spaceandmatter_Transforming parking garages

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Workshop at maHku Utrecht Transforming Parking Garages

edited by space&matter


Imprint Editor: space&matter and maHKU students Editorial Coordination: Sascha Glasl Graphic Design: space&matter Proof reader: Nicole Kell

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Content 5 Context 7 Overview of monofunctional parking garages in NL 13 Assignment 17 Lecture 23 Fieldtrip 25 Analysis 45 Strategy & Design 75 Conclusion

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Context The parking garage, a crucial building form in our city centers, does not gain very high reputation. We are not talking here about architectural milestones modern society produced, such as Temple Street Parking Garage in New Haven, Connecticut, or the parking garage in Marina City Towers, Chicago. We want to focus on a building form which did not have a very high standard of architectural quality. Innumerable parking garages of this type fill our cities. They were built in the 70ties and 80ties when an increasing number of parking space was needed. Little money and a lack of interest caused these monofunctional, low standard buildings. Since the first parking garages were built at the beginning of the 20th century the impact of these building structures on society and urban planning changed continuously. Recently garages are either renovated or new building projects are erected with an aesthetic and commercial interest. The lack of cultural relevance and a political discourse leads us to initiate this workshop.

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Parkeergarage Geelvinck Singel 540, Amsterdam

Bomengarage Buiks-lotermeerplein 237, A’dam

Europarking Marnixstraat 250, Amsterdam

Parkeergarage westerpark Van bleiswijkstraat 8, Amsterdam

Parkeergarage Nederland Westblaak 88, Rotterdam

De Boompjes Terwenakker 18, Rotterdam

Parkeergarage Katshoek Schoterboshof 11, Rotterdam

Keizerswaard P-dek Groeninx v. zoelenln 125, Rotterdam

Parkeergarage Kruiskade Kruiskade 21, Rotterdam

Parkeergarage Lijnbaan Crispijnstraat 6, Rotterdam 8

Parkeergarage Noord Watermanweg 81, Rotterdam

Parkergarage schaatsbaan Schaatsbaan 33, Rotterdam


Overview of monofunctional parking garages in NL This is an overview of the monofunctional parking garages of the 10 biggest cities in The Netherlands. This collection already leads to the assumption that this building typology is far from being a single phenomenon.

Amsterdam

population: 778.825

Rotterdam

population: 611.000

The Hague

population: 488.553

Utrecht

population: 307.081

Eindhoven

population: 213.809

Tilburg

population: 203.592

Almere

population: 188.160

Groningen

population: 187.298

Breda

population: 173.299

Enschede

population: 157.012

Hilversum

population: 85.004

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Parkeergarage Vlaggenman Abraham van stolkweg 74, Rotterdam

Parkeergarage Weena Karel doormanstraat, Rotterdam

Parkeergarage WTC-V&D Leeuwenstraat 2, Rotterdam

City parking Laan 5-7, Den Haag

Parkeergarage Lutherse Burgwal Lutherse Burgwal 25, Den Haag

Parkeergarage MegaStores Vander Kunstraat 127, Den Haag

Parkeergarage Parklaan Nieuwe parklaan 248, Den Haag

Parkeergarage Veerkaden Amsterdamse Veerkade 30, Den Haag 10

Parkeergarage Shiwa Prins Hendrikstraat 57, Den Haag

Parkeergarage Mathildelaan Mathildelaan 2a, Eindhoven

Torengarage Geest 1, Den Haag

T Eindje Endje 1, Eindhoven


Parkeergarage Heuvelpoort Heuvelpoort 300, Tilburg

Parkeergarage Knegtel Gasthuisring 300, Tilburg

Parkeergarage Bouwmeesterplein Louis Bouwmeesterplein 2, Tilburg

Parkeergarage Tivoli Achter de Heuvel 3, Tilburg

Wagenmakerbaan, Almere

Parkeergarage Centrum Pelsterstraat 15, Groningen

Parkeergarage Naberpassage Popkenstraat 5, Groningen

Winschoterdiep, Groningen

Groest 86-76, Hiversum

Concordiagarage Concordiastraat,Breda

Van Galenstraat, Enschede

Parkeergarage Stationplein Stationsplein 6,Enschede

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Parkeergarage Springweg Strosteeg 83, Utrecht

Parkeergarage Rijnkade Rijnkade 3, Utrecht

3. Parkeergarage LaVie Sint Jacobsstraat 1, Utrecht

Parkeergarage Paardenveld Kroonstraat 9, Utrecht

Parkergarage Jaarbeursplein 11 Jaarbeursplein, Utrecht

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Utrecht

P P

P

P Parkergarage Jaarbeursplein

P

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Assignment The task of this workshop was two-fold: First, we took a closer look and analyzed the parking garage on the basis of one example, the Jaarbeursplein in Utrecht. Secondly, we developed spatial strategies for filling the lack of sociocultural relevance in these existing building types.

