Accelerating a biomethane economy by Evolve Network

Accelerating a biomethane economy

Whitepaper by David Butler Director, Evolve

Introduction

In an era characterised by increasing environmental concerns and the pressing need for sustainable energy solutions, the injection of biomethane into the Northern Ireland gas grid at Dungannon in November 2023 stands as a ground-breaking milestone. At Evolve, we are proud to spearhead this transformative journey for the industry in Northern Ireland. This is not a token connection - it is the start of a journey to a fully decarbonised network.

The global energy landscape is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by mounting concerns over climate change, dwindling fossil fuel reserves, and the imperative to achieve sustainable development goals. In this context, Northern Ireland is leading the way following the successful injection of biomethane into the Evolve network in November 2023 – a milestone step towards achieving a more environmentally responsible and sustainable future.

As we embark on this landmark journey, our company proudly embraces a new identity which reflects our wider aspirations for delivering on behalf of customers in the west of Northern Ireland. Our new brand, Evolve, is rooted in values that mirror the evolving priorities of a world in flux. Our commitment to working sustainably, prioritising people’s wellbeing, fostering continuous innovation, and educating all stakeholders underpins our role as leaders in this transformative endeavour. This rebranding reflects not only our dedication to progress but also our unwavering responsibility to the communities we serve.

The direct injection of biomethane into the Evolve grid marked a pivotal moment – a first-of-its-kind initiative for any distribution network on the island of Ireland, that

symbolises our collective commitment to a greener, more sustainable future. However, it is essential to recognise that while this innovation is a significant step, it is not a ‘silver bullet’ solution that can single-handedly decarbonise the entirety of Northern Ireland’s energy sector, nor will Evolve claim as much. Instead, it stands as an outstanding example of what can be achieved through collaboration, inspiring us to adopt a holistic and diverse strategy for transitioning to sustainable energy sources.

As we move forward, we emphasise the critical importance of strategic collaboration across all facets of the energy industry. A Just Transition demands cooperation, partnership, and coordinated efforts from government bodies, businesses, researchers, customers and communities. By uniting our collective expertise and resources, we can navigate the complex challenges ahead, ensuring that no one is left behind in the pursuit of a sustainable and equitable future.

This white paper serves as an introduction to the concept of biomethane integration in Northern Ireland, underscoring our company’s commitment to sustainable progress and our belief in the power of collaboration. In the pages that follow, we delve into the technical, economic and societal aspects of this initiative, exploring the potential benefits and challenges that lie ahead.

Together, let us embark on this journey towards a greener horizon, united in purpose and dedicated to realising a brighter, more sustainable tomorrow for our network area and beyond.

Director, Evolve

Biomethane production

Biomethane, a renewable and sustainable energy source, has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote energy independence. This section provides an overview and detailed explanation of the biomethane production process, focusing on anaerobic digestion (AD) and gasification techniques specifically tailored to Northern Ireland’s unique context.

Figure 1* The AD process

*The anaerobic digestion process (Source: United States EPA, 2023)

Anaerobic digestion

Process Overview – AD is a well-established biological process that converts organic feedstock into biogas, primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide. In Northern Ireland, where silage and organic waste are abundant, AD represents a promising pathway for biomethane production.

Biogas

Feedstock collection and preparation

The first step in the AD process is the collection and preparation of suitable feedstock. In Northern Ireland, feedstock sources include agricultural waste (e.g., crop residues, manure), food waste such as that from a household or restaurant, and organic waste from industries and local jurisdictions. Proper collection, storage, and pre-processing of feedstock is crucial to ensure efficient digestion to maximise the biomethane yield.

AD reactor

AD for biogas production takes place in a sealed vessel called a reactor, which is designed and constructed in various shapes and sizes specific to the site and feedstock conditions.

Within the AD reactor, the feedstock undergoes a series of biochemical reactions in the absence of oxygen. The reactor environment, typically maintained at a specific temperature range, facilitates the growth of anaerobic microorganisms that break down complex organic compounds.

The main output of the AD is biogas, which primarily contains methane (50–70%) and carbon dioxide (30–50%). Additionally, trace amounts of other gases such as hydrogen sulphide and ammonia may be present in the biogas. Biogas produced within the AD reactor serves as a valuable precursor for biomethane production.

In order to inject into the gas grid, the carbon dioxide is separated out, leaving a predominantly methane mixture. This is carefully monitored to maintain compliance with Gas Safety Management Regulations (GSMR), ensuring that the biomethane can be injected safely into the gas grid as a direct substitution for natural gas. Carbon

Dioxide (CO2) that has been separated out can be captured and used either in industrial applications, such as food production, the manufacture of e-fuels or sequestered.

As described, biomethane to be injected needs to be compliant with GSMR. With the existing gas network configuration, it is important to ensure that the biomethane matches the Calorific Value (CV) of the natural gas in the network. Propane can be added to ensure harmonising of CVs, though future developments in the network configurations will permit the amount of propane to be injected to be minimised, and eventually eliminated.

By fully embracing this method, Northern Ireland can substantially contribute to its net zero carbon ambitions. The AD process not only offers the opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through the displacement of fossil fuel natural gas, but also presents opportunities to reduce emissions through sequestration in other vital areas of the economy, such as agriculture, thereby safeguarding livelihoods and boosting both job creation and the local economy. In addition, it will ensure any existing gas users are replacing their existing fuel with a renewable source with no disruption, and perhaps most importantly of all, without expense on new heating apparatus.

Northern Ireland’s gas grid and infrastructure

Since its establishment in 1996, Northern Ireland’s gas network has been a driving force behind substantial carbon savings, revolutionising both residential homes and businesses throughout the region. The network boasts five key delivery partners: Mutual Energy and GNI (UK) oversee transmission, while Evolve, firmus energy, and Phoenix Energy operate as distribution network operators within their designated licence areas.

Phoenix Energy began construction of the network in Greater Belfast in 1996. Subsequently, firmus energy secured a distribution licence in 2005 covering the ‘ten towns’ area, followed by Evolve in 2015, expanding gas supply to the west of Northern Ireland, including towns in County Derry-Londonderry, Tyrone, and Fermanagh. This extensive distribution pipeline network now spans an impressive 6,000 kilometres, intricately weaving through the heart of Northern Ireland.

The high-capacity transmission network is efficiently managed by Mutual Energy and GNI (UK), ensuring a seamless gas flow to individual distribution networks and Northern Ireland’s gas-fired power stations. This backbone infrastructure underscores the network’s pivotal role in the region’s energy landscape. This collective effort represents a substantial £1 billion investment, creating a comprehensive gas supply framework that reaches every

Figure 2* Northern Ireland gas networks

major urban centre in Northern Ireland. From its modest beginnings to its current formidable presence, the NI Gas Network not only stands as a remarkable infrastructural achievement but also serves as a cornerstone in the region’s sustainable energy future.

The integration of renewable and sustainable energy sources into existing gas grids is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving energy transition goals for the region.

Northern Ireland’s gas grid is an extensive network of pipelines and distribution infrastructure that supplies gas to residential, commercial, and industrial consumers.

