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Contents What is Mordernsim?................................................................................Page 3 The Pre-Raphealites..................................................................................Page 4 The Bauhaus Movement..........................................................................Page 5 The Bauhaus Movement..........................................................................Page 6 Le Corbusier................................................................................................Page 7 The Unite d’Habitation..............................................................................Page 8 The Notre Dame du Haut & The Palace Assembly.............................Page 9 Avant Garde.................................................................................................Page 10 My Manifesto ..............................................................................................Page 11 Essay Preparation......................................................................................Page 12 Essay Preparation......................................................................................Page 13 The Healthy Body Mindmap....................................................................Page 14 The Healthy Body Poster..........................................................................Page 15 Essay Planning...........................................................................................Page 16 Essay Mindmap..........................................................................................Page 17 Five Paragraph Essay................................................................................Page 18 Essay Poster................................................................................................Page 19 Bibliography.................................................................................................Page 20 Bibliography.................................................................................................Page 21
What is Modernism? Modernism is a design movement which began to emerge during the early 20th century, however some argued that it started even earlier during the 16th century. It was influenced by the major changes within society and technology. In response to these changes architects used new materials and innovative technology to create modern functional buildings, abandoning traditional design ideas\ styles. For instance, some of the key elements found in the modernist style include the use of new materials such as steel and glass, open living spaces and asymmetrical compositions.
The Crystal Palace was a glass and cast iron structure built in London, England, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The building was designed by Sir Joseph Paxton.
The Modernism movement influenced many different forms of art and design such as furniture and interior, it was not just architecture. Also, modernism came in different variations including Bauhaus modernism, Post-modernism etc. which all took place at different times. For instance, architects such as Philip Webb not only designed buildings but also furniture, Webb was best known as the father of arts and crafts along with designer William Morris who designed wallpaper, tapestries, and stained glass. The arts and crafts architecture movement was led by people like Philip Webb who were architects that viewed buildings and their interiors as a whole, bringing different forms of art together. Philip Webb who was good friends with William Morris designed a home for Morris called the ‘Red House’ which reflected different forms of art and craftsmanship, inspired by medieval style. Morris and Webb worked together with Morrie’s wife Jane Burden and Pre-Raphaelite artists Edward Burne-Jones and Dante Gabriel Rossetti to design everything within the Red House such as the stained-glass windows and furniture inspired by medieval ideology.
William Morris and Philip Webb, Red House (garden with well), Bexleyheath, England, 1860, photo: Steve Cadman
Architect Jospeh Paxton designed The Crystal Palace which was one of the first buildings to use materials associated with modernism such as, iron frames and large glass plate windows. The use of these revolutionary materials meant building structures were more light weight and sturdy. Which lead to the “first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1884 by William Le Baron Jenney and the iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world.” This idea based on the structure relates to early American architect Louis Sullivan who used the phrase ‘Form follows function’ which meant the design of the structure is based on the function.
Trellis wallpaper’ designed by William Morris in 1864, with the birds by Phillip Webb, inspired by the rose trellis that ran along the garden at Morris’ own Red House The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, by William Le Baron Jenney, (1884)
The Eiffel Tower being constructed (August 1887-89)
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The Pre-Raphaelities The Pre-Raphaelites movement also known as the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood formed in 1848, it was made up of British poets, painters, illustrators and designers. The movement was led by William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, who were students at the British Royal Academy and John Everett Millais. Later they were also joined by Frederic George Stephens, James Collinson, William Michael Rossetti and Thomas Woolner creating the seven- member brotherhood, which became the most influential and controversial movement in the histroy of English Art.
