PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDSSUSTAINABILITY IN KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA. by shahril syaffiq rahim

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY IN KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA.

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM 2007106235

ARK 587 RESEARCH PAPER BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.)(ARCHITECTURE) FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, SHAH ALAM MARCH – JULY 2012

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY IN KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA.

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM 2007106235

ARK 587 RESEARCH PAPER BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.)(ARCHITECTURE) FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, SHAH ALAM MARCH – JULY 2012

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

PASSIVE

DESIGN

COMMERCIAL

BUILDING

TOWARDS

SUSTAINABILITY, IN KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA. This report has been submitted to the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, to fulfil the requirement of JSB 467/ARK 587 RESEARCH PAPER course.

Prepared by: Name

: MUHAMD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM

UiTM No.

: 2007106235

Programme

: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE

Year/Semester

: 2012/09

Session

: SEPTEMBER 2011- JANUARY 2012

Faculty

: Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this research paper and the research to which it refers are the product of my own work and that any ideas or quotations from the work of other people, published or otherwise are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard academic practices. Name

: MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM

UiTM No.

: 2007106235

This research had been checked by: Supervisor

: Puan Nurulhusna Binti Qamaruz Zaman

Course Coordinator

: Puan Mimi Zaleha

_____________________________

____________

Signature of Supervisor

Date:

_____________________________

____________

Signature of Course Coordinator

Date:

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract........................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgement............................................................................................................4 List of Figures...................................................................................................................5 List of Tables....................................................................................................................5 Chapter 1: Introduction.....................................................................................................6 1.1 Statement of the problem...........................................................................................7 1.2 Purpose of the Study..................................................................................................8 1.3 Aim and Objective of Research..................................................................................9 Chapter 2: Literature Review..........................................................................................10 2.1 Sustainability Building Guide....................................................................................10 2.2 Passive Design Building Design Features................................................................15 2.3 Sustainable Commercial Buildings...........................................................................20 Chapter 3: Research Methodology.................................................................................26 3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................26 3.2 Research Method.....................................................................................................26

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Findings..........................................................................30 4.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................30 4.2 Overview on Buildings Case Study...........................................................................30 4.3 Analysis on Location, Orientation and Layout..........................................................32

4.4 Analysis and Finding on Natural Ventilation.............................................................34 4.5 Analysis and Finding on Day Lighting (Natural Lighting)..........................................36 4.6 Conclusion................................................................................................................40 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation................................................................41 5.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................41 5.2 Conclusion................................................................................................................41 5.3 Recommendation......................................................................................................44 Bibliography....................................................................................................................45

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

ABSTRACT

It is generally held view that, passive design is a key to sustainable building. Basically, the adoption of environmental concern in commercial buildings in Malaysia less common. Sustainability can be related to cost savings by incorporating green building practices such as innovative passive architecture design that will enhance building image and performance, as well as achieving occupant comfort. Thus, in order to promote sustainable buildings, this study will discuss innovative building features and explore basic principles, issues and design strategic option for passive design elements and refers to prominent commercial buildings in Klang Valley, Malaysia in order to know incorporated passive design and energy savings. A few local studies will be highlighted to examine the present condition of environmental sustainability commercial buildings in Klang Valley, Malaysia in the aspect of natural thermal conditions and substantiate the possibility of energy reduction and passive building elements. In all, the data and outcome of this study to document and develop practical passive design principle of sustainable building design for commercial buildings in Malaysia in order to promote the importance of passive design elements toward achieving sustainable buildings and incorporated with cost saving operation.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praise to Allah S.W.T, at last I can finish up this research paper by the support of everyone. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor Puan Nurulhusna Binti Qamaruz Zaman for the vision to support my research paper topic â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Passive Design On Commercial Building Towards Sustainability in Klang Valley, Malaysiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and also tutor me thought the whole semester as it is a valuable lesson.. In addition, I also would like to thank my friends from Department of Architecture to help me completed this research.

A special thank goes to Puan Mimi Zaleha for her patience and support through the whole semester. I also would like to thank my parents for their support during difficult times and through financially. Last but not least, I would like to thank the countless people who contributed to this research report with informal reviews, suggestions and data collection. Thanks to all for the contribution and may God bless all of you. Thank you.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE

