-andmanagement/managing/project-management-the-start-the-project-journey/content-section-0



USAID, Tourism Investment and Finance - Accessing Sustainable Funding and Social Impact Capital http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2151/InvestmentWorkbook_4%5B2%5D.pdf



UN ESCAP (2001), Promotion of Investment in Tourism Infrastructure, New York: http://www.walterjamieson.com/resources/Promotion%20of%20Investment%20in%20Tourism%20Infras tructure.pdf



UNCTAD (2010), Promoting Foreign Investment in Tourism, United Nations, Geneva: http://unctad.org/en/Docs/diaepcb200916_en.pdf



UNWTO, Improving competitiveness www.unwto.org/quality/index.php



World Tourism Organization (2003), Co-operation and partnerships in Tourism: A Global Perspectives, UNWTO, Madrid http://ow.ly/EnZmL://&pi=2



World Tourism Organization (2004), Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations-A Guidebook, UNWTO, Madrid: http://www.wtoelibrary.org/content/x53g07/fulltext.pdf



World Tourism Organization (2007), A Practical Guide to Tourism Destination Management, UNWTO, Madrid: http://www.wtoelibrary.org/content/w0vpr4/fulltext.pdf



World Tourism Organization (2011), Handbook on Tourism Product Development, UNWTO, Madrid: http://www.wtoelibrary.org/content/x4vt33/fulltext.pdf



World Tourism Organization (2011), Tourism Towards 2030. Global Overview, UNWTO, Madrid: http://www.wtoelibrary.org/content/w45127/fulltext.pdf



World Tourism Organization (2012), Sustainable Development of Tourism in Deserts (Arabic version), UNWTO, Madrid: http://www.eunwto.org/content/p34483/?p=a4ba60520d5c4bde9773ad4b41517b57&pi=1



World Tourism Organization (2013), Aid for trade and value chains in tourism, UNWTO, Madrid. World Tourism Organization (2013), Sustainable Tourism for Development, UNWTO, Madrid: http://icr.unwto.org/content/guidebook-sustainable-tourism-development

World Tourism Organization

Understanding Tourism: Basic Glossary (*) The glossary has been made possible thanks to the international community’s work on defining a new conceptual framework for measuring and analysing tourism economics; an effort that lasted almost three years (2005/2007). The international consensus that followed, in the form of United Nations approved International Recommendations, establishes the concepts, definitions, classifications and the basic set of data and indicators that should be part of any national System of Tourism Statistics. Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists; residents or nonresidents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which imply tourism expenditure. As such, tourism has implications on the economy, on the natural and built environment, on the local population at the destination and on the tourists themselves. Due to these multiple impacts, the wide range and variety of production factors required to produce those goods and services acquired by visitors, and the wide spectrum of stakeholders involved or affected by tourism, there is a need for a holistic approach to tourism development, management and monitoring. This approach is strongly recommended in order to formulate and implement national and local tourism policies as well as the necessary international agreements or other processes in respect of tourism.

Business visitor

A business visitor is a visitor whose main purpose for a tourism trip corresponds to the business and professional category.

Country of reference

The country of reference refers to the country for which the measurement is done. As a general observation, it should be noted that in the International Recommendations 2008: (a) The term “country” can be transposed to a different geographical level using the term “place” instead (either a region, municipality or other subnational geographic location); (b) The term “long-term” is used as the equivalent of a year or more and “shortterm” as less than a year.

Country of residence

The country of residence of a household is determined according to the centre of predominant economic interest of its members. If a person resides (or intends to reside) for more than one year in a given country and has there his/her centre of economic interest (for example, where the predominant amount of time is spent), he/she is considered as a resident of this country.

The main destination of a tourism trip is defined as the place visited that is central Destination (main destination) of a trip to the decision to take the trip. See also purpose of a tourism trip. Domestic tourism

Comprises the activities of a resident visitor within the country of reference, either as part of a domestic tourism trip or part of an outbound tourism trip.

Economic analysis

Tourism generates directly and indirectly an increase in economic activity in the places visited (and beyond), mainly due to demand for goods and services that need to be produced and provided.

This Annex includes some key concepts and the corresponding definitions as conveyed in the new International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008 (IRTS 2008), http://www.unwto.org/statistics/irts/irts.htm. While some of them focus exclusively on the economic measurement of tourism, others (like the key concepts of visitors –including tourists and excursionists-, trip, usual environment, forms of tourism, etc.) are also applicable to other areas of analysis and research.

Understanding Tourism: Basic Glossary

In the economic analysis of tourism, one may distinguish between tourism’s ‘economic contribution’ which refers to the direct effect of tourism and is measurable by means of the TSA, and tourism’s ‘economic impact’ which is a much broader concept encapsulating the direct, indirect and induced effects of tourism and which must be estimated by applying models. Economic impact studies aim to quantify economic benefits, that is, the net increase in the wealth of residents resulting from tourism, measured in monetary terms, over and above the levels that would prevail in its absence. Employment in tourism industries

Employment in tourism industries may be measured as a count of the persons employed in tourism industries in any of their jobs, as a count of the persons employed in tourism industries in their main job, as a count of the jobs in tourism industries, or as full-time equivalent figures.

Excursionist (or same-day visitor)

A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) if his/her trip does not include an overnight stay.

Forms of tourism

There are three basic forms of tourism: domestic tourism, inbound tourism, and outbound tourism. These can be combined in various ways to derive the following additional forms of tourism: internal tourism, national tourism and international tourism.

Inbound tourism

Comprises the activities of a non-resident visitor within the country of reference on an inbound tourism trip.

Internal tourism

Internal tourism comprises domestic tourism plus inbound tourism, that is to say, the activities of resident and non-resident visitors within the country of reference as part of domestic or international tourism trips.

International tourism

International tourism comprises inbound tourism plus outbound tourism, that is to say, the activities of resident visitors outside the country of reference, either as part of domestic or outbound tourism trips and the activities of non-resident visitors within the country of reference on inbound tourism trips.

Meetings industry

To highlight purposes relevant to the meetings industry, if a trip’s main purpose is business/professional, it can be further subdivided into “attending meetings, conferences or congresses, trade fairs and exhibitions” and “other business and professional purposes”. The term meetings industry is preferred by the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA), Meeting Professionals International (MPI) and Reed Travel over the acronym MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions) which does not recognize the industrial nature of such activities.

MICE

See meetings industry.

National tourism

National tourism comprises domestic tourism plus outbound tourism, that is to say, the activities of resident visitors within and outside the country of reference, either as part of domestic or outbound tourism trips.

Outbound tourism

Comprises the activities of a resident visitor outside the country of reference, either as part of an outbound tourism trip or as part of a domestic tourism trip.

