Workshop at maHku Utrecht Transforming Parking Garages
edited by space&matter
Imprint Editor: space&matter and maHKU students Editorial Coordination: Sascha Glasl Graphic Design: space&matter Proof reader: Nicole Kell
Supported by
4
Content 5 Context 7 Overview of monofunctional parking garages in NL 13 Assignment 17 Lecture 23 Fieldtrip 25 Analysis 45 Strategy & Design 75 Conclusion
5
6
Context The parking garage, a crucial building form in our city centers, does not gain very high reputation. We are not talking here about architectural milestones modern society produced, such as Temple Street Parking Garage in New Haven, Connecticut, or the parking garage in Marina City Towers, Chicago. We want to focus on a building form which did not have a very high standard of architectural quality. Innumerable parking garages of this type fill our cities. They were built in the 70ties and 80ties when an increasing number of parking space was needed. Little money and a lack of interest caused these monofunctional, low standard buildings. Since the first parking garages were built at the beginning of the 20th century the impact of these building structures on society and urban planning changed continuously. Recently garages are either renovated or new building projects are erected with an aesthetic and commercial interest. The lack of cultural relevance and a political discourse leads us to initiate this workshop.
7
Parkeergarage Geelvinck Singel 540, Amsterdam
Bomengarage Buiks-lotermeerplein 237, A’dam
Europarking Marnixstraat 250, Amsterdam
Parkeergarage westerpark Van bleiswijkstraat 8, Amsterdam
Parkeergarage Nederland Westblaak 88, Rotterdam
De Boompjes Terwenakker 18, Rotterdam
Parkeergarage Katshoek Schoterboshof 11, Rotterdam
Keizerswaard P-dek Groeninx v. zoelenln 125, Rotterdam
Parkeergarage Kruiskade Kruiskade 21, Rotterdam
Parkeergarage Lijnbaan Crispijnstraat 6, Rotterdam 8
Parkeergarage Noord Watermanweg 81, Rotterdam
Parkergarage schaatsbaan Schaatsbaan 33, Rotterdam
Overview of monofunctional parking garages in NL This is an overview of the monofunctional parking garages of the 10 biggest cities in The Netherlands. This collection already leads to the assumption that this building typology is far from being a single phenomenon.
Amsterdam
population: 778.825
Rotterdam
population: 611.000
The Hague
population: 488.553
Utrecht
population: 307.081
Eindhoven
population: 213.809
Tilburg
population: 203.592
Almere
population: 188.160
Groningen
population: 187.298
Breda
population: 173.299
Enschede
population: 157.012
Hilversum
population: 85.004
9
Parkeergarage Vlaggenman Abraham van stolkweg 74, Rotterdam
Parkeergarage Weena Karel doormanstraat, Rotterdam
Parkeergarage WTC-V&D Leeuwenstraat 2, Rotterdam
City parking Laan 5-7, Den Haag
Parkeergarage Lutherse Burgwal Lutherse Burgwal 25, Den Haag
Parkeergarage MegaStores Vander Kunstraat 127, Den Haag
Parkeergarage Parklaan Nieuwe parklaan 248, Den Haag
Parkeergarage Veerkaden Amsterdamse Veerkade 30, Den Haag 10
Parkeergarage Shiwa Prins Hendrikstraat 57, Den Haag
Parkeergarage Mathildelaan Mathildelaan 2a, Eindhoven
Torengarage Geest 1, Den Haag
T Eindje Endje 1, Eindhoven
Parkeergarage Heuvelpoort Heuvelpoort 300, Tilburg
Parkeergarage Knegtel Gasthuisring 300, Tilburg
Parkeergarage Bouwmeesterplein Louis Bouwmeesterplein 2, Tilburg
Parkeergarage Tivoli Achter de Heuvel 3, Tilburg
Wagenmakerbaan, Almere
Parkeergarage Centrum Pelsterstraat 15, Groningen
Parkeergarage Naberpassage Popkenstraat 5, Groningen
Winschoterdiep, Groningen
Groest 86-76, Hiversum
Concordiagarage Concordiastraat,Breda
Van Galenstraat, Enschede
Parkeergarage Stationplein Stationsplein 6,Enschede
11
Parkeergarage Springweg Strosteeg 83, Utrecht
Parkeergarage Rijnkade Rijnkade 3, Utrecht
3. Parkeergarage LaVie Sint Jacobsstraat 1, Utrecht
Parkeergarage Paardenveld Kroonstraat 9, Utrecht
Parkergarage Jaarbeursplein 11 Jaarbeursplein, Utrecht
12
Utrecht
P P
P
P Parkergarage Jaarbeursplein
P
13
14
Assignment The task of this workshop was two-fold: First, we took a closer look and analyzed the parking garage on the basis of one example, the Jaarbeursplein in Utrecht. Secondly, we developed spatial strategies for filling the lack of sociocultural relevance in these existing building types.