Figure 2.1: Pusat Tenaga Malaysia,ZEO Bangi……………………………......................22 Figure 2.2: Interior of Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi……………………………………..23 Figure 2.3: Figure 2.3: Roof of Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi…………………………..23 Figure 2.4: Roof Interior of Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi ……………………………..24 Figure 2.5: Section of Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi…………………………………….25 Figure 4.1: Sunway Giza Shopping Arcade, Damansara (Case Study 1)…………….30. Figure 4.2: Space U8, Shah Alam (Case Study 2)………………………………….........31 Figure 4.3: Location Plan and Site Plan Sunway Giza……………………………………32 Figure 4.4: Location Plan and Roof Plan of Space U8 …………………………………..33 Figure 4.5(a): Location Plan Sunway Giza…………………………………………………34 Figure 4.5(b): Building Entrance Sunway Giza………………………….…………………34 Figure 4.6: Interior of Space U8 …………………………………………………………..…35 Figure 4.7: Skylight, Louvers and Glazed Window at Sunway Giza……………………..36 Figure 4.8: Sub Basement Parking of Space U8 ………………………………………....37 Figure 4.9: Retail space ……………………………………………………………………..37

LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Summary, Discussion and Analysis of Passive Features Building Case Study…………………………………………………......38

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Passive design refers as designing the building and the space within it to benefit from natural light, ventilation and even temperatures. It responds to site conditions and local climate to maximize building user’s comfort and health enhance minimizing energy use. Means that, it cans achieves this by using free, renewable sources of energy such as sun and wind to provide household heating cooling, ventilation and lighting, thereby removing the need for mechanical heating or cooling. Presently, `sustainability’ is a very important and essential concept whenever people discussed on environmental issues. The words ‘sustainability’ has been widely recognized since the World Commission on Environment and Development presented ‘Our Common Future’ in 1987 under United Nations (Brown, 2005).In my opinion; the adoption of environmental concern in commercial buildings in Malaysia is less common. This proposal will explore basic principles, issues and design strategic option for passive design elements and refers to prominent example such as Space U8, Bukit Jelutong, which have adopted passive design approach that relates to environmental concern. Using passive design can reduce temperature, improve indoor air quality and make more enjoyable to live in. It can also reduce energy use and environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions. This research seek to determine the present latest technology and design tool that applied on the highlighted local case study buildings and promotion of sustainable buildings through the green building features.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

1.1 Statement of Problems Today, in Malaysia there is increasing public awareness and interest in how buildings affect the environment, public health and worker productivity. As a result, both the public and private sector are beginning to demand buildings that optimize energy use that enhance promote resource efficiency and improve indoor environmental quality. Developers, owners, public at large are beginning to value the benefits of sustainable building. Early in the year 2006 there was an increase in the cost of electricity tariffs in Malaysia of up to 12% (New Straits Times, 2006). For commercial activities, there were desperate attempt for everyone in business to reduce their operating cost on energy consumption. One example of this attempt is a general manager resorted to switching off air conditioning for one hour at the administrative section of the hotel in order to save energy. (Buttgen, 2007)

Based on the data above, my study will examine how building design features to reduce building cost operation and drive for sustainable development.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

1.2 Purpose of Study The purpose of the study are to study the issues and aspect of passive building design concept towards sustainability context of commercial buildings in Malaysia, so as to understand its characteristics, aspects on natural issues surrounding that drive to achieve the operation cost saving building. A few local case study will be highlighted in this paper such as Sunway Giza, Damansara. So, what are passive features incorporated in Sunway Giza Building? Using Zero Energy Office (ZEO) and Low Energy Office Building (LEO) as prominent example, the building design and energy system at Leo Building were optimized using computerized design tools. The passive sustainable features of ZEO building are the orientation, internal planning, building material, roof insulation, glazing and natural ventilation. A saving of 50% was targeted on the energy consumption for LEO compared to the performance of additional commercial buildings in Malaysia. Consequently, observing and analyzing example of case study to understand how innovative building features through passive design building incorporated saving cost operation practically have done in Malaysia.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

1.3 Aim and Objectives of Research

The aim of study is to examine and explore the promotion of passive design features through the development of commercial building in Malaysia incorporated with lead to sustainability buildings. The literature on sustainable and innovative building development within some example of commercial building in Klang Valley, Malaysia shall be explored. In line with the aim, the objective of study is listed below:

(i) To conduct an exploratory study on selected commercial buildings in Klang Valley, possibility of cost saving operation and passive design features elements.

(ii) To determine the present latest technology and design tool that applied on the buildings

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

CHAPTER 2: LITERITURE REVIEW

2.1 Sustainability Building Guide 2.1.1 Introduction What is a sustainable building? Sustainability derived from word sustains which mean to support, to keep alive and to keep going (Wikipedia). What is a sustainable building? Sustainability derived from word sustains which mean to support, to keep alive and to keep going (Wikipedia). "Sustainable means using methods, systems and materials that won't deplete resources or harm natural cycles" (Rosenbaum, 1993). Sustainability "identifies a concept and attitude in development that looks at a site's natural land, water, and energy resources as integral aspects of the development" (Vieira,1993). "Sustainability integrates natural systems with human patterns and celebrates continuity, uniqueness and place making" (Early, 1993).