Instead they focused on creating artwork by using nobel and religious subjects and took inspiration from medieval Italian art before Raphael (1483-1520) hence their name ‘Pre-Raphaelites’. The name led to controversy due to commentators assuming their name suggested they were superior to highly acclaimed artists Rapheal. However, the Brotherhood was isnpired by how painters before the time of Raphael depcited human form and nature realistically, rather than idealistically. The Pre Rapaelities main focus was on creating from a number of different subjects such as the Bible, literature, romantic peotry etc. using great detail, intense colours and sophisticated themes. Also landscape was a key element in their work, particularly Hunts, Millais and Madox Brown’s, which protrayed their passion for nature, religion and the theories of John Ruskin. John Ruskin was a art critic who strongly urged the young artists of England to “go to Nature in all singleness of heart, and walk with her laboriously and trustingly... remembet her instructions ; rejecting nothing, selecting nothing, and scorning nothing; believeing all things to be right and good.” Ruskin intense words displayed his passion for nature and how he believe only by trusting nature an artist could produce artwork that was truly noble and good. Ruskin words stuck with Holman Hunt out of the Brotherhood.
Birmingham Museum and Gallery, Pre-Raphaelitie collection
Although, the work of the Pre-Raphaelities is very popular today, with Birmimgham having one of the largest collections of Pre-Rapaelitie paintings at the Birmingham Museum and Gallery. During the 19th century when the paintings were first created they were seen as morally shocking. For isntance, Charles Dickens was one of many who disapproved describings the figure of Virgin Mary as ‘horrible in her ugliness” in John Everett Millais’s painting “Christ in the House of His Parents 1850” The Pre-Raphaelities paintings tended to genrate ciritisim becuase they did not painted idealized religious figures like aritsts of the time, instead they painted them using realsim that had never been done before. For instance, Christ in the House of His Parents 1850” was critized for how Virigin Mary’s face was depicted and how the holy family were presented in a carpenter’s shop.
William Henry Fisk 1827-1884, Portrait of F.G Stephens, 1882, oil on canvas
The Brotherhood movement was short lived, eventually they spit into different directions in the twenty century, the realists who were led by William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais and the medievalists who were led by Gabriel Rossetti together with Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris. Rossetti along with is followers form an alternative brotherhood and applied the Pre- Raphaelite ideas to furniture and décor
John Everett Millais’s painting “Christ in the House of His Parents 1850”
The intention of the brotherhood was to reform art by going against conservatism in Victorian painting and instead creating artwork with a more serious nature. They did this by rejecting the British Royal Academy’s prefered teaching methods and victorian styles and subjects. Page 4
Designed by Willan Hollman Hunt, 1827-1910, Pair of Chairs
The Bauhaus Movement
Gropius served in the Frist World War as a result his career was put on hold, he served as a sergeant major for many years at the Western front but sadly got injured and almost died. However, during the post war period Gropius’s career progressed and he took over as a master of the Grand-Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts in Weimar, eventually turning it into the Bauhaus
The Fagus Factory, Walter Gropius/Adolf Meyer 1911
Bauhaus Building, Dessau 1925–6
Bauhaus
Club Chair (Model B3) (The Wassily Chair) (1925)
The Bauhaus was a German Art school located in Weimar, it was founded by German architect Walter Gropius during 1919. The schools aim was to unite all forms of arts such as painting sculptor, handicrafts etc. and to reform education. In the Bauhaus Manifesto Walter Gropius talked about how he believed arts exists in isolation and how old schools of art failed to create a unity of arts, since art ‘cannot be taught’. The Bauhaus was best known for the way it taught it’s students and it’s unique approach to design. Gropius developed a craft-based curriculum and a teaching method that focused on the idea of a community artists working together rather than traditional teacher/ pupil relationships. By working in this way the aim was to incorporate art back into everyday life, architecture, design etc. Some of the key ideas of the Bauhaus included simplicity, efficiency, limited colours, work to appear like it was crafted by machine rather than man (practically furniture), geometric shapes etc.
Artist: Marcel Breuer
Walter Gropius Walter Gropius was a German educator and architect who was one of the pioneering masters of modernist architecture along with Frank Lloyd Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier. In 1908 Gropius joined Peter Behrens studio where we worked beside Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. However out of all the three notable architects Gropius was the first to design a building associated with modernism. In 1911 along with Adolf Meyer, Gropius designed the Fagus Factory, this was one of the earliest modernist building and Gropius’s first commission. The Fagus Factroy’s sleek design, cube shape and glazed facade become an important example of modernist architecture.