15
Floor plan
16
Isometric view
17
18
Lecture The lecture at the beginning of the workshop was to inspire the students with different directions of thought. Furthermore, it gives an overview of the history of parking garages and formulates themes belonging to the context of this building type. Innumerable reference projects prove that the cultural relevance can be reached with the transformation of theses disregarded building types.
19
Workshop about parking garages
Temple street parking garage in New Haven, Connecticut, Paul Rudolph, 1962
We don’t want to build a new building We want to focus on existing parking garages Forming Transformation strategies to learn how to develop a new cultural parking typology
Combination of walls with the structure created beautiful sculptural garages
There is a lack of interest for parking garages Phaidon Atlas proves that There are 1052 projects from 75 countries in the Atlas and only one parking garage
Mixed parking space
History of parking garages
Marina City Tower, 1964, Goldberg, Chicago Mixed building: Residential and commercial Very sculptural
1886 - the first carriages was designed by Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler. Only a small amount were produced
You can see the cars from outside
1913 Henry Ford invented the famous “Model T” Mass production created 15 million cars between 1908 and 1927
Monofunctionality in the 60ties till 80ties Many garages were build with no ambition, lack of interest, little budget and the car gained a bad image because of pollution, accidents
The amount of cars raised enormously
Many concrete structures were built Monofunctional
A new building typology was born: Palmer&Singer manufacturing company GA NYC 1910. The cars needed to be weather protected. At the beginning functions were included in the parking garage, such as repair place, chaufeur housing, long time storage, selling.
Examples of monofunctional parking garages in Utrecht
In the 20ties and 30ties there was a political discourse about parking garages CIAM Many types were developed In the 50’s and 60’s, a huge amount of garages were built because the car was celebrated
20
Examples of monofunctional parking garages in Utrecht
Examples of monofunctional parking garages in Utrecht
Examples of monofunctional parking garages in Utrecht
There is something missing There are other forces which should stay in dialogue with architecture Culture and politics are excluded from the development
Recently new initiatives evolved to put the traffic and parking garages back on the planners agenda Renault traffic design award ADAC price The European parking association
Task of this workshop: How can we add cultural relevance to parking garages?
Some contemporary buildings catch attention and try to add relevance to the typology
Jaarbeursplein parking garage, Utrecht built around 1970
Lincoln Road, Florida, Derzog De Meuron, 2010 Shopping, dining, residential, parking
Casestudy: Jaarbeursplein parking garage Typical case
Events in the parking garage
Will be demolished We want to learn from this case
Commercial developers create corporate architecture
We want to use the political tension
Most important things are economic factors and user orientation cultural relevance is missing
Analysis
Technology Many new technological developments change the building typology
Flexibilty
Automated parking garage in Wolfsburg, Germany, Autostadt Visitors can make a tour, duration 15 minutes
Site architects, James Wise, 1981 A car park with villas & gardens There was an even older project in 1908 in Life magazine How flexible is the structure of a parking garage to use for other program
Influences on architecture
Domino house
21
Relation public/ private
Nolli map 1748 of Rome by Giambattista Nolli A new map of Rome based on Bufalini’s map from 1551 New: direction to north (before it was east), shows enclosed public space as colonnades in St. Peters square and Pantheon as open civic spaces Underground tunnel system in Houston Air conditioned, avoid weather open weekdays from 6am - 6pm
22
Safety: Parking garages are known as unsafe spaces
Users & stories: Climbers like the concrete structures
Some gay communities use the parking garage as meeting point
Program
Skaters like the surface of the floor
Garage 1907, Chicago housed horses and cars in one building
Tuning clubs use parking garages for gatherings
Outside/ inside The bar symbolizes the entrance
Transformation examples
Atmosphere
Made in Tokyo, Bow Wow
Concrete contributes strongly to the atmosphere. What else?
Made in Tokyo, Bow Wow
Timetable/ use
Made in Tokyo, Bow Wow
Operation map of the railway system in Tokyo Documentation of the performance Opening times can be added with other operations Design a timetable!
