Shivani Mahadik - 5 Environmental (Experiential) Architecture for Stress Relief, Alibag-Thesis by shivani mahadik

Harmonizing Holistically Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of

Bachelor of Architecture by

MAHADIK SHIVANI SURESH 2016PA0042

Guide:

Prof. MADHURIMA DAS

Pillai College of Architecture, New Panvel.

University of Mumbai 2020-2021

Thesis Approval for B.Arch.

This dissertation titled Harmonizing Holistically __________________________________________________

by MAHADIK SHIVANI SURESH

is approved for the degree of Bachelor of Architecture.

Examiners

1.---------------------------------------------

2.--------------------------------------------Date: Place:

University of Mumbai

MAHATMA EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

PILLAI COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE Dr. K. M. Vasudevan Pillais’ Campus, 10, Sector-16, New Panvel. – 410 206

Certificate This is to certify that the project titled “Harmonizing Holistically” is the bona-fide work of “MAHADIK SHIVANI SURESH” 2016PA0042

Of the Semester IX of Pillai’s College of Architecture and was carried out in the college under my guidance during academic year 2020-21 Signature of Guide:

Name of Guide: MADHURIMA DAS

Dr. Sudnya Mahimkar Principal

Date: 3

Declaration I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism and I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

----------------------------------------(Signature)

MAHADIK SHIVANI SURESH 2016PA0042 Date:

Acknowledgement The work presented in this thesis would not have been possible without my close association with many people. I take this opportunity to extend my sincere gratitude and appreciation to all those who made this thesis possible. Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Thesis Guide, Prof. Madhurima Das for providing me with her invaluable knowledge during the course of this research. I also thank her for the continuous support, patience, motivation and enthusiasm at the time of research and writing of this thesis. I Thank my Parents, family members, friends for their support, guidance, help all throughout my learning. Thank you All.

ABSTRACT

Today everyone wants happiness, but very few can understand that its experience is very deeper and of a spiritual motive. But unfortunately, we think it's external. We engrossed by influences of the material world in our lives, with little importance given to Inner/Mental wellbeing which is the stronger base, required to achieve success or to fulfill our responsibilities. Even though mental illness could be cured or treated, most of the people tend to sweep their issues and suffer in silence. But when it comes to physical health people are so conscious today about superfoods, keto diets, workouts, but when it comes to mental wellbeing, the awareness isn’t there. But unfortunately, the support for people suffering from mental health is very low, they are mostly termed crazy, mad, careless. In India, we see a tremendous rise in mental health problems just like any other country, despite getting a planned budget every year (which is never implemented to fullest). Today if we see the preferences for this treatment it is more for complementary and alternative medicines, where a considerable rise is seen for meditation, yoga, Ayurveda which are some of the Indian Healing practices. Countries like the U.S have already started investments in these practices, but Indians have yet to find its benefits and implement them. The approach that this practice provides is holistic, where the entire body is one entity and treated as a whole. Thus, this thesis aims to understand the significance, benefits of Indian Healing Practices for treating mental health, and draw an architectural solution inspired by its age-old system of practicing it in and around 5 elements of nature (Air, Water, Fire, Sky, Earth).

| Contents CHAPTER 1- Literature review......................................................................................... 16 ( I ) MENTAL HEALTH ................................................................................................... 16 ( A ) Stages in Mental health ....................................................................................... 16 ( B ) Prevalence of mental disorders over other disorders .......................................... 17 ( II ) Problem with current Medication Systems .............................................................. 20 ( A ) Treatments .......................................................................................................... 20 ( III ) Indian Healing Practices........................................................................................ 22 ( IV ) Architectural Healing ............................................................................................. 29 ( A ) Practice in Ancient India ...................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 2- Architectural elements FOR MENTAL wellbeing ........................................ 32 ( I ) 5 elemental approach to Mental wellbeing ............................................................... 32 ( II ) In Ancient Indian Architecure .................................................................................. 33 ( A ) FIRE .................................................................................................................... 33 ( A ) AIR ...................................................................................................................... 35 ( B ) EARTH ................................................................................................................ 37 ( C ) WATER ............................................................................................................... 39 ( D ) SPACE ................................................................................................................ 40 ( III ) Current Trends around the Globe.......................................................................... 44 ( A ) AIR ...................................................................................................................... 44 ( B ) LIGHT.................................................................................................................. 46 ( C ) WATER BODIES ................................................................................................. 51 ( D ) EARTH ................................................................................................................ 52 ( E ) SPACE ................................................................................................................ 54 CHAPTER 3- USER STUDY ............................................................................................ 57 ( I ) INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 57 ( II ) SURVEY METHODS .............................................................................................. 57 7