The Wassily chair originally known as Model B3 Chair was created by artist Marcle Breuer an architect and furniture designer. The chair was later named after Breuer’s friend who he worked with at the Bauhaus, Wassily Kandinsky. Wassily Kandinsky was a great artist who was well known for his abstract paintings however, Breuer’s inspiration for the chair had nothing to do with his colleague. Instead it came from Breuer’s bicycle frame, he admired the curved metal tubes and used this as a source of inspiration when designing the first Wassily chair which featured a bent steel frame. This marked a start to a new era in modern furniture and still to this day it maintains a dynamic look. After going out of production for a few years, after World War II the chair went back into production and was available in various other colours such as white and brown leather instead of the original black fabric seat and arm rest. I like this piece because of it’s simplicity and how innovative the materials are for the time it was created. I find it interesting how the steel tubles were bent into order to imitate the outlines of a cube, with an angled seat and material stretch over. This clearly related to the Bauhaus ideas about breaking traditions and it’s mordern sleek designs. I feel compared to other chairs the overall design is very unique. For instance, how the base of the chair is angled, looking at the chair it looks very uncomfortable in comparison to other chairs but this is not the case.
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The Bauhaus Movement
The Gropious House, 1938
Suprematist Painting, Eight Red Rectangles (1915) Desinger Walter Grpoius The Gropius house is located in Lincoln, Massachusetts, it was a family house for well-known architect Walter Grpoius. The purpose of the Gropius house was for Walter Gropius while he taught at Harvard University during the mid 1900’s however, it is now owned by Historic New England and is now open to the public. The house was Gropius’s first commission based in the United States. Gropius chose the particular site due to his daughter’s educational interests. The site of the house set between trees, fields and farm houses. The Gropius house was hybrid of the traditional new England aesthetic such as wood and brick but it also had the modernist ideas of the Bauhaus, for instance sticking with the Bauhaus teachings every part of the house was planned around the landscape of the site for efficiency and simplicity. I like this building because of how it stands out, the simple yet unique design in very intriguing. Just from looking at pictures you can see that every detail was considered from the angled roofs to the chrome chairs which all link back to the Bauhaus teachings. For instance, geometric shapes, various angles and sleek design are all aspects of modernism, relating to the Bauhaus ethos
Artist Kazimir Malevich Eight Red Rectangles 1915 was painted by Kazimir Malevich, who was a radical artist. Malevich was a pioneer of geometic abstract art and also started a suprematist movement. Suprematism was a radical movement in abstract art, the name was based on Kazimir belief that suprematist art work would be superior to any other art work created in the past and it would lead to “supremacy of pure feeling or perception in the pictorial arts.” The Supermatism movement have three different levels which Malevich described as black, colour and white, the Eight Red Rectangles was part of the coloured level where bright colours were starting to be used. I like this piece of abstract artwork because of how open to interpretation it is, for example the composition of the various rectangles could be viewed in different ways. They could be viewed as crashing into each other or falling off the canvas or even as a larger shape that has been sliced up to create these different sized rectangles. Some of the common characteristics of the Bauhaus ideas include vibrant colours and simple, sleek, modern forms, which can be seen in this particular piece of work. I believe it is similar to some of the elements found in the Wassily chair for instance, the rectangular shapes and the slanted composition with I feel links to the sloped seat found on the Wassily chair.
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Contemporary exmaple with same values of The Bauhaus: IKEAS Docksta Table
Personally, I feel the Docksta Table from Ikea has used to same values of the Bauhaus, for instance the simple design allows for it to be mass produced. Relating to how The Bauhaus designs always had the idea of mass production in mind and aimed for their work to look like a machine made it. Also, I feel this piece of furniture is simple, clean and functional just like the Bauhaus designs.
Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier’s took inspiration from his travels to various places around the world, for instance, the Temple of Athena Parthenos in Athens, Greece. Le Corbusier visited Athens as part of his “Journey to the East.” When Le Corbusier first saw Acropolis ruins and the Temple he was so overwhelmed his visited the site every day for three weeks, where he sketched and took photographs. He used this as a source of inspiration and you can see the influences from the Temple of Athena Parthenos in many of his buildings.
Le Corbusier, sketch of the Acropolis, Athens, done during the Voyage d’Orient, 1911 ( Page from Towards a New Architecture)
The Five Points of Architecture Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, who went by the name Le Corbusier was a Swiss born French architect, he was best known as one of the pioneers of modern architecture. Le Corbusier was a self-taught architect but also a painter, city planner, writer and designer. His career lasted many years and he designed building all over the world, some of Le Corbusier’s most famous building include the Villa Savoye, Notre Dame du Haut and the Unite d’Haitation. Le Corbusier work emphasized basic geometric forms and clear structure, which corresponded to his paintings. He primarily built with modern materials such as reinforced concrete and steel. Le Corbusier’s use of raw concrete practically on the building Unite d’Haitation in 1952 brought a great degree of attention to Brutalist architecture. The Brutalism movement only began to emerge around the 1950’s so it was rather new, therefore, Le Corbusier received much criticism however, Unite d’Haitation was one of his 17 building that made it on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The five points of architecture is a concept Le Corbusier developed during his career that dictated his technique. The five points include the pilotis, free façade, free plan, horizontal window and roof garden. This structure can be seen in many of Le Corbusier’s designs practically in the Villa Savoye built between 1928 and 1931. For instance, the Villa Savoye is off the ground supported by pilotis (reinforced concrete stilts), this allows for the free façade and open floor plan. Also, the long ribbon windows and the green landscape compensate for the fourth and fifth points, horizontal windows and roof garden.
Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye ,1931, Photograph by Flickr user August Fischer
As part of a group task I will be talking about the Unite D’habitation design by Le Corbusier linking it to the five points of architecture. Just by looking at the building to you see two of the points have been used, roof top garden and pilotis. Le Corbusier uses concrete to suspends the Unite D’habitation off the ground to allow for the circulation of pedestrians and vehicles and to open up the space. Also Unite D’habitation has a roof top garden that allows for its residents to relax and take in the French landscape.
Le Corbusier, Adieu Von, 1957
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The Unite d’Habitation 1952 Construction & Materials: Historical Context: The purpose was to design an ideal block of flats for families that were left bombed out of their homes during World War II. The state was the client; so their were no restrictions. Fit to suit individual and family needs, the idea was to create affordable, quick built housing for the masses. Unite D’Habitation was also like the birth of brutalist architecture, making it popular amongst governmental and institutional clients, with numerous examples of this style being built in English speaking countries. Brutalist Architecture flourished from the 1950s to mid 1970s, characterized by simple, block-like forms and raw concrete construction. Many Architects and everyday people could appreciate the use of certain materials, such as the use of concrete, particularly for its rawness and unpretentious honesty. This unintentionally created less of a barrier between the social classes. The use of less visually pleasing material meant their was much more of a focus on the service and function of the building the social classes. The use of less visually pleasing material meant their was much more of a focus on the service and function of the building. (Tanaya Mahmood)
Location and Relationship to site: The Unité d’Habitation is built in the middle of a large park in Marseilles, France. The building's height of 56 meters makes it tower above the abundance of trees surrounding it. With the challenge of building mass accommodation, Le Corbusier decided to build vertically, as oppose to the ‘traditional’ horizontally, which allows for stunning views of the surrounding area, including the mountains and sea in the distance. Furthermore, building vertically helps to preserve more of the surrounding natural landscape. In addition to it’s height, the building's pale colour with vibrant primary colour accents makes it stand out against its green surroundings.Le Corbusier wanted these buildings to act as a small town, thus creating the idea of a community within a tower block building as well as within the surrounding park area by having shared communal spaces both below and on top of the building. (Florence Barton Wong)
