Site Analysis Design VIII Downtown Beirut
Contents 1.Archeological Traces and Geography – Kamel – Zein 2.The Modern Era – Daher – Meski 3.Projects for Beirut and Solidere – Beydoun - Hayawi 4.The Urban Context – Abdo – Saad 5.Exising Typologies – Bitar – Chahoud 6.Infrastructures – Nasser (Hussam) – Nasser (Hussein) 7.Perceptual Analysis – Al Gharib – Mortada – Samadi 8.Photo Reportage – Ezzeddine – Jaber – Shaito 9.Social Mapping – Gebeily – Zakhem
1.Archeological Traces and Geography Kamel – Zein
HISTORY
Beirut's origin lies in its maritime tradition. The earliest settlement was established as a natural and defensible harbor, the landform providing shelter from prevailing winds. Although there are indications that the city flourished as a Phoenician port, exporting wheat, cedar and iron to Egypt and elsewhere, its truly gold period came during Greek and Roman times. Re-established in about 10 AD, some 75 years after the invasion of Beirut by Pompeii, the Roman city was built over the urban grid of the Hellenistic city. The port was its main asset, becoming the strategic base for Rome's eastern Mediterranean fleet.
THE PHOENICIANS (1500 BC-64 BC) • As with other civilizations, the Phoenicians' environment, or geopolitics, largely influenced their history. • First, ancient Phoenicia, modern day Lebanon, was a hilly coastal area whose rough terrain made it hard to unite. As a result, independent citystates such as Byblos, Beirut, Tyre, and Sidon emerged along the coast. • Secondly, the Phoenicians did not have the sort of rich soil that one found in Egypt and Mesopotamia. In fact, they had only two major natural resources that were useful for trading: timber and snails. With virtually only these two things to trade, the Phoenicians had to become shrewd traders and, indeed, they were among the sharpest businessmen in the ancient world.
• The third and final geopolitical factor of Phoenicia was its position between the two great civilizations of the time: Egypt and Mesopotamia. This brought a lot of trade their way, but also left Phoenicia caught in wars between its powerful neighbors, a situation that modern Lebanon still faces today.
THE ROMANS (64 BC- 655 AD) • In 64 BC, Beirut was invaded by Pompeii, and was under Roman rule for over six hundred years. The urban form was that of the gridiron plan, in which two main streets, known as the Cardomaximus (N-S) and the Decumanus (E-W), were the main axes of circulation for the city. Both these streets are visible in the unearthing of the present day archaeological sites, and remnants of shops on either side of the Cardomaximus are still visible. • Building types within this ancient period included a forum, temple, basilicas, public toilets, thermae, shops, market place, amphitheatre, theatre, and finally the infamous University of Law. Its location, if still existent, would be underneath the present day chosen site. The city was destroyed in 551 AD by an earthquake, and reconstruction took place soon after. However, it too had to be stopped due to the great fire which struck Beirut in 560 AD.
MEDIEVAL ERA ( 655 AD- 1520 AD) ARABS (655 AD-1110 AD)
• The city was taken over by Islamic rule, and took on an organic pattern of growth. Its city walls were built on top of the foundations of the old Canaean wall (1200 BC). • Buildings such as mosques, khans (rest houses), public baths, and souks were soon evident within the fabric. There was minor port activity during this period, and the city served as a transit point within the spices trade route.
CRUSADERS (1110 AD-1291 AD)
• When the Crusaders took control over Beirut, they maintained most of the city's urban form, improving what once existed and adding churches, monasteries, and a fortress (which would be destroyed in 1856). The main trade of the city now focused to the silk and sugar industry, exporting the products to Europe.
MAMLUKS ( 1291 AD-1520 AD)
•
In 1291, the Mamluk conquest over Beirut began. They initially destroyed the city walls in order to render Beirut defenceless, however, they were re-erected by 1404 in order to provide defences from the frequent Crusade attacks.
OTTOMAN RULE (1516 AD- 1920 AD) •
During this period, there was minimal city growth, and the city walls were restored after being attacked several times. Major civic buildings were erected during this period, however, the most relevant was the erection of Fakhr el-Dine's palace, which is said to have been situated upon the present day site. Its gardens are further said to be located in the same area as the Garden of Forgiveness.
• The period after the 1840's is referred to as the late Ottoman period, where Beirut became a trade biased economy, beginning to focus its interests in the financial and commercial economy. However, there was a growth of the weaving industry and the production of silk and cotton articles. Beirut was now known as a major seaport, "Port of the Levant", and hence required an enlarged and renovated port. During the Ottoman period, many outbursts of fighting took place, whether civil strife or bombardment from European fleets, the city was partially destroyed due to constant attacks. As a result, there was partial demolition of the traditional urban fabric, and an emergence of a geometric street layout was evident. New buildings types emerged, ranging from hotels, to banks, to department stores.
2.The Modern Era Daher – Meski
Beginning of French Mandate Bazar – Old City Agriculture Port
The French immediately started cleaning the harbor from wartime wreckage. They developed the health sector as well as public amenities: widening the streets, paving the roads, introducing the tramway as well as a modern system of electric and water supply.
-  The French developed the radiant square known as Place
de l’Etoile.
Urban Metamorphosis Creation of the city center Clear distribution of zoning & land use City center / a public mediator
Function of martyr square was definitively a public area surrounded by commercial activities . Connection towards the sea was blocked
1922
This missing development created two separated squares divided by construction mass that turn their back at each other and ignore each other.
Place de l’Etoile as the new political center of the city
Martyr’s Square that kept its social & administrational role
French Radial Plan (A Replica that doesn’t fit in the city) Original plan stopped because of ruins and the existence of landmark
the ruins impeaches the ďŹ nishing of the Etoile
the church blocks the street
this street leads to the sea
the Grand ThĂŠatre blocks the street
Image of martyr square 1950’s
Architecturally, the French tried to dress up their ‘colonial’ impositions by carrying oriental-style facades. This was visible in two architectural icons of the period, at least in their facades: the municipality and the parliament.