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a concept that helps to maintain the environmental from damage and effect from a building before construction until during the usage of the building. In order to achieve sustainability, we need to balance the needs of human and protect capacity for future development. Sustainability development can be described as the kind of development that needs to pursue in order to achieve the state of sustainability. It is keep on going process of maintaining a dynamic balance between the demands of people equity, prosperity and quality of life, also considered ecologically possible. The environmental aspects of sustainable development require a balance between protecting the physical environment and its resources. Using these resources, we hope that will allow the earth to continue acceptable quality of human life beings. Sustainability closely related to achieve green building enhances incorporated passive design features. All of these elements work together to achieve sustainable development enhance considered about environmental concern.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

2.1.2 Green Building Features

There are few point that been stressed out by Poul Kristensen (IEN consultants) at the FuturArc Forum 2008 that will make a building sustainable, (i) Reduction in use of fossil fuels, (ii) Water conservation and re-use, (iii) Usage of sustainable material, (iv) Waste minimization and avoidance, (v) Indoor environment quality, (vi) Build along the landscape.

Then its supported from Green Building Index which developed by the government to enhance the green technology in Malaysia.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

2.1.3 Green Building Index

Green Building Index (GBI) is Malaysiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s green rating tool for buildings and towns, created to promote sustainability in the built-environment and raise awareness of environmental issues amongst Developers, Architects, Engineers, Planners, Designers, Contractors as well as the Public, so that we can look forward to a brighter and greener future for generations to come. The GBI rating tool provides an opportunity for developers and building owners to design and construct green, sustainable buildings that can provide energy savings, water savings, a healthier indoor environment, better connectivity to public transport and the adoption of recycling and greenery for their projects and reduce our impact on the environment.( Green Building Index Sdn. Bhd).

To expand the use of green technology, the government launched Green

Building Index (GBI) on 21 May 2009 GBI is a green rating index on environmentally friendly buildings. Green buildings save utility cost and preserve

the

environment

quality. The purposes of having green building index are:

(i) Allows for easy public evaluation of what are true meaning of green buildings (ii) Serves as key design principles for Architects and Engineer to design green buildings. (iii) Performances parameters are set for better total building performance (iv) Due to the need to identify and to suit our local climate, cultures, building code and practice.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

(v) Save energy and resources, recycle materials and minimize the emission of toxic substances. (vi) Harmonies with the local climate, traditions, culture and the surrounding environment. (vii)

Able to sustain and improve the quality of human life and maintain the

cycle of ecosystem.

Challenges to the Green Building Index (GBI) are adoption of other green tools, capital cost barrier, not in local building codes and lacks of professionals. Benefit of Green Building Index (GBI) such as better use of building resources, significant operational savings and increase workplace productivity. In my opinion Green Building Index effectively promote green building design and at the same time guiding the path of the designer on what is the doâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and the donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ts.

2.1.4 Conclusion Sustainable building can be achieve with certain guide and requirements as there is Green Building Index (GBI) programmed. This will helped the development of commercial buildings in Malaysia much more sophisticated and effective as it can improved the economy stability and also save the environment for the future generation.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

2.2 Passive Building Design Features

2.2.1 Introduction

Passive design is the main element to sustainable building that also reduce energy efficiency using that lead to operational cost saving. Passive design basically responds to local climate and site condition to allow total building userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s comfort and maintain health. Using passive design can reduce heat temperature, improve indoor air quality incorporated more enjoyable to live in. Thus, using passive design also can reduce energy use and environmental impacts such as global warm and greenhouse gas emission. Nowadays, practicality grown of using passive design bring towards comfortable and resource-efficient buildings.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

2.2.1 Passive Passive design refers as designing the building and the space within it to benefit from natural light, ventilation and even temperatures. It responds to local climate and site conditions to maximize building userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s comfort and health while minimizing energy use. It achieves this by using free, renewable sources of energy such as sun and wind to provide household heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting, thereby removing the need for mechanical heating or cooling. Passive design features are elements that attached to the building such as building location and orientation on the site, building layout, window design, insulation, thermal mass, sun shading device, double skin envelop and large overhang. Each element collaborate each other to achieve comfortable temperatures and good indoor air quality. Design using passive design features need to consider on to achieve right amount of solar access, insulation, ventilation, building location and orientation.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

2.2.2 Key Features Key features elements for passive design are building layout, building location and orientation on the site, shading devices, building envelop, ventilation and insulation. These elements are incentives for having a green building. Considering achieving right amount of solar access so that to provide enough lighting in a building but prevent to gain too much heat to maintain comfort temperature. This can be achieving by using passive design through combination of location and orientation, room layout, window and shading device. Insulation and thermal mass function as to help maintain even temperatures, while ventilation provides passive cooling as well as improving indoor air quality. Consider for example, large windows that admit high levels of natural light might result in too much heat gain, especially if it cast light on an area of thermal mass. Thus, opening windows might also provide ventilation that let in noise. Considering all passive design features, designer also should consider on views, local authority restriction and building owner preferences.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