Function of the building: After WWII housing shortages was at a high this meant that large project were in need to be carried out, 337 apartments over 12 stories. Each apartment stretches across the width of the building covering 2 floors. Le Corbusier wascto design ‘a multi- family residential housing project’ in Marseille to compensate for the many homes lost in the war. Social, shops and homes within an interacted living space. With children’s pools and running track on the terrace, roof garden and terrace created a communal space. Still occupied by some original residents but mainly by middle class occupants. World heritage site. Italian architect Gio Ponti said “a true monument in the history of French construction”. (Ryan Cooksey) Page 8
Architect Le Corbusier was commissioned to build housing after the Second World War as a solution for the masses of people who were displaced in Marseille, France. As result the tower block United d’habitation was built between 1947 and 1952.With its large capacity the United d’habitation is a extensive construction of 40 meters long, 24 meters wide and 56 meters high. Le Corbusier uses beton brut concrete along with wooden planks to create the smooth texture. This was the most cost efficient at the time in comparison to steel frames he initially wanted to use. But also ideal due to the finical economic problems of post war France. The buildings 337 apartments and balconies were constructed separately and then intersect each other in the vast network of reinforced concrete.
Layout: Le Corbusier attempted to design and create an idealistic ‘vertical garden city’; Unité D’habitation which accommodates over 1500 residents. This building has it all; a social yet private and personal space to achieve well being for the whole family. Although it is placed in the greenery setting of a park, the concrete structure or rather the roof of this building includes such necessities that the park was an unnecessary accessory. The roof includes a day care, gym, sprint tracks, a pool and even a club creating this façade of a modernist building. Portrayed as the most brutalist buildings in history, Le Corbusier created this image to provide a dwelling for families to use in comfort and solitude; he described this building as "the first manifestation of an environment suited to modern life". The internal aspects of the building include narrow flats which are grouped as two-story complexes with a double-height living room. One of the levels on each of the apartments extend along the full 21 meter-depth of the block. This creates a section where pairs of homes interlock around a central access corridor. Essentially this building is seen as being a ‘city within a city’; not only is it for residential as most apartment buildings are in today's society but it has its own little community. (Sehama Nuur)
The Notre Dame du Haut
The following information I have gathered is from notes I took from the other groups presentations about the Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, 1955 and the Chandigarh, Capitol Buildings. India 1955-7. The Notre Dame du Haut, located in Ronchamp, France, is a Roman Catholic church that was designed to replace the existing church which was destroyed during the second world war. Today it is seen as an important example of religious architecture of the twentieth century and an iconic Le Corbusier design. The Notre Dame du Haut represents a shift from Le Corbusier’s usual style seen in his previous buildings.
The Palace of Assembly
The Palace of Assembly Chandigarh, was built in 1950 in India. The purpose of the project was to rebuild and create a new identity for Indian following the partition between Indian and Pakistan in 1947. Le Corbusier was commission by India’s first prime minster Jawaharlal Nehru to build a new city of Chandigarh as the new capital because Lahore was now part of Pakistan. The large-scale commission really gave Le Corbusier an opportunity to test his modernist ideas on a grand scale.
Floor plan of Notre Dame du Haut
Built in 1954, the Ronchamp consists of thick, white masonry walls which are curved to provide structural support. The extreme curved roof is made out of a concrete shell structure and is supported by additional columns hidden within the walls. The columns create a gap between the walls and the roof which allowing light to peak through. To allow additional daylight in Le Corbusier also designed small unique windows using clear and coloured glass. From looking at the Ronchamp and how the walls usually curve you would assume the interior would be complicated, however it’s rather simple with just two entrances, a main alter and three chapels beneath the tower.
The Palace of Assembly is part of the Capitol Complex which consists of three concrete buildings including the Secretariat and the High Court. The Legislature Assembly more commonly known as the palace of Assembly is made up of thick hyperbolic shell in order to keep the costs down, it also has a square plan with a massive portico facing the main plaza. The building is split into two parts that consist of the main assembly chamber and the smaller council chamber.