The gas grid infrastructure in Northern Ireland has been developed and expanded over the years to meet the growing demand for gas, displacing more polluting fuels such as coal, peat, timber and oil. The existing pipeline network, compressor stations, and storage facilities (e.g. Linepack) are designed to accommodate various gas sources and maintain consistent gas pressure and supply reliability.

The gas distribution network in Northern Ireland is primarily made up of polyethylene (PE) pipework. A clear benefit of having one of

the newest gas networks in Europe is that we have the perfect material for future fuels.

PE is highly chemically resistant, making it an ideal choice for transporting biomethane. Biomethane, primarily composed of methane, has similar chemical properties to natural gas. This compatibility ensures the long-term integrity and reliability of the gas distribution system.

PE pipework is known for its strength and durability. It possesses inherent toughness, making it resistant to cracking, fracturing, and external forces. The robust nature of PE pipework ensures the safe and reliable distribution of biomethane in the Evolve gas grid.

PE is lightweight and highly flexible, allowing for easy installation even in challenging terrains or around existing infrastructure. The flexibility of PE pipes reduces the need for complex fittings and joints, minimising the potential for leakage and enhancing the overall system integrity. The ease of installation will translate to cost and time savings during the construction and expansion of the biomethane distribution network in comparison to the upgrades necessary to make electrification a viable option for homes in Northern Ireland.

Finally, the material is inherently resistant to corrosion, even in aggressive soil or water conditions. This characteristic is crucial for the long-term performance of the gas distribution system, particularly when judging the different energy transportation technologies.

Natural gas and biomethane are fully interchangeable and operate at the same pressure in the gas grid. The pipework used for gas distribution is designed to withstand the required pressures, ensuring

the integrity and safety of the system. Since biomethane can be injected into the grid at the same pressure levels as natural gas, no consumer modifications are needed to accommodate biomethane – this will be a critical consideration when factoring a ‘Just Transition’ for consumers in our network area and ensuring a seamless, minimally disruptive experience.

There are other solutions being explored for the gas networks across the UK and Ireland. In the pursuit of a net zero future, green hydrogen could potentially play a pivotal role in reshaping Northern Ireland’s energy landscape. With its multifaceted potential, green hydrogen is not merely an alternative, it is a necessity to achieve a sustainable, decarbonised future. This element has the power to revolutionise energy storage, enhance renewable wind integration, fuel transportation, drive industrial processes, and potentially even redefine heating systems.

The variability of renewable energy sources, such as wind, can be mitigated through the production of hydrogen through electrolysis. This process can store excess energy generated during times of high renewable output and release it when demand peaks, effectively creating a balanced and resilient electricity grid. This ability to offer a solution to the curtailment of renewables will minimise, to an extent, the level of excess renewable capacity that is required to meet peak demand days, while ensuring certainty to support investors.

Renewable energy, particularly wind power, holds great promise in Northern Ireland’s energy transition. However, the intermittent nature of wind energy production requires sophisticated solutions to stabilise the electricity grid. Green hydrogen steps in as a crucial ally, absorbing surplus energy during

peak wind periods and generating power during lulls, thus ensuring a consistent energy supply.

Green hydrogen also potentially presents an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels, powering vehicles while emitting only water vapour. Moreover, industries that demand large amounts of energy for processes can rely on green hydrogen to drive their operations without contributing to carbon emissions, fostering a sustainable industrial sector.

The potential of green hydrogen in the heating sector is also noteworthy. The ongoing development of hybrid and hydrogen-based heat pumps offers a potential avenue to decarbonise heating systems, a challenge that remains particularly complex.

Decarbonising homes is vital for addressing climate change, but its success hinges on a just and fair transition to avoid widening social and economic gaps. Marginalised communities bear a disproportionate burden of climate change, lacking resources for adaptation.

A just approach ensures cleaner technologies benefit all, irrespective of socio-economic status. Affordability is a concern, with green technologies often posing upfront costs; a fair transition necessitates financial mechanisms to make these accessible, preventing undue economic strain on lower-income households.

The use of these technologies will be of growing importance should the electricity network begin to take on the significant demand of heat in addition to the new demands that are coming on stream at the moment, such as electric vehicle charging. Hybrid heat pumps in particular can assist in the demand side response that is significantly harder to manage with heat than other

electricity demands.

Our parent company, SGN, are progressing well on the H100 project, a world-first green hydrogen-to-homes heating network on the Fife coast. The project is the first of its kind to employ a direct supply of clean power to produce hydrogen for domestic heating, putting Fife at the forefront of the clean energy revolution, with the first customers scheduled to be connected in 2024.

The system has been designed and is being built to ensure the same high safety and reliability standards as expected from the current gas system. An on-site storage unit will hold enough hydrogen to ensure supply won’t be disrupted during even the coldest weather conditions. Findings from this test will provide a critical proof of concept on which to inform future trials which could take place in Northern Ireland.

Regulatory framework and policy support

The pivotal role of regulatory framework and policy support cannot be overstated as Northern Ireland steers its course towards a more environmentally sustainable and cleaner future.

In alignment with the Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 2022, the region has set its sights on a remarkable goal compared to Climate Change Committee recommendations – achieving a net zero greenhouse gas emissions target of at least 100% reduction by 2050. Interim milestones also feature prominently, with a target of at least 48% net emission reduction by 2030.

In the broader context, Northern Ireland contributed to 4.3% of the total UK greenhouse gas emissions in 2018, emitting the equivalent of 10.3 tonnes of CO2 per person—a figure that surpasses the UK average of 6.8 tonnes.

While the UK’s global emissions share stands at approximately 1%, Northern Ireland’s contribution is estimated at 0.04%.

At the heart of these aspirations lies the Green Growth Strategy for Northern Ireland, which serves as the overarching roadmap. Passed on 9 March 2022 in the Assembly, the Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 2022 compels all Northern Ireland Departments to align their actions with its targets, carbon budgets, and action plans.

However, a stark reality surfaces as Northern Ireland finds itself lagging behind in fulfilling its commitments, particularly in the context of the 48% reduction by 2030. Planning permission processes are presenting significant roadblocks to the advancement of strategic projects. These impediments are felt on a regional scale and, like many other areas, knowledge gaps persist concerning proposed decarbonisation technologies and solutions.

From our extensive interactions with diverse stakeholders, it is evident that a comprehensive approach to decision-making is hampered by a scarcity of technical expertise. The prevailing consensus, that there is no single panacea for the region’s decarbonised energy requirements, reinforces the need for comprehensive reviews and time-bound action plans through a regulatory lens. Collaboration with industry peers assumes paramount importance, capitalising on their expertise while acknowledging Northern Ireland’s unique circumstances.

Acknowledging the inevitability of subsidising decarbonised energy solutions for consumer adoption in the region is crucial. Against the backdrop of escalating poverty rates, compelling consumers to make choices that

strain household budgets contradicts the very essence of a ‘Just Transition’ — a principle integral to the overarching Green Growth Strategy.