Made in Tokyo, Bow Wow
Made in Tokyo, Bow Wow
Commercial for beach on top of the parking garage at the fair in Frankfurt 2006
Made in Tokyo, Bow Wow
parking garage at the fair in Frankfurt 2005
Temporal market in Seattle
beach on top of parking garage at the fair in Frankfurt 2006
One can see the two layers of parking and market
beach on top of parking garage at the fair in Frankfurt 2006
A cart track was erected temporal in the Jaarbeursplein in 2010
Commercial in Bielfeld garage
Michigan Theatre in Detroit Concert halland movie house left 1927, right present
Furniture trade in old Stern garage, Chemnitz
It is build on the site of the garage where Henry Ford built his forst Automobile
Art on parking garage What is the impact?
Annual parking day
camping site in office structure, archizoom, nonstop city
Annual parking day
parking and sport
Car loft
Spencer Tunick in Q-park parking garage in Amsterdam
23
24
Fieldtrip On the first day of the workshop we took the students on a field trip to the case study parking garage on Jaarbeursplein in Utrecht. The visit of the building was the starting point of the analysis. It also gave inspiration to the following design and strategy assignment.
25
26
Analysis The students had to work on one of these themes by collecting information, creating analytical sketches, photos, movies, schematic drawings, texts, interviews, performances, thoughts, ideas, and common knowledge. Flexibility Relation public/ private Program Outside/ inside Atmosphere (cancelled) Timetable/ use Safety Users & stories Choreography Context
27
There was a walking bridge connecting the car park to the mall
Separated parking area Prefabricated structure
Water pipes through the building on all four sides
Heating on the last floor
Elevators in two sides of the building
Electricity in all the floors
Storage on ground floor and conection with Hertz company
Top view,column grid
Staircases in four sides of the building
Metal handrail and fence around the building
Flexibility The parking garage as universal flexible column system can be seen as an universal building in modern cities. How flexible is the system? The flexibility in the parking garage is framed within the structural grid of columns and beams. The continuos sloped slabs are an important element to consider when planning an alternative use for the building. Existing facilities: water - electricity - heating (last floor) - stairs to four sides - elevators on two sides - ramps 6% - 2.10 m high floors - toilets (groundfloor) - upper floors usually empty-hotel’s private parking space - easily deconstructable structure used to be connected to the mall across (2nd floor) - hotel and shops (around); There is aprox. space for 103 cars on each floor. Each floor is aprox. 5.000m2. Sophia Galarraga, Markela Bgiala
Basic layout of the six floors building.
29
What is possible in a garage?
The parking garage is only accessible for parked people.
Are there other events than just parking?
There are closed spaces within the parking garage.
A map of Giambattista Nolli is a example for division of public and private spaces.
Spaces are privatized for commercial use like repair shops.
Article 14 Article 4
The one who parked in the parking facility needs to take out a ticket before entering. The parking ticket is and remains the property of the operator, is not transferable and is intended to ending the use of the parking facility to the operator to be returned.
Article 8
Motor vehicles may only be parked in the spaces and with due observance of the provisions of these Terms and the instructions given by the operator. The entry and exits and the lanes should always be kept open and passable.
Ticket proces.
How to park inside.
Traffic rules apply in the garage as in the public street.
The way is free of signposts
Afther recieving of the payment parking ticket gives the person parked a period of fifteen minutes, counting from the time of payment, the right and opportunity to bring his motor vehicle outside the parking facilities. If that period expires without the parked his motor vehicle outside the parking facility has brought over a new parking time limit starts again where parking is due.
Aswell as for marking walking routes.
Relation: Privat/Public Parking garages are defined as semi public buildings. Although they are recognized as a public space, they are subject to very different rules. What are the rules and in how far do they differ from public space? A parking garage is privately owned, in this case the operator is the local government of Utrecht. When someone enters the parking facility there are many rules for the user. The three articles on the left give a strict definition what is possible and what is forbidden. A car parked in the garage is also privately owned. When someone buys a ticket they rents a parking space and the garage will turn into a semi private space, accessible for the user. In the rules the operator denies any responsibility for damage and theft. The parking garage appears to be public, with its own responsibility and traffic rules. In reality it is private property with its own rules and a different distribution of power. Arnold van Loenhout
Person wants to park inside a parking garage.
Article 4: Buy a ticket and the garage is accesible for him.
Article 8: Other people are parked, He has to choose where to park.