Place of usual residence

The place of usual residence is the geographical place where the enumerated person usually resides, and is defined by the location of his/her principal dwelling (Principles and recommendations for population and housing censuses of the United Nations, ¶¶2.20 to 2.24).

The main purpose of a tourism trip is defined as the purpose in the absence of Purpose of a tourism trip (main) which the trip would not have taken place. Classification of tourism trips according to the main purpose refers to nine categories: this typology allows the identification of different subsets of visitors (business visitors, transit visitors, etc). See also destination of a tourism trip

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

Tourism expenditure

Tourism expenditure refers to the amount paid for the acquisition of consumption goods and services, as well as valuables, for own use or to give away, for and during tourism trips.

Tourism industries

Tourism industries (also referred to as tourism activities) are the activities that typically produce tourism characteristic products. Tourism characteristic products are those that satisfy one or both of the following criteria: (a) Tourism expenditure on the product (either good or service) should represent a significant share of total tourism expenditure (share-of-expenditure/demand condition); (b) Tourism expenditure on the product should represent a significant share of the supply of the product in the economy (share-of-supply condition). This criterion implies that the supply of a tourism characteristic product would cease to exist in meaningful quantity in the absence of visitors.

Products

List of categories of tourism characteristic products and tourism industries Industries

1. Accommodation services for visitors

1. Accommodation for visitors

2. Food and beverage serving services

2. Food and beverage serving activities

3. Railway passenger transport services

3. Railway passenger transport

4. Road passenger transport services

4. Road passenger transport

5. Water passenger transport services

5. Water passenger transport

6. Air passenger transport services

6. Air passenger transport

7. Transport equipment rental services

7. Transport equipment rental

8. Travel agencies and other reservation services

8. Travel agencies and other reservation services activities

9. Cultural services

9. Cultural activities

10. Sports and recreational services

10. Sports and recreational activities

11. Country-specific tourism characteristic goods

11. Retail trade of country-specific tourism characteristic goods

12. Country-specific tourism characteristic services

12. Other country-specific tourism characteristic activities

Tourism Satellite Account (TSA)

The Tourism Satellite Account (described in the Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework 2008) is, besides the International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008, the second international recommendation on tourism statistics that has been developed in a framework of consistency with the System of National Accounts. Both recommendations are mutually consistent and provide the conceptual framework for measuring and analyzing tourism as an economic activity. As a statistical tool for the economic accounting of tourism, the TSA can be seen as a set of 10 summary tables, each with their underlying data and representing a different aspect of the economic data relative to tourism: inbound, domestic tourism and outbound tourism expenditure, internal tourism expenditure, production accounts of tourism industries, the Gross Value Added (GVA) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) attributable to tourism demand, employment, investment, government consumption, and non-monetary indicators.

Tourism sector

The tourism sector, as contemplated in the TSA, is the cluster of production units in different industries that provide consumption goods and services demanded by visitors. Such industries are called tourism industries because visitor acquisition represents such a significant share of their supply that, in the absence of visitors, their production of these would cease to exist in meaningful quantity.

Tourist (or overnight visitor)

A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a tourist (or overnight visitor), if his/her trip includes an overnight stay.

Understanding Tourism: Basic Glossary

Travel / tourism

Travel refers to the activity of travellers. A traveller is someone who moves between different geographic locations, for any purpose and any duration. The visitor is a particular type of traveller and consequently tourism is a subset of travel.

Travel party

A travel party is defined as visitors travelling together on a trip and whose expenditures are pooled.

Trip

A trip refers to the travel by a person from the time of departure from his/her usual residence until he/she returns: it thus refers to a round trip. Trips taken by visitors are tourism trips.

Usual environment

The usual environment of an individual, a key concept in tourism, is defined as the geographical area (though not necessarily a contiguous one) within which an individual conducts his/her regular life routines.

Vacation home

A vacation home (sometimes also designated as a holiday home) is a secondary dwelling that is visited by the members of the household mostly for purposes of recreation, vacation or any other form of leisure.

Visit

A trip is made up of visits to different places. The term tourism visit refers to a stay in a place visited during a tourism trip.

Visitor

A visitor is a traveller taking a trip to a main destination outside his/her usual environment, for less than a year, for any main purpose (business, leisure or other personal purpose) other than to be employed by a resident entity in the country or place visited. A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a tourist (or overnight visitor), if his/her trip includes an overnight stay, or as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) otherwise.

Interiores Codigo E?tico Ingle?s 09:2 Interior ingles

26/11/09

16:48

Página 1

Resolution adopted by the General Assembly 21 December 2001 A/RES/56/212

Global Code of Ethics for Tourism

The General Assembly, Recalling its resolution 32/156 of 19 December 1977, by which it approved the Agreement on Cooperation and Relationships between the United Nations and the World Tourism Organization, Reaffirming paragraph 5 of its resolution 36/41 of 19 November 1981, in which it decided that the World Tourism Organization might participate, on a continuing basis, in the work of the General Assembly in areas of concern to that organization, Recalling the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 10 October 1980 adopted under the auspices of the World Tourism Organization,1 the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 2 and Agenda 21 3 adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development on 14 June 1992, and taking note of the Amman Declaration on Peace through Tourism adopted at the Global Summit on Peace through Tourism on 11 November 2000,4 Considering that the Commission on Sustainable Development, at its seventh session, held in April 1999, expressed interest in a global code of ethics for tourism and invited the World Tourism Organization to consider the participation of informed major groups in the development, implementation and monitoring of its globlal code of ethics for tourism ,5 Recalling its resolution 53/200 of 15 December 1998 on the proclamation of 2002 as the International Year of Ecotourism, in which, inter alia, it reaffirmed Economic and Social Council resolution 1998/40 of 30 July 1998, recognizing the support of the World Tourism Organization for the importance of ecotourism, in particular the designation of the year 2002 as the International Year of Ecotourism, in fostering better understanding among peoples everywhere, in leading to greater awareness of the rich heritage of various civilizations and in bringing about a better appreciation of the inherent values of different cultures, thereby contributing to the strengthening of world peace, Recognizing the important dimension and role of tourism as a positive instrument towards the alleviation of poverty and the improvement of the quality of life for all people, its potential to make a contribution to economic and social development, especially of the developing countries, and its emergence as a vital force for the promotion of international understanding, peace and prosperity, 1. Takes note with interest of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism adopted at the thirteenth session of the General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization,6 which outlines principles to guide tourism development and to serve as a frame of reference for the different stakeholders in the tourism sector, with the objective of minimizing the negative impact of tourism on environment and on cultural heritage while maximizing the benefits of tourism in promoting sustainable development and poverty alleviation as well as understanding among nations; 2. Emphasizes the need for the promotion of a responsible and sustainable tourism that could be beneficial to all sectors of society; 3. Invites Governments and other stakeholders in the tourism sector to consider introducing, as appropriate, the contents of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism in relevant laws, regulations and professional practices, and, in this regard, recognizes with appreciation the efforts made and measures already undertaken by some States; 4. Encourages the World Tourism Organization to promote effective follow-up to the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, with the involvement of relevant stakeholders in the tourism sector; 5. Requests the Secretary-General to follow up developments related to the implementation of the present resolution based on the reports of the World Tourism Organizaion and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its fifty-ninth session. 1 A/36/236, annex, appendix I. 2 Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 314 June 1992 (United Nations publications, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigenda), vol. I: Resolutions adopted by the Conference, resolution 1, annex I. 3 Ibid., annex II. 4 See A/55/640. 5 See Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 1999, Supplement No. 9 (E/1999/29), decision 7/3 6 See E/2001/61, annex.