In conclusion, as Northern Ireland navigates its path towards decarbonisation, a robust regulatory foundation and strategic policy support are vital. The region’s commitment to sustainability requires concerted efforts, innovative solutions, and a deep understanding of the region’s distinctive dynamics.1

1. Cave, S, and Pike, J. 2021. Northern Ireland and Net Zero. Available at https://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/ publications/2017-2022/2021/aera/1421.pdf

Green gas subsidy

A green gas subsidy is a financial incentive provided by a government or relevant authority to support the production and use of renewable gases, such as biomethane or other forms of green gas.

An effective subsidy aims to encourage the development, investment in, and utilisation of renewable gases. It is designed to stimulate the production and injection of green gases into the gas grid, supporting the decarbonisation of the energy sector.

The primary objectives of a green gas subsidy are as follows:

Unfortunately, this is an area where Northern Ireland lags significantly behind the rest of Europe. It is critical to address this if we are serious about adopting all the methods at our disposal to reduce the carbon emissions in the region.

The heatmap provided herein highlights the stark fact that almost all of western Europe has adopted a green gas subsidy at this stage. Since this study, Portugal has also since implemented a green gas subsidy scheme further isolating Northern Ireland as an outlier behind the curve.

Figure 3* Green gas support map

The absence of a green gas subsidy for biomethane production in Northern Ireland stands as an inexcusable oversight, particularly in light of the prevailing landscape across Europe.

As can be witnessed from the previous evidence provided, a substantial majority of European countries have already recognised the potential of biomethane as a sustainable energy source and have instituted supportive subsidies to accelerate its adoption. This serves as a glaring contrast to Northern Ireland’s position.

Compounding the urgency is Northern Ireland’s unique economic composition. With one of the highest dependencies on agricultural activity

for its economic output on the entire continent, the region is intrinsically tied to the vitality of its agricultural sector. This interconnectedness places Northern Ireland in a prime position to harness the benefits of biomethane production – a renewable energy avenue that seamlessly integrates with agricultural operations.

In numerous European nations, governments have taken a proactive stance, providing incentives that not only stimulate the growth of biomethane but also bolster rural economies by offering new revenue streams for farmers. These countries recognise the potential of biomethane to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while also contributing to energy security and economic resilience.

(Source:

Figure 4*

Operational support for biomethane per country

Considering the examples of support provided for biomethane production, it becomes evident that valuable insights can be gleaned from the experiences of other European nations. In recent years, various government departments in Northern Ireland have embraced the concept of being a ‘fast follower.’ This term emphasises the region’s strategic positioning to leverage existing strategies implemented by other countries.

With the readily accessible evidence as highlighted herein, decision-makers at policy level in Northern Ireland are now equipped to roll out a successful support scheme for the region, however action is urgently required.

These insights can serve as a foundation for shaping an ideal support framework tailored to the specific needs of Northern Ireland. By studying the performance of these countries, Northern Ireland can identify effective strategies and create a support model that aligns with its unique requirements and goals to give it the best footing on which to make biomethane a successful fuel choice for decarbonisation.

Emphasising the importance of Northern Ireland’s agricultural sector in the context of biomethane production is crucial, given the region’s abundant organic waste resources. The unique positioning of Northern Ireland’s agricultural industry allows for substantial contributions to biomethane production. However, the absence of a green gas subsidy for biomethane represents a missed opportunity for the region. This failure to incentivise and support the transition to biomethane not only inhibits Northern Ireland from aligning itself with international sustainability trends but also maintains an indefensible status quo.

By not seizing the opportunity to invest in

and promote biomethane, Northern Ireland risks hindering its own progress towards sustainability goals and, perhaps more significantly, forfeits the chance to achieve a degree of fuel independence. A strategic focus on biomethane production not only aligns with environmental priorities but also positions Northern Ireland to enhance its energy security, marking a meaningful step toward a more sustainable and self-sufficient future.

The implementation of a biomethane subsidy not only promotes environmental responsibility but also addresses economic imperatives. It empowers farmers to diversify their income sources, mitigating the vulnerabilities of an agricultural sector subject to market fluctuations. Furthermore, it aligns with the broader shift towards circular economies and sustainable practices, positioning Northern Ireland as a forward-looking participant in the global transition to greener energy sources.

The release of the Irish Government’s National Biomethane Strategy in May 2024 significantly advances the decarbonisation of the gas network.

The new strategy outlines several actions to boost investment in Ireland’s biomethane industry, which is still in its early stages compared to other EU countries. The measures provide a roadmap for incentivising and supporting the development of 150-200 AD plants through grant aid. This includes capital contributions to help businesses invest in these facilities.

To support the industry, the Irish government will create a market for biomethane by introducing a regulatory obligation on energy suppliers, ensuring a percentage of the energy they supply is renewable. This requirement will be phased in, starting at 2 percent and increasing to 10 percent by 2030.

As part of the Irish Government’s Climate Action Plan 2024, a target has been set to achieve 5.7 TWh of domestically produced biomethane energy per year by 2030, aiming to significantly reduce carbon emissions.

Two biomethane subsidy schemes operate in Great Britain under the auspices of the UK government: the Non Domestic Renewable Heat Incentive (NDRHI) and the Green Gas Support Scheme (GGSS). Both NDRHI and GGSS aim to facilitate the financial viability of establishing and operating biomethane plants over extended periods, typically 20 years for NDRHI and 15 years for GGSS. It should be noted that the NDHRI has concluded and is no longer accepting new applications.

Tariffs are predetermined upon plant commissioning and gas flow initiation by a specified date. However, there’s a provision for tariff adjustments based on the number of plants participating over the scheme’s lifespan.

The government allocates a fixed budget for the GGSS. When a biomethane plant applies for funding, it receives a tariff guarantee based on the current funding availability and a projection of plants expressing interest in connecting. This tariff guarantee remains valid for approximately 15 years, effectively reserving a portion of the available funds. Each subsequent plant receives its own tariff guarantee based on the remaining budget. This structured approach helps cap total spending and incentivises plants to connect early to secure funding.

Any future scheme should aim to encourage sustained generation by implementing a minimum usage requirement. This would ensure that AD plants availing of public funding, are contributing sufficiently to decarbonising heat

specifically for consumers in Northern Ireland.

If a participating GGSS AD plant chooses to allocate most of its biomethane production towards Renewable Transport Fuel Certificates and a tariff regression occurs, it effectively prevents new AD plants from accessing the better tariff. This situation could discourage new AD plants from participating and fails to incentivise the production and injection of biomethane for the purposes of heat.

Crucially though, whilst participation on the RTFO scheme is permitted under NDRHI2 and GGSS3, both require participants to provide quarterly declarations to satisfy that support payments and Renewable Transport Fuel Certificates will not be claimed for the same biomethane.

2. NDRHI Guidance Volume 2: Ongoing obligations and payments, section 1.4 and 1.5, available at: https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/sites/default/ files/2023-10/FINAL%20Accessible%20NDRHI%20Vol%202%2018%20October%202023.pdf

3. Green Gas Support Scheme Guidance, section 9.39, available at: https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2022-10/GGSS_Guidance_ v1.2.pdf

In summary, plants must secure financial closure, planning permission, and a network connection agremeent - the latter requiring connection to a licensed gas network regulated by Ofgem. Government subsidies are disbursed quarterly directly to biomethane operators upon submission of required returns. Payments are contingent on the volume of gas injected into the network, with no flow equating to no subsidy. Submission must be supported by energy reports from gas shippers, including LPG meter readings to remove the propane element from the energy totals, ensuring payments are based solely on the renewable gas component.