Dellahale proposed a great axis that extended from the Bourj through Martyr’s Square towards the sea. This required the demolition of a number of buildings, thus was destructive both physically and socially. Physically, many buildings were destroyed including important historical ones. Socially, it uprooted 13 000 people to somewhere else and didn’t bring anybody instead.
Ottoman Serail (Petit Serail) was built in 1881. During the french mandate, it was replaced by the Cinema Rivoli. The building was destroyed in 1950 and some of its foundations can be found in the archeological site in Martyrs Square.
Manara – Beirut Lighthouse
Beirut 1925
•  The lighthouse was built with stone
in 1914. It was put under French control in 1920 due to its strategic location.
• A higher tower was built next to
the old one. Once this tower was completed, the old one was brought down. • This is a picture of the new tower in 1928. • It was renovated for the last time in 1962.
• Al manara today… • In 1995 Mr. Rabih Amish, a
private developer, was given permission to construct an 18-floor building in the Al Manara area. The outcome would leave a wall in front of Beirut’s lighthouse destroying its functionality.
• Today the lighthouse is for
the city and no longer for the sea.
• A new lighthouse was built
closer to the water. The structure is higher than the old lighthouse seen here in a picture I took 2012
Bet Beirut (1924) Designed and built in 1924 by Lebanese architect Youssef Aftimus. 1932 two more stories were added by architect Fouad Kozah, giving the building its current form. The Barakat building became a combat zone to ensure the control of the Sodeco crossroad especially because it was located on the Green Line.
St. Georges Hotel (1929) It was designed in the shape of a boat of which the circular front terrace was the deck and enjoyed the advantages of the sea front. In 1973, it was described by Fortune magazine as one of the most beautiful hotels in the world. During the war, the Hotel was completely destroyed and occupied.
1941
End of French Mandate The Independence Period -  Between 1943 and 1975, Beirut lived a vivid life where
tourism, agriculture and education developed. -  Tourists were coming to Beirut from all around the world, as well as refugees, therefore, the city witnessed fast urbanization that lacked any type of planning and organization.
Phoenicia Hotel was built in 1953. During the 2 years war, the hotel was destroyed and became a battlefield and was left in ruins. It was abandoned for nearly 25 years. In the mid 90s, the hotel was restored and reopened in 2000.
MAKDISI BUILDING by Karol Schayer, Bahij Makdisi & Wassek Adib (1954) This building was designed by Polish architect Karol Schayer together with his Lebanese partners Bahij Makdisi and Wassek Adib.
The architects designed a horizontal plane that cuts the columns coming from the street, thus creating a small transitional zone between the top of the ground floor and the beginning of the first floor. This zone is slightly recessed, thus adding some depth to an otherwise entirely flat faรงade.
Starco Center Building designed in 1957 by Swiss architect George Addor and Dominique Julliard. It replaced the College des Diaconesses who was demolished to give place to the Starco building.
• The Egg was built between
1965 and 1968 as a multi-use shopping center, movie theater and office building. • The developers wanted to make it the biggest multi-use center in the Middle East. • It was to be accompanied by two towers, of which only one was built and has since been destroyed.
• The surviving cinema (or Egg) has become an icon of
avant-garde Lebanese modernism. • The debate: - Bernard Khoury argues that there are far more important
architectural values represented by other buildings in Beirut than the Egg. He claims that the Egg is fascinating to Lebanese people because it’s a reminder. Beirut after the war used to all look like the Egg. - George Arbid, professor of architecture at the American University of Beirut disagrees and explains how it’s one of the rare free-form structures in the city as well as one of the rare cinema halls raised above ground level.
• CENTRE SABBAGH by Alvar
Aalto and Alfred Roth (1964-70) • This multipurpose complex serves as the head office for the Fransabank. • The most remarkable feature of this project is the way in which it relates to the urban space around it, while today any developer would opt for maximum exploitation of the available land.
INTERDESIGN BUILDING by Khalil Khoury (1972-4) This building is a classic example of the Brutalist movement in architecture. The term comes from the French “béton brut” meaning “rough concrete” and the movement is characterized by buildings that exhibit a stern, almost fortress-like character and that consist largely of exposed concrete facades.
Burj Al Murr (1974) The Burj Al Murr tower is a 40storey unfinished tower that was intended to become the Trade Center of Lebanon. Its construction started in 1974, one year before the start of the war. It currently serves as an artifact that stirs memories within the cityresidents that have lived through the war.
The Holiday Inn Hotel (1974) Completed in 1974, just a year into its opening, The Holiday Inn declared an emergency evacuation of its staff and nearly 200 visitors on October 19th, 1975, when the Battle of the Hotels first commenced. The Holiday Inn is in a sense another monument of the war, the hotel, severely damaged with bullet holes.
War in 1975
- During the civil war, Martyr’s Square was located on the Green Line,
thus, it became an open battlefield separating the city in two parts. - Inhabitants around the square moved out and the inaccessibility of the center increased the decentralization which led to the development of new neighborhoods. - Beirut lost its role as a capital and misery belt around the city expanded.
1990
Morphology of the coastal line
Original coastal line
Artificial coastal line
from roman times to 1840 1876 1921 1935 1950 1967 1980’s
from roman times to 1840 1876 1921 1935 1950 1967 1980’s
Morphology : City development
Overlapping
Current
The Green Line acquired its name when shrubs and bushes sprouted after years of neglect.
Huvelin
USJ
Hippodrome
Forest
1920-1943: French Mandate: 2 layers Beaux-Arts grid - Place de l’Etoile radiating from - Martyrs Square Place de l’Etoile
1975-1991: Wartime Green Line: Extensive destruction and uncontrolled landfill
Demolition of Lebanese Identity The cars are parked in a line adjacent to Ottoman and French-style buildings in Beirut’s Martyrs Square and a tramway surrounds the square. This is how downtown Beirut looked in the first decades of the last century, now preserved only in old pictures. Lebanon’s post-war period has seen the destruction of most of the buildings that made Beirut the Paris of the Middle East. This kills our identity.