GLOBAL CODE OF ETHICS FOR TOURISM adopted by resolution A/RES/406(XIII) at the thirteenth WTO General Assembly (Santiago, Chile, 27 September 1 October 1999). PREAMBLE We, Members of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), representatives of the world tourism industry, delegates of States, territories, enterprises, institutions and bodies that are gathered for the General Assembly at Santiago, Chile on this first day of October 1999, Reasserting the aims set out in Article 3 of the Statutes of the World Tourism Organization, and aware of the “decisive and central” role of this Organization, as recognized by the General Assembly of the United Nations, in promoting and developing tourism with a view to contributing to economic development, international understanding, peace, prosperity and universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion, Firmly believing that, through the direct, spontaneous and non-mediatized contacts it engenders between men and women of different cultures and lifestyles, tourism represents a vital force for peace and a factor of friendship and understanding among the peoples of the world, In keeping with the rationale of reconciling environmental protection, economic development and the fight against poverty in a sustainable manner, as formulated by the United Nations in 1992 at the “Earth Summit” of Rio de Janeiro and expressed in Agenda 21, adopted on that occasion, Taking into account the swift and continued growth, both past and foreseeable, of the tourism activity, whether for leisure, business, culture, religious or health purposes, and its powerful effects, both positive and negative, on the environment, the economy and the society of both generating and receiving countries, on local communities and indigenous peoples, as well as on international relations and trade, Aiming to promote responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism in the framework of the

right of all persons to use their free time for leisure pursuits or travel with respect for the choices of society of all peoples, But convinced that the world tourism industry as a whole has much to gain by operating in an environment that favours the market economy, private enterprise and free trade and that serves to optimize its beneficial effects on the creation of wealth and employment, Also firmly convinced that, provided a number of principles and a certain number of rules are observed, responsible and sustainable tourism is by no means incompatible with the growing liberalization of the conditions governing trade in services and under whose aegis the enterprises of this sector operate and that it is possible to reconcile in this sector economy and ecology, environment and development, openness to international trade and protection of social and cultural identities, Considering that, with such an approach, all the stakeholders in tourism development – national, regional and local administrations, enterprises, business associations, workers in the sector, non-governmental organizations and bodies of all kinds belonging to the tourism industry, as well as host communities, the media and the tourists themselves, have different albeit interdependent responsibilities in the individual and societal development of tourism and that the formulation of their individual rights and duties will contribute to meeting this aim, Committed, in keeping with the aims pursued by the World Tourism Organization itself since adopting resolution 364(XII) at its General Assembly of 1997 (Istanbul), to promote a genuine partnership between the public and private stakeholders in tourism development, and wishing to see a partnership and cooperation of the same kind extend, in an open and balanced way, to the relations between generating and

receiving countries and their respective tourism industries,

• Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 10 October 1980;

Following up on the Manila Declarations of 1980 on World Tourism and of 1997 on the Social Impact of Tourism, as well as on the Tourism Bill of Rights and the Tourist Code adopted at Sofia in 1985 under the aegis of WTO,

• Resolution of the Sixth General Assembly of WTO (Sofia) adopting the Tourism Bill of Rights and Tourist Code of 26 September 1985;

But believing that these instruments should be complemented by a set of interdependent principles for their interpretation and application on which the stakeholders in tourism development should model their conduct at the dawn of the twenty-first century,

• Resolution of the Ninth General Assembly of WTO (Buenos Aires) concerning in particular travel facilitation and the safety and security of tourists of 4 October 1991;

Using, for the purposes of this instrument, the definitions and classifications applicable to travel, and especially the concepts of “visitor”, “tourist” and “tourism”, as adopted by the Ottawa International Conference, held from 24 to 28 June 1991 and approved, in 1993, by the United Nations Statistical Commission at its twentyseventh session,

• General Agreement on Trade in Services of 15 April 1994;

• Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989;

• Rio Declaration on the Environment and Development of 13 June 1992;

• Convention on Biodiversity of 6 January 1995; • Resolution of the Eleventh General Assembly of WTO (Cairo) on the prevention of organized sex tourism of 22 October 1995;

Referring in particular to the following instruments:

• Stockholm Declaration of 28 August 1996 against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children;

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10 December 1948;

• Manila Declaration on the Social Impact of Tourism of 22 May 1997;

• International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 16 December 1966;

• Conventions and recommendations adopted by the International Labour Organization in the area of collective conventions, prohibition of forced labour and child labour, defence of the rights of indigenous peoples, and equal treatment and non-discrimination in the work place;

• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 16 December 1966; • Warsaw Convention on Air Transport of 12 October 1929; • Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation of 7 December 1944, and the Tokyo, The Hague and Montreal Conventions in relation thereto; • Convention on Customs Facilities for Tourism of 4 July 1954 and related Protocol; • Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 23 November 1972;

affirm the right to tourism and the freedom of tourist movements, state our wish to promote an equitable, responsible and sustainable world tourism order, whose benefits will be shared by all sectors of society in the context of an open and liberalized international economy, and solemnly adopt to these ends the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism.