The scheme considers plant energy performance and feedstock sources, requiring later participants to use 50% waste feedstock, moving away from purely agricultural sources. However, in Northern Ireland, it’s crucial to allow feedstocks to come entirely from farming. Biomethane will be valuable for farmers and help offset carbon emissions in the hard-todecarbonise farming sector.

Accuracy in reporting gas injection into the network is ensured by licensed transporters, who collect volume and calorific value (CV) information, stored and allocated within the Gemini system. Rigorous checks on metering accuracy and CV monitoring further guarantee precise subsidy calculations. Any future Northern Ireland scheme would need similar safeguards to ensure payment accuracy and prevent erroneous claims.

An alternative subsidy mechanism, such as a Contract for Difference (CFD) payment, bridges the gap between daily gas prices (NBP price) and a predefined threshold. This model reimburses the additional cost of gas production, including profit, above prevailing daily gas prices, providing a more efficient and cost-effective subsidy structure for the government and taxpayers alike.

Sample subsidies

Contracts for Difference (CfDs) and Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) are both mechanisms used in the renewable energy sector to support and incentivise the production of clean energy. A brief synopsis of how each subsidy option works is provided below for information.

Contracts for Difference (CfDs)

CfDs are a financial instrument that provide long-term price certainty and revenue stability to renewable energy projects, making them more attractive to investors and project developers. They are commonly used in markets where energy prices can fluctuate.

The government or an energy regulator agrees to pay a fixed price per unit of energy generated by a renewable energy project for a specified period. If the market price of electricity is lower than the fixed price, the government pays the difference to the project developer. If the market price is higher, the project developer pays back the difference to the government. CfDs provide revenue stability for renewable energy projects, as they ensure a predictable income stream. This lowers the financial risk for investors and helps secure financing for the project. By guaranteeing a minimum revenue stream, CfDs encourage more investment in renewable energy projects and facilitate the transition to cleaner energy sources.

Renewable Energy Certificates

Renewable Energy Certificates are tradable instruments that represent the environmental attributes of renewable energy generation.

They are typically used in regions with regulated electricity markets or where there is a desire to create a market for renewable energy attributes. For each unit of renewable energy generated, a corresponding certificate is issued. This certificate verifies that a certain amount of energy was produced using renewable sources. These certificates separate the environmental attributes (clean and renewable nature) of energy production from the physical energy itself.

Certificates can be traded on specialised markets, allowing utilities or companies to purchase them to meet renewable energy targets or demonstrate their commitment to sustainability. The revenue generated from selling the certificates can provide an additional income stream for renewable energy project owners, making their projects more financially viable.

Environmental and economic benefits

As previously advised, biomethane is derived from the AD of organic materials such as food waste and silage, making it a greener form of energy. Disposing of waste in this way offers a sustainable alternative to current practices, as well as a source of energy. This allows the region to become more self-sufficient and increases our ability to be an energy independent region.

The injection of biomethane into the gas pipeline offers several notable environmental benefits, including:

Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions

A substantial amount of organic waste is left to decompose in landfills or left to decay in agricultural settings. Methane, a short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) with an atmospheric lifetime of roughly a decade, is a potent greenhouse gas tens of times more powerful than carbon dioxide at warming the atmosphere. Methane’s atmospheric concentration has more than doubled since pre-industrial times and is second only to carbon dioxide in driving climate change during the industrial era.4

By capturing and utilising this methane to produce biomethane, we not only prevent its release into the atmosphere but also displace the use of fossil fuels, thus mitigating the emissions of CO2 and other harmful pollutants, particularly if we can displace oil and other solid fuels commonly used in Northern Ireland.

GHG emissions from latest GHG inventory (1990 to 2020) and updated projections (2021 to 2031) (Source: DAERA Greenhouse Gas Projections Update, 2020)

Figure 6*

Helping achieve waste management goals

The production of biomethane through the AD process allows waste to be converted into a green, zero-emission fuel, chemical substrate, or energy source. The widespread utilisation of biomethane will thus minimise the need for landfills, reduce odours and contamination risks associated with waste disposal, and promote the efficient use of organic resources. The possibilities for consolidating waste from dispersed sources and modifications in waste logistics can help form a pertinent argument for biomethane injection.

Improvement in air quality

Biomethane offers significant advantages in relation to air quality. When used as a transportation fuel or for heating and power generation, biomethane combustion emits lower levels of pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), and particulate matter, compared to conventional fossil fuels. By steadily replacing the likes of petrol, diesel, and traditional fuels with biomethane for everyday use, such as cooking, heating, transport, and electricity production, there is an optimism that the decline in air quality can be reversed.

The utilisation of biomethane can continue the significant progress made through moving to gas and contribute to improvements in local air quality and help combat the detrimental health effects associated with air pollution, with the added greenhouse gas savings delivered over gas.

This is particularly important in our network area where air quality warnings have already taken place. In December 2022, Strabane (the first town we connected on our network) recorded a level 10 air pollution, prompting health alerts being sent to residents in the town. This is driven by the high prevalence of solid fuel – coal, timber, waste. This is the highest level that air pollution can be recorded at and should spark urgent action from government in terms of getting residents in these areas off solid fuel options and transitioning into better, cleaner energy systems for their homes.5

5. Air quality warnings. Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-63934302

Water quality

Northern Ireland faces a formidable challenge that demands urgent attention and comprehensive solutions: the deteriorating state of its water quality, emphasised by the current blue-green algae crisis on Lough Neagh.

As pollution levels rise and precious bodies of water become increasingly contaminated, the imperative to confront this crisis head-on has never been more apparent. Amidst this environmental challenge, effective digestate management stands out as a key strategy to help address the issue.

The water quality challenge gripping Northern Ireland is complex, arising from agricultural run-off, industrial discharges, and inadequate wastewater treatment. These factors have placed immense stress on the quality of the water, posing significant threats to aquatic life, human health, and the overall ecosystem.

In this complex scenario, digestate management emerges as a vital solution. Digestate, the organic material left after AD of agricultural and organic waste, holds the key to mitigating the water quality crisis. Through efficient management practices, digestate can significantly reduce agricultural run-off.

Digestate management offers a unique opportunity to tackle another critical environmental concern: the excessive use of artificial fertilisers. By harnessing the nutrientrich content of digestate, farmers can markedly diminish their reliance on chemical fertilisers. This reduction not only curtails direct emissions within Northern Ireland but also plays a role in the global effort to decrease emissions associated with the production of artificial fertilisers.

By adopting effective digestate management, Northern Ireland can simultaneously combat water pollution, minimise artificial fertiliser usage, and contribute to the reduction of global emissions linked to fertiliser manufacturing.