( III ) SURVEY RESULTS .............................................................................................. 57 ( B ) SURVEY-A .......................................................................................................... 58 ( A ) Work environments. ............................................................................................ 58 ( C ) Indian Healing Practices (IHP). ........................................................................... 58 ( D ) Comfortable environment. ................................................................................... 60 ( E ) Programme period ............................................................................................... 60 ( IV ) Survey B. ............................................................................................................... 61 ( A ) Combination of Treatments for Mentally ill patient .............................................. 62 ( B ) Activities they should indulge .............................................................................. 62 ( C ) Architectural Spaces ........................................................................................... 62 ( D ) Comfortable Surroundings .................................................................................. 63 ( E ) Connection with people ....................................................................................... 63 ( V ) SURVEY CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4- CASE STUDIES ......................................................................................... 65 ( I ) SHREYAS RETREAT, BENGALURU, INDIA ........................................................... 65 ( A ) Site response ...................................................................................................... 66 ( B ) Planning .............................................................................................................. 67 ( C ) Interiors ............................................................................................................... 69 ( D ) Technical aspects ............................................................................................... 70 ( E ) Critical analysis ................................................................................................... 70 ( F ) Inference –........................................................................................................... 71 ( II ) QUIET HEALING, AUROVILLE, INDIA .................................................................. 72 ( A ) Site response ...................................................................................................... 72 ( B ) Planning .............................................................................................................. 74 ( C ) Technical aspects ............................................................................................... 75 ( D ) Critical analysis ................................................................................................... 76 ( E ) Inference ............................................................................................................. 76 ( III ) DHARAMSHALA YOGA RETREAT, HIMACHAL PRADESH ............................... 77 8

( A ) Site response ...................................................................................................... 78 ( B ) Planning .............................................................................................................. 79 ( C ) Interiors ............................................................................................................... 82 ( D ) Critical analysis ................................................................................................... 83 ( E ) Inference ............................................................................................................. 83 ( IV ) ISHA YOGA CENTRE, TAMILNADU .................................................................... 84 ( A ) Site response ...................................................................................................... 84 ( B ) Planning .............................................................................................................. 85 ( C ) Interiors || ............................................................................................................ 91 ( D ) Critical analysis – ................................................................................................ 91 ( E ) Inference – .......................................................................................................... 91 ( V ) Comparative Analysis ............................................................................................. 93 ( A ) MASSING - HORIZONTAL ................................................................................. 93 ( B ) MASSING VERTICAL ......................................................................................... 94 ( C ) GROUND COVER .............................................................................................. 95 ( D ) BUILT MASS ....................................................................................................... 96 ( E ) INCORPORATING NATURE .............................................................................. 97 ( F ) INCORPORATING WATER BODY ..................................................................... 98 ( G ) OPENINGS ......................................................................................................... 99 ( H ) CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ........................................................................ 100 CHAPTER 5- Area programe ......................................................................................... 101 CHAPTER 6- SITE IDENTIFICATION............................................................................ 104 ( I ) PHYSCIAL SETTING ............................................................................................. 104 ( II ) ALIBAG ................................................................................................................. 104 ( III ) HEALING HUBS AROUND ALIBAG ................................................................... 104 ( IV ) ALIBAG ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................... 105 ( V ) SITES IDENTIFIED .............................................................................................. 106 ( VI ) SITE SELECTION ............................................................................................... 106 9