2.2.3 Overview Passive Features a) Location, Orientation and Layout The location automatically response due to have a good sustainable design. Its response to the natural climate and topography condition on the site. Building orientation affects heating energy requirements in distinct climatic factors. Solar radiation and its heating effect on wall and the room which facing the sun directions. Therefore, good ventilation enhance between the directions of prevailing winds and orientation of building. A good layout planning supposed to response the location of site and suitable building orientation position to maximize respond to the natural climate. b) Natural Ventilation Natural ventilation basically is paving a way of reducing cooling load in building where hot air

load in the building were bring out with the air ventilation. Natural

ventilation caused by pressure difference inside and outside of a building envelops, as a result of wind velocity and stack effects.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

c) Day Lighting Day lighting also one of key element on passive design feature. It is very important and reacts as main role for people inside building that effect psychologically and physically. The natural light can be capitalized by the use of window, light shade and others. Basically, what the interior need is ambient daylight without the radiant heat and glare that called diffuse daylight. The design should avoid direct sunlight penetration into the building instead avoid the longer facade in the direction of east to west. Designers should try to create better uniformed daylight distribution into a space. When daylight enters a room through the windows, the illumination near the window will be high and it reduces quickly as it gets further into depth room. By having high level windows or clerestory window, where the lower window is for vision and the higher level window is purely daylight can improve the daylight penetration.

2.2.4 Conclusion Passive design influence factors affecting energy use in buildings. It responds to natural climatic condition. Sustainability can be related to cost savings by incorporate innovative passive architecture that will enhance good sustainability design.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

2.3 Sustainable Commercial Buildings 2.3.1 Introduction Definition of commercial building is a building with more than 50 percent of its floor space used for commercial activities. Commercial buildings include, but are not limited to, stores, offices, schools, churches, gymnasiums, libraries, museums, hospitals, clinics, warehouses, and jails. Government buildings are included except for buildings on military bases or reservations. Sustainability in commercial building sector is important for some reason (Mark McCracken). Thus, it is important to determine potential value for future business development and secondly, it impacts on material risk and opportunities of the business. Both of these factors lead to decide better investment decisions. Sustainable commercial buildings have been described to have the following building features which are: (i) Site condition that optimizes the building orientation, (ii) natural lighting, (iii) Shading and ventilation. Thus, the building envelops and material should use low embodied energy materials, by using high performance material and used of recycles materials. Therefore, the building supposedly to have efficient operational and maintenance cost. Lastly, the use of energy and water which could be operated and managed to generate it electricity for example by the use rainwater tanks can be used to store and collect rainwater. Financial benefits can be derived from sustainable commercial building which include lower operating cost for energy water and waste, increase rental rate, higher tenant 24

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

retention rates due to increase comfort and productivity, lower liability and risk leading to lower insurances rate, marketing advantage, higher loan value and lower equity requirements, higher building value upon sale and also overall greater return on investment. Cost for the development of sustainable building will be issue in Malaysia. Meanwhile, office building developers are not too interested in sustainable building because of higher cost for development. Sustainability can be related to cost saving enhance through having passive design features on the building.

2.3.2 Overview Sustainable Commercial Building in Malaysia Cost cutting in operational cost is crucial which leads the lesser usage of electrical resources where the origin is using fossil fuel. In Malaysia, interest of sustainable of commercial building become more popular after year 1992 when Ken Yeang completed his design which is a sustainability commercial building, Mesiniaga Tower which a impressive works. Mesiniaga was design to use less usage of energy by the usage of passive structural devices instead of mechanical equipments which consume electrical energy. After that year, other corporate building has started to imply sustainability features in their commercial building.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

1) Pusat Tenaga Malaysia

Figure 2.1: Pusat Tenaga Malaysia,ZEO Bangi (Source: http:// www.mbipv.net.my/) One good example of sustainable commercial building in Malaysia is the Zero Energy Office (ZEO) Building built by Malaysian Government and design by Professor Datoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Ruslan Khalid. Fashioned after the Low Energy Office (LEO) building initiated by the Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications (MEWC) in Putrajaya, the PTMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ZEO building has placed Malaysia on the regional map as the first completely self-sustainabl building in Southeast Asia. Spread over a 5-acre site in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, the building, located 40 kilometres south of the city centre of Kuala Lumpur, operates on the dynamics of both passive and active techniques and onsite renewable energy generation, as exemplified in the solar BIPV system. The building is seen as a feasible and timely solution to growing concerns surrounding the pressing issues of global warming and energy security. Figures point to the alarming reality that in developed nations, buildings tend to take up a third of total energy consumption.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY

MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

Figure 2.2: Interior of Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi (Source: http:// www.mbipv.net.my/)