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Floor plan

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Isometric view

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Lecture The lecture at the beginning of the workshop was to inspire the students with different directions of thought. Furthermore, it gives an overview of the history of parking garages and formulates themes belonging to the context of this building type. Innumerable reference projects prove that the cultural relevance can be reached with the transformation of theses disregarded building types.

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Workshop about parking garages

Temple street parking garage in New Haven, Connecticut, Paul Rudolph, 1962

We don’t want to build a new building We want to focus on existing parking garages Forming Transformation strategies to learn how to develop a new cultural parking typology

Combination of walls with the structure created beautiful sculptural garages

There is a lack of interest for parking garages Phaidon Atlas proves that There are 1052 projects from 75 countries in the Atlas and only one parking garage

Mixed parking space

History of parking garages

Marina City Tower, 1964, Goldberg, Chicago Mixed building: Residential and commercial Very sculptural

1886 - the first carriages was designed by Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler. Only a small amount were produced

You can see the cars from outside

1913 Henry Ford invented the famous “Model T” Mass production created 15 million cars between 1908 and 1927

Monofunctionality in the 60ties till 80ties Many garages were build with no ambition, lack of interest, little budget and the car gained a bad image because of pollution, accidents

The amount of cars raised enormously

Many concrete structures were built Monofunctional

A new building typology was born: Palmer&Singer manufacturing company GA NYC 1910. The cars needed to be weather protected. At the beginning functions were included in the parking garage, such as repair place, chaufeur housing, long time storage, selling.

Examples of monofunctional parking garages in Utrecht

In the 20ties and 30ties there was a political discourse about parking garages CIAM Many types were developed In the 50’s and 60’s, a huge amount of garages were built because the car was celebrated

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Examples of monofunctional parking garages in Utrecht

Examples of monofunctional parking garages in Utrecht


Examples of monofunctional parking garages in Utrecht

There is something missing There are other forces which should stay in dialogue with architecture Culture and politics are excluded from the development

Recently new initiatives evolved to put the traffic and parking garages back on the planners agenda Renault traffic design award ADAC price The European parking association

Task of this workshop: How can we add cultural relevance to parking garages?

Some contemporary buildings catch attention and try to add relevance to the typology

Jaarbeursplein parking garage, Utrecht built around 1970

Lincoln Road, Florida, Derzog De Meuron, 2010 Shopping, dining, residential, parking

Casestudy: Jaarbeursplein parking garage Typical case

Events in the parking garage

Will be demolished We want to learn from this case

Commercial developers create corporate architecture

We want to use the political tension

Most important things are economic factors and user orientation cultural relevance is missing

Analysis

Technology Many new technological developments change the building typology

Flexibilty

Automated parking garage in Wolfsburg, Germany, Autostadt Visitors can make a tour, duration 15 minutes

Site architects, James Wise, 1981 A car park with villas & gardens There was an even older project in 1908 in Life magazine How flexible is the structure of a parking garage to use for other program

Influences on architecture

Domino house

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Relation public/ private

Nolli map 1748 of Rome by Giambattista Nolli A new map of Rome based on Bufalini’s map from 1551 New: direction to north (before it was east), shows enclosed public space as colonnades in St. Peters square and Pantheon as open civic spaces Underground tunnel system in Houston Air conditioned, avoid weather open weekdays from 6am - 6pm

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Safety: Parking garages are known as unsafe spaces

Users & stories: Climbers like the concrete structures

Some gay communities use the parking garage as meeting point

Program

Skaters like the surface of the floor

Garage 1907, Chicago housed horses and cars in one building

Tuning clubs use parking garages for gatherings

Outside/ inside The bar symbolizes the entrance

Transformation examples

Atmosphere

Made in Tokyo, Bow Wow

Concrete contributes strongly to the atmosphere. What else?