Interiores Codigo E?tico Ingle?s 09:2 Interior ingles

26/11/09

16:48

Página 1

Resolution adopted by the General Assembly 21 December 2001 A/RES/56/212

Global Code of Ethics for Tourism

receiving countries and their respective tourism industries,

• Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 10 October 1980;

• Resolution of the Sixth General Assembly of WTO (Sofia) adopting the Tourism Bill of Rights and Tourist Code of 26 September 1985;

• Resolution of the Ninth General Assembly of WTO (Buenos Aires) concerning in particular travel facilitation and the safety and security of tourists of 4 October 1991;

• General Agreement on Trade in Services of 15 April 1994;

• Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989;

• Rio Declaration on the Environment and Development of 13 June 1992;

• Convention on Biodiversity of 6 January 1995; • Resolution of the Eleventh General Assembly of WTO (Cairo) on the prevention of organized sex tourism of 22 October 1995;

Referring in particular to the following instruments:

• Stockholm Declaration of 28 August 1996 against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children;

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10 December 1948;

• Manila Declaration on the Social Impact of Tourism of 22 May 1997;

• International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 16 December 1966;

Interiores Codigo E?tico Ingle?s 09:2 Interior ingles

Article 1 Tourismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contribution to mutual understanding and respect between peoples and societies 1. The understanding and promotion of the ethical values common to humanity, with an attitude of tolerance and respect for the diversity of religious, philosophical and moral beliefs, are both the foundation and the consequence of responsible tourism; stakeholders in tourism development and tourists themselves should observe the social and cultural traditions and practices of all peoples, including those of minorities and indigenous peoples and to recognize their worth; 2. Tourism activities should be conducted in harmony with the attributes and traditions of the host regions and countries and in respect for their laws, practices and customs; 3. The host communities, on the one hand, and local professionals, on the other, should acquaint themselves with and respect the tourists who visit them and find out about their lifestyles, tastes and expectations; the education and training imparted to professionals contribute to a hospitable welcome; 4. It is the task of the public authorities to provide protection for tourists and visitors and their belongings; they must pay particular attention to the safety of foreign tourists owing to the particular vulnerability they may have; they should facilitate the introduction of specific means of information, prevention, security, insurance and assistance consistent with their needs; any attacks, assaults, kidnappings or threats against tourists or workers in the tourism industry, as well as the wilful destruction of tourism facilities or of elements of cultural or natural

26/11/09

16:48

PĂĄgina 3

heritage should be severely condemned and punished in accordance with their respective national laws;

rights of the most vulnerable groups, notably children, the elderly, the handicapped, ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples;

5. When travelling, tourists and visitors should not commit any criminal act or any act considered criminal by the laws of the country visited and abstain from any conduct felt to be offensive or injurious by the local populations, or likely to damage the local environment; they should refrain from all trafficking in illicit drugs, arms, antiques, protected species and products and substances that are dangerous or prohibited by national regulations;

3. The exploitation of human beings in any form, particularly sexual, especially when applied to children, conflicts with the fundamental aims of tourism and is the negation of tourism; as such, in accordance with international law, it should be energetically combatted with the cooperation of all the States concerned and penalized without concession by the national legislation of both the countries visited and the countries of the perpetrators of these acts, even when they are carried out abroad;

6. Tourists and visitors have the responsibility to acquaint themselves, even before their departure, with the characteristics of the countries they are preparing to visit; they must be aware of the health and security risks inherent in any travel outside their usual environment and behave in such a way as to minimize those risks;

4. Travel for purposes of religion, health, education and cultural or linguistic exchanges are particularly beneficial forms of tourism, which deserve encouragement; 5. The introduction into curricula of education about the value of tourist exchanges, their economic, social and cultural benefits, and also their risks, should be encouraged;

3. The staggering in time and space of tourist and visitor flows, particularly those resulting from paid leave and school holidays, and a more even distribution of holidays should be sought so as to reduce the pressure of tourism activity on the environment and enhance its beneficial impact on the tourism industry and the local economy; 4. Tourism infrastructure should be designed and tourism activities programmed in such a way as to protect the natural heritage composed of ecosystems and biodiversity and to preserve endangered species of wildlife; the stakeholders in tourism development, and especially professionals, should agree to the imposition of limitations or constraints on their activities when these are exercised in particularly sensitive areas: desert, polar or high mountain regions, coastal areas, tropical forests or wetlands, propitious to the creation of nature reserves or protected areas; 5. Nature tourism and ecotourism are recognized as being particularly conducive to enriching and enhancing the standing of tourism, provided they respect the natural heritage and local populations and are in keeping with the carrying capacity of the sites;

Article 2 Tourism as a vehicle for individual and collective fulfilment 1. Tourism, the activity most frequently associated with rest and relaxation, sport and access to culture and nature, should be planned and practised as a privileged means of individual and collective fulfilment; when practised with a sufficiently open mind, it is an irreplaceable factor of self-education, mutual tolerance and for learning about the legitimate differences between peoples and cultures and their diversity; 2. Tourism activities should respect the equality of men and women; they should promote human rights and, more particularly, the individual

Tourism, a factor of sustainable development

2. All forms of tourism development that are conducive to saving rare and precious resources, in particular water and energy, as well as avoiding so far as possible waste production, should be given priority and encouraged by national, regional and local public authorities;

3. Financial resources derived from visits to cultural sites and monuments should, at least in part, be used for the upkeep, safeguard, development and embellishment of this heritage; 4. Tourism activity should be planned in such a way as to allow traditional cultural products, crafts and folklore to survive and flourish, rather than causing them to degenerate and become standardized;

Article 4 Tourism, a user of the cultural heritage of mankind and a contributor to its enhancement 1. Tourism resources belong to the common heritage of mankind; the communities in whose territories they are situated have particular rights and obligations to them; 2. Tourism policies and activities should be conducted with respect for the artistic, archaeological and cultural heritage, which they

3. Special attention should be paid to the specific problems of coastal areas and island territories and to vulnerable rural or mountain regions, for which tourism often represents a rare opportunity for development in the face of the decline of traditional economic activities; 4. Tourism professionals, particularly investors, governed by the regulations laid down by the public authorities, should carry out studies of the impact of their development projects on the environment and natural surroundings; they should also deliver, with the greatest transparency and objectivity, information on their future programmes and their foreseeable repercussions and foster dialogue on their contents with the populations concerned;

Article 6 Article 5 Tourism, a beneficial activity for host countries and communities

Article 3

1. All the stakeholders in tourism development should safeguard the natural environment with a view to achieving sound, continuous and sustainable economic growth geared to satisfying equitably the needs and aspirations of present and future generations;

should protect and pass on to future generations; particular care should be devoted to preserving and upgrading monuments, shrines and museums as well as archaeological and historic sites which must be widely open to tourist visits; encouragement should be given to public access to privately-owned cultural property and monuments, with respect for the rights of their owners, as well as to religious buildings, without prejudice to normal needs of worship;

1. Local populations should be associated with tourism activities and share equitably in the economic, social and cultural benefits they generate, and particularly in the creation of direct and indirect jobs resulting from them; 2. Tourism policies should be applied in such a way as to help to raise the standard of living of the populations of the regions visited and meet their needs; the planning and architectural approach to and operation of tourism resorts and accommodation should aim to integrate them, to the extent possible, in the local economic and social fabric; where skills are equal, priority should be given to local manpower;