Article 4: Pay before entering on foot again.
The person is allowed to walk out of the garage. Leaving his property
The picket parking space is hired for the periode he pays.
Gar
Pub
Pri
Sem
Per
Artilce 14: He is allawed to walk in to get his car.
Article 14: from payment he has 15 minutes to get his car out of the garage
The garage is private property again.
Proces of accessibility for the user of a parking garage. The chance from private to semi private to private.
31
Shopping Mall Loop Designed by MVRDV Cadilac Salon, The First Car Showroom Combine With Garage
11. W. Wacker, 1955
Maserati’s Garage Cafritz Office Building
Parking Garage and Offices by Eric Owen Moss
Landscape Roof of Parking Garage in new york, 1950
Garden Parking Gate in Shinjuku Zen Garden in Houston Medical Center Parking Garage
Parking Garage Inside Souterrain In f The Hague
Parking Garage Harvests Energy in Chicago
Spacebuster, A Inflated Space Inside Parking Garage
Program When the first parking garages were built they included more program then just parking. Do parking garages allow more functions? Which functions can be found in the history of parking? Which functions make sense, which do not? In the history of the parking garage, different programs coexisted with the parking stalls. The analysis shows possibilities of program that could happen inside the parking garage. Showroom - In the beginning of the parking garage, they were highly connected to the sales of cars and had also contained a shopping lane. Workspace - Non-maintenance workspace was linked directly with garage. Workers can stop their car in front of the door of their offices. Landscape - In the 50s, the concept of putting artificial landscape into parking garage to create a better environment for the surrounding was purposed. Civic Role - due to the public use character of garage, some of the garage carry out the public role for the city as an infrastructure, even educational role to the city. Chun Wai Cheung
777
NON-CONTEXTUAL PROGRAM
T CONTEXTUAL PROGRAM
T
NS
MAP OF PARKING GARAGES IN UTRECHT
33
DRIVE TURN
CAMERA
parking garage site
drive in-out way DRIVE TURN
LANES DRIVE TURN
CAMERA camera DRIVE TURN WALL CAMERA
lane LANES CAMERA ROOF LANES
WALL wall ADVERTISMEING LANES WALL
ROOF LIGHT WALL ROOF roof
ADVERTISMEING ROOF TREES ADVERTISMEING advertising
LIGHT LAWN ADVERTISMEING LIGHT light
TREES PARKING LIGHTBIKE TREES
LAWN MANTREES FLOW plant LAWN
PARKING BIKE ACESS TO INTERIOR LAWN access to interior PARKING BIKE
MAN FLOW PARKING BIKE
FEE passingPASSING fee MAN FLOW
ACESS TO INTERIOR MAN FLOW ACESS TO INTERIOR CAR PARKING
PASSING FEE ACESS TO INTERIOR
linear space experience
Inside/Outside The ambiguity between inside and outside space of a parking garage matches the two departments of this workshop at MahKu which combines public space and interior design. How does this influence the building? In this analysis, I was trying to describe inside/outside space of parking garage in a linear way. By reading spatial items, I bring a new understanding of the parking system. For example: The Lane: The parking garage is a vertical extension of the city’s roads. In this parking system, the more narrow the lanes, the less the flexibility of driving. Cars are forced to follow the specific rules and dimensions. Light: During the daytime, the parking garage is set up with a huge number of artificial illuminations to balance the light contrast from outside to inside. On the other hand, it turns the parking garage into the extreme glowing(??) landmark at night. Greenery: The roof of the parking garage seems like a floating island in the urban fabric with all of nature’s resources (such as sunlight, rain...). However, greenery is never provided here. (Ab)used for the parking functions, there is a total lack of this important item. Yudi Gao
35
1st Floor: At any time, the 1st floor is occupied by cars. Theater
Peak Time: 20.00 - 23.00
Jaarbeurs Center Operation Time: 10.00-17.00 Peak Time: 10.00-12.00 13:30-16:30
Hotel
1st Floor
2nd Floor: From 08.00 to 22.30 the 2nd floor are all occupied.
2nd Floor
3rd Floor: From 11.30 to 20.00; there are some cars on the 3rd floor.
3rd Floor
4th-6th Floor: There are not any cars on the 4th floor to 6th floor at any time.