1919
1922
1941
1990
2013
3.Projects for Beirut and Solidere Beydoun - Hayawi
Planning Beirut has always been a major objective of the successive governments since the Independence (1943) and until the Civil War (1975-1991).
1830’s - 1910’s Colonial ottoman “Tanzeemat” 1920’s - 1930’s French Mandate
The first planning model to be discussed is the colonial one, which attributes to two periods. The first is the 1830s - 1910s, which is the period of late-Ottoman rule in Lebanon. The second is that of the 1920s - 1930s, which is the period of the French Mandate. the Ottomans were responsible for much of Beirut's early modernization. the Ottoman reform program known as the "Tanzeemat" was applied to Beirut partly through modernizing the city's building regulations and upgrading its infrastructure.
Each period had its identity implemented with no intentions to create an urban masterplan
It was like a small block that expands radially. however, nothing was planned
Because th city was growing this way, it arised many problems with zoning and circulation It was not until 1932, that an attempt at large-scale urban planning began.
Intentions and Visions of Beirut throughout the years
1932 - Plan danger was the first urban proposal submitted under the french mandate. the five years plan included codes and laws for public spaces and gardens.
1943 - first ecochard plan by the french urban planner mchel ecochard.
1960 - the scond ecochard plans were updated proposing the decentralization of urbanization from beirut by identifying new cities surrounding beirut.
1977 - French consultant L'Atelier Parisien D'Urbanisme (APUR), the first reconstruction plan for Beirut after the civil war
1992 - post-modern planning by solidere
2000 - Solidere’s latest master plan.
Future Projects
Official Master Plan of Beirut, with intentions to improve network system to fix the problem of traffic.
Roman Era 64 B.C.- 560 A.D.
The urban form was that of the gridiron plan, in which two main streets, known as the Cardomaximus (N-S) and the Decanumus (E-W), were the main axes of circulation for the city. However there was no speciďŹ c intention for such plans.
Medieval 1300-1500
The city was taken over by Islamic rule, and took on an organic pattern of growth. Its city walls were built on top of the foundations of the old Canaean wall (1200 BC). When the Crusaders took control over Beirut, they maintained most of the city's urban form, improving what once existed and adding churches, monasteries, and a fortress (which would be destroyed in 1856). They initially destroyed the city walls in order to render Beirut defenceless, however, they were re-erected by 1404 in order to provide defence from the frequent Crusade attacks.
Ottoman Rule 1516-1920
During the Ottoman period, many outbursts of ďŹ ghting took place, whether civil strife or bombardment from European eets, the city was partially destroyed due to constant attacks. As a result, there was partial demolition of the traditional urban fabric, and an emergence of a geometric street layout was evident. New buildings types emerged, ranging from hotels, to banks, to department stores.
Ottoman Rule 1516-1920
During the Ottoman period, many outbursts of ďŹ ghting took place, whether civil strife or bombardment from European eets, the city was partially destroyed due to constant attacks. As a result, there was partial demolition of the traditional urban fabric, and an emergence of a geometric street layout was evident. New buildings types emerged, ranging from hotels, to banks, to department stores.
French Mandate 1920-1942
The creation of infrastructure of harbours and roads became prominent aspect of the city's reconstruction. The French imposed French urban design models (Place de l'Etoile). Building codes began to order the city, and the drafting of "Plan Danger", the earliest city plan for Beirut, determined major axes of circulation.
Plan of Beirut 1923
The Danger Brother’s First Master plan
1931-1932
Based on the map of the french army engineer, camille duraffourd in 1926, the danger brothers proposed the ďŹ rst urban plan
it had three major goals / intensions 1- To make the city more Hygenic 2- To solve the zoning and circulation problems 3- To embellish the city
1- Multi-nodal development They proposed to link beirut to the cities nearby. example: Tripoli, Saida, and Damascus. Tripoli
Damascus Saida
The Danger Brother’s First Master plan
1931-1932
2- East-West Axis and Peripheral Ring Road They reinforced an east-west major axis and organized a peripheral road, in order to clear the port and old town, which were stuck in trafďŹ c.
The Danger Brother’s First Master plan
1931-1932
3- Programmatic Zoning Finally, they deďŹ ned several areas with a system of separation of activities and social classes. Luxury commercial OLD TOWN
Middle Class housing
Industry
Workers Housing
Upper Class
Commercial
The Danger Brother’s First Master plan
1931-1932
After their plan, Openings of Grand theatres , new types of buildings in different areas of the city and multiuses.
The plan imposed a clear seperation between public uses and private housing - something that was not part of the built heritage. this kind of seperation creates conditions unfavorable both to diversity and to safety, which are two pre-requisites for any liveable city.
Michel Ecochard’s Master plan
1940
In 1940, Michel Ecochard proposed another master plan, which had 2 main goals: 1- Grouping the public buildings into the quartier des ministeres that he planned, in the axis of the place de l’etoile. 2- to create a new city in the southwest, in the Ouzai and Bourj el Brajneh area.
He also focused on the circulation system, in which he grouped three different categories: 1- One turnout road, that connect the north and south of Lebanon. 2- Lateral roads, that connect the east and west of Beirut. 3- Terminal roads, that penetrate the urban layers and link the downtown.
Example: He established a zoning plan in the perimeter of Ville Nouvelle. He defined priority zones to be urbanized first. The zoning plan uses the rules of urbanism as an ordained, orthogonal and less dense urban layer.
Original Ecochard Plan
Ecochard
War Period Planning 1975-1990
The French mandate layout and block scale development were now the guiding forms for the new city fabric. Commercial strip development became popular, as did resorts, entertainment centers, mixed use commercial buildings, and residential compounds. However, not long after the prospering of the city were the damages of the civil war evident, destroying 80 percent of the historic core. In the ďŹ nal phase of reconstruction, Solidere has maintained and renovated over 300 of the buildings within the central district, attempting to restore as much of the city's memory and history as possible.