Figure 2.3: Roof of Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi (Source: http:// www.mbipv.net.my/)

Figure 2.4: Roof Interior of Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi (Source: http:// www.mbipv.net.my/)

Figure 2.5: Section of Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Bangi (Source: http:// www.mbipv.net.my/)

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

2) Telekom Tower, Kuala Lumpur

Figure 2.5: Telekom Tower, Kuala Lumpur (Source: http:// www.malaysian-explorer.com)

The building was 310 meter high, has 75 storey and was constructed in 1996 and complete 1998.The tower has slabs at every 5 floors which accommodate gardens like a mini park. Sky garden help to `greenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; the tower instead provide natural shade on the eastern and western facades and also serve a space for relaxation and informal meeting. Offices are designed within a central core and make the best use of natural lighting within paving out the heat. The narrow eastern and western facades minimize solar penetration, reduce air conditioning loads while allowing high amount of indirect lighting.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

2.3.3 Conclusion Passive design features have been incorporated in a few buildings in Malaysia which are LEO Building, Telekom Tower and Securities Commission Building. This shown that nowadays Malaysia is move toward on sustainable commercial building development. But, Malaysia still lacks of sustainable commercial buildings compare to modern country especially in Asia such as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia and others. The government should labour more budgets in this sector mainly on development sustainable commercial buildings in Malaysia.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Qualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in much different academic discipline, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts (Wikipedia). Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computitational method (Wikipedia). In this chapter, the research methodology will be explained due to the method selection that been used which are qualitative and quantitative method approach based on data finding analysis relate that to the problems statement of research paper. Therefore, to determine the advantages and disadvantages of each method for each state of research paper application will be briefly reviewed.

3.2 Research Method Multi-approach were used either qualitative or quantitative method, which consist of data analysis, data collection, observation, plan analysis, interview, analysis of journals, books and articles, case study

and photographs as being more

comprehensive and reliable way. The methods chosen have to be considered even when arguments exist on collecting of data. The methods were chosen to use are:

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

3.2.1 Data analysis Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusion, and supporting decision making (Wikipedia).Data can be of several types which are:

(i) Quantitative data is a number (ii) Qualitative data is a pass/fail or the presence or lack of a characteristic.

3.2.2 Data collection Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data, for example, as part of a process improvement or similar project (Wikipedia).The aim of data collection basically is to obtain information to keep on record, to make decision about important issues, to pass information on to the others. Therefore, through the research finding, process is necessary as it ensures that data gathered are both defined and accurate based on arguments embodied in the findings are valid.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

3.2.3 Observation One of the effective ways through data collection is observation method. Observation refer as a method of data where employs vision and record as its main way in data collecting. In this study, observation was done through space and layout planning, natural ventilation adopted, day lighting and also landscaping and garden. All of these factors are the main idea of passive design features on the research finding. 3.2.4 Plan analysis Plan analysis method was through by analyzed the building layout, space planning and orientation to examine and evaluate as to extract advantages and disadvantages. The research finding result will be used to evaluate for document and propose practical checklist guide of sustainable building design for commercial buildings in Malaysia in order to promote the importance of passive design elements toward achieve sustainable buildings. Plan analysis should be the best method in architectural and design research.

Every commercial building has its own approaches on passive design features. Through the analysis, the study should determine if the building has a good layout planning supposedly to response the location of site and suitable building orientation position to maximize respond to the natural climate.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

3.3.5 Case study A case study is an intensive analysis of an individual unit (e.g., a person, group, or event) stressing developmental factors in relation to context (Wikipedia).Towards decision about case selection and the subject and object of the study, decisions need to be made about purpose, approach and process in case study. Three types of cases may thus be distinguished which are: i)

Key cases

ii)

Outlier cases

iii)

Local knowledge cases In this paper, case study selection refers to prominent example such as Space

U8, Bukit Jelutong. The study should able determine passive design building strategies that adopted in these buildings.

3.3.6 Conclusion This research methodology described in this chapter can be describe as the outcome result research finding based from interview, observation, data collection, data analysis, case study and photograph definitely give a basic idea in getting information regarding to purpose of research finding. It is important to understand and analyze the result to achieve the research target.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction of the building Through this chapter, the data achieve from data collection, data analysis, plan analysis, interview, observation and case study will be summarize incorporate with passive design features. Therefore, the explanation supposedly to get reliable understanding toward research finding topic regarding to the buildings case study selected which are Sunway Giza Shopping Arcade, Damansara and Guthrie Pavilion, Shah Alam. 4.2 Overview on Buildings Case Study 4.2.1 Sunway Giza Shopping Arcade

Figure 4.1: Sunway Giza Shopping Arcade, Damansara (Case Study 1)

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

4.2.2 Space U8, Bukit Jelutong. The project name of this building is Sunway Giza Shopping Arcade located at the Dataran Sunway, Kota Damansara. This building completion is around November 2009. The site area is 6.17 acres, gross area around 451 110 square feet and 16.9 metre of building height. The owner of this building is Sunway Damansara Sdn. Bhd. and designed by SA Architects Sdn. Bhd.