4th-6th Floor
Operation Time:
24 Hours Peak Time: 11.00-13.00 17:00-21:00
Train Station Operation Time: 24 Hours Peak Time: 07.00-09.00 12.00-13.00 16.30-18.00
Timetable/Use Every parking place has a very rigid timetable. Compared with operation plans of other programs such as train stations, theaters, markets, hotels, sport facilities. The timetable of Jaarbeurs Parking Garage is connected to the operation time of hotel, theater, Jaarbeurs event centers, train station and shopping mall around it. In general, there are no great changes of the usage of the parking garage at any time of the day or between week days and weekends. The peak time is around 18:00. According to the observations, it is very clear that the occupation of different floors in the parking garage is different. As we can see from the timetable, the 1st floor is always occupied by cars any time. From 8:00 to 22:30, the 1st floor and the 2nd floor are all occupied. From 11:30 to 20:00, the 1st floor and the 2nd floor are all occupied, and there are some cars on the 3rd floor. There are no cars on the 4th floor to 6th floor at any time. Lili Lu
Timetable of Jaarbeurs Parking Garage
37
The entrance is well secured. One car at a time.
Emergency exit signs are present in large numbers. Untill the second floor, all the outside is fenced.
On the 4th floor only a thin line of the outside is visable Every floor is equally protected against fire.
Above third floor there are no cameras anymore.
I spotted 2 police cars on the lower floors.
Every corner of the garage has an exit stairway. 5 tall buildings look down on the rooftop of the garage.
There are rarely any cars parked on the rooftop. You can barely look inside from a street point of view.
When there is smoke, yellow lines lead the way.
Safety Safety is a known theme when you talk about parking garage. How does it influence the building? When do you feel safe in a parking garage? Do cameras give one a feeling of safety? Other people can give you the feeling of safety, but also the opposite. It depends on the person’s behavior. What I found special while analyzing the parking garage on its safety was that there are places where probably no one could see you. When standing in the middle of the 3rd and 4th floor there are no cameras, no cars and, maybe most important, almost no visibility to the outside at all. It’s a place where you can be alone entirely. When arriving at the rooftop you might feel the same way. But this feeling will stop if you look around and notice that there are five very tall buildings looking down on you. Martijn van Wijk
c c c c c f k p
nh hotel
d c
e
b
f
f t
GF
1st
2nd
3rd
4rd
5th
The layouts and section show radius of visibility
39
sleep car maintenance
car washing
skate
basketball court
intimacy
graffati market
exhibition
illegal behavior advertisement driving practice
Users & Stories Users of the parking garage, potential users and non-users have to be detected documented and illustrated. Try to sketch their demands and find their stories. Besides the owners of cars, there are others that user the parking garage for “special activities�, such as selling products, exhibitions, basketball playing, skating, car washing, graffiti, kidnapping, driving practice, and the most common one, cheating behaviors, as what Yolanthe and Sneijder did in the parking garage in Amsterdam. In fact, it might be easy to discover that people tend to have intimate behaviors in the parking garages, which might be impossible to happen in other public space, as a parking garage is a place with private and public space. Walking from the entrance to the cars, is also the process from the public space to the private space. From holding hands, kissing, to having sex, parking garage can provide different levels of privacy in different kinds of space, such as the secrete corner, the place between two cars, and the car itself. It is reasonable to assume parking garage is a good place for intimacy. Yachin Moo
Video of Yolanthe and Sneijder
41
Multortere ina, Catimorudeme consultus factertentem
Choreography The typology of the parking garages is based on movement and stops. How does the choreography influences the parking garage? Think also about orientation and circulation space.
Choreography of visitors
43
First international market in Jaarbeurs area in 1917 No building has stool in area more then 50 years since Castel Vredenburg
WWII during the 1940’s slowed down International travel.
Market building at Jaarbeurs in 1948 after cattle marke left in 1928
Hoog Catharijn shopping center built in the 70’s
The Major user of the space has changed.