What is left
Solidere 1992
The Master Plan: tJT B EFUBJMFE QIBTFE BOE DPPSEJOBUFE plan of action for the creation of a 191-hectare modern, mixed-use central district, with 118 hectares constituting the traditional Beirut city center, and a 73-hectare extension towards the sea. tJOWPMWFT UIF JOTUBMMBUJPO PG B DPNQMFUFMZ new infrastructure. tQSFTFSWFT IFSJUBHF CVJMEJOHT BOE JOUFHSBUFT important archeological sites. tQSPWJEFT BO VSCBO EFTJHO GSBNFXPSL for the reconstruction, rehabilitation and redevelopment of the superstructures, including the restoration of preserved and historic buildings. tPGGFST B nFYJCMF NBSLFU PSJFOUFE development framework for the emergence of a sustainable business, leisure and living environment. tQMBOT GPS B NJY PG GBDJMJUJFT UIBU XJMM coalesce over time to form a new kind of city center
The Solidere
Principles: The City Center master plan accommodates a broad sustainable land use mix including: 49.8:% residential 27.7% OfďŹ ces 8.5% Mixed use 6.3% Hotels 3.8% Cultural and governmental 3.2% Retail 0.7% Religious
This is an Example of the implementation of Solidere’s Principles. It is clear how a new plan for the city center, 80% of which had been erased after the end of the war.
The Solidere
Our Site
The Solidere
Wadi Abu Jamil
-
Solidere
Together with nearby Zokak El Blatt, it has preserved buildings from the 1930-1950s, turn-of-thetwentieth-century centrally planned Lebanese houses, and Beirut's only surviving synagogue. Heritage mansions are restored to house private art and antiques collections, converted into boutique hotels, or grouped as town houses.
Solidere has initiated the design and implementation of clustered developments in Wadi Abou Jamil and Zokak El Blatt, involving infill construction together with restoration. Solidere has sold nine of these clusters together with their concepts which define the future urban and architectural character of the neighborhoods. Among these: Beirut Village 1 and Beirut Village 2, Wadi Gardens, The Courtyard, Med Invest, Stow Wadi, DBA 1, DBA 2 and DBA 3. Clusters designed and developed by other developers incluse The Pavilions and Périmètre Rue de France. The architects are sensitive to the continuity and mix of successive architectural styles in Beirut. Construction is generally planned around an internal garden courtyard. The architects draw inspiration from the traditional central hall model and enhance it by using more articulate forms and modern features. The apartments, with their private gardens and their interiors of grand standing, offer exclusive residential accommodation combining luxury, modernity and privacy.
New Waterfront Development Park
NEW WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT PARK
HERITAGE CONSERVATION GARDEN OF FORGIVENESS
WATER BEACH LIMIT ROADS
ROADS
BUILDINGS
BUILDINGS
GARDENS
GARDENS
GREEN AREAS ROAD LIMITS RESIDENTIAL AREA
GREEN AREAS GENERAL PURPOSE AREA
FUTURE PROJECTS MINA TOWER PLUS TOWERS WATERFRONT
Everybody’s right to built – even without urban management
Every landowner in Lebanon, no matter, where his property is located, may legally build houses of up to four floors on 10% to 20% of the property. The only exceptions are nature preserves and plots on Mediterranean coast. Neither binding site plans, nor public hearings are necessary to be granted a building permit. Access to public utilities, such as electricity, water, wastewater, roads is expected to be granted by the state even in remotest locations. Only about 10% of all Lebanon territory are covered by legally binding local master plans that supplants national law by specific building regulations – and about a fifth of them is still not legally binding. Moreover, although there are local zoning plans for main settlements areas – the one for Beirut is from the 1950s – such plans exist only for about 40% of current areas of urbanization. Negotiations between planning authorities, ministries, and local authorities do usually take very long because a lot of money is involved. According to the central planning authority (Direction Generale d`Urbanisme, DGU), during the years 2008 and 2009 only two new local master plans were submitted for review. After more than ten years, half of the plans are still work in progress. As there has been a freeze on recruitment for ministries and authorities since 1995, it is very unlikely that, in the short term, much will change about Lebanon`s “lack of plan”.
Lack of basic data During the civil war years, almost all systems of data gathering collapsed. Up to the present day, Lebanon`s statistics agency is fighting an uphill struggle to create a reliable collection of data for the country. As the last census took place in 1932, the statistics agency can only work with estimations based on registered buildings, household numbers and voter registers. Yet, these do not reflect actual population figures as people who moved or migrated are still being listed. A new census is nowhere in sight, as it might threaten Lebanon`s fragile confessional balance and political status quo. To date, about a third of Lebanon does not have a land register. Only Beirut, the coastal area, the agricultural areas in the Bekaa Valley, and a narrow strip along the road to Damascus are on a land register. Many areas affected by the current boom in construction such as Mount Lebanon, the area between Beirut and Sidon in the South and up North to Batroun do not have a land register.