Figure 4.2: Space U8, Shah Alam (Case Study 2) The project name of this building is Space U8 located at 6, Persiaran Pasak Bumi, Taman Bukit Jelutong, Seksyen u8, 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor. This building completion is around October 2011. The owner of this building is Mainstay Holdingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sdn. Bhd.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

4.3 Analysis on Location, Orientation and Layout

Entrance of the building

Figure 4.3: Location Plan and Site Plan Sunway Giza (Source: http://www.sunwaygizamall.com) Sunway Giza Mall was conceptualized with the aim to further enhance the popularity of alfresco dining in Malaysia. As a pedestrian-friendly feature, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Pedestrian Boulevards â&#x20AC;&#x153;are integrated into the layout, creating a strong pedestrian through fare that connects the entire development. The layout shape of this building is rectangle and used a clustered organization. The orientation of building like compass orientation where the four blocks of the building it has direction to north, east, south and west. The longer facade along south direction where it exposed sunlight in the morning. The west and east side facade of the building have less opening windows therefore reduced the heat gain into the building .In afternoon, the eastern facade frontage just adapt minimize solar penetration but then allowing high amount of indirect lighting into the building. Sunway Giza Mall is located near Persiaran Surian Road. It is centre zone with site context surrounding area such as Selangor Golf Club, Palm Spring Damansara, Giant Kota Damansara and lot of residential.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

Figure 4.4: Location Plan of Space U8 (Source: http://www.mapsgoogle.com) Space u8 is a commercial development nestled within Bukit Jelutong, built on a hybrid concept of dual frontage, featuring shop offices on the outer frontage with an inner faรงade of a retail outlet. The mall is combining simple elegance and creative architecture to establish space efficiency. The entrance located facing west as it suitable with sun orientation and also received much more light than heat. The inner frontage of all units is connected with spacious common corridors, vertically linked by glass lifts as well as open stairways and overlooks the central courtyard. Each shop enjoys greater visibility from the courtyard providing maximum exposure to shoppers,

ensuring

premium

value

for

each

unit.

Creative use of glass and earth tones combined with natural lighting and striking landscaping create a spacious, airy atmosphere. The layout is disabled friendly.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

4.4 Analysis and Finding on Natural Ventilation Entrance of the building

Figure 4.5 (a): Location Plan (Source: http://www.google.com) This building has very unique approaches on natural ventilation system. The passive ventilation mechanism consist of natural ventilation system strategies where passive methods of cross ventilation which by a simple opening or enhanced by the stack effect from smaller ingress - larger egress windows used to maintain the thermal comfort inside building. The building consists of four entrances which creates an unobstructed air movement route for air to flow constantly. The air flow from any direction directly entered into the building by four entrances provided. The entrances were design as a large opening which capture the moving outdoor air and direct it through the spaces within the building compound. The entrances high characteristic allows a larger volume of air to be capture and improving the efficiency of natural ventilation.

Figure 4.5 (b): Building Entrance Sunway Giza

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

Natural lighting

Louvers

Natural lighting

Figure 4.6: Interior of Space U8

Natural lighting

Space U8 use natural ventilation for the main hall and corridors. Cross ventilation and also the air was cooled by the water fountain. They fully utilized natural ventilation to cool down the heat in the mall. As people can experienced the wind blow in the middle of water fountain as the effect of air hole under the roof. The corridor also ventilated with outside air as it has opening at every end of the mall corridors.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

4.5 Analysis and Finding on Day Lighting (Natural Lighting)

Skylight

Glazed window

Natural lighting

Figure 4.7: Skylight, Louvers and Glazed Window at Sunway Giza For the day lighting mechanism, Sunway Giza has a high well insulated roof canopy protects boulevards locate in middle area, with open sides and ends to facilitate ventilation. The roof is also punctuated with skylights, designed to bring in the required amount of daylight to create the right ambience. Windows are generally tinted and incorporated with sun shading panels to reduce heat gain. Day lighting is used extensively to cut back the usage of artificial lighting by employing large â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;pictured framesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; windows to maximize views as well. A large sun shading panel had been installed at two main entrances, which are at front side and backside of the building. The louvers protected also function as to hide the compressor.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

Opening in sub basement .

Figure 4.8: Sub Basement Parking of Space U8

Large window for retail space.