Made in Tokyo, Bow Wow

Timetable/ use

Made in Tokyo, Bow Wow

Operation map of the railway system in Tokyo Documentation of the performance Opening times can be added with other operations Design a timetable!

Made in Tokyo, Bow Wow


Made in Tokyo, Bow Wow

Commercial for beach on top of the parking garage at the fair in Frankfurt 2006

Made in Tokyo, Bow Wow

parking garage at the fair in Frankfurt 2005

Temporal market in Seattle

beach on top of parking garage at the fair in Frankfurt 2006

One can see the two layers of parking and market

beach on top of parking garage at the fair in Frankfurt 2006

A cart track was erected temporal in the Jaarbeursplein in 2010

Commercial in Bielfeld garage

Michigan Theatre in Detroit Concert halland movie house left 1927, right present

Furniture trade in old Stern garage, Chemnitz

It is build on the site of the garage where Henry Ford built his forst Automobile

Art on parking garage What is the impact?

Annual parking day

camping site in office structure, archizoom, nonstop city

Annual parking day

parking and sport

Car loft

Spencer Tunick in Q-park parking garage in Amsterdam

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Fieldtrip On the first day of the workshop we took the students on a field trip to the case study parking garage on Jaarbeursplein in Utrecht. The visit of the building was the starting point of the analysis. It also gave inspiration to the following design and strategy assignment.

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Analysis The students had to work on one of these themes by collecting information, creating analytical sketches, photos, movies, schematic drawings, texts, interviews, performances, thoughts, ideas, and common knowledge. Flexibility Relation public/ private Program Outside/ inside Atmosphere (cancelled) Timetable/ use Safety Users & stories Choreography Context

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There was a walking bridge connecting the car park to the mall

Separated parking area Prefabricated structure

Water pipes through the building on all four sides

Heating on the last floor

Elevators in two sides of the building

Electricity in all the floors

Storage on ground floor and conection with Hertz company

Top view,column grid

Staircases in four sides of the building

Metal handrail and fence around the building


Flexibility The parking garage as universal flexible column system can be seen as an universal building in modern cities. How flexible is the system? The flexibility in the parking garage is framed within the structural grid of columns and beams. The continuos sloped slabs are an important element to consider when planning an alternative use for the building. Existing facilities: water - electricity - heating (last floor) - stairs to four sides - elevators on two sides - ramps 6% - 2.10 m high floors - toilets (groundfloor) - upper floors usually empty-hotel’s private parking space - easily deconstructable structure used to be connected to the mall across (2nd floor) - hotel and shops (around); There is aprox. space for 103 cars on each floor. Each floor is aprox. 5.000m2. Sophia Galarraga, Markela Bgiala

Basic layout of the six floors building.

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What is possible in a garage?

The parking garage is only accessible for parked people.

Are there other events than just parking?

There are closed spaces within the parking garage.

A map of Giambattista Nolli is a example for division of public and private spaces.

Spaces are privatized for commercial use like repair shops.

Article 14 Article 4

The one who parked in the parking facility needs to take out a ticket before entering. The parking ticket is and remains the property of the operator, is not transferable and is intended to ending the use of the parking facility to the operator to be returned.

Article 8

Motor vehicles may only be parked in the spaces and with due observance of the provisions of these Terms and the instructions given by the operator. The entry and exits and the lanes should always be kept open and passable.

Ticket proces.

How to park inside.

Traffic rules apply in the garage as in the public street.

The way is free of signposts

Afther recieving of the payment parking ticket gives the person parked a period of fifteen minutes, counting from the time of payment, the right and opportunity to bring his motor vehicle outside the parking facilities. If that period expires without the parked his motor vehicle outside the parking facility has brought over a new parking time limit starts again where parking is due.

Aswell as for marking walking routes.


Relation: Privat/Public Parking garages are defined as semi public buildings. Although they are recognized as a public space, they are subject to very different rules. What are the rules and in how far do they differ from public space? A parking garage is privately owned, in this case the operator is the local government of Utrecht. When someone enters the parking facility there are many rules for the user. The three articles on the left give a strict definition what is possible and what is forbidden. A car parked in the garage is also privately owned. When someone buys a ticket they rents a parking space and the garage will turn into a semi private space, accessible for the user. In the rules the operator denies any responsibility for damage and theft. The parking garage appears to be public, with its own responsibility and traffic rules. In reality it is private property with its own rules and a different distribution of power. Arnold van Loenhout

Person wants to park inside a parking garage.