By addressing the water quality challenge through digestate management, Northern Ireland can set a powerful example, demonstrating how proactive measures can create a domino effect, benefitting not only the region itself but having an impact globally.

Promote circular economy principles

Biomethane holds great promise as a means of promoting circular economy principles. By utilising organic waste materials as feedstock, biomethane production not only reduces waste volumes but also enables the recovery of valuable nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, which can be used as fertilisers in agriculture. This closed-loop approach helps conserve resources, minimises environmental pollution, and supports sustainable agricultural practices.

This accelerated transition to a circular economy can also address climate change threats and energy security concerns. Indeed, biomethane can be considered a reference model for the circular bioeconomy through which sustainable best practices could be followed.

Our Green Loop System serves as a beacon representing both sustainability and advancement. The process illustrated in Figure 7 goes beyond being a mere product; it acts as a transformative catalyst that has farreaching effects across various industries and communities. By harnessing the capabilities of existing technologies and infrastructure readily available to us, we possess the ability to

reduce waste, enhance efficiencies, decrease carbon emissions, and make full use of every ounce of energy potential.

Our Green Loop brings to light a strategic network of interconnected systems that collaborate seamlessly to minimise waste at every juncture. Inefficiencies are significantly diminished and replaced with decisions driven by data, ensuring the optimal utilisation of resources and the minimisation of wastage.

The spotlight is on carbon reduction, as the Green Loop achieves a level of emission reduction that was once thought unattainable. Carbon footprints diminish, air quality improves,

Evolve

Homes and businesses

Homes and businesses create waste which has the potential to be utilised as feedstock for AD plants, e.g. out of date food.

and unnecessary wastefulness is kept to a minimum.

The Green Loop does not function in isolation; rather, it bridges technological progress with the needs of our consumers. This smart loop underscores our dedication to sustainable practices, prioritising people’s well-being, fostering ongoing innovation, and educating customers and stakeholders alike.

As an alternative and, ultimately, the successor to natural gas in our network area, biomethane offers several economic benefits that make it an attractive option within the energy sector. Some of the key economic advantages include:

Livestock manure, food waste and grass silage Crops, livestock manure and food waste can be transported to an AD Plant as a feedstock to produce biomethane.

Transportation

Biomethane-fuelled lorries can transport feedstock to the AD plants for processing.

Fuelling cars and trucks

Biomethane can fuel our cars and lorries, as well as tractor used in farming our crops and livestock.

Gas grid

Biomethane is injected into the Northern Ireland gas grid where is displaces natural gas to supply homes and businesses as well as fuelling cars and trucks.

Biomethane

The biomas is upgraded to become biomethane which is similar to natural gas and can therefore be injected into the gas grid.

Processing

The transported feedstock goes through a series of steps involved in converting the organic material into biomas.

Agriculture

Farmers can potentially utilise digestate instead of imported fertilisers for their crops. Farming in Northern Ireland is a vital pillar of the economy.

Digestate

This is the residual material left over after organic matter undergoes digestion.

Figure 7*

Green Loop System

Energy independence and security

Biomethane production provides an opportunity for countries to reduce their dependence on imported fossil fuels. By utilising locally available organic waste resources, countries can enhance their energy security and reduce vulnerability to fluctuations in international energy markets. This aspect strengthens domestic energy production and promotes economic stability.

Indeed, the war in Ukraine has highlighted energy problems of national self-sufficiency for some countries, and the impact of the main industries (manufacturing, transportation, and both civil and industrial buildings) on energy consumption remains severe.

Northern Ireland’s sizeable agriculture sector means that the region has the potential to indigenously produce sufficient biomethane. If fully harnessed, this could potentially meet up to 82% of the entire region’s 2021 distribution network demand, while improving farm productivity, reducing farm greenhouse gas emissions and helping tackle NI’s significant manure-based nutrient surplus. We already have more biomethane within 10km of our network than we need to facilitate our demand, emphasising how quickly we can fully decarbonise our entire network now that our first injection has been successfully completed.6

Job creation and local economic development

The establishment and operation of biomethane production facilities create employment opportunities across various sectors. From the construction of AD plants to the maintenance and operation of this machinery, there is a range of jobs involved in the biomethane value chain.

This leads to job creation and fosters local economic development, particularly in rural areas where agricultural waste can serve as a primary feedstock.

In Northern Ireland alone, the gas industry has built up a highly skilled workforce of over 2,500 over the past 25 years, and this expertise is immediately available to support the switch to a decarbonised gas network.

Meanwhile, the European Union is thoroughly optimistic on the employment opportunities offered by renewable gas. Taking into account direct jobs which provide the feedstock to biomethane production facilities, as well as industrial direct jobs related to the development and operations of digesters, thermal gasification plants and electrolysers, the results of an EU analysis conclude that this sector of the energy industry can create anywhere between 600,000 and 750,000 jobs in the bloc by 2050.7

Consequently, the signs are positive for the creation of a range of jobs in rural areas of Northern Ireland, where the anticipated construction and running of AD plants could result in substantial economic benefits.

Agricultural sector support

Biomethane production provides an additional revenue stream for farmers and agricultural businesses. By utilising organic waste materials, such as animal manure and crop residues, farmers can generate income from the sale of biomethane or by-products such as digestate, a nutrient-rich organic fertiliser. This diversification of income sources helps to stabilise the agricultural sector, reducing its reliance on fluctuating commodity prices.

6. Anderson, A et al. Evaluating the opportunity for utilising anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis of livestock manure and grass silage to decarbonise gas infrastructure: A Northern Ireland case study. Available from https://tinyurl.com/bm8b3tww

7. Gas for Climate 2050. 2020. Accessed at https://gasforclimate2050.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Navigant-Gas-for-Climate-Jobcreation-by-scaling-up-renewable-gas-in-Europe.pdf

Figure 8*

Anaerobic digestion jobs

In Northern Ireland, agriculture plays a vital role in the region’s economy, contributing around 5% of Gross Value Added and 5% of total employment. In addition, the high intensity of farming coupled with lower gas demand per capita (3.8 MWh compared to 7.5 MWh per person in Great Britain) places NI in a unique position to decarbonise the gas grid using our existing agricultural biomass.

*Anaerobic digestion jobs in Europe per category (left) and direct vs. indirect (right) (Source: https://gasforclimate2050.eu/wp-content/ uploads/2020/03/Navigant-Gas-for-Climate-Job-creation-by-scaling-up-renewable-gas-in-Europe.pdf )

Operational considerations

A study by the Centre for Advanced Sustainable Energy (CASE) and Invest NI found that Northern Ireland has the potential to produce over 6.12 terawatt hours (TWh) of biomethane per year, equivalent to more than 82% of the region’s gas distribution network demand in 2021.

This estimate is based on the narrow feedstock range of excess silage and manures, excluding other potential sources such as food waste. An important factor when considering the first ever direct-to-grid injection of biomethane in the region comes from food waste, with the potential to inject approximately 1,300 m³ per hour.

The following section explores the technical and operational considerations necessary for the successful injection of biomethane into the gas grid in Northern Ireland.

In order to facilitate a reliable and efficient supply, integrating biomethane into the gas grid poses a number of operational considerations.