Figure 4.9: Retail space As we reffering to Figure 4.6, the images shows how Space U8 was design to use natural lighting to enlighten this mall without the aid of artificial lighting. The mall roof has glazed glass supported by space framed structure. This instalation of ropf has been claim as the longest span of its king n Malaysia which can povided natural linghting into this mall. Futhermore the excitement of this building conyinued to the basement level which contain a habitabal sub basement as it an provided up tp 1000 psrking for its visitor. The car park have natural lighthig coming on every way of the mall side and it also allow air to go through into the basement without any mechanical support. The layout shape of this building is rectangular

in shape where the building are totally exposed to sun ray during evening. Thus the building use the exterior wall as light source for the retail space as the space is divided into retail space. In the relation to that is the retail space will have enough natural lighting for their usage in the day and lesser the heat catchment from the sun. 41

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

Table 4.1: Summary, Discussion and Analysis of Passive Features Building Case Study Comparison of the Two Commercial Discussion and Analysis Buildings Sunway Giza Arcade Space U8 Shopping Site Locations Sunway Giza is located near Persiaran Surian Road. It is centre zone with site context surrounding area such as Selangor Golf Club, Palm Spring Damansara, Giant Kota Damansara and lot of residential.

Space U8 located at 6, Persiaran Pasak Bumi, Taman Bukit Jelutong, Seksyen u8, 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor. The site context have main access at the west and accessible from every point. Near to industrial area. Provide a very private area. Layout and Orientation The layout shape of this building is rectangle and used a clustered organization. The orientation of building like compass orientation where the four blocks of the building it has direction to north, east, south and west.

The site context surrounded on each building is different. Space U8 site location more greenery rather than Sunway Giza that less of green area. Shading by trees and vegetation is a very effective method of cooling the ambient hot air and protecting the building from solar radiation beside achieve thermal comfort.

Space U8 also use rectangular design shape and centralized design. The building have central courtyard that bring the difference for the other building which it has indoor fountain.

Both buildings oriented along south and north direction and have longer facade on that direction. The good design should avoid direct sunlight penetration into the building instead avoid the longer facade in the direction of east to west. Usually east and west oriented windows and walls receive about 50% more sunshine than the north and south oriented window/walls.

Both buildings seem to apply the same method of passive features which are cross ventilation. Natural ventilation caused by pressure difference inside and outside of a building envelops, as a result of wind velocity and stack effects.

Natural Ventilation Passive methods of cross ventilation which by a simple opening or enhanced by the stack effect from smaller ingresslarger egress windows used to maintain thermal comfort inside building.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235) can experienced the wind blow in the middle of water fountain as the effect of air hole under the roof. The corridor also ventilated with outside air as it has opening at every end of the mall corridors. Day Lighting(Natural Lighting) The roof is also punctuated with skylights, designed to bring in the required amount of daylight to create the right ambience. Windows are generally tinted and incorporated with sun shading panels to reduce heat gain.

The roof have a tempered glass which allow natural lighting to penetrate and also the ventilation holes allow light to penetrate into o building. the retail space also have large glass windows that allow natural lighting.

Landscape and Garden Less green area but it has provide a courtyard in middle of boulevard where have landscape in that area

.have a green area in the middle of the courtyard and surrounded by landscape trees on the outside.

Both building have their own approaches on to control the sun penetration by having glazed window as an example. The natural light can be capitalized by the use of window, light shade and others. Basically, what the interior need is ambient daylight without the radiant heat and glare that called diffuse daylight. The design should avoid direct sunlight penetration into the building instead avoid the longer facade in the direction of east to west. Shading by trees and vegetation is a very effective method of cooling the ambient hot air and protecting the building from solar radiation.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

4.6 Conclusion From my observations, Space U8 for the overall building system is successfully achieved their design strategy with the aim of enhancing a natural ventilated shopping mall with the central courtyard with water fountain thoroughfare that connects the entire development. The courtyard also is the bloodlines of the development, linking everything together. Shops fronting this courtyard are designed to have their own character that will affect the visitors, creating an active frontage that engages passersby. A high well insulated roof design protects the whole building as it can provided light and also air, with air holes under the roof to facilitate ventilation. The roof is also punctuated with skylights, designed to bring in the required amount of daylight to create the right ambience. This building likely more approach on natural ventilation strategies. Sunway Giza also highlighted on their natural ventilated passive features where it use concept of cross ventilation on design strategy. Furthermore, from my observations, this building is successfully achieved design strategy for passive design features which are day lighting. The building are Passive methods of cross ventilation which by a simple opening or enhanced by the stack effect from smaller ingresslarger egress windows used to maintain thermal comfort inside building.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1