( I ) LOCATION ............................................................................................................. 108 CHAPTER 7- SITE ANALYSIs ....................................................................................... 108 ( II ) UTILITY ................................................................................................................ 109 ( III ) CLIMATE ............................................................................................................. 110 ( A ) SUNPATH ......................................................................................................... 110 ( B ) WIND................................................................................................................. 110 ( C ) TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION .......................................................... 111 ( D ) HUMIDITY ......................................................................................................... 112 ( IV ) NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT .......................................................................... 112 ( V ) SITE AND ZONING .............................................................................................. 113 ( A ) SITE BOUNDARIES DIMENSION .................................................................... 113 ( B ) BUILDABLE AREA – ......................................................................................... 114 ( C ) ACCESS TO SITE ............................................................................................ 114 ( VI ) NATURAL FEATURES........................................................................................ 115 ( A ) TOPOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 115 ( B ) VEGETATION ................................................................................................... 116 ( VII ) CIRCULATION ................................................................................................... 118 ( VIII ) SENSORY ........................................................................................................ 118 ( A ) VIEWS............................................................................................................... 118 ( B ) SOUNDS ........................................................................................................... 119 ( C ) SMELLS ............................................................................................................ 120 CHAPTER 8- Bibliography ............................................................................................. 121

| Table of Figures Figure 1 Stage focused in the research(Author) .................................................................. 16 Figure 2 Prevalence by mental and substance disorders , World,2017 ((IHME), 2018) ...... 17 Figure 3 Mental Health statistics India (TLLLF, 2018) ......................................................... 18 Figure 4 Mental Awarness in Major 8 cities in India (TLLLF, 2018) ..................................... 18 Figure 5 analysis on the statements based on attitude towards mental illness (TLLLF, 2018) ............................................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 6 10 most common cam therapies among adults 2007 (RichardL.Nahin, PatriciaM.Barnes, & Bloom, 2007) ...................................................................................... 20 Figure 7 Perceptions on various CAM Figure 8 Recommendation for CAM therapies among the study practices among doctor (Kong FH, 2013) population. (Kong FH, 2013) ............................................................................................... 21 Figure 9 Change in the life orientation/attitude, self-perceptions, and yoga over time. (White, 2014) ................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 10 Comparison of moods POMS (Profile of Mood States) for aerobics and yoga. ... 24 Figure 11 Use of Meditation among U.S adults- Marked 8%(18million) used meditation (Services, 2015) .................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 12 Changes in trait brainwave power and coherence, state, and trait anxiety after three-month transcendental meditation (TM) practice. (Tomljenović Helena , Begić Dražen , & Maštrović Zora., 2016) ..................................................................................................... 27 Figure 13 Compared to the no chanting resting state, religious chanting induced lower HRV total power (TP), as well as lower power in the high frequency (HF) and very-low-frequency (VLF) components of HRV (Gao, 2019) .............................................................................. 27 Figure 14 Chakras and their respective colors in Chromotherapy ....................................... 28 Figure 15 Hindu Temple and Human body (Sharmila, 2015) .............................................. 30 Figure 16 THE CONCEPT: - VASTUPURASHAMANDALA Figure 17 Panchmahabhootas – The 5 Elements of VastuShastra ............................................................................ 31 Figure 18 Ajanta caves interiors .......................................................................................... 33 Figure 19 Hoysaleswara Temple of Shiva. Figure 20 Inner mantapa of the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi Looking through Mandapam towards entrance .......... 34 Figure 21 Plans of Brihadeshvara (Mukherji, 2001) ........................................................... 35 Figure 22 Khajuraho, Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh Figure 23 Somnathpur Temple ,Mysore .............................................................................................. 36 Figure 24 North East Wall Kedareshwara Temple Halebid Karnataka Figure 25 Jali window kopeshwar temple, Kolhapur, Maharashtra ................................................. 36 Figure 26 Reverberant sound fields with sound source in (a) Garbha-Griha and in (b) Ardha-Mantapa. (Prasad & Rajavel, 2013).......................................................................... 38 Figure 27 Brihadisvara Temple , Tamil Nadu built with granite stone.................................. 39 Figure 28 Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple, Madurai water tank .................................... 40 Figure 29 Use of Sacred geometry in the plan sections of Indian Temple Architecture, based on the geometries of seven chakras. ........................................................................ 41 11