Sections of Palace of Assembly
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Avant Garde The Avant Grade was a controversial movement began in the 1950’s and was inspired by Gustave Courbet who was heavily influenced by his ideas about socialism. The movement promoted radical social reforms and pushed the boundaries of ideas which were accepted as the norm. Essentially, the idea of the movement was to “enshrine the belief that art should be judged mainly on the quality and originality of the artists vision and ideas.” The term Avant Grade was not just used to describe new approaches towards art during the 19th and 20th centuries, it was for artists to experiment with art, culture and society.
About my Manifesto Personally, I believe that both art and architecture can influence and manipulate people’s perspectives on certain issues. The aim of my manifesto was to create a piece of artwork that would bring attention to a serious issue, the Syrian refugee crisis. Due to the Syrian Civil War, many families have been forced to the flee the country and take refugee elsewhere. The war has had devastating effects on Syria for instance, it has created one of the worst humanitarian problem of today’s generation and has also caused Syria’s living standards to fall behind by due to destroyed hospitals, schools, water system etc. Unfortunately, the ones who are affected the most are the child of Syria who have grown up amongst this war and don’t know any other life. Therefore, in my manifesto I wanted to try and use a child to represent why we shouldn’t forget about the refugee crisis.
Raoul Hausmann The Art Critic 1919–20
Manifesto ( Florence, Saylah, Sehama, Mayce) The points regarding our group’s manifesto was to look at how we can bring a voice to the sufferings of refugees. We wanted to make their struggles known and how they can be portrayed to the world and, as a result, encourage people to help them. Hence, the words that came up whilst we were discussing the manifesto were; homes, tents, camps, children, ignorance. Essentially what we wanted to do was use art as a way to portray their struggles effectively and, consequently, ignite emotions from those looking at it. What’s most apparent is the media’s, as well as people’s, ignorance to the sufferings of refugees. We are not made aware of their struggles through news as much but rather through social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, etc. Therefore ,the purpose of Avant Garde Poster is to spread the movement and new information effectively.
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Photographed by Muhammed Muheisen, Refugee child
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Essay Preparation
- Havard referencing system - Authors surname first then inital of their name - The year it was published in brackets - The title in italics - The editor - The edition - The place it was published - The publisher - The page numbers E.g: Favole, P. (2012). The story of modern architecture. Munich: Prestel, p.48.
- The authors name - The year it was published - If it’s from a book include page numbers
The bibliography should be located at the end of the essay, alphabetically in order of surnames.
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Favole, P. (2012). The story of modern architecture. Munich: Prestel, p.48.
Franchetti Pardo, Vittorio (1971), Le Corbusier : the life and work of the artist illustrated with 80 colour plates, Thames and Hudson, London
Sbriglio, J. (2004). Le Corbusier: The Unite d’Habitation in Marseille. Birkhauser, pp.120,170.
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The Healthy Body Mindmap
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WORKSHEET 2
Essay Planning
Once you have thought about the assignment consider the following tasks:
a) Write down in your own words what you think the assignment is asking you to do. The assignment is asking me to describe one of Le Corbusiers’s post war buildings, by researching and exploring the various ideas and theories found within his work. For instace, 5 points of architecture, spatial layout, the modulor man etc. b) What do you already know about the subject matter of the essay? I already know that Le Corbusier was Swish-French architect, designer, urban planner and painter, who played a leading role in the mordernist architecture movement. He was well known for his work using materials such as concrete. I am also aware of a few of building such as the United d’habitation, Palace of Assembly and Notre Dame du Haut from our seminars.
c) What background information do you need to help you to complete this essay? I plan on gathering information about Le Corbusiers inspiration in order to understand how his ideas may have been influenced, as well as the history behind the building and the publics reaction.
d) How do you think this essay differs from or is similar to other assignments that you are working on at the moment? For me, this assignment is some what different to my current projects as it involves independenly writing an academic essay. However, I plan on using my lecture notes and research from my digital booklet to help write my essay.
e) How are you going to choose your reading material? I plan on carrying out some research online, using only relieable sources. However, majority of my research will come from analysing and making notes of suitable books from the libaray.
f)
As you begin to read for your assignment, try to read and take notes with the essay in mind.