Obligations of stakeholders in tourism development 1. Tourism professionals have an obligation to provide tourists with objective and honest information on their places of destination and on the conditions of travel, hospitality and stays; they should ensure that the contractual clauses proposed to their customers are readily understandable as to the nature, price and quality of the services they commit themselves to providing and the financial compensation payable by them in the event of a unilateral breach of contract on their part; 2. Tourism professionals, insofar as it depends on them, should show concern, in cooperation with the public authorities, for the security and safety, accident prevention, health protection and food safety of those who seek

Interiores Codigo E?tico Ingle?s 09:2 Interior ingles

26/11/09

16:48

PĂĄgina 3

heritage should be severely condemned and punished in accordance with their respective national laws;

rights of the most vulnerable groups, notably children, the elderly, the handicapped, ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples;

Tourism, a factor of sustainable development

Article 6 Article 5 Tourism, a beneficial activity for host countries and communities

Article 3

Interiores Codigo E?tico Ingle?s 09:2 Interior ingles

their services; likewise, they should ensure the existence of suitable systems of insurance and assistance; they should accept the reporting obligations prescribed by national regulations and pay fair compensation in the event of failure to observe their contractual obligations; 3. Tourism professionals, so far as this depends on them, should contribute to the cultural and spiritual fulfilment of tourists and allow them, during their travels, to practise their religions; 4. The public authorities of the generating States and the host countries, in cooperation with the professionals concerned and their associations, should ensure that the necessary mechanisms are in place for the repatriation of tourists in the event of the bankruptcy of the enterprise that organized their travel; 5. Governments have the right – and the duty - especially in a crisis, to inform their nationals of the difficult circumstances, or even the dangers they may encounter during their travels abroad; it is their responsibility however to issue such information without prejudicing in an unjustified or exaggerated manner the tourism industry of the host countries and the interests of their own operators; the contents of travel advisories should therefore be discussed beforehand with the authorities of the host countries and the professionals concerned; recommendations formulated should be strictly proportionate to the gravity of the situations encountered and confined to the geographical areas where the insecurity has arisen; such advisories should be qualified or cancelled as soon as a return to normality permits; 6. The press, and particularly the specialized travel press and the other media, including modern means of electronic communica-

26/11/09

16:48

Página 5

tion, should issue honest and balanced information on events and situations that could influence the flow of tourists; they should also provide accurate and reliable information to the consumers of tourism services; the new communication and electronic commerce technologies should also be developed and used for this purpose; as is the case for the media, they should not in any way promote sex tourism;

4. Family, youth, student and senior tourism and tourism for people with disabilities, should be encouraged and facilitated;

Article 8 Liberty of tourist movements

Article 7 Right to tourism 1. The prospect of direct and personal access to the discovery and enjoyment of the planet’s resources constitutes a right equally open to all the world’s inhabitants; the increasingly extensive participation in national and international tourism should be regarded as one of the best possible expressions of the sustained growth of free time, and obstacles should not be placed in its way; 2. The universal right to tourism must be regarded as the corollary of the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay, guaranteed by Article 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 7.d of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; 3. Social tourism, and in particular associative tourism, which facilitates widespread access to leisure, travel and holidays, should be developed with the support of the public authorities;

1. Tourists and visitors should benefit, in compliance with international law and national legislation, from the liberty to move within their countries and from one State to another, in accordance with Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; they should have access to places of transit and stay and to tourism and cultural sites without being subject to excessive formalities or discrimination; 2. Tourists and visitors should have access to all available forms of communication, internal or external; they should benefit from prompt and easy access to local administrative, legal and health services; they should be free to contact the consular representatives of their countries of origin in compliance with the diplomatic conventions in force; 3. Tourists and visitors should benefit from the same rights as the citizens of the country visited concerning the confidentiality of the personal data and information concerning them, especially when these are stored electronically; 4. Administrative procedures relating to border crossings whether they fall within the competence of States or result from international agreements, such as visas or health and customs formalities, should be adapted, so far as possible, so as to facilitate to the maximum freedom of travel

and widespread access to international tourism; agreements between groups of countries to harmonize and simplify these procedures should be encouraged; specific taxes and levies penalizing the tourism industry and undermining its competitiveness should be gradually phased out or corrected; 5. So far as the economic situation of the countries from which they come permits, travellers should have access to allowances of convertible currencies needed for their travels;

Article 9 Rights of the workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry 1. The fundamental rights of salaried and self-employed workers in the tourism industry and related activities, should be guaranteed under the supervision of the national and local administrations, both of their States of origin and of the host countries with particular care, given the specific constraints linked in particular to the seasonality of their activity, the global dimension of their industry and the flexibility often required of them by the nature of their work; 2. Salaried and self-employed workers in the tourism industry and related activities have the right and the duty to acquire appropriate initial and continuous training; they should be given adequate social protection; job insecurity should be limited so far as possible; and a specific status, with particular regard to their social welfare, should be offered

to seasonal workers in the sector; 3. Any natural or legal person, provided he, she or it has the necessary abilities and skills, should be entitled to develop a professional activity in the field of tourism under existing national laws; entrepreneurs and investors - especially in the area of small and medium-sized enterprises should be entitled to free access to the tourism sector with a minimum of legal or administrative restrictions; 4. Exchanges of experience offered to executives and workers, whether salaried or not, from different countries, contributes to foster the development of the world tourism industry; these movements should be facilitated so far as possible in compliance with the applicable national laws and international conventions; 5. As an irreplaceable factor of solidarity in the development and dynamic growth of international exchanges, multinational enterprises of the tourism industry should not exploit the dominant positions they sometimes occupy; they should avoid becoming the vehicles of cultural and social models artificially imposed on the host communities; in exchange for their freedom to invest and trade which should be fully recognized, they should involve themselves in local development, avoiding, by the excessive repatriation of their profits or their induced imports, a reduction of their contribution to the economies in which they are established; 6. Partnership and the establishment of balanced relations between enterprises of generating and receiving countries contribute to the sustainable devellopment of tourism and an equitable distribution of the benefits of its growth;

Article 10 Implementation of the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism 1. The public and private stakeholders in tourism development should cooperate in the implementation of these principles and monitor their effective application; 2. The stakeholders in tourism development should recognize the role of international institutions, among which the World Tourism Organization ranks first, and non-governmental organizations with competence in the field of tourism promotion and development, the protection of human rights, the environment or health, with due respect for the general principles of international law; 3. The same stakeholders should demonstrate their intention to refer any disputes concerning the application or interpretation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism for conciliation to an impartial third body known as the World Committee on Tourism Ethics.