Article 4: Buy a ticket and the garage is accesible for him.

Article 8: Other people are parked, He has to choose where to park.

Article 4: Pay before entering on foot again.

The person is allowed to walk out of the garage. Leaving his property

The picket parking space is hired for the periode he pays.

Gar

Pub

Pri

Sem

Per

Artilce 14: He is allawed to walk in to get his car.

Article 14: from payment he has 15 minutes to get his car out of the garage

The garage is private property again.

Proces of accessibility for the user of a parking garage. The chance from private to semi private to private.

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Shopping Mall Loop Designed by MVRDV Cadilac Salon, The First Car Showroom Combine With Garage

11. W. Wacker, 1955

Maserati’s Garage Cafritz Office Building

Parking Garage and Offices by Eric Owen Moss

Landscape Roof of Parking Garage in new york, 1950

Garden Parking Gate in Shinjuku Zen Garden in Houston Medical Center Parking Garage

Parking Garage Inside Souterrain In f The Hague

Parking Garage Harvests Energy in Chicago

Spacebuster, A Inflated Space Inside Parking Garage


Program When the first parking garages were built they included more program then just parking. Do parking garages allow more functions? Which functions can be found in the history of parking? Which functions make sense, which do not? In the history of the parking garage, different programs coexisted with the parking stalls. The analysis shows possibilities of program that could happen inside the parking garage. Showroom - In the beginning of the parking garage, they were highly connected to the sales of cars and had also contained a shopping lane. Workspace - Non-maintenance workspace was linked directly with garage. Workers can stop their car in front of the door of their offices. Landscape - In the 50s, the concept of putting artificial landscape into parking garage to create a better environment for the surrounding was purposed. Civic Role - due to the public use character of garage, some of the garage carry out the public role for the city as an infrastructure, even educational role to the city. Chun Wai Cheung

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NON-CONTEXTUAL PROGRAM

T CONTEXTUAL PROGRAM

T

NS

MAP OF PARKING GARAGES IN UTRECHT

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DRIVE TURN

CAMERA

parking garage site

drive in-out way DRIVE TURN

LANES DRIVE TURN

CAMERA camera DRIVE TURN WALL CAMERA

lane LANES CAMERA ROOF LANES

WALL wall ADVERTISMEING LANES WALL

ROOF LIGHT WALL ROOF roof

ADVERTISMEING ROOF TREES ADVERTISMEING advertising

LIGHT LAWN ADVERTISMEING LIGHT light

TREES PARKING LIGHTBIKE TREES

LAWN MANTREES FLOW plant LAWN

PARKING BIKE ACESS TO INTERIOR LAWN access to interior PARKING BIKE

MAN FLOW PARKING BIKE

FEE passingPASSING fee MAN FLOW

ACESS TO INTERIOR MAN FLOW ACESS TO INTERIOR CAR PARKING

PASSING FEE ACESS TO INTERIOR

linear space experience


Inside/Outside The ambiguity between inside and outside space of a parking garage matches the two departments of this workshop at MahKu which combines public space and interior design. How does this influence the building? In this analysis, I was trying to describe inside/outside space of parking garage in a linear way. By reading spatial items, I bring a new understanding of the parking system. For example: The Lane: The parking garage is a vertical extension of the city’s roads. In this parking system, the more narrow the lanes, the less the flexibility of driving. Cars are forced to follow the specific rules and dimensions. Light: During the daytime, the parking garage is set up with a huge number of artificial illuminations to balance the light contrast from outside to inside. On the other hand, it turns the parking garage into the extreme glowing(??) landmark at night. Greenery: The roof of the parking garage seems like a floating island in the urban fabric with all of nature’s resources (such as sunlight, rain...). However, greenery is never provided here. (Ab)used for the parking functions, there is a total lack of this important item. Yudi Gao

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1st Floor: At any time, the 1st floor is occupied by cars. Theater

Peak Time: 20.00 - 23.00

Jaarbeurs Center Operation Time: 10.00-17.00 Peak Time: 10.00-12.00 13:30-16:30

Hotel

1st Floor

2nd Floor: From 08.00 to 22.30 the 2nd floor are all occupied.

2nd Floor

3rd Floor: From 11.30 to 20.00; there are some cars on the 3rd floor.