Grid compatibility

Factors such as pressure, flow rates, and material compatibility of pipelines and equipment must be assessed. Collaboration with gas grid operators and infrastructure developers is crucial to determine necessary modifications or upgrades. In the case of Evolve, the current infrastructure of predominantly polyethylene pipes (with the remainder made of steel which is transition-ready) is already equipped to receive 100% biomethane, meaning the company will be leading from the front for biomethane injection in Northern Ireland.

Gas grid balancing

Balancing of the grid is necessary in order to maximise the quantity of biomethane that can be injected throughout the day and across different seasons.

The variable nature of the biomethane production due to fluctuations in organic feedstock availability and seasonal factors, combined with gas demand variability associated with consumer requirements and weather conditions, necessitates effective gas grid balancing. Adequate storage capacity and flexible operational strategies, such as blending biomethane with gas, help maintain grid stability and meet demand fluctuations.8

8. Anderson, A et al. Evaluating the opportunity for utilising anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis of livestock manure and grass silage to decarbonise gas infrastructure: A Northern Ireland case study. Available

Case study

The gas balancing model in Denmark is a system that ensures the safe and reliable delivery of gas to consumers. The model is based on a number of factors, including the expected system commercial balance (E(SCB)), nodal prices, gas quality, and physical constraints.

The E(SCB) is calculated every hour based on nominations and expected offtake in Denmark/ Sweden for all hours of the gas day. Nodal prices are used to reflect the cost of transporting gas from one location to another. Gas quality is also a factor, as biomethane has a lower calorific value than natural gas. Physical constraints, such as pipeline capacity, are also taken into account.

The gas balancing model is a complex system, but it has been effective in ensuring the safe and reliable delivery of gas to consumers. The model is constantly being reviewed and updated, as the Danish gas market evolves.9

Development of Adjusted Balance Model (including the Data model)

Task force meetings with focus on Data model

User group

Energinet and Nordion’s consultation of methodology

Methodology approval process (DUR and EI)

Overall implementation

IT test period (shippers)

Go live 06-11-2020 10-12-2020

01-10-2022

9. Turk et al. A green transition-oriented balancing model for the gas system with intra-day restrictions: Case of Denmark. 2022. Available from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213138822005306

*Gas balancing model in Denmark. (https:/en.energinet.dk/gas/shippers/gas-balancing-model/)

Figure 9* Gas balancing model in Denmark

Feedstock quality and consistency

Ensuring high-quality and consistent feedstock for biomethane production is crucial for efficient operation. Variations in organic waste characteristics can impact the biogas production process. Robust feedstock management practices, including sorting, pre-treatment, and monitoring, are essential for consistent biomethane production.

Northern Ireland is in an enviable position, with a very significant biogas industry currently in place. This ensures that the understanding of the feedstock requirements and the operation of AD plants is well understood, with considerable local expertise. As biomethane injection levels increase, the degree of technical support required from GB and elsewhere will diminish, with local operators managing all aspects of the supply chain – from the feedstock, the biomethane and the valorisation of the digestate.

Safety considerations

As Northern Ireland moves towards more sustainable energy options, the integration of biomethane into the existing gas grid is of significant interest. With the Evolve network being one of the newest on the market, it is already equipped to handle 100% biomethane injections safely, evidenced by the first connection which took place in Dungannon in November 2023. Biomethane injection is a significant contributor to the gas grid in GB, while many European countries, including Germany and Denmark, have been successfully injecting biomethane into their existing gas grids for years without the need for additional safety upgrades. Furthermore, a

*AD feedstock usage in NI. (Source: http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/publications/2017-2022/2021/aera/2921.pdf )

report by Gas Networks Ireland and Mutual Energy found that the safety measures in place on the gas network are sufficient to ensure the safe injection of biomethane.10

Comprehensive research and real-world applications in other European nations affirm that no additional safety measures are required. This paves the way for a smooth transition towards sustainable energy options for Northern Ireland, with Evolve at the forefront.

Upgrading boilers

Concerns remain over the energy efficiency standards of the installation of legacy oil heating systems. Households can see higher heating bills due to poorly installed, or unproperly maintained oil heating systems.

Of the 500,000 homes using oil in Northern Ireland, around 80% have older, more inefficient boilers, according to research from the Consumer Council NI.11

Gas boilers have a legal requirement that they must be installed and maintained by a Gas Safe registered installer. The oil industry is different; whilst there is an Oil Firing Technical Association (OFTEC) register that requires installers to complete an approved training course and pass an assessment, it is not legally required.

Those connected to the Evolve network will already have biomethane-ready boilers installed, meaning no changes are required to their set-up. As outlined below, the common inefficiencies exhibited by oil boilers can also be addressed through the adoption of biomethane.

• Environmental impact

Older oil boilers contribute higher carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, accelerating climate change. Transitioning to biomethane reduces CO2 emissions, aligning with sustainability goals.

• Energy efficiency

Older oil boilers when compared to new gas conversions often exhibit lower energy efficiency due to inefficient combustion as a result of poor maintenance, greater heat loss through flue gases, and inadequate insulation.

• Dependency on fossil fuels

The dependency on oil boilers perpetuates Northern Ireland’s reliance on imported fossil fuels. Transitioning to biomethane enhances energy security and reduces reliance on imported oil as well as solid fuels used in Northern Ireland such as wood burning stoves, fostering a more sustainable and resilient energy system.

10. GNI (UK) Ltd, Mutual Energy Ltd. A Guide to Biomethane Connections to the Northern Ireland Network. 2023. Available from https://www.gasnetworks.ie/docs/corporate/gas-regulation/A-Guide-to-Biomethane-Connections-To-The-NI-Gas-Network.pdf

11. https://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/social-dev/fuel-poverty/heatingoil_fuel-poverty.pdf

Market potential and demand

Northern Ireland has the potential to be a world leader in the production of biomethane, given the region’s agricultural pedigree resulting in an abundance of organic waste.

The increasing demand for clean and renewable energy sources, coupled with the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, has led to a growing interest in biomethane as a sustainable successor to natural gas. Currently, Northern Ireland relies heavily on gas for its energy needs, alongside traditional fuels such as coal and oil which remain particularly prevalent in a rural context.

The NI Gas Network represents a £1 billion investment in Northern Ireland. Since natural gas was first introduced to Northern Ireland via the SNIP (Scotland to Northern Ireland Pipeline) in 1996, access to gas has grown substantially. As of 31st December 2022, over 230,000 properties are connectable to the gas pipeline but have not yet made the transition.* This number will increase as work continues by NI Gas Network Operators (GNOs) to expand the distribution network to as many potential customers as possible.

Gas network operators work within a regulated price control period, currently referred to as GD23. The GD23 final determination, which is the current price control document, includes a table outlining the properties passed, properties connected, and potential connections to the Northern Ireland gas network.

This table which was included in the Utility Regulator Final Determination, covers the period ending on 31st December 2021. Since then, there have been thousands of additional connections. However, the number of properties passed has also increased, ensuring that the percentage of homes yet to be converted remains broadly the same.