Interiores Codigo E?tico Ingle?s 09:2 Interior ingles

26/11/09

16:48

Página 5

4. Family, youth, student and senior tourism and tourism for people with disabilities, should be encouraged and facilitated;

Article 8 Liberty of tourist movements

Delivered by http://www.wtoelibrary.org UNWTO Themis Foundation (303-04-085) jueves, 09 de octubre de 2014 7:35:27

Sustainable Tourism for Development Guidebook

Delivered by http://www.wtoelibrary.org UNWTO Themis Foundation (303-04-085) jueves, 09 de octubre de 2014 7:35:27

Enhancing capacities for Sustainable Tourism for development in developing countries

Contract nr . DCI-MULTI-2011/280-663

â&#x20AC;&#x153;This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of UNWTO and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union.â&#x20AC;?

The Sustainable Tourism for Development study has been prepared by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) with the financial support of the European Commission (EC) Directorate-General Development and Cooperation, within the framework of the project “Enhancing capacities for Sustainable Tourism for Development in Developing Countries” (Grant contract DCI-MULTI-2011/280-663). The purpose of the project is to enhance a common understanding and commitment about Sustainable Tourism, and to demonstrate how it is a vehicle to foster economic and social growth, through the achievement of the development imperatives, while minimizing negative social, cultural and environmental impacts. Beneficiaries and stakeholders of the study are: - EU officials working in the field of cooperation and development; -

Other beneficiaries: International Development Community; Policy makers, Tourism sector and its value chain; Civil Society Organizations.

Delivered by http://www.wtoelibrary.org UNWTO Themis Foundation (303-04-085) jueves, 09 de octubre de 2014 7:35:27

Contact: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Capitán Haya, 42 - 28020 - Madrid (Spain) Institutional and Corporate Relations Programme Email: icr_sprm@unwto.org Tel.: +34 91 567 81 00 Fax: +34 91 571 37 33 www.unwto.org

Please cite this publication as Sustainable Tourism for Development Guidebook (2013) First edition: 2013 Copyright notice © Sustainable Tourism for Development (2013) Reproduction is authorized, provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated. You may copy, download or print “Sustainable Tourism for Development” content for your own use and you can include excerpts from Sustainable Tourism for Development Guidebook, website and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that the suitable acknowledgement of the source and copyright owner is given. Where prior permission must be obtained for the reproduction or use of textual and multimedia information (sound, images, software, etc.) such permission shall cancel the abovementioned general permission and clearly indicate any restrictions on use. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to pub@unwto.org

“This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of UNWTO and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union.”

Delivered by http://www.wtoelibrary.org UNWTO Themis Foundation (303-04-085) jueves, 09 de octubre de 2014 7:35:27

Table of Contents Acronyms

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Executive Summary

Introduction

The structure of the document

PART 1: GUIDANCE NOTE

Sustainable Tourism as a Development Tool

Key Issues for Sustainable Tourism

Relating Tourism to Development Priorities

Stages in Identifying and Executing Interventions 4.1 Starting Points in Practice 4.2 Assessment of the Situation and Identification of Needs 4.3 Selection of Interventions 4.4 Formulation of Interventions and Actions 4.5 Implementation and Evaluation of Actions

29 30 31 32 34 34

The Way Forward: Tourism in the Aid for Trade and Green Growth Agenda

PART 2: METHODOLOGY How to Read and Use the Methodology Using the methodology flexibly

38 39 42

PILLAR 1 Tourism Policy and Governance 1.1 The position of tourism in development policies and programmes 1.2 Tourism policy and regulatory framework 1.3 Tourism governance and institutional setup

43 43 47 54

PILLAR 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

65 67 70 74 77

Economic Performance, Investment and Competitiveness Measuring tourism and its contribution to the economy Trade, investment and the business environment Brand, marketing and product positioning Resilience and risk management

PILLAR 3 Employment, Decent Work and Human Capital 3.1 Human Resources planning and working conditions 3.2 Skills assessment and the provision of training PILLAR 4 Poverty Reduction and Social Inclusion 4.1 An integrated approach to poverty reduction through tourism 4.2 Strengthening pro-poor tourism initiatives 4.3 The inclusion of disadvantaged groups in the tourism sector 4.4 The prevention of negative social impacts

81 82 85 92 93 97 101 104

PILLAR 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

Sustainability of the Natural and Cultural Environment Relating tourism to natural and cultural heritage Focussing on climate change Enhancing sustainability of tourism development and operations Measuring and monitoring tourism impacts

PART 3: SITUATION ANALYSIS 1. Introduction 2. Tourism: growth and diversification 3 Tourism â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a source of economic growth and development 4. Tourism - one of the ten sectors leading the transformation to the Green Economy 5. Official Development Assistance (ODA) for Tourism 6. Conclusion PART 4: ANNEXES

Delivered by http://www.wtoelibrary.org UNWTO Themis Foundation (303-04-085) jueves, 09 de octubre de 2014 7:35:27

Annex 1: Annex 2: Annex 3: Annex 4: Annex 5:

Directory of Services Country development policy papers within international frameworks Areas of Government Influencing the Sustainability of Tourism Value Chain Analysis to measure impact on the poor References

109 110 115 118 123 128 129 129 133 140 143 144 146 147-217 218 220 221 222

Delivered by http://www.wtoelibrary.org UNWTO Themis Foundation (303-04-085) jueves, 09 de octubre de 2014 7:35:27

Acronyms ATF

Aid for Trade

CO2

Carbon Dioxide

Developing Country

DMO

Destination Management Organization

DTIS

Diagnostic Trade Integration Studies

EIA

Environmental Impact Assessment

European Union

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment

GATS

General Agreement on Trade in Services

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GSTC

Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria

GVA

Gross Value Added

Human Resources

HRD

Human Resources Development

ICT

Information and Communication Technology

ILO

International Labour Organization

ITC

International Trade Centre

PPP

Public-Private Partnership

PRSP

Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

TKZN

KwaZulu-Natal Tourism Authority

LDC

Least Developed Country

MSME

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

NGO

Non-Governmental Organization

NTO

National Tourism Office

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PCM

Project Cycle Management

USD

United States Dollars

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

SCTD

Steering Committee on Tourism for Development

SIDS

Small Island Developing States

SME

Small and Medium Sized Enterprise

SNV

Stichting Nederlandse Vrijwilligers - Netherlands Development Organization

ST-EP

Sustainable Tourism - Eliminating Poverty

TSA

Tourism Satellite Account

United Nations

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDAF

United Nations Development Assistance Framework

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNIDO

United Nations Industrial Development Organization

VCA

Value Chain Analysis

WHST

World Heritage and Sustainable Tourism

UNWTO

World Tourism Organization

WTO

World Trade Organization

YBR

Yasuni Biosphere Reserve

Delivered by http://www.wtoelibrary.org UNWTO Themis Foundation (303-04-085) jueves, 09 de octubre de 2014 7:35:27

The purpose of this Guidance Note is to provide: â&#x20AC;˘

orientation in the field of sustainable tourism and its relationship to EU development policies; and

â&#x20AC;˘

direction on the process of assessing needs and prioritising possible interventions in the sector, using the Methodology contained later in Part Two of this study.