Planned green Spaces
The advantages of having this done on a large scale are many. Better R[\JHQ OHYHOV DQG D KHDOWK\ HQYLURQPHQW LV WKH ÀUVW WKDW FRPHV WR mind, but also a layer of trees will provide shade and accordingly soften the increasingly hot and arid climate, which in turn would lead to a lower level of energy consumption. Moreover, semi public green spaces will be created for the respective residents of each building, increasing even further the quality of living within the city itself. On the other hand, depending on the choice of trees and plants, these gardens can evolve into a sort of urban farming, yielding a small but valuable agricultural output. Beirut is a concrete and pollution mayhem. Ironically, the high pollution levels are not caused by the industries that we do not have, by the crippled political system, by armed militias or by foreign interferences, but instead, it is a problem from within the populace itself, which has proven throughout the years to be uncooperative and inconsiderate towards its surrounding, to the extent of rejecting the mere idea of replacing the Humvee with a smaller car, or the “blasphemy” of riding a bike to work. Beirut Wonder Forest, by StudioInvisible Type:Conceptual Proposal Location:Beirut Architect:Wassim Melki
Plus Towers
Project Overview PLUS TOWERS is a prestigious project, strategically located in the heart of Beirut central district, and developed according to SOLIDERE’s international standards for today’s living and tomorrow’s investment. The project is comprised RI WZR WRZHUV 3OXV 7RZHU SURYLGLQJ FRQYHQLHQFH DQG OX[XU\ IRU DOO WKRVH VHHNLQJ UHÀQHG OLYLQJ (DFK WRZHU FRQVLVWV RI WZR UHWDLO DQG UHVLGHQWLDO ÁRRUV Type: Residential / Retail Concept Design Architect: Arquitectonica - Miami Local Architect: Erga Group Master Developer: Solidere
TOWER – 486 MINA EL HOSN – BEIRUT by LAN Architecture
TOWER
CLUSTER HOUSES TOWER AND CLUSTER HOUSES
A Vision : Street Lighting Master Plan
Intentions: 1-Pedestrains and motorists safety. 2- Network technical specifications 3- International lighting guidlines 4- Energy effiency. 5- Environmental Performance 6- Revitalizing Urban public space 7- Comfortable urban environment.
Proposed Nightscape Lighting Strategies By Sarah Yassine, Urban Planner September 2012
Implementation of project: This will enhance public urban space and its usage. Enhance way-finding and place making. Could have the potential to become architectural guidlines.
4.The Urban Context Abdo – Saad
TYPICAL FRENCH PLANNING MARTYS’S SQUARE
FRENCH PLANNING - ARABIC PATTERN RAS BEIRUT
ARABIC CLUSTER PLANNING
GRID SYSTEM FRENCH RADIAL PLANNING
GRID - ARMENIAN PLANNING ARD JALLOUL BURJ HAMMOUD TYPICAL ARABIC PLANNING
CITY CENTER
BUILDING MASS
LOTS
SAMIR KASIR SQUARE NEJME SQUARE
STUDY AREA
MARTYR’S SQUARE KHALIL GEBRAN PARK
USJ CAMPUS
ROADS
MAIN VOIDS
28,596 sqm
1,400 sqm STUDY AREA & SURROUNDING LOTS
WAYGAND STREET
SALIM SALAM STREET
HAMRA STREET
GEMAYZE STREET
ASHRAFIEH STREET
BECHARA EL KHOORY STREET
WAYGAND STREET WA
25
GEMAYZE STREET GE
ASHRAFIEH STREET ASH
BECH BEC CHARA EL KHOORY STREET C
RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
9
SALIM SALAM STREET SAL
OFFICES
OFFICES
RESIDENTIAL
10
HAMRA STREET
40
60
WAYGAND STREET WA
25
GEMAYZE STREET GE
ASHRAFIEH STREET ASH
B C BECH BEC CHARA EL KHOORY STREET
OFFICES
5 9 6
SALIM SALAM STREET
RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
10
HAMRA STREET HA
40
25
GEMAYZE STREET GE
ASHRAFIEH STREET ASH
BECH BEC CHARA EL KHOORY STREET C
12
WAYGAND STREET
OFFICES
10
SALIM SALAM STREET SAL
HAMRA STREET HA
40
WAYGAND STREET WA
GEMAYZE STREET GE
ASHRAFIEH STREET ASH
BECHARA EL KHOORY STREET
RESIDENTIAL
12 12
SALIM SALAM STREET SAL
RESIDENTIAL
10
HAMRA STREET HA
25
60
WAYGAND STREET WA
GEMAYZE STREET GE
ASHRAFIEH STREET
B C BECH BEC CHARA EL KHOORY STREET
RESIDENTIAL
8 8
RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
MIXED USE
RESIDENTIAL
10
SALIM SALAM STREET SAL
40
25
WAYGAND STREET WA
GEMAYZE STREET
ASHRAFIEH STREET ASH
B C BECH BEC CHARA EL KHOORY STREET
6
SALIM SALAM STREET SAL
RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
10
HAMRA STREET HA
25
200m
120m
210m
320m
400m
40
25
MIXED USE
10
10
10
40
25
RESIDENTIAL
4 12
RESIDENTIAL
OFFICES
OFFICES
10
60
40
25
INDUSTRIAL
RESIDENTIAL
10
9 9 9 9 5
PANORAMIC VIEW OF AREA SURROUNDING SITE
SKYLINE OF AREA SURROUNDING SITE SHOWING RELATION BETWEEN MASS & VOID
PANORAMIC VIEW OF AREA SURROUNDING SITE
SKYLINE OF AREA SURROUNDING SITE SHOWING RELATION BETWEEN MASS & VOID
VIEW OF SITE FROM SOUTH-WEST
VIEW OF SITE FROM NORTH-EAST
VIEW FROM SITE TOWARDS EAST
VIEW FROM SITE TOWARDS WEST
5.Exising Typologies Bitar – Chahoud
Empty Lots Vs. Built Lots
78500
22500
10300
6450
60000
13700
38000
13500
12600
30000
33000
12500
10000
9000
9000
8000
7800
6400
6200
5500
5300
4000
11800
11600
7000
2500
7000
2000
Empty Lots
10000
2500
2000
1700
1500
1350
1300
1300
1250
1200
1200
1100
1100
1000
1000
1100
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900
800
800
700
800
600
600
650
450
450
400
350
300
Built Lots
250
165
Buildings Date
Mid 15th Century Early 19th Century
Mid 19th Century Late 19th Century
Early 20th Century Mid 20th Century
Late 20th Century Early 21st Century
Buildings Functions
Port E Empty Lots
Residential O Office and Commercial
Hotels G Governmental
Mosques C Churches
Educational
Distributions of different types
Type C and D Type E and F
Type A and B
Type A bedroom
kitchen
Toilet
bedroom
Reception
bedroom
1st Circulation Bedroom Living Room Kitchen W.C Entrance kitchen
bedroom
Toilet
bedroom
Storage
Reception
bedroom
GF
Type A is a 2 floor central hall house used for residential purpose with the entrance from one side and the rooms arranged around the centrl room
Type B
KITCHEN
Reception
Bedroom
Reception
Bedroom
TOILET
Bedroom
Storage Ci Circulation Bedroom Living Room Kitchen W.C Entrance
Type B is a 2 floor central hall house with the upper floor used for residential purpose and the lower floor used for storage and later for commercial purpose
Type C
Bedroom
Reception
Kitchen
Bedroom
Reception
Bedroom
Reception
toilet
Bedroom
Circulation Bedroom Living Room Kitchen W.C Entrance
Type C is a 2 floor central hall house with the upper floor used for residential purpose, the differences here is that the central extends to the four sides of the house instead of one side.