Facades found around the Jaarbeurs square. Beatrix Theater
Office Building
Beatrix Theater
Parking Garage
SNS Bank
NH Hotel
Context The context of each parking garage has to be profoundly understood before intervening in the existing situation. Contextual information such as history, urban setting, ... has to be illustrated. The Parking Garage is situated on the Jaarbeursplein, next to Utrecht’s central station. This area has always been a hub for social interaction, starting small with the first fruits, veggies and cattle market, which grew into the Jaarbeurs complex there today. The parking garage was built in the 1970’s to aid shoppers with easy access to the new mall: Hoog Catharijn. From the exterior, the parking garage looks in tune with the other buildings on Jaarbeursplein. However, while the other buildings have received face lifts throughout the years to fit with the changing times, the parking garage is seen as function only and has never received esthetical or program improvements. To update the parking garage, it’s function must also be updated to work with one of the current major user groups of the area: The biker and the pedestrian. Nicole Kell
Shopping Entertainment Army Barracks Fairs Market
The diagram is showing the Progression and Destruction of Building Mass in the Jaarbeurs area, catagorized by program based around the consumer. 45
46
Strategy & design Inspired by the analysis, the students had to develop a concept/ strategy for an improvement of the parking garages of this era. How can one add (socio-) cultural relevance to this outdated building typology and start a political discourse to put the topic of parking garages back to the agenda of urban planners and authorities. The principle of the project should be applicable to other locations. To illustrate the concept one can make use of storyboards, performances, models, movies, sketches, development strategies, real installations, sculptures, technology, interactive media, interior designs and public design plans, landscape architecture, newspapers. mockups...
47
Jaarbeursplein Parking Garage Daily Occupied
LESS THAN
48
50%
Public Bike Parking Daily Occupied
MORE THAN
90%
Strategy #1: Bike&Park The Jaarbeursplein parking garage is located at the west side of Utrecht Centraal train station. Although there are offices, a hotel and theatre nearby, but the capacity of the garage is relatively low. On the other hand, the space needed for bike parking in this area continues to increase. Currently, bikes occupy the whole public space, and therefore the space has become dysfunctional. By putting the bike parking space inside the semi- empty garage, the public space can be relived and become a lively square for the people and surroundings. The daily capacity of the Jaabeursplein parking garage is less than 50%. Mostly the bottom floors are fully occupied, but the higher levels are empty. This structure provides two independent routes from bottom to top, therefore, it is possible to divide the whole garage into two connected but independent zones without changing it’s structure. The entrance of the bike parking space is placed at the first floor. On top of the bike parking space, would be the bike race track, bike shop and roof cafe/hostel. A hybrid garage is created by combining the two different transportations, CAR and BIKE. Different bike programs are added to the “BIKE+PARK” and attract people to come and use the space. Chun Wai Cheung
B
B 5/F
5/F
4/F
4/F
3/F
3/F
2/F 1/F G/F
2/F
5/F Cafe Unoccupied 4/F Bike
Unoccupied
3/F
/ Hostel Shop
Bike RaceTrack
2/F 1/F
Occupied
1/F
Biking Parking
Parking Garage
5/F
Cafe / Hostel
4/F
Bike Shop
3/F
Bike RaceTrack
2/F 1/F
Occupied G/F
G/F
Biking Parking
Parking Garage
G/F
B
B 15min. travel time from Jaabeursplein Garage outward by differnt mode of transportation
15min. travel time from Jaabeursplein Garage
49
50
51
P
parking
€
26 00 /day
100 plot x 3 floors x 26 € = 7800 €
P
Parking
€
000 /day in the core
50 plot x 6 floors x 0 € = 0 €
free parking in upper floors stimulates the driving circulation through all building
Business
€
26000 /day
10 plot x 6 floors x 260 € = 15600 €
the rest remaining plots are with values such as sunlight,facade apperance,fresh air
Culture
€
2 60 /day
40 plot x 6 floors x 2,6 € = 624 €
52
Strategy #2: Parking re-sale movement The process is simple - 3 steps. Step 1.: In the core of the building, parking plots will be offered for free. Step 2.: Free parking policy encourages people to drive to the upper floors. The parking stalls start to be filled up on each floor equally. It attracts commercial companies such as fast food restaurants. They can rent space in the parking garage on the outside ring of the building for their restaurants. The rent of these outer spaces is the most expensive in the building. Step 3. The leftover space will be occupied by citizens. By paying a tiny amount of money, they can bring culture inputs, such as sport and plants and others. This parking plot re-sale movement creates a new business model and allows cultural program and commercial use to co-exist. Yudi Gao
53
The layouts and section show where people are seen.
54
Last hot plot for SALE!!
pass through & have fun
Last hot plot for SALE!!
through ve fun
4th floor
P parking space 40% D drive space 20% I island space 20% S stadium space 20%
3rd floor
P parking space 40% D drive space 20% I island space 20% S stadium space 20%
2nd floor
P parking space 50% D drive space 30% I island space 10% S stadium space 10%
1st floor
P parking space 50% D drive space 30% I island space 10% S stadium space 10%
ground floor
P parking space 30% D drive space 50% I island space 10% S stadium space 10%
The layouts and section show where people are seen.