3rd Floor

4th-6th Floor: There are not any cars on the 4th floor to 6th floor at any time.

4th-6th Floor

Operation Time:

24 Hours Peak Time: 11.00-13.00 17:00-21:00

Train Station Operation Time: 24 Hours Peak Time: 07.00-09.00 12.00-13.00 16.30-18.00


Timetable/Use Every parking place has a very rigid timetable. Compared with operation plans of other programs such as train stations, theaters, markets, hotels, sport facilities. The timetable of Jaarbeurs Parking Garage is connected to the operation time of hotel, theater, Jaarbeurs event centers, train station and shopping mall around it. In general, there are no great changes of the usage of the parking garage at any time of the day or between week days and weekends. The peak time is around 18:00. According to the observations, it is very clear that the occupation of different floors in the parking garage is different. As we can see from the timetable, the 1st floor is always occupied by cars any time. From 8:00 to 22:30, the 1st floor and the 2nd floor are all occupied. From 11:30 to 20:00, the 1st floor and the 2nd floor are all occupied, and there are some cars on the 3rd floor. There are no cars on the 4th floor to 6th floor at any time. Lili Lu

Timetable of Jaarbeurs Parking Garage

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The entrance is well secured. One car at a time.

Emergency exit signs are present in large numbers. Untill the second floor, all the outside is fenced.

On the 4th floor only a thin line of the outside is visable Every floor is equally protected against fire.

Above third floor there are no cameras anymore.

I spotted 2 police cars on the lower floors.

Every corner of the garage has an exit stairway. 5 tall buildings look down on the rooftop of the garage.

There are rarely any cars parked on the rooftop. You can barely look inside from a street point of view.

When there is smoke, yellow lines lead the way.


Safety Safety is a known theme when you talk about parking garage. How does it influence the building? When do you feel safe in a parking garage? Do cameras give one a feeling of safety? Other people can give you the feeling of safety, but also the opposite. It depends on the person’s behavior. What I found special while analyzing the parking garage on its safety was that there are places where probably no one could see you. When standing in the middle of the 3rd and 4th floor there are no cameras, no cars and, maybe most important, almost no visibility to the outside at all. It’s a place where you can be alone entirely. When arriving at the rooftop you might feel the same way. But this feeling will stop if you look around and notice that there are five very tall buildings looking down on you. Martijn van Wijk

c c c c c f k p

nh hotel

d c

e

b

f

f t

GF

1st

2nd

3rd

4rd

5th

The layouts and section show radius of visibility

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sleep car maintenance

car washing

skate

basketball court

intimacy

graffati market

exhibition

illegal behavior advertisement driving practice


Users & Stories Users of the parking garage, potential users and non-users have to be detected documented and illustrated. Try to sketch their demands and find their stories. Besides the owners of cars, there are others that user the parking garage for “special activities�, such as selling products, exhibitions, basketball playing, skating, car washing, graffiti, kidnapping, driving practice, and the most common one, cheating behaviors, as what Yolanthe and Sneijder did in the parking garage in Amsterdam. In fact, it might be easy to discover that people tend to have intimate behaviors in the parking garages, which might be impossible to happen in other public space, as a parking garage is a place with private and public space. Walking from the entrance to the cars, is also the process from the public space to the private space. From holding hands, kissing, to having sex, parking garage can provide different levels of privacy in different kinds of space, such as the secrete corner, the place between two cars, and the car itself. It is reasonable to assume parking garage is a good place for intimacy. Yachin Moo

Video of Yolanthe and Sneijder

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Multortere ina, Catimorudeme consultus factertentem


Choreography The typology of the parking garages is based on movement and stops. How does the choreography influences the parking garage? Think also about orientation and circulation space.

Choreography of visitors

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First international market in Jaarbeurs area in 1917 No building has stool in area more then 50 years since Castel Vredenburg

WWII during the 1940’s slowed down International travel.

Market building at Jaarbeurs in 1948 after cattle marke left in 1928

Hoog Catharijn shopping center built in the 70’s

The Major user of the space has changed.