Type D
Gallery
Toilet
kitchen
Bedroom
rECEPTION
Toilet
Bedroom
rECEPTION
rECEPTION
Bedroom
Bedroom
Gallery
Gallery
Gallery Ci Circulation Bedroom Living Room
1st
Kitchen W.C Entrance Gallery
Toilet
kitchen
Bedroom
rECEPTION
Toilet
Bedroom
rECEPTION
rECEPTION
Bedroom
Bedroom
Gallery
Gallery alle
gf
Type D is a 2 floor Gallery house with the gallery extending on the four sides of the house. The house makes use of the gallery from one door while the other rooms make use of it only by windows. this gallery provide sun and rain protection plus it provides a large balcony.
4m
Residential
4m
Residential
5m
Gemmayzeh Street
C Commercial
Type E
Circulation Bedroom Living Room Kitchen W.C Entrance
Type F
Circulation Bedroom Living Room Kitchen W.C Entrance
4.5 m
Offices O
3m
Offices O
4m
Offices O
4m
Offices O
4.5 m
Urugway Street
Commercial C
Waygand Street
3m 3m
4m
3m
4m
3m
4m
3m 3m
4m
Offices
3m
4m
3m
Hotel
3m
5m
3m
Old Typology And New Typology Between the old and the new we can analyze and conclude that the building typology change according to the needs and privacy of the people.This is clearly seen in the new houses were the rooms are put at the end of the house and access is provided by a corridor. however in the old type the rooms were open towards the living room.
bedroom
kitchen
Toilet
bedroom
Reception
Circulation Bedroom Living Room Kitchen W.C Entrance
bedroom
Old Typology And New Typology anothe thing which changed over time is the number and position of toilets, The toilets were first put outside the house and there was no need for more than two, but in the new type the number increased.
KITCHEN
Reception
Bedroom
Reception
Bedroom
TOILET
Bedroom
Circulation Bedroom Living Room Kitchen W.C Entrance
Elevations 80m 70m 60 60m 50m 40m 30m 20m 10m 5m
Type A Late 19th Century
Type B Late 19th Century
Type C Late 19th Century
Type D Late 19th Century
Type E Late 21th Century
80m 70m 60m 50m 40m 30m 20m 10m
Parlement
St Georges Catheral
Gemayze Residential Buildings
Mohammad Al Amine Mosque
Holiday Inn Hotel
Mid 19th Century
Late 19th Century
Late 19th Century
Early 20th century
Mid 20th Century
Type F Late 21th Century
Arches
Column Capitals
Corbels
Corbels
Added Floors After 90s
Venice influence The exeptional xee Position which venetian architecture holds in europe is to due to .impulses from the east Therefore the similarities between lebanese and venetian architecture are not indicative of direct venetian influence but rather due to a common spirit of two traditions which are subject to similar influences and conditions such as security, attractive surroundings, the need for ventilation, and a developed stone masonary .technique Hence the openings of building to the outside and the dominance of arches in the facade
6.Infrastructures Nasser (Hussam) – Nasser (Hussein)
Main Roads
Public Transportation
Study Area
Lots Diagram The surrounding of Beirut Central District is condensed and lacking empty lots in contrary to the BCD and the waterfront .
Blocks Diagram The City center is composed of buildings with different scales , functions and history. In the DownTown the organization of the buildings differs from its surrounding.
Public Spaces Diagram The City center is composed of a variety of public spaces and its surrounding is suffering from the lack of these areas.
Circulation Diagram The City center is equipped with a 3.6 km ring road comprising 3 major axes bordering it, 8.4 km of primary roads and 16.6 of secondary roads and pedestrian streets.
Parking Infrastructure Diagram The City center contains a big number of parking. Some of the parking are public other are private.
Public Spaces Infrastructure Diagram The City center is composed of a variety of public spaces and its surrounding is suffering from the lack of these areas.
Landmarks infrastructure Diagram The City center is composed of a variety of public spaces and its surrounding is suffering from the lack of these areas.
Beirut Port Diagram
The port of Beirut has a total area of 1.2 million sqm and has 4 basins and 16 quays. The free zone includes 3 industrial buildings with warehouses covering a total area of 32 400 sqm.
Charles Helou Diagram
The Charles Helou Station connects Lebanon from the North to the South and it consists of 3 floors with a total area of 64 000 sqm. The ground floor contains 52 parking spaces for busses. As for the 1st and 2nd floor they contain 195 and 300 parking spaces respectively but it
Charles Helou Study
Pedestrian Street Study
Fouad Chehab Highway A barrier in the city, separating the central district from its surrounding.