Introduction

In this final chapter, conclusion and recommendation should able finalize due to the research finding and data collection. Critical recommendation from data analyzing and observation should presented. 5.2 Conclusion Basically, the development of sustainable commercial building in Malaysia is less common where the use of passive design building intends to promote the sustainable development towards reducing cost operation. The fast growing development may sometimes makes developer forgot the importance of passive design features that enhance sustainability building besides just aiming for the value profit. In other word, they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t realize where benefits that can be derive from sustainable building which include low cost operation, water and waste, marketing advantage, increase rental rate, higher building value upon sale and greater overall return on investment. After analysis done, it agreed that the case study buildings are still lacking on passive design building even both of the projects has their own approaches on passive features element. The development of this case study for passive design building strategies can be classified as standardize compare to some example sustainable commercial building in the literature review. The climate condition in Malaysia began as major factor influence in challenge of designing sustainability commercial building. 45

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

Both orientation of the building are similarly exposed to sun ray directly where it is not well planned for passive design strategies. Passive design strategies are permanently attached to or part of building design such as sun shading devices, large overhang and building orientation as an example. Despite of that, these projects well-planned on natural ventilation mechanism where it use concept of cross ventilation. Based on my opinion, lack of awareness on advantages of sustainability building becomes the major factor on where less promotion development of sustainable commercial building in Malaysia. The use of passive design building intends to promote sustainable development towards the move to reduce cost mainly energy cost.ZEO Building and Menara Telekom were example building that incorporated with passive features in Malaysia. Based on the case studies carried out in these two areas, the following aspects are acknowledged: (i) Location, orientation and layout- The location automatically response due to have a good sustainable design. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s response to the natural climate and topography condition on the site. (ii) Natural Ventilation- Effective ventilation is necessary for temperature control and air

quality.

(iii) Day Lighting- Daylight should be used maximize as possible to light a building, both for energy efficiency and for the health and comfort of occupants.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

5.3 Recommendation The implementation development of sustainable building in Malaysia need encourage awareness from government and developer sector inspire to achieve green building mission. Besides that, education and training should incorporate concept of sustainable development and made it well known and accepted by public. A way in education learning seen as important tool in promoting to increase the level of awareness among public about the importance of sustainable development. In order for development commercial building in Malaysia towards sustainability, the following develop practical passive design principle as guide for future development of sustainability commercial buildings. It is based on theoretical and data analyses from the research finding have been proposed: (i) Location, layout and orientation must be considered from the beginning of the design process despite consideration include access to view, cooling breezes, and understanding on sun paths. (ii) Ideal site â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Be able to accommodate building with a relative large north-facing wall for maximum solar gain. A site with north-south alignment is likely to receive midday sun and with minimal overshadowing, but may have limited morning or evening sun. A site with east-west alignment is more likely to be overshadowed to the north. (iii) Day lighting - Avoids direct sunlight, use diffused light which requires

careful

placement and sizing of windows. The higher the window head, the deeper the daylight will penetrate into the interior. 47

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

(iv) Day Lighting - Designing so all spaces requiring day lighting which have access to an external wall and arranging spaces so that natural lighting comes from two or more directions. (v) Natural Ventilation - When designing this system, longer faรงade of the building should be facing the prevailing wind direction, with doors and opening windows providing the ventilation openings. (vi) Natural Ventilation - Maximizing air flow by designing open plan spaces and using architectural and landscape features to direct and control air flow. (vii)

Natural Ventilation - Maintaining vertical distance between two openings to

create a stack effect and having opening at different level.

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

Bibliography 1. Norbert Lecner, Second Edition. Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Design Methods for Architects, N.K Bansal, G.Hauser, G.Minke,Elsevier . 2. M.S Sodha, A Passive Handbook of Building Natural Climatic Design Control, Solar Passive Building Science and Design. 3. Dean Heerwag, Passive and Active Environmental Controls. 4. Understanding Sustainable Architecture Williamson, T., Radford, A. and Bennetts, H. Spon Press, UK, 2003, 160pp 1997. 5. Tang C K et al (2004), Design Strategies for Energy Efficiency in New Buildings, (Non-domestic) Malaysian Gov. Printer. 6. LEED (USA), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, www.usgbc.org. 7. Energy Efficient Operation of Commercial Buildings Redefining the Energy Manager's Job. Herzog, P McGraw Hill, USA. 8. Shafii, F., Othman, M.Z., Sustainable Building and Construction in South-East Asia. 9. Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries) - A Discussion Document, CIB & UNEP-IETC Publication, CSIR Building and construction Technology, South Africa, 2002

PASSIVE DESIGN ON COMMERCIAL BUILDING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY MUHAMAD SHAHRIL SYAFFIQ BIN RAHIM (2007106235)

10. BREEAM(UK), Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method, (www.breeam.org). 11. Burke P (2007) Definition of Sustainable Commercial Building (accessed: www.yourbuilding.org). 12. McCracken,

M.E.,

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Magazine (May, 2003) 13. http://www.greenbuildingindex.org/ 14. http://www.mgbc.org.my/ 15. http://www.level.org.nz/

16. http://en.wikipedia.org/

17. http://trhamzahyeang.com/

18. http://sustainablesources.com/

19. http://www.sunwaygizamall.com