I have made notes of certain pages in books that relate to my chosen question and re written lecture notes that I believe will help me. Page 16
Essay Mindmap
What I intent to write about INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH 1
Beginning of the scheme
Describe one of Le Corbusier’s post-war projects either in Europe or beyond. Consider how his work relates to its context and how it embodied the ideas that had driven him though his career
Summarise
CONCLUSION
PARAGRAPH 2 PARAGRAPH 3
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Five Paragraph Essay Five Paragraph Essay Main “response” to question, introductory idea and flagging up topics to be covered
- Introduce who Le Corbusier was and breif history of his life
- What the modernist architecture movement is about and how Le Corbusier’s early works were influential within the movement - Briefly mentional how I will be examining the United d’Habititation and what it intent to write about within this essay
Topic 1
Topic 2
Introduce – Proof – Discussion - Point
Introduce – Proof – Discussion - Point - The Construction
- Introduce the United
d’Habitiation
- Explain the structure such as the layout
- Mention the purpose the the United
- All about the materials used in the United
- About the history/background behind the United
- How Le corbusiers ideas are exhibed within the United such as the 5 points of architecture found in his manifesto, spatial layout and modular man
- The start of the scheme
Re-state main arguments and points How Le Corbusier has influenced : - High rise buildings - Inspired other mass houses - His overall impact on the modern architecture movement
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Topic 3 Introduce – Proof – Discussion - Point - How the unite influenced the Burtalist movement - People reactions and the critisim he recevied - Mention the other Unites that were built and how the are similar or differ in comparison to the United d’Habitiation
Essay Poster My chosen question:
Le Corbusier is often cited as one of the most influential architects in the early part Modernist movement; however, his career spanned sixty years. Describe one of his post-war projects either in Europe or beyond. Consider how his work relates to its context and how it embodied the ideas that had driven him through his career.
Bibliography: Sbriglio, J. (2004). Le Corbusier: The Unite d’Habitation in Marseille. Birkhauser Franchetti Pardo, Vittorio (1971), Le Corbusier : the life and work of the artist illustrated with 80 colour plates, Thames and Hudson, London Emden, C. (2017). Le Corbusier the complete buildings. Prestel.
Introduction: - Begin by introducing Le Corbusier, who is he? his life? his work? - How he relates to the modern architecture movement - How and why his early work influenced the modernist movement - Mention the United d’habitiation - Briefly explain what I will be talking about throughout the essay
Context: Social and Economic - After the Second World War masses needed to be rehoused in France - The high rise building could offer same amount of houses found on a single street - Le Corbusier used béton-brut concret as it was most cost efficient First Paragraph:
Main body
- Gerenal information behind the United d’Habitation - The purpose of the United d’Habitation e.g. a solution to rehouse the masses - The history of the United d’Habitation e.g: how Le Corbusier was commissioned by French State - How the scheme started e.g: Le Corbusier moving to France Second Paragraph: - The Start of the construction e.g Le Corbusiers architectual team - Explain the structure and layout - How Le Corbusiers ideas can be seen in the United d’Habitation e.g 5 points architecture
Figure 1, My illustrations of the United d’Habitation
- Describe the materials and it’s significance e.g cost efficient Third Paragraph: - How the United d’Habitiation is one of the most influencial Burtalist building - Reactions and Critisim towards the United d’Habitation - How and why Le Corbusier was commissioned to design four other United building similar to the United d’Habitation
Conclusion - How Le Corbusier redefined high rised buildings - How he inspired other mass housing - Why the United d’Habitation is still iconic in todays architecture
Figure 2, My illustrations of the United d’Habitation roof top
- Aim to bring all points previously made together
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