Facades found around the Jaarbeurs square. Beatrix Theater

Office Building

Beatrix Theater

Parking Garage

SNS Bank

NH Hotel


Context The context of each parking garage has to be profoundly understood before intervening in the existing situation. Contextual information such as history, urban setting, ... has to be illustrated. The Parking Garage is situated on the Jaarbeursplein, next to Utrecht’s central station. This area has always been a hub for social interaction, starting small with the first fruits, veggies and cattle market, which grew into the Jaarbeurs complex there today. The parking garage was built in the 1970’s to aid shoppers with easy access to the new mall: Hoog Catharijn. From the exterior, the parking garage looks in tune with the other buildings on Jaarbeursplein. However, while the other buildings have received face lifts throughout the years to fit with the changing times, the parking garage is seen as function only and has never received esthetical or program improvements. To update the parking garage, it’s function must also be updated to work with one of the current major user groups of the area: The biker and the pedestrian. Nicole Kell

Shopping Entertainment Army Barracks Fairs Market

The diagram is showing the Progression and Destruction of Building Mass in the Jaarbeurs area, catagorized by program based around the consumer. 45


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Strategy & design Inspired by the analysis, the students had to develop a concept/ strategy for an improvement of the parking garages of this era. How can one add (socio-) cultural relevance to this outdated building typology and start a political discourse to put the topic of parking garages back to the agenda of urban planners and authorities. The principle of the project should be applicable to other locations. To illustrate the concept one can make use of storyboards, performances, models, movies, sketches, development strategies, real installations, sculptures, technology, interactive media, interior designs and public design plans, landscape architecture, newspapers. mockups...

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Jaarbeursplein Parking Garage Daily Occupied

LESS THAN

48

50%

Public Bike Parking Daily Occupied

MORE THAN

90%


Strategy #1: Bike&Park The Jaarbeursplein parking garage is located at the west side of Utrecht Centraal train station. Although there are offices, a hotel and theatre nearby, but the capacity of the garage is relatively low. On the other hand, the space needed for bike parking in this area continues to increase. Currently, bikes occupy the whole public space, and therefore the space has become dysfunctional. By putting the bike parking space inside the semi- empty garage, the public space can be relived and become a lively square for the people and surroundings. The daily capacity of the Jaabeursplein parking garage is less than 50%. Mostly the bottom floors are fully occupied, but the higher levels are empty. This structure provides two independent routes from bottom to top, therefore, it is possible to divide the whole garage into two connected but independent zones without changing it’s structure. The entrance of the bike parking space is placed at the first floor. On top of the bike parking space, would be the bike race track, bike shop and roof cafe/hostel. A hybrid garage is created by combining the two different transportations, CAR and BIKE. Different bike programs are added to the “BIKE+PARK” and attract people to come and use the space. Chun Wai Cheung

B

B 5/F

5/F

4/F

4/F

3/F

3/F

2/F 1/F G/F

2/F

5/F Cafe Unoccupied 4/F Bike

Unoccupied

3/F

/ Hostel Shop

Bike RaceTrack

2/F 1/F

Occupied

1/F

Biking Parking

Parking Garage

5/F

Cafe / Hostel

4/F

Bike Shop

3/F

Bike RaceTrack

2/F 1/F

Occupied G/F

G/F

Biking Parking

Parking Garage

G/F

B

B 15min. travel time from Jaabeursplein Garage outward by differnt mode of transportation

15min. travel time from Jaabeursplein Garage

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50


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P

parking

26 00 /day

100 plot x 3 floors x 26 € = 7800 €

P

Parking

000 /day in the core

50 plot x 6 floors x 0 € = 0 €

free parking in upper floors stimulates the driving circulation through all building

Business

26000 /day

10 plot x 6 floors x 260 € = 15600 €

the rest remaining plots are with values such as sunlight,facade apperance,fresh air

Culture

2 60 /day

40 plot x 6 floors x 2,6 € = 624 €

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Strategy #2: Parking re-sale movement The process is simple - 3 steps. Step 1.: In the core of the building, parking plots will be offered for free. Step 2.: Free parking policy encourages people to drive to the upper floors. The parking stalls start to be filled up on each floor equally. It attracts commercial companies such as fast food restaurants. They can rent space in the parking garage on the outside ring of the building for their restaurants. The rent of these outer spaces is the most expensive in the building. Step 3. The leftover space will be occupied by citizens. By paying a tiny amount of money, they can bring culture inputs, such as sport and plants and others. This parking plot re-sale movement creates a new business model and allows cultural program and commercial use to co-exist. Yudi Gao

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The layouts and section show where people are seen.