Figure 30 Plans halls from Mukhamandapa to Garbhagriha - a.Shrine alone, b.Shrine with porch, c.Shrine with Antarala and porch, d.Sarvatobhadra shrine with four entrances (Hardy, 2007) ...................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 31 : Evolution in the plan of projection around the halls according to Sacred Geometry - a. Simple square plan, (b-e).Square plan with simple projections,(f-i).Staggered square plan without recesses, (j-m).Staggered square plan with recesses, (n-o).Stepped diamond plan, (p-q).Stellate plan with orthogonal central projection, (r-s).Special stellate plans, (t-v).Uniform stellate plans based on rotated-square star. ........................................ 43 Figure 32 Fractal dimension of front elevation of Kandariya Mahadev Temple (Tanisha Dutta & V. S. Adane, 2018) ................................................................................................. 43 Figure 33 Jharokhas , Courtyards , Wind Catchers, Jali were some of the Traditional practices of passive colling techniques used for achieving passive cooling strategies........ 44 Figure 34 Shreyas Retreat,Banglore – Use of Brick Jaali to keep the areas cool ............... 45 Figure 35 Yoga Pavilion, Tulum – Open air Areas for Yoga Practice .................................. 45 Figure 36 Ashtanga Yoga Chile – Windows are placed around the building , at high and low levels to avoid direct exposure to sunlight and allow natural cross ventilation. ................... 46 Figure 37 UNESCO Meditation Centre by Tadao Ando – By creating a transition from bright area to dark interiors .......................................................................................................... 47 Figure 38 The Meditation Hall, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, New Delhi ..................................... 47 Figure 39 Shreyas Retreat, Bangalore ................................................................................ 48 Figure 40 Meditation Hall, Eastern China ............................................................................ 48 Figure 41 Semi open Group Yoga Areas, Shreyas Retreat ................................................ 49 Figure 42 The Sadhana Hall, Isha Yoga Centre .................................................................. 49 Figure 43 Strategies used to maintain optimum temperature inside .................................. 50 Figure 44 Section explaining the lighting techniques to create Meditative ambience .......... 50 Figure 45 Trails along the waterfront – A therapeutic Equipment ........................................ 51 Figure 46 Windhover Meditation Centre,California- Water Body at the south reflecting the surrounding Trees , is used as tool for contemplation . ....................................................... 51 Figure 47 Vana Retreat,Deharadun – Use of water around meditative spaces create cool environments ....................................................................................................................... 52 Figure 48 Use of Brick to built 21m Dia. Dhyanalinga Dome (A Multi-Religious Meditation space) ................................................................................................................................. 52 Figure 49 Use of local Material Ratan for enclosure of Private Yoga Studios. .................... 53 Figure 50 Yoga and Spa Centre – Inner patios with Green Elements by creating cutouts .. 53 Figure 51 Windhover Meditation Centre,California- Walkway with seating area around the Courtyard with existing trees . ............................................................................................. 54 Figure 52 Osho Meditation Hall,Pune – Pyramidal form used for meditation hall. .............. 55 Figure 53 Anand Villa ,Pune - meditation room with an Egyptian style pyramidal canopy, for capturing cosmic energy. .................................................................................................... 55 Figure 54 Verite Meditation Hall , Auroville – Geometric plan ............................................. 56 Figure 55 – a) Work Environment b) Surroundings Disturbances in the working typologies ............................................................................................................................................ 58

Figure 56 – a) Yoga - Awareness about Indian Healing Practices b) Percentage of people practicing yoga, or did once c)The sense of calmness, and clarity felt by users after Meditation d)Percentage of users felt the Vibrations and wished to seat for longer time at the place where chanting occurred...................................................................................... 59 Figure 57 a) Percentage of Respondents comfortable with Enclosure Spaces (spaces with more privacy) b) Comfortable Colors................................................................................... 60 Figure 58 Time period preferable for refreshment in Nature. .............................................. 61 Figure 59 – a) Practice preferred and advised for mentally ill patient by doctors b) Results observed in patients ............................................................................................................ 61 Figure 60 – a) Colors preferred for mentally ill patients b) Connections with people. ........ 62 Figure 61 – a) Volumes of spaces, which help in healing process b) Preference for Forms of Space c) Relationships with surroundings.......................................................................... 63 Figure 62 Master Plan ......................................................................................................... 66 Figure 63 Sensitive approach to design .............................................................................. 66 Figure 64 Floor Plans a)Ground Floor plan; b)Upper floor plan .......................................... 67 Figure 65 - Sections through the built form showing various spaces for Healing practices . 68 Figure 66 Use of Wood and earthy materials in the interiors and play of light achieved in the transition of spaces from Exterior to semi covered spaces ................................................. 68 Figure 67 Built form Development of Yoga area ................................................................. 69 Figure 68 Section at the sunken courtyard .......................................................................... 69 Figure 69 Play of natural light , brick jaali at one of the external facades ............................ 70 Figure 70 External Facade of the building ........................................................................... 71 Figure 71 Site plan .............................................................................................................. 72 Figure 72 Ground floor plan showing various spaces in the planning ................................. 73 Figure 73 Services .............................................................................................................. 73 Figure 74 Open spaces and linkage elements .................................................................... 74 Figure 75 Climate responsive built form .............................................................................. 75 Figure 76 View to the sea also the use of mosaic for the external cladding of dome is seen ............................................................................................................................................ 75 Figure 77 Use of earthy materials in the interiors and the exteriors .................................... 76 Figure 78 Integrated landscape with Rock garden .............................................................. 76 Figure 79 Level 1 Plan ........................................................................................................ 78 Figure 80 Level-2 Plan ........................................................................................................ 80 Figure 81 Section through the built form ............................................................................. 80 Figure 82 Yoga rooms ......................................................................................................... 81 Figure 83 Full height openings in the yoga rooms on east side .......................................... 82 Figure 84 Timber slatted walls ............................................................................................ 82 Figure 85 Solid local stone masonry on exterior walls ......................................................... 83 Figure 86 Pathways and courtyards around Existing Boulders ........................................... 83 Figure 87 Site plan at the Information Centre near the entrance ......................................... 84 Figure 88 Floor plan of the Centre....................................................................................... 85 Figure 89 Adiyogalayam...................................................................................................... 86