55
60% FREE 40% FULL
60% FLEA MARKET 40% PARKING
40 Parking
Garage Full
60 Trunk Market
ket. nl
unkmar
www. tr
56
Strategy #3: Trunk Market According to the previous analysis of Jaarbeursplein parking garage, I find that the parking garage is not fully used most of the time. During the normal days ( when there is not many events at the Jaarbeurs), the parking spaces on the 3rd floor are almost empty and the spaces on 4th, 5th and 6th floor are totally empty. Because of the time issue and the analysis of program in parking garage, I want to transform some of parking spaces into temporary space to sell goods by car trunks. What can we do: - Showing something interesting or special you have/in your home - Meeting people who have the same collections or the same hobbies with you - Exchanging second hands clothes, shoes, books... - Selling home-made products - Sales for charity Cultural Impacts: - Showing your personalities, talents, interests, hobbies... - Meeting new friends who share the same collections or the same hobbies - Having more communications and understanding with your neighbors - Creating social impacts Lili Lu
57
200 cm
MAP
INTERNET AD
LOVE GARAGE Today
Love Garage
USING
PAYING
01-LO-
VE
P
P
P Love
P
Love
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Love
Love
P
Love
P
P
P
P
P
EXTENDING
Love
Love
Love
P
Love
Love
190 cm 500 cm
200 cm
58
MAP
CLEANING
Strategy #4: Love garage The Jaarbeursplein parking garage functions currently only as a parking space. People come and leave, but never stay. For creating stories inside, it is important to give people a reason to stay. Why?- Parking garages include public and private space. People might partake in intimate behavior, which might not happen in other public space. Where?- Normally, people might prefer to park near the exit, and keep the “appropriate distance” from others. The space between two cars for example. These spaces can be the location of a “Love Garage” , spaces for people to enjoy intimacy. For protecting the privacy, the appearance of “Love Garage” will look like vans, and people can enter the room easily after parking. In the beginning, the target group would be cheating couples, so the rooms would be hidden in safe corners in each floor and changed the location every day. Later, when the Love Garage becomes more famous, resulting by the rising need, the area of the Love Garage will expand and transform into a place for people to host parties or cultural events. Yachin Moo
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Love
Love
Love
Love
P
Love
P
P
P
P
Love
Love
Love
P
P Love
P Love
59 190 c
The layouts and section show where people are seen.
60
The layouts and section show where people are seen.
61
62
Strategy #5: Games The parking garage can host multiple layers of activity where communities of gamers can use the building as their arena. This gives the parking garage a second role in the city, a hidden layer, for game communities. We used the structures of the old fashion treasure hunt and the retro battle ship games, but adjusted them into the layout of the garage with some further additions. The games work as platform that embraces communication and socialization between the game communities and strangers. The Invisible hunting game: A map of the parking garage and a UV torch are your tools. There are nine clues hidden in the space that leads you to the ‘treasure’. The players begin from the top floor (terrace) and the game last until someone finds the ‘treasure’. NO running! NO splitting from your team! NO cellphones! Battlecar: A combination of a virtual game in a real location. Get an virtual opponent and battle on different floors. Sophia Galarraga, Markela Bgiala
63
Article 37 When a person is parking in this facility the vehicle can park at the level intended for the type of this car. The charge of parking on the specific level will be with a 50% discount on the total price. The charge of parking out the specific level will be with 50% fine on the total price. Follow at all times the instructions of staff, if not access can be denied. The parking program can be changed at any time by the operator..