The Guidance Note starts by summarising some key aspects of tourism in developing countries and outlining the essential principles of sustainable tourism. It then relates these to 5 Pillars that contain the key issues for sustainable tourism as a development tool and provide the framework for the study and the methodological approach found in Part 2 Methodology. It shows how these 5 Pillars relate to key development priorities, using the example of the EUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s policy framework. Finally, it explains how the approach can be used to inform the identification and prioritisation of possible interventions in the tourism sector.

Sustainable Tourism as a Development Tool

Over the last fifty years tourism has become one of the largest economic sectors globally, accounting for some 9% of the world’s GDP and over 200 million jobs. International tourist arrivals have grown steadily over many years and in 2012 stood at 1035 million. In the last ten years, this growth has been particularly marked in the emerging economies, where it has averaged 5.6% per annum, compared with 1.8% for advanced economies. UNWTO predicts that growth trends in world tourism will continue, with total arrivals reaching 1.8 billion by 2030. Again, emerging economies, including developing countries, stand to see the highest rate of growth. Tourism accounts for a significant proportion of world trade. It makes up a major proportion of exports in services – accounting for 29% worldwide and as much as 52% for LDCs. In 2012, international tourists spent US$386 billion in emerging market and developing countries, over five times the level of official development assistance which goes to these countries. It is one of their main sources of foreign exchange earnings. When analysing tourism development trends world-wide, at least three main conclusions can be drawn in connection with tourism and its potential for poverty alleviation:

Delivered by http://www.wtoelibrary.org UNWTO Themis Foundation (303-04-085) jueves, 09 de octubre de 2014 7:35:27

1. Tourism is one of the most dynamic economic sectors in many countries, developed but also developing ones, with a wide range of upstream and downstream effects on other economic activities thanks to a very large and diversified supply chain. 2. Tourist movements towards developing and least developed countries are growing faster than in the developed world, accounting now for almost 50% per cent of total international tourist arrivals; Many developing countries do have assets of enormous value to the tourism sector, such as culture, art, landscape, wildlife and climate, and are very well positioned to develop tourism as a key sector contributing to economic growth. 3. Tourism in many developing and least developed countries is one of the principal sources, and in some countries the main source, of foreign exchange earnings and, quite often, the most viable and sustainable economic development option, with positive impacts on reducing poverty levels. The impact of tourism as a driver of development has been felt in many countries. For example, in recent years tourism was a main factor in the graduation of Botswana, the Maldives and Cape Verde from their status of LDC. While tourism is a major force for development it has a number of negative aspects: •

Tourism is a significant and growing contributor to climate change, currently accounting for around 5% of global CO2 emissions, mainly generated by transport but also by the operation of tourism facilities such as accommodation.

•

Local pollution of land and water from poor treatment of solid and liquid waste by tourism businesses and from the activities of tourists can be a problem in some areas

•

Accommodation businesses are often major users of non-renewable and precious resources, such as land, energy and water. In some areas a resort may consume many times more water per person than the local community with which it competes for supply.

•

Poorly sited tourism development and inappropriate activities can be very damaging to biodiversity in sensitive areas. Negative impacts to cultural heritage sites can occur where there is poor visitor management.

•

Tourism can have negative impacts on local society, through restricting access to land and resources and leading to an increase in crime, sexual exploitation and threats to social and cultural traditions and values.

•

While tourism is well placed to generate accessible jobs, poor working conditions are sometimes found in the sector.

•

The economic performance of the sector is susceptible to influences on source markets, such as economic conditions, natural events and security concerns, although recovery may be rapid when circumstances change.

Delivered by http://www.wtoelibrary.org UNWTO Themis Foundation (303-04-085) jueves, 09 de octubre de 2014 7:35:27

All of the above negative aspects underline the need for tourism to be very carefully planned and managed in developing countries. This requires governments to establish and implement clear policies on the control and management of the sector, in conjunction with all tourism stakeholders. In order to develop the tourism sector in a sustainable manner and enhance the local socio-economic impact from tourism, many developing countries have made tourism a priority in their national development policies, and are trying, with the support of donors and development organisations, to formulate and implement interventions to increase tourism’s contribution to poverty reduction. The European Commission is well positioned to support this process by developing a comprehensive methodology to identify the challenges, relevant needs and new opportunities for sustainable tourism, and support selected developing countries in formulating and implementing sustainable tourism development projects. The process is highly relevant to new orientations for the application of development assistance emanating from Rio+20 and within a new overarching framework post- 20154.

The principles of sustainable tourism A fundamental requirement of the tourism sector is that it should embrace the principles of sustainable tourism and focus on the achievement of sustainable development goals. Sustainable tourism should not be regarded as a separate component of tourism, as a set of niche products, but rather as a condition of the tourism sector as a whole, which should work to become more sustainable. The UNWTO has defined sustainable tourism as “tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities”5. A further elaboration of sustainable tourism by UNWTO refers to the need for it to: •

4 5

Make optimal use of environmental resources that constitute a key element in tourism development, maintaining essential ecological processes and helping to conserve natural heritage and biodiversity.

European Commission (2013)- ibid. UNWTO and UNEP (2005) Making Tourism More Sustainable – A Guide for Policy Makers

â&#x20AC;˘

Respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities, conserve their built and living cultural heritage and traditional values, and contribute to inter-cultural understanding and tolerance.

â&#x20AC;˘

Ensure viable, long-term economic operations, providing socio-economic benefits to all stakeholders that are fairly distributed, including stable employment and income-earning opportunities and social services to host communities, and contributing to poverty alleviation.

More specifically UNWTO and UNEP identified 12 Aims for sustainable tourism which are set out in Box 1.16. Box 1.1: 12 Aims for Sustainable Tourism 1 ECONOMIC VIABILITY: To ensure the viability and competitiveness of tourism destinations and enterprises, so that they are able to continue to prosper and deliver benefits in the long term. 2 LOCAL PROSPERITY: To maximize the contribution of tourism to the prosperity of the host destination, including the proportion of visitor spending that is retained locally. 3 EMPLOYMENT QUALITY: To strengthen the number and quality of local jobs created and supported by tourism, including the level of pay, conditions of service and availability to all without discrimination by gender, race, disability or in other ways.