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Last hot plot for SALE!!

pass through & have fun


Last hot plot for SALE!!

through ve fun

4th floor

P parking space 40% D drive space 20% I island space 20% S stadium space 20%

3rd floor

P parking space 40% D drive space 20% I island space 20% S stadium space 20%

2nd floor

P parking space 50% D drive space 30% I island space 10% S stadium space 10%

1st floor

P parking space 50% D drive space 30% I island space 10% S stadium space 10%

ground floor

P parking space 30% D drive space 50% I island space 10% S stadium space 10%

The layouts and section show where people are seen.

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60% FREE 40% FULL

60% FLEA MARKET 40% PARKING

40 Parking

Garage Full

60 Trunk Market

ket. nl

unkmar

www. tr

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Strategy #3: Trunk Market According to the previous analysis of Jaarbeursplein parking garage, I find that the parking garage is not fully used most of the time. During the normal days ( when there is not many events at the Jaarbeurs), the parking spaces on the 3rd floor are almost empty and the spaces on 4th, 5th and 6th floor are totally empty. Because of the time issue and the analysis of program in parking garage, I want to transform some of parking spaces into temporary space to sell goods by car trunks. What can we do: - Showing something interesting or special you have/in your home - Meeting people who have the same collections or the same hobbies with you - Exchanging second hands clothes, shoes, books... - Selling home-made products - Sales for charity Cultural Impacts: - Showing your personalities, talents, interests, hobbies... - Meeting new friends who share the same collections or the same hobbies - Having more communications and understanding with your neighbors - Creating social impacts Lili Lu

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200 cm

MAP

INTERNET AD

LOVE GARAGE Today

Love Garage

USING

PAYING

01-LO-

VE

P

P

P Love

P

Love

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

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Love

Love

P

Love

P

P

P

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EXTENDING

Love

Love

Love

P

Love

Love

190 cm 500 cm

200 cm

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Strategy #4: Love garage The Jaarbeursplein parking garage functions currently only as a parking space. People come and leave, but never stay. For creating stories inside, it is important to give people a reason to stay. Why?- Parking garages include public and private space. People might partake in intimate behavior, which might not happen in other public space. Where?- Normally, people might prefer to park near the exit, and keep the “appropriate distance” from others. The space between two cars for example. These spaces can be the location of a “Love Garage” , spaces for people to enjoy intimacy. For protecting the privacy, the appearance of “Love Garage” will look like vans, and people can enter the room easily after parking. In the beginning, the target group would be cheating couples, so the rooms would be hidden in safe corners in each floor and changed the location every day. Later, when the Love Garage becomes more famous, resulting by the rising need, the area of the Love Garage will expand and transform into a place for people to host parties or cultural events. Yachin Moo

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The layouts and section show where people are seen.

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The layouts and section show where people are seen.

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Strategy #5: Games The parking garage can host multiple layers of activity where communities of gamers can use the building as their arena. This gives the parking garage a second role in the city, a hidden layer, for game communities. We used the structures of the old fashion treasure hunt and the retro battle ship games, but adjusted them into the layout of the garage with some further additions. The games work as platform that embraces communication and socialization between the game communities and strangers. The Invisible hunting game: A map of the parking garage and a UV torch are your tools. There are nine clues hidden in the space that leads you to the ‘treasure’. The players begin from the top floor (terrace) and the game last until someone finds the ‘treasure’. NO running! NO splitting from your team! NO cellphones! Battlecar: A combination of a virtual game in a real location. Get an virtual opponent and battle on different floors. Sophia Galarraga, Markela Bgiala

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Article 37 When a person is parking in this facility the vehicle can park at the level intended for the type of this car. The charge of parking on the specific level will be with a 50% discount on the total price. The charge of parking out the specific level will be with 50% fine on the total price. Follow at all times the instructions of staff, if not access can be denied. The parking program can be changed at any time by the operator..