Figure 90 Entire campus planning with Residential and other facilities like atm's clinics , Toilets.................................................................................................................................. 86 Figure 91 Suryakunda ......................................................................................................... 87 Figure 92 Dhyanalingam ..................................................................................................... 88 Figure 93 Plan showing central Dhyanalingam dome ......................................................... 89 Figure 94 Form of Dhyana Linga Dome .............................................................................. 89 Figure 95 Sadhana Hall (Hall of prayers, chants, hymns) ................................................... 90 Figure 96 Use of granite and discarded rocks from the temple construction at the Reception and Stays ............................................................................................................................ 91 Figure 97 Chandrakunda (Women's bath) Exterior facade.................................................. 92 Figure 98 Radisson Blu Resort & Spa,Varsoli Open pavillion around a water body surrounded by amenities ................................................................................................... 104 Figure 99 Prakruti Resort ,Murud covered outdoor pavilions with adjacent swimming pool for public and landscaped gardens with sparing seating arrangements for self-immersions .......................................................................................................................................... 105 Figure 100 a) Maharashtra state with site location b) Route from Mumbai to Alibag......... 108 Figure 101 Khadtal Khadi branching out from Arabian sea, adjacent to site ..................... 108 Figure 102 Small protected area managed by Rotary Club ............................................... 109 Figure 103 Slope of the contours ...................................................................................... 109 Figure 104 Sunpath diagram for Mumbai (Tukiainen, n.d.) ............................................... 110 Figure 105 a)Wind rose diagram for Alibag b)Windspeed noted on 22 November 2020,at 4:55pm observed on the Windy mobile app (Meteoblue.com, n.d.) .................................. 110 Figure 106 Annual Temperature Chart (Meteoblue.com, n.d.) .......................................... 111 Figure 107 Temperature and Precipitation charts for Alibag (Meteoblue.com, n.d.) ......... 111 Figure 108 Annual Relative humidity chart for Alibag (weatherandclimate.com, 2009) ..... 112 Figure 109 Waterbody near the site .................................................................................. 112 Figure 110 Image captured from the site showing the bay adjacent to it, over which passes a bridge ............................................................................................................................. 113 Figure 111 Site Dimesions ................................................................................................ 113 Figure 112 Access 1......................................................................................................... 114 Figure 113 Access 2.......................................................................................................... 114 Figure 114 Panoramic view from the site showing its topography ..................................... 115 Figure 115 a) Some parts of site dug in by locals for extracting mud b) Red soil ............. 115 Figure 116 Various trees on site ....................................................................................... 116 Figure 117 Existing trees marked on site .......................................................................... 117 Figure 118 a) and b) The site is covered the dried grass, and small shrubs ..................... 117 Figure 119 West Side - Green cover with a skyline of coconut trees along the sea shore 118 Figure 120 East Side - Green cover with a skyline of coconut trees along the sea shore . 119 Figure 121 North Side - Green cover with a skyline of coconut trees along the sea shore 119 Figure 122 a) Observation measured on Sound Meter app b) Decibel chart range .......... 120

CHAPTER 1- LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter highlights 3 major areas of concern in this research 1. 2. 3. 4.