Delivered by http://www.wtoelibrary.org UNWTO Themis Foundation (303-04-085) jueves, 09 de octubre de 2014 7:35:27

4 SOCIAL EQUITY: To seek a widespread distribution of economic and social benefits from tourism throughout the recipient community, including improving opportunities, income and services available to the poor. 5 VISITOR FULFILMENT: To provide a safe, satisfying and fulfilling experience for visitors, available to all without discrimination by gender, race, disability or in other ways. 6 LOCAL CONTROL: To engage and empower local communities in planning and decision making about the management and future development of tourism in their area, in consultation with other stakeholders. 7 COMMUNITY WELLBEING: To maintain and strengthen the quality of life in local communities, including social structures and access to resources, amenities and life support systems, avoiding any form of social degradation or exploitation. 8 CULTURAL RICHNESS: To respect and enhance the historic heritage, authentic culture, traditions and distinctiveness of host communities. 9 PHYSICAL INTEGRITY: To maintain and enhance the quality of landscapes, both urban and rural, and avoid the physical and visual degradation of the environment 10 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: To support the conservation of natural areas, habitats and wildlife, and minimize damage to them. 11 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY: To minimize the use of scarce and non-renewable resources in the development and operation of tourism facilities and services. 12 ENVIRONMENTAL PURITY: To minimize the pollution of air, water and land and the generation of waste by tourism enterprises and visitors. UNWTO and UNEP, 2005

ibid

It can be seen from the above that the sustainable tourism agenda is a broad one. It is as much about delivering economic benefits to destinations and communities, through competitive, viable tourism businesses that create employment, as about minimising adverse impacts on the environment. A fundamental characteristic of the tourism sector is its ability to link the economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects of sustainability and to act as a driving force for their mutual enhancement. This is because tourism as an economic activity is highly dependent on the presence of intact environments, rich cultures and welcoming host communities. The opportunity that tourism brings to deliver income and jobs from cultural experiences is just one example of this. In turn, this places a heavy responsibility on the sector to address the social, cultural and environmental impacts of its own developments and operations.

Stakeholder roles and relationships in sustainable tourism development Tourism is a multi-faceted activity. Many different stakeholders are potentially engaged in the sector or are affected by it, directly and indirectly. Table 1.1 identifies the main types of stakeholder and their roles in the delivery of sustainable tourism. Those same stakeholders might require assistance at various levels. Table 1.1: Stakeholders and roles in sustainable tourism Stakeholder type

Delivered by http://www.wtoelibrary.org UNWTO Themis Foundation (303-04-085) jueves, 09 de octubre de 2014 7:35:27

International development assistance agencies Multilateral agencies and programmes Bilateral agencies National Government Tourism Ministry Other Ministries7 Tourism agencies, e.g. Tourist Board Other government delivery agencies Resource management bodies e.g. National Parks Service Local Government and destination bodies Regional government Local authorities e.g. District Councils Destination management organisations, e.g. public-private

Role in delivering sustainable tourism Integrating tourism in development policies and agreements Financial and technical assistance to sustainable tourism and individual programmes and projects Tourism policy and strategy development and implementation Relating tourism to wider policies and strategies Legislation, standards and regulation relating to the sector Infrastructure planning and development Resource management Communication, information and marketing Local strategic direction and planning Implementation of policy and regulations Local infrastructure development and management Stakeholder engagement, coordination and support

Private sector businesses Tourism trade associations, national and local Tourism service providers. e.g. hotel businesses Tour operators â&#x20AC;&#x201C; international and incoming Suppliers to the sector, e.g. food producers Investors â&#x20AC;&#x201C; international and domestic

Representation of, and influence on, the tourism sector Operation of tourism services Link to domestic and international markets Product development, investment and improvement Employment creation and generating local income Reflecting economic, social and environmental sustainability issues in development and operations

Employees and related bodies Labour unions Individual workers in the sector

Representing interests of employees Human resources planning and development Provision of a reliable service in return for income

Many other ministries have responsibilities that influence tourism, as discussed under Sub-pillar 1.3 and shown in Annex 3.

NGOs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; International, national and local Sustainable development NGOs Environment, conservation and cultural NGOs Social and community NGOs Education and training bodies Universities, colleges and teaching bodies Research institutions Technical experts and advisory bodies Local community Community councils and representative bodies Traditional structures â&#x20AC;&#x201C;e.g. tribal chiefs/bodies Organised groups, e.g. women, youth Local formal and informal traders Individual households

Delivered by http://www.wtoelibrary.org UNWTO Themis Foundation (303-04-085) jueves, 09 de octubre de 2014 7:35:27

Consumers/tourists Individual tourists Consumer networks, clubs and societies Travel media and social media users

Representing different stakeholder interests Engaging in strategic planning and development Stakeholder coordination and supporting implementation Capacity building and provision of expertise Knowledge gathering and dissemination Supporting policy and strategy development Capacity building and training Specific advice and expertise Engaging in planning and decisions on tourism at a local level Representing and communicating local community interests Pursuing equitable benefit sharing within communities Interacting with tourists to mutual benefit Receiving income from tourist spending Providing the main source of income to the sector Behaving responsibly towards the environment and local communities in travel choice and actions Communicating information and opinions on destinations and sustainability issues accurately and fairly

The approach taken in this study is related throughout to the stakeholders identified in Table 1.1. Many of the questions posed in the assessment process concern the execution of their roles and whether they have sufficient capacity to do this effectively. While Table 1.1 shows the role of each type of stakeholder in delivering sustainable tourism, it is important to recognise that many of them have the potential to cause negative impacts or inhibit the sustainability of the sector through failing to fulfil these roles or through executing them poorly. For example, governments may not engage effectively in planning and management, businesses may pursue exploitative actions and tourists may not care about their impacts. The Methodology presented in Part Two of this document contains questions which probe whether such problems and barriers exist and whether they are being addressed. The stakeholders should not be considered in isolation and the relationships between them should be understood. A key requirement to achieve sustainable tourism is for tourism enterprises to be responsible in their actions towards the environment, employees and the local community. Government at a national and local level provides the policy and strategic framework as well as legislation and regulations that influence the performance of other stakeholders. NGOs have a highly important role to play in strengthening relationships and coordination between stakeholders and providing advice and expertise. A fundamental requirement for sustainable tourism is for the various stakeholders to work effectively together in the planning and management of the sector and the implementation of projects and activities. This should be based on the development of effective coordination and partnership structures, both at a national level and within local destinations. This is covered fully in the Methodology in Part Two (Pillar 1, sub-pillar 1.3).