7.Perceptual Analysis Al Gharib – Mortada – Samadi
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8.Photo Reportage Ezzeddine – Jaber – Shaito
Index : o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Sites for analysis Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Skyline of the city Scale and Dimensions Religious Buildings Archaeological sites Greenery Activities Monuments Walkways Streets and Sidewalks Typology/facades Doors Materials
Sites For Analysis
3
2 b a
1 2
1 a
1
2
3 b
Site 1 Analysis : b
b
b
a a
1
Site Photos
b b
Panoramic View
Site 2 Analysis : b
b
b
a
2 a
Site Photos : b
Panoramic View
b
Site 3 Analysis : a
b
3
b
a b a
Site Photos : b
Panoramic View
City Skyline (a)
City Skyline (b)
a
b
Scale and Dimension
Religious Buildings 1
3
7
2
4
8
1- Mohammad Al-Amine Mosque 2- St. George Maronite Cathedral 5/6
3- St. George Orthodox Cathedral 4- El-Omari Mosque 5- Amir Assaf Mosque 6- Mansour Assaf Mosque 7- Eben Iraq Mosque 8- St. George â&#x20AC;&#x201C; St. Ellie Armenian Catholic Church
Archaeological Sites
Archaeological Site 1
Archaeological Site 2
Archaeological Site 3
Archaeological Site 5
Archaeological Site 4
Public Parks
Private Parks
Greenery along the sidewalk
Greenery used for decoration
Past Activities
Present Activities
Monuments
Martyrs Statue : Monument 1
Samir Qasir Statue : Monument 2
Clock Tower : Monument 4
Horse Statue : Monument 3
Covered walkways
Opened walkways
Streets and Sidewalks
Typology/facades
9.Social Mapping Gebeily â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Zakhem
Index
Social mapping
1-Map of neighboorhood a) Hamra
b) Down Town
c) Achrafieh
Functions Day/Night Users Functions Day/Night Users Functions Day/Night Users
2-Map of Public spaces a) Corniche
Functions Users
b) Bois des pins
Functions Users
c) Sanayeh Garden
Functions Users
d) Sioufi Garden
Functions Users
3-Comparison of the neighbourhoods diagrams 4-Comparison of the public spaces diagrams 5-Conclusion
CORNICHE HAMRA
DOWNTOWN
ACHRAFIEH SANAYAH GARDEN
SIOUFI GARDEN
NEIGHBURHOOD PUBLLIC SPACE
BOIS DES PAINS
HAMRA
AUB IC
Abdel Aziz street Jeanne dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;arc street
German school
Bliss street
AUH Pubs
Makdessi street Hamra street Emile Edde street Restaurants
Bookshop
Dorms
LAU
Religious buildings
FUNCTIONS DIAGRAM
RELIGION DIAGRAM
USERS DIAGRAM
HAMRA
HAMRA TRAFFIC
Dora Highway BCD
Hamra
Gemmeyze
Dora Highway BCD
Hamra
DAY
Gemmeyze
NIGHT
TRAFFIC DIAGRAM
HAMRA DAY/NIGHT LIFE BIEL
URUGWAY
HAMRA
PLACE DE Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ETOILE
GEMMAYZE
NEIGHBOURHOOD NIGHTLIFE
DAY
NIGHT
DAY/NIGHT DIAGRAM
DOWNTOWN
FUNCTIONS DIAGRAM
USERS DIAGRAM
RELIGION DIAGRAM
DOWNTOWN DOWNTOWN TRAFFIC
Dora Highway BCD
Hamra
Gemmeyze
Dora Highway BCD
Hamra
Gemmeyze
DAY
NIGHT
TRAFFIC DIAGRAM
PLACE DE L’ETOILE AND BIEL DAY/NIGHT LIFE
BIEL
URUGWAY DAY/NIGHT LIFE
URUGWAY
HAMRA
PLACE DE L’ETOILE
GEMMAYZE
DAY
NIGHT
DAY/NIGHT DIAGRAM NEIGHBOURHOOD NIGHTLIFE
DAY
NIGHT
DAY/NIGHT DIAGRAM
Visitors of Place de lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;etoile during the week Pair with Children 1%
F with Children 1%
Group M/F 3% Children 2%
Group F 1% Group M 3% Pair M/F 7% Pair F 5%
Single M 53% Pair M 8%
Single F 16%
Visitors of Place de lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;etoile during the weekend M with Children 2%
Children 3%
F with Children 5%
Pair with Children 10%
Single M 25%
Group M/F 7% Group F 3%
Single F 11%
Group M 4%
Pair M 10% Pair M/F 12%
Pair F 8%
Interviews The first core area in interviews lay in young people‘s connection to Lebanon and its capital. All interviewees were born in Beirut and see the city as their home. They connect it with their personal relationships, more precisely with their family ties, friends and neighbours for example. One of the interviewees does currently not live in Lebanon herself, but claims she seeks to maintain the connection to her homeland. In connection with her academic background in Urban Design she therefore has launched various websites concerned with public space in Beirut. One of the interviewees describes his bond with :Beirut like this “I'm from Beirut. I've lived here all my lifetime. [...] Was born here, in Beirut. So, I love Beirut a lot. It's in my blood. Really” interviewees stated they thought many Lebanese lacked awareness for their environment as inconsiderate littering was visible all over the city. With all .these environmental issues, public spaces like Nejmeh Square were conceived as “escapes” by some young people It's so social, many people. You know, when you see a lot of people, you love the place. You want to go to the place to see the people. People are” ”.happy in this place. Maybe they escape from other places where people are sad, poor something like this. We come here for more happiness “.?I: “Well, what do you like most, is it a place to sit, or just that you see people This road“is a clean road” (Even the lights are clean!” (pointing to street lights outside”
When asked for his ideal in public space, one of the interviewees declared he thought New York was the best role model he personally knew, as the people there aim to change to other methods of energy, to clean methods, you know, to get rid of oil and relying on things that pollute the…” ”environment