Mental Health - Depression, Stress Issues of current medication practices Indian Healing Practices and their current scenarios around the globe Architecture involved in current healing centers

The most acceptable definition of health is given by the WHO (1978): Health is the state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being, and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1978). Health thus refers to the proper functioning of the body and the mind, as well as, the capacity to participate in social activities, performing the roles

( I ) MENTAL HEALTH and abiding by the moral 4 principles. It takes into consideration the nutritional status, immunity from diseases, and better quality of social and family life. The concern is not with cure i.e., treating and preventing organic malfunctioning, but with Healing the person, i.e., regenerating a sense of well-being and fitness to deal with one’s living conditions.

( A ) Stages in Mental health Stage 1: Mild Symptoms and Warning Signs Stage 2: Symptoms Increase in Frequency and Severity and Interfere with Life Activities and Roles Stage 3: Symptoms worsen with relapsing and recurring episodes accompanied by serious disruptions in Life Activities and roles Stage 4: Symptoms are persistent and severe and have jeopardized one’s life. (Care, 2015)

The Stage 1 is to be focused in this research.

Stage 1

Stage 2

Satge 3

Stage 4

Figure 1 Stage focused in the research(Author)

The greatest power on earth is the magnificent power we all of us possess, the power is the human brain and it’s the most complex object known to us in the entire cosmos. The 16

science rapidly charts the brain’s complex structures, discoveries revealed in the biology of the functions of the brain, its coordination, and reflex actions and above all times at which it fails to work. The human brain is thus an incredible art and a centered to mental health, its improper functioning should be a priority, it should be separated from stigma and treated with equal importance as other diseases of the body. We haven’t reached there yet, but the change is underway.

( B ) Prevalence of mental disorders over other disorders Mental disorders like Anxiety disorder, depression around the globe is near 4% prevalence by mental and substance use disorder as compared to other disorders.

Figure 2 Prevalence by mental and substance disorders, World,2017 ((IHME), 2018)

[ 1 ] Current Statistics - India The chart below details the statistics on Mental Health Illness in India, and how it varies from different groups of people (the elderly, mother, corporate employees). As multiple strata of our society suffer mental illness due to either lack of attention or covered by the stigma associated with mental health.21.9% elderly,42.5% corporate employees,95% millennials aged 18-34 suffer mental health illness. A study also found the reason for highlevel mental disorder said the experts, are societal pressures and a rising sense of loneliness.

Figure 3 Mental Health statistics India (TLLLF, 2018)

Thus, India too is on the high risk of mental illness rise in the following years. [ 2 ] Awareness in India Unfortunately, Indians still need much research on the secrets already known to them, as the amount of support the people suffering from mental illness get is very low. The chart below is from TLLLF 2018-How India perceives mental illness (carried out in metro cities of India).

Figure 4 Mental Awareness in Major 8 cities in India (TLLLF, 2018)

Figure 5 analysis on the statements based on attitude towards mental illness (TLLLF, 2018)

In a survey in India (2015-16) has shown that only 10 -12% of people suffering from depression get treated in India (Survey, 2015-16).Thus, due to lack of awareness, disbelief people in India do not pay much attention to its treatment, health care facilities. [ 3 ] Most affected areas The chart below shows the prevalence of mental disorders in Urban Metro, Urban-NonMetro, Rural due to various causes Alcohol, psychotic disorder, MDD (Major depressive disorder), BPAD (Bipolar affective disorder), Neurosis. If we see total average mental disorders, they are high in Urban Metro.

( II ) Problem with current Medication Systems ( A ) Treatments [ 1 ] Around the Globe The various treatments preferred Psychotherapy or counseling, Prescription medicine, Support groups, Other therapies, ECT or other brain stimulation therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, Hospital, or residential treatment program. The prevalence of some of the Indian Healing Practices outside India, observed among the adults in 2007, is shown below.