There remains much work to be done to achieve the full potential of the NI Gas Network, which passes an estimated 70% of the circa 830,000 homes in Northern Ireland. However, with consumers becoming more conscious of climate change and their carbon footprint, as well as rising costs of traditional fossil fuels, an increasing number of people are looking for alternative methods to heat their homes.

* GD23 - Gas Distribution Price control 2023-2028. Available at https://www.uregni.gov.uk/files/uregni/documents/2022-10/GD23%20FD%20 Main%20Document.pdf

Fig 11* Gas network connections

One of the main advantages of converting to the Northern Ireland gas network is the futureproofing of the infrastructure. As previously explained, the network is predominantly constructed from polyethylene, which means it is capable of accommodating biomethane. The advanced engineering of the gas infrastructure avoids the need for any further upheaval once a gas boiler has been installed, with consumers becoming biomethane-ready once connected to the distribution network.

Infrastructure development

The availability of adequate infrastructure is crucial for the growth of biomethane in Northern Ireland. There are over 90 AD plants in operation in NI, with the majority of these utilised for the purpose of producing electricity via biogas. However, new AD plants will have a renewed focus on upgrading biogas to biomethane for injection into the gas grid, given the recent success of the first injection into the grid on our network.

Continued investments in infrastructure, including upgrading existing AD facilities, developing new facilities and expanding the gas grid will be imperative if biomethane is to fully realise its market potential in the region.

Transportation

It is widely accepted that the transportation sector is not decarbonising quickly enough to meet decarbonisation targets, despite the rapid development of electric vehicles. Consequently, alternative green fuels need to be considered.

Biomethane is already being used in Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV) in Europe. The share of renewable energy in transport in the EU was

8.6% in 2018, while the share of biomethane in gas-fuelled cars stood at 17%.

Currently biomethane is the cleanest vehicle fuel possible with respect to environment, climate and health. Some of the key benefits include:

• Biogas is a CO2 neutral fuel

• Reduced emissions from transport

• Reduced reliance on foreign fossil fuel supplies

• Less emissions from fertiliser production

• Less methane leakage

Increased safety. Accident statistics from countries with a high proportion of gaspowered cars such as Italy, Argentina, USA, Canada and New Zealand show that gas as a fuel is safer than petrol or diesel. The ignition temperature of gas (650oC) is appreciably higher than that of petrol (300oC)

• Image and social benefits for ‘being seen to be green’.

For biomethane to be considered as a viable alternative to other transport fuels in Northern Ireland, it is clear that a variety of production, logistical and regulatory issues must first be addressed. As has been outlined previously, success has been found in utilising biomethane in this way right across the continent, and with the fuel abundantly available in the region, it is imperative we take full advantage of this opportunity.12

12. European Biogas Association. 2020. Available from https://www.europeanbiogas.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Potential-ofbiomethane-in-the-transport-sector.pdf )

Barriers to entry

While biomethane presents significant potential as a sustainable alternative to natural gas and traditional fossil fuels, it is important to consider any potential barriers to widespread uptake. Recognising these barriers is crucial for developing effective strategies to overcome them while accelerating the adoption of biomethane in Northern Ireland.

The initial economic viability of biomethane production may be a significant barrier to entry. Feedstock availability and technology efficiency among the factors presenting challenges means production costs could, when in their relative infancy, be comparatively high in correlation to natural gas prices dependant on the prevailing NBP market conditions. It is worth noting that in recent times, biomethane production would have likely been cheaper than purchasing natural gas from wholesale markets. The introduction of appropriate financial incentives or effective pricing mechanisms will need to be prioritised to ensure the production of biomethane is widely available to all.

According to KPMG, a typical 20GWh AD plant will cost in excess of €10m to build, highlighting the need for funding to be put in place imminently for the sector to grow. Potential schemes which could be implemented to help support this have been covered in the subsidy section of this document.13 Operational support

Biomethane producer >price subsidies >tax incentives >quota system (certificates)

13. Northern Ireland set for second biogas wave, Irish Farmers Journal. Available at: https://www.farmersjournal.ie/news/news/northern-irelandset-for-second-biogas-wave-728555

*Schemes of biomethane support systems. (Source: Ignaciuk et al, 2023. Development of the Biomethane Market in Europe. Available at https:// www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/4/2001)

Final energy suppliers

Figure 12* Schemes of biomethane support systems

Public acceptance

Public acceptance and buy-in play a pivotal role in the successful adoption of any potential renewable energy solution. As the world grapples with the challenges posed by climate change and the depletion of traditional fossil fuel resources, transitioning to sustainable energy sources is not only a necessity but a collective responsibility. However, the effectiveness of transitioning will hinge on the willingness of the public to embrace and support these changes.

At the heart of public acceptance is the concept of social legitimacy. When a renewable energy project gains the approval and support of the local community, it benefits from a solid foundation for its implementation. Communities that perceive these projects as beneficial and aligned with their values are more likely to rally behind them, which in turn leads to smoother regulatory processes, reduced opposition, and quicker project development. In contrast, projects facing opposition and scepticism from the public can encounter delays, legal challenges, and even complete cancellation, thwarting the progress towards cleaner energy alternatives.

A well-informed and engaged public also contributes to the refinement and optimisation of renewable energy projects. Public input provides a diverse range of perspectives

that can uncover potential concerns, address unforeseen challenges, and propose innovative solutions. This collaborative approach not only leads to better project designs but also fosters a sense of ownership and pride among community members, making them more likely to actively participate in project success.

Government must act as an ‘honest broker’ when engaging with consumers, both domestic and commercial, in terms of the legitimacy of all energy solutions for decarbonisation.

True transparency of total costs of green projects needs to be at the forefront to enable consumers, who will ultimately be ‘paying the bill’, to have a clear picture of their future. There are many viable options to help Northern Ireland accelerate decarbonisation efforts; demand can be heightened if access to information is readily available.

To reiterate, there is no one single technology that will deliver decarbonisation and government has a key role to play in generating demand amongst consumers to adopt greener energy solutions such as biomethane. Expectance of public buy-in at any cost will be foolhardy.14

14. Cromie, T et al. Northern Ireland Biogas Research Action Plan

Ireland Case Study. 2020. Available

Roadmap for biomethane integration

Amid global shifts towards sustainability, Northern Ireland’s energy landscape has been undergoing transformative changes.

We believe that the Evolve network has the potential to decarbonise our network with 100% biomethane by 2030. The graphic below details the rollout of this strategy across key network towns.

Evolve projected pathway for biomethane injection

Our biomethane injection timeline

area

Strabane area

Omagh area

Mid-Ulster District

Fermanagh District

A major milestone was reached at the end of last year with the successful biomethane injection into the Northern Ireland gas grid. The importance of this occasion cannot be understated, given it was also the first direct-to-grid injection of biomethane on the island of Ireland.

While natural gas remains a recommended transition fuel in the Northern Ireland Energy Strategy on the journey to net zero for anyone ‘on-grid’, collaborations between GNOs and biomethane producers will be vital in the region’s ability to deliver on net-zero plans.