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Strategy #6: Car = Identity Many people identify themselves with their car. In a lot of cases people even develop a bond with their vehicle. Seeing someone else with the same car expands this bond between the two drivers. It’s easier and more inviting to start an conversation with a driver having the same taste and interest. The parking garage is a place where people don’t only sit inside of their small private space, but actually step out into a public space, along with everyone else. In the new program of the garage these two aspects will be used by changing and adding to the rules. Divide the levels into different scenarios, each for a different type of car, for when the same types of cars are parked next to each other, gerally stated, the same types of people are parking next to each other. This new rule will create a situation where people can chat about their cars, share information and give advice. Arnold van Loenhout

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Strategy #7: Parking Garage Festival The train station area of Utrecht is under heavy renovation and many buildings in this area are awaiting demolition. The Jaarbeurs parking garage is one of those buildings. Before this will take place the garage will be vacant for a short amount of time. Because it is now owned by the municipality and therefore property of all Utrecht civilians, I propose to create a festival in the parking garage. This way I am adding music related program to the Jaarbeurs area. This unusual place for a festival can have a big impact on its surrounding environment. Like the Beatles, who gave their last concert on a rooftop in San Francisco. Curious people gathered on the street wanting to hear and see what was happening. Analyzing several existing festival maps one element stood out most: the distance from one event to another. Normally a festival takes place on horizontal land. At some festivals walking from one end to the other means walking for twenty minutes. By transporting parts of a typical festival map into the parking garage the problem of long walks is solved. Every corner of the parking garage has a staircase which is connected to every floor. These elements now function as shortcuts to everything. Moreover, this creates a higher chance of people running in to each other. Martijn van Wijk

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Strategy #8: Car Park into City Park The Parking Garage, simply defined, is a traffic hub within a building. However, the major users of the area have changed from autos to bikes and pedestrians. The City Park attempts to turn this in-between space into a place to be. I simply added cracks to the concrete floor, then let nature take its course transforming the crakes into a river and greenery. The rain will provide water for the river and the greenery will start taking over the structure, turning a concrete desert into a flourishing Utopia. The end of the river will flood onto the street, sparking the curiosity of the passerby to follow the path to the source of the river: the roof. The program of the Jaarbeurs area attracts millions of people to pass through this space each year. The city park will attract residents and visitors alike, to discover, walk through or stay and enjoy this free Utopia. Nicole Kell

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Strategy #9: Parking in the folded hidden city The car can be considered a cell in a parking garage as well as in the circulation of the whole city. But, what if the movements carried out in a parking garage (a choreography of entering, driving, stopping, parking ect.) are merged with the map of a city and the city is folded into the geography of a parking garage? The function of a parking garage will merge with the rest of the city and parts of the city will be visible in the garage. Thus the parking garage will interact with its surroundings and become part of the city. The image of an old, dark, smelly and isolated parking garage will be history. Thu-Thanh Nguyen

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The layouts and section show where people are seen.

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The layouts and section show where people are seen.

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Conclusion This year our office was invited by the maHKU Utrecht Graduate School of Visual Art and Design to give a workshop for the public design and interior design department. As we were very interested in parking garages, which were built in the 70’s and 80’s, we thought to dive into this building typology. Even though these garages fill our city centers, we noticed that there is a lack of political and public interest in these mono-functional concrete blocks. They serve as traffic nodes to reach one’s final destination, which is never the parking garage itself. They do not have a very positive reputation. By this we are not talking about architectural milestones modern society produced, such as Temple Street Parking Garage in New Haven, Connecticut, or the parking garage in Marina City Towers, Chicago. We are focusing on a building form which does not have a very high standard of architectural quality. Little money and a lack of interest caused these mono-functional low standard buildings to be built at a time when an increasing number of parking space was needed. Since the first parking garages were built at the beginning of the 20th century the impact of these building structures on society and urban planning changed continuously. Recently garages of this type are either renovated or demolished. Some of them are never fully occupied, as we could see at our casestudy building. Often renovations consist of commercial interests which results in decorative improvements and corporate architecture. There are numerous of these building typologies nationwide. We believe that architecture should not only be driven by technical and commercial interests. The lack of cultural relevance and political discourse of this building typology lead us to initiate this workshop. Firstly, together with the students, we took a closer look and analyzed the parking garage on the Jaarbeursplein. Secondly, we developed spatial strategies for filling the socio-cultural lack of these existing building type. This workshop showed that there is the need to continue researching on this topic. We concluded, together with Henk Slager (Dean maHKU) and Annette W. Balkema, (Lecturer Critical Studies) that we want to continue with this topic in the following academic year which starts in September 2011. We not only have to develop transformation strategies, but also understand the interaction between politics, stakeholders and designers when it comes to transformation projects of the above mentioned parking garages. Further on, we want to involve stakeholders in the process and lead a public debate. The MaHKU students in the following academic year should take an important role in this process. Sascha Glasl space&matter

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