Figure 6 10 most common cam therapies among adults 2007 (RichardL.Nahin, PatriciaM.Barnes, & Bloom, 2007)

[ 2 ] In India There exist various modes of treatment for mental illness in India, some of which are National and some are community or state based. Some of them are quality improvement of mental health programs, community‑based mental health programs, non‑specialist care programs, mobile technology‑based mental health programs ways and many more. But their use, efficiency extensively depends on the knowledge about their availability also their promotion from allopathic doctors or any other medicinal practioners, as CAM ((Complementary and Alternative Medicine) may enhance the disease outcome if appropriately used along with allopathic medicine (Tabish, 2008). In a survey where the percentage of recommending or using CAM was found out, it showed that despite having high awareness and welcoming attitudes, the use of CAM among allopathic doctors was at low levels. They are less likely to seek CAM therapy or to recommend it to others (Kong FH, 2013).

Figure 7 Perceptions on various CAM among doctor (Kong FH, 2013)

Figure 8 Recommendation for CAM therapies among the study practices population. (Kong FH, 2013)

As the use of CAM or any Ancient Indian Healing practices is limited due to the causes discussed earlier. A study on the use of Yoga practices in rural and urban areas highlights that only 11.8% of the Indian Population practices Yoga. Thus, many opt for conventional medicinal treatment in India. Conventional medicine refers to the standard empirical evidence-based psychological and pharmacological interventions to treat psychiatric disorders and related symptoms. (Ibrahim, 2018) When we attempt to treat our dis-ease through the administration of medication, we’re just temporarily suppressing the symptoms. We’re not addressing the root cause of our disease, i.e., the energy imbalance. The medication causes further imbalances, disrupting the body’s natural immune system, which is rarely given the opportunity to fulfill its role. (Kaur, 2016) Thus, a holistic approach towards the treatment of mental illness is a need.

( III ) Indian Healing Practices [ 1 ] Principles When we attempt to treat our dis-ease through the administration of medication, we’re just temporarily suppressing the symptoms. We’re not addressing the root cause of our disease, i.e., the energy imbalance. The medication causes further imbalances, disrupting the body’s natural immune system (Kaur, 2016) , which is rarely given the opportunity to fulfill its role. Over a period of time, our initial dis-ease reappears with more serious symptoms. Our body, once again, is attempting to correct the imbalances within to restore the healthy flow of energies. Our new symptoms are diagnosed as a new dis-ease, stronger medication is administered and the vicious cycle continues. The human body operates in harmony with the energy system of the universe. It’s a latticework of energies, vibrating at different frequencies, encompassing the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual aspects. It has been perfectly created to function optimally, provided we observe the laws of nature. Modern lifestyles can create havoc within our energies and disrupt their healthy flow, resulting in congestion and blockages, leading to dis-ease. Re-connecting with the ancient Indian wisdom of energy Healing practices allows us to empower our body’s innate capacity to self-heal, and return us to our natural state of wholeness. The human body is a latticework of energies, vibrating at different frequencies, encompassing the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual aspects. It has been perfectly created to function optimally, provided we observe the laws of nature. Traditional energy healers of India had a wealth of knowledge on how to diagnose, treat, and cure dis-ease by empowering the body’s innate capacity to self-heal, and through the generations, much of this ancient wisdom has been kept alive. [ 2 ] IT’S ORIGIN The ancient Vedic texts proposed an essential unity of the mind and the body and delineated theories and practices to deal with a large number of health-related problems. (Psychology of Health and Well-Being: Some Emerging Perspectives Ajit K. Dalal) [ 3 ] FORMS OF INDIAN HEALING PRACTICES Various Forms of Indian Healing practices includea) Energy Healing- Self-Healing practices include

(1) The mudras-The The holistic practice of balancing the vital energy throughout the body by joining different combinations of the fingers and thumbs. (2) Facial Acupressure-The holistic practice of balancing the energy throughout the bodily systems by applying gentle pressure to specific points on the face that correspond to the body’s organs and glands. (3) Chanting- The holistic practice of repeating a mantra, for a short period, to detach from the external world, bring our awareness to the present moment and return to the essence of our being. (4) Crystals - The practice of placing the Earth’s natural stones within the body’s magnetic field to restore the flow of healthy positive energy within and around the body by removing toxic negative energy.) b) Yoga (Asanas, Pranayama) - The holistic practice of physical postures known as asanas, each of which has specific physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual benefits to unite the body, mind, and soul. Yoga alleviates numerous health conditions by restoring the healthy flow of our energies. c) Meditation - The holistic practice of quietening the body and mind through awareness to enter a state of deep tranquility, while being fully alert d) Chromotherapy- The holistic practice of applying specific colors to parts of the body, by various methods to heal energy imbalances. e) Barefoot Walking-The holistic practice of walking on the natural earth, barefoot to draw upon the powerful and unique energy source that lies within the earth. f) Acupressure-This is the holistic practice of diagnosing and treating the root cause of dis-ease, thereby curing dis-ease by applying intermittent pressure on specific areas of the hands and feet, that correspond to specific organs, glands, nerves, bones, tissues and so forth. [ 4 ] Studies on Positive impact on Mental health