Do you feel that nejmeh square is a true public space Yes, well, there isn't a lot of true public space. Like even here it doesn't feel public 'cause you've got private secu-” “.rity all around
ACHRAFIEH EXPENSIVE APPARTMENTS
SAIFI RMEIL
RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS GEMAYZEH
EDUCATION
SURSOCK
CHARLES MALEK
ST. NICHOLAS
Sagesse school
SASSINE SQUARE
Sagesse university
ABC MALL SHOPPING CENTER
TABARIS
SAINT NICHOLAS GARDEN MAR MITR Huvelin
MONOT
CHARLES MALEK STREET
FURN AL HAYEK
GOURAUD STREET
ABD AL WAHAB
PASTEUR STREET SODECO
ALFRED NACCACHE STREET
ACHRAFIEH
Nazareth
SASSINE
FUNCTIONS DIAGRAM
USERS DIAGRAM
RELIGION DIAGRAM
ACHRAFIEH ACHRAFIEH TRAFFIC
Dora Highway BCD
Hamra
Gemmeyze
Dora Highway BCD
Hamra
Gemmeyze
DAY
NIGHT
TRAFFIC DIAGRAM GEMMAYZE DAY/NIGHT LIFE BIEL
URUGWAY
HAMRA
PLACE DE Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ETOILE
GEMMAYZE
NEIGHBOURHOOD NIGHTLIFE
DAY
NIGHT
DAY/NIGHT LIFE DIAGRAM
Corniche: a high urban setting
Corniche path
Public toilets CORNICHE TRAFFIC
Dora Highway Hamra
BCD Gemmeyze
Dora Highway Hamra
BCD
Gemmeyze
DAY
NIGHT
TRAFFIC DIAGRAM
Different activities from both sides of the Corniche corniche
corniche
50
40
30
20
10
Promenade Women
Promenade Men
Sport Activities Men
Sport ActivitiesWomen
0
Users of the Corniche come from thevarious districts of Beirut and its suburbs, but especially from the western part The Corniche is therefore a place of intense social activities from sunrise until the last hours of the night. It is now a public scene of Beirut from all social classes and religious backgrounds
Bois des Pins: looking for a new identity
Bois des pins
The largest public green space in Beirut covers 30 hectares. At the intersection of three urban areas, West Beirut, East Beirut and the southern suburbs, is situated on the old line of the city during the .long years of war Legends say that it was a sacred grove dedicated to the goddess Astarte, four thousand years ago. At that time, the natural boundary of pines extended from the shore to the mountains of Lebanon Green line
West Beirut
East Beirut
Hypodrome of beirut
Bois des pins
Southern suburbs
Bois des pins was divided into several zones and multiple and different uses, during the Ottoman era they built the club Azmi, a casino, and a racetrack in the West. The public park Bois des Pins in 1900 took a new identity as a park with fence Then the casino and the old park were transformed into residence of the Ambassador of France with its own private garden, the residence of Pines. The racecourse still hosts horse racing, and what remains of the old wood was burned during the war The park was redeveloped during the reconstruction in 1992 by the French landscape architect Jacques Sgard The concept of this project was to recreate the landscape pine forest on slopes and artificial hills to animate the space, with an open-air theater, playgrounds,and an oasis with palm trees This popular place before the war was a key meeting place of different social and religious groups in the population of Beirut, especially during festivals and celebrations Le Bois des Pins, designed as a symbol of the possible reunion of the two parts of Beirut and its suburbs, could represent a hope for the coexistence of communities or a desire to reconcile them even if its implementation is abortive. Its prolonged closure since 1996 in fact leaves suggests that this symbolic reconciliation is delayed
Sanayeh garden: a garden for families
Playground area
Space walks and activities for adults
Sanayeh garden
a space for rest and contemplation for adults.
80
Promenade Activity
Contemplation 15
70 12
60 50
9 40 30
6
20 3 10 0
Men
Women
0
Men
Women
50
Couples 40 35
40 30 25
30
20
20
15 10
10 5 0
0
Promenade
nantly Christian neighborhood, it covers an area of 20 000 m2. This public garden was laid out in 1960 on a hill. That is why it consists of several levels connected by stairs and 100
Contemplation
W in Group W with Family M in Group
Frequentation 25
His organization is irregular. it is composed of a central square planted with trees in the center of this square, rectangular grassed area of 15 x 10 meters is surrounded by trees and benches. The central square, you can access the . This garden is known in Beirut for the garden lover. Cou-
80 20
60
15
40
10
20
5
0
0
Beirut West
Beirut East
W in couple
M in couple
COMPARISON OF THE NEIGHBURHOOD DIAGRAMS SAIFI RMEIL GEMAYZEH
AUB SURSOCK
IC
CHARLES MALEK
ST. NICHOLAS
German school
Sagesse school
TABARIS AUH Pubs
MAR MITR Huvelin
MONOT
FURN AL HAYEK ABD AL WAHAB
SODECO
ACHRAFIEH
LAU Nazareth
SASSINE
COMPARISON OF THE NEIGHBURHOOD DIAGRAMS BIEL
URUGWAY
HAMRA
PLACE DE L’ETOILE
GEMMAYZE
NEIGHBOURHOOD NIGHTLIFE
ACHRAFIEH TRAFFIC
DOWNTOWN TRAFFIC
HAMRA TRAFFIC
DAY
DAY
NIGHT
DAY
DAY
NIGHT
NIGHT
GEMMAYZE DAY/NIGHT LIFE
PLACE DE L’ETOILE AND BIEL DAY/NIGHT LIFE
HAMRA DAY/NIGHT LIFE
DAY
NIGHT
NIGHT
DAY
NIGHT
Conclusion Hamra
Muslim Area There are more students in Hamra than in other ditricts Traffic day and night /crowded area Hamra is a city inside a city due to its diversity commercial,economical and sociological
Down Town Mixed Area workers and foreigners coming to work Traffic during the day and at night on the weekends Commercial area rather than residential
Ashrafieh Christian Area residential area families/old people Traffic during the day and night really crowded area commercial and work space during the day heavy nightlife city inside a city