The injection of biomethane into the gas infrastructure is proof of concept that homes can decarbonise without the need for consumers to change a single piece of equipment in their home, resulting in a true example of a ‘Just Transition’ into a net-zero future. This minimisation of disruption and upheaval for consumers is a vital element in ensuring that there is ‘buy-in’ for the general public as we transition to a decarbonised future.

Dungannon

Figure 13*

This is just the first step for Evolve, paving the way for further collaborative efforts to achieve greater success and make tangible progress towards decarbonising the region.

In a wider Northern Ireland context, the GNOs have agreed on a comprehensive ‘Pathway to Net-Zero’ to direct their decarbonisation efforts, aiming for a transition to a net-zero region. Central to this plan is ensuring that by 2050, consumers can use a 100% renewable gas heating system with the same ease and safety they currently enjoy.

This pathway, broken down into six stages, outlines anticipated developments, infrastructure necessities, and requisite support actions. Currently, the initial two phases, ‘Preparing for the Transition (2022–2025)’ and ‘First Renewable Gas Connections (2022–2026)’, are actively in progress, with a particular focus on biomethane strategy being led by Evolve.

The pathway is dynamic, and as the Northern Ireland gas industry explores further, engages stakeholders, and factors in emerging decarbonisation technologies, adjustments can be made. The proactive stance towards this transition underlines a promising era for the NI Gas Network.

Figure 14*

NI Gas Network Pathway to 2050 Net-Zero stages

Denmark success

Denmark stands at the forefront of biomethane integration, showcasing a robust biomethane action plan that positions it as a model for small national biomethane markets.

With the potential to replace 100% of current natural gas imports with biomethane, Denmark is not only a leader in the European Union in transitioning from natural gas consumption but has set a remarkable target to achieve 100% biomethane by 2030, supplementing this with other measures to phase out natural gas. The nation’s biomethane policy framework is hailed as exemplary, offering valuable insights for other countries navigating the transition to renewable gases.

Denmark’s approach holds significant influence within Europe, particularly in the context of achieving full national self-sufficiency in renewable gases. Crucially, the integration of biomethane production with the agri-food industry is a key strategy, fostering short supply chains and facilitating the utilisation of digestate on land. This integration extends to renewable CO2 and biomethane applications in industry and heavy-duty vehicles, ensuring a comprehensive impact on the green transition. With existing infrastructure supporting biomethane supply to transportation through 17 compressed natural gas (CNG) filling stations, Denmark exemplifies a holistic and interconnected approach to biomethane deployment, showcasing the nation’s commitment to sustainable energy practices.15

15. Biomethane Fiche - Denmark. 2021. Available from https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-09/Biomethane_fiche_DK_web.pdf

Regulatory Framework

Quality Standards

Established clear regulations and guidelines

NI has already developed a policy framework detailing biomethane quality, injection, and transportation specifics

Set strict purification standards

NI has already implemented standards to ensure biomethane meets natural gas comparability

Infrastructure Development

Financial Incentives

Invested in biomethane processing plants and injection points

NI government to promote and encourage the development of the biomethane industry and connections to the gas grid

Renewable Energy Act (EEG) providing feed-in tariffs

Introduce incentives like feed-in tariffs or tax breaks for biomethane production and injection

Stakeholder Engagement

Monitoring and Reporting

Continuous Review

Engaged energy producers, consumers, and local municipalities

Engage with stakeholders, taking feedback and ensuring their concerns are addressed

Public Awareness

Consistent monitoring of biomethane quality, volume, and impact

Regularly reviewed and updated approach

Establish systems to monitor biomethane's supply chain and grid impact. This can be achieved through working with government / regulatory authorities

Implement a review mechanism to update policies and techniques based on global best practices

Public campaigns about biomethane benefits

Support from government, regulators, and industry bodies to develop campaigns emphasising the benefits of biomethane

Collaborative

opportunities

For Northern Ireland to successfully transition towards integrating biomethane into its gas grid, strategic partnerships and collaborations are crucial.

Engaging with the right stakeholders will ensure the roadmap to biomethane injection is both comprehensive and feasible, reflecting the needs and perspectives of all relevant parties.

• Biogas producers

Their expertise in AD and gas production is paramount.

• Consumer Council NI

This body represents consumer interests and can provide feedback on public sentiment, pricing concerns, and other relevant issues.

• Depar tment for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA)

Overseeing the agricultural sector and its decarbonisation targets while managing the impact on the environment and ensuring a viab le solution for the rural economy.

• Depar tment for the Economy (DfE)

As the primary body overseeing energy policy, DfE will provide regulatory and policy guidance.

• Industry experts

Those representing large industry and the wider business community must have a strong voice in discussions around appetite and feasibility for decarbonisation efforts.

• Local councils

They are crucial for ground-level implementation, ensuring community needs and concerns are addressed.16

• Nor thern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA)

Collaborating with NIEA ensures that biomethane production and injection align with environmental standards.

• Public transportation authorities

As potential beneficiaries of biomethane as a fuel source, their input on infrastructure and vehicle compatibility is essential.

• Queen’s University Belfast and Ulster University

Both institutions possess research centres dedicated to energy and sustainability. Their research capabilities can help inform the process.

• Renewable energy producers

Companies and plants generating energy from wind, solar, and other sources can offer insights into grid management and supply fluctuations.

• Utility Regulator

Overseeing the gas, electricity, and water sectors, this body can guide the technical aspects of grid integration.

16. Consumer Council: Domestic Heating Oil and Fuel Poverty 2. (n.d.). Available from: http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/ social-dev/fuel-poverty/heatingoil_fuel-poverty.pdf

Conclusion

In drawing our conclusions, it becomes abundantly clear that government subsidy is going to be an essential catalyst for expediting the integration of biomethane into the gas grid on a large scale.

Evolve have proved that injecting biomethane into local grids is a seamless process. The significance of this achievement lies in the demonstration of the substantial potential that emerges when there is a collective commitment from all stakeholders involved. It highlights the transformative power that arises when strategic stakeholders align their objectives and work towards a common goal.

This success story proves the viability of biomethane integration. It demonstrates that, given the right support and commitment, renewable energy sources like biomethane can become integral components of our energy infrastructure, contributing to sustainability goals, and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

As we confront the imminent delivery timeline of 2030, urgency cannot be overstated. The pace of progress across the entire energy sector is currently inadequate

to meet the demands of our evolving energy landscape. This underscores the critical necessity to prioritise no-regret options that promise both environmental sustainability and economic viability.

The time for complacency has passed, and now, more than ever, a concerted effort is needed to usher in a sustainable energy future.

The success stories across Europe, particularly in Denmark, stand as shining examples. These achievements should not only inspire but also provide a blueprint for the Northern Ireland government to adopt a fast follower model. By doing so, we can capitalise on the opportunities presented, effectively addressing climate change while simultaneously rejuvenating our economy.

The potential for Northern Ireland to seize a leadership role in sustainable energy practices is within reach, and it is incumbent upon us to embrace this opportunity for the collective benefit of our environment, economy, and people.

Evolve, Blackwater House, 14 Silverwood Industrial Estate, Lurgan, BT66 6LN