64
Strategy #6: Car = Identity Many people identify themselves with their car. In a lot of cases people even develop a bond with their vehicle. Seeing someone else with the same car expands this bond between the two drivers. It’s easier and more inviting to start an conversation with a driver having the same taste and interest. The parking garage is a place where people don’t only sit inside of their small private space, but actually step out into a public space, along with everyone else. In the new program of the garage these two aspects will be used by changing and adding to the rules. Divide the levels into different scenarios, each for a different type of car, for when the same types of cars are parked next to each other, gerally stated, the same types of people are parking next to each other. This new rule will create a situation where people can chat about their cars, share information and give advice. Arnold van Loenhout
65
KS
IN
DR
20
✁ ✁
KS
IN
DR
5 minutes
q
✁
KS
IN
DR
66
s
ute
min
q
Strategy #7: Parking Garage Festival The train station area of Utrecht is under heavy renovation and many buildings in this area are awaiting demolition. The Jaarbeurs parking garage is one of those buildings. Before this will take place the garage will be vacant for a short amount of time. Because it is now owned by the municipality and therefore property of all Utrecht civilians, I propose to create a festival in the parking garage. This way I am adding music related program to the Jaarbeurs area. This unusual place for a festival can have a big impact on its surrounding environment. Like the Beatles, who gave their last concert on a rooftop in San Francisco. Curious people gathered on the street wanting to hear and see what was happening. Analyzing several existing festival maps one element stood out most: the distance from one event to another. Normally a festival takes place on horizontal land. At some festivals walking from one end to the other means walking for twenty minutes. By transporting parts of a typical festival map into the parking garage the problem of long walks is solved. Every corner of the parking garage has a staircase which is connected to every floor. These elements now function as shortcuts to everything. Moreover, this creates a higher chance of people running in to each other. Martijn van Wijk
67
sing
Hou
NH l e Hot
urs
rbe
Jaa
l traa Cen on i Stat
68
Strategy #8: Car Park into City Park The Parking Garage, simply defined, is a traffic hub within a building. However, the major users of the area have changed from autos to bikes and pedestrians. The City Park attempts to turn this in-between space into a place to be. I simply added cracks to the concrete floor, then let nature take its course transforming the crakes into a river and greenery. The rain will provide water for the river and the greenery will start taking over the structure, turning a concrete desert into a flourishing Utopia. The end of the river will flood onto the street, sparking the curiosity of the passerby to follow the path to the source of the river: the roof. The program of the Jaarbeurs area attracts millions of people to pass through this space each year. The city park will attract residents and visitors alike, to discover, walk through or stay and enjoy this free Utopia. Nicole Kell
69
70
71
72
Strategy #9: Parking in the folded hidden city The car can be considered a cell in a parking garage as well as in the circulation of the whole city. But, what if the movements carried out in a parking garage (a choreography of entering, driving, stopping, parking ect.) are merged with the map of a city and the city is folded into the geography of a parking garage? The function of a parking garage will merge with the rest of the city and parts of the city will be visible in the garage. Thus the parking garage will interact with its surroundings and become part of the city. The image of an old, dark, smelly and isolated parking garage will be history. Thu-Thanh Nguyen
73
The layouts and section show where people are seen.
74
The layouts and section show where people are seen.
75
76
Conclusion This year our office was invited by the maHKU Utrecht Graduate School of Visual Art and Design to give a workshop for the public design and interior design department. As we were very interested in parking garages, which were built in the 70’s and 80’s, we thought to dive into this building typology. Even though these garages fill our city centers, we noticed that there is a lack of political and public interest in these mono-functional concrete blocks. They serve as traffic nodes to reach one’s final destination, which is never the parking garage itself. They do not have a very positive reputation. By this we are not talking about architectural milestones modern society produced, such as Temple Street Parking Garage in New Haven, Connecticut, or the parking garage in Marina City Towers, Chicago. We are focusing on a building form which does not have a very high standard of architectural quality. Little money and a lack of interest caused these mono-functional low standard buildings to be built at a time when an increasing number of parking space was needed. Since the first parking garages were built at the beginning of the 20th century the impact of these building structures on society and urban planning changed continuously. Recently garages of this type are either renovated or demolished. Some of them are never fully occupied, as we could see at our casestudy building. Often renovations consist of commercial interests which results in decorative improvements and corporate architecture. There are numerous of these building typologies nationwide. We believe that architecture should not only be driven by technical and commercial interests. The lack of cultural relevance and political discourse of this building typology lead us to initiate this workshop. Firstly, together with the students, we took a closer look and analyzed the parking garage on the Jaarbeursplein. Secondly, we developed spatial strategies for filling the socio-cultural lack of these existing building type. This workshop showed that there is the need to continue researching on this topic. We concluded, together with Henk Slager (Dean maHKU) and Annette W. Balkema, (Lecturer Critical Studies) that we want to continue with this topic in the following academic year which starts in September 2011. We not only have to develop transformation strategies, but also understand the interaction between politics, stakeholders and designers when it comes to transformation projects of the above mentioned parking garages. Further on, we want to involve stakeholders in the process and lead a public debate. The MaHKU students in the following academic year should take an important role in this process. Sascha Glasl space&matter
77
78
79
80
space&matter