a ) Yoga The 12-week yoga intervention was associated with greater improvements in mood and anxiety than a metabolically matched walking exercise. This is the first study to demonstrate that increased thalamic GABA levels are associated with improved mood and decreased anxiety. It is also the first time that a behavioral intervention (i.e., yoga postures) has been associated with a positive correlation between acute increases in thalamic GABA levels and improvements in mood and anxiety scales. ( (Streeter CC, 2010)Yoga has been used to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and epilepsy. (Seizure, 2001)

Figure 9 Change in the life orientation/attitude, self-perceptions, and yoga over time. (White, 2014)

Figure 10 Comparison of moods POMS (Profile of Mood States) for aerobics and yoga.

b ) Yoga Mudras A study was done to find out how a particular mudra can reduce stress levels. After 6 weeks of daily practice, participants reported subjectively lower levels of perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale) and higher levels of general well-being (General Well-Being Scale) compared to baseline. These results support the notion that Shambhavi Mahamudra kriya may represent a natural treatment for stress reduction (Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Volume: 22 issue: 4,)

FIG- Shows effects of Bhramari (Shanmukhi Mudra) Pranayama after 3 months evaluation of 13 patients. (TanejaMK, 2016) c ) Meditation • According to the National Health Interview Survey of the U.S, almost 18 million people used meditation as a Complementary health approach. • A literature review and scientific statement from the American Heart Association suggest that evidence supports the use of Transcendental Meditation (TM) to lower blood pressure. • In a small, NCCIH (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health)funded study, 54 adults with chronic insomnia learned mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), a form of MBSR specially adapted to deal with insomnia (mindfulness-based therapy for insomnia, or MBTI), or a self-monitoring program. Both meditation-based programs aided sleep, with MBTI providing a significantly greater reduction in insomnia severity compared with MBSR. (Services, 2015)

Figure 11 Use of Meditation among U.S adults- Marked 8%(18million) used meditation (Services, 2015)

Figure 12 Changes in trait brainwave power and coherence, state, and trait anxiety after three-month transcendental meditation (TM) practice. (Tomljenović Helena , Begić Dražen , & Maštrović Zora., 2016)

d ) Chanting The neurophysiological correlates of religious chanting are likely different from those of meditation and prayer, and would possibly induce distinctive psychotherapeutic effects.

Figure 13 Compared to the no chanting resting state, religious chanting induced lower HRV total power (TP), as well as lower power in the high frequency (HF) and very-low-frequency (VLF) components of HRV (Gao, 2019)

e ) Chromotherapy 20th Century Scientific Emergence Ghadiali (1927) discovered the scientific principles that explain why and how different color rays have various therapeutic effects on the body. (Azeemi & Raza, 2005) Red Root - chakra Orange-Sacral chakra Green-Heart chakra Blue-Throat chakra Indigo-Brow chakra Violet Crown chakra White-Perfect color blend

Figure 14 Chakras and their respective colors in Chromotherapy

The energy which is related to each of the seven spectrum colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet, resonates with the energy of each of the seven main chakras/energy centers of the body (healing). Balance of the energy in each of the body’s chakras is very important for health and wellbeing. Color therapy can help to re-balance 28

and/or stimulate these energies by applying the appropriate color to the body and therefore re-balance our chakras. Color is absorbed by the eyes, skin, skull our ‘magnetic energy field’ or aura and the energy of color affects us on all levels, that is to say, physical, spiritual, and emotional. (UKEssays., November 2018).Every cell in the body needs light energy – thus color energy has widespread effects on the whole body. There are many different ways of giving color, including; Solarized Water, Lightboxes/lamps with color filters, color silks, and hands-on Healing using color. (Centre)

( IV ) Architectural Healing ( A ) Practice in Ancient India There has been ample number of evidences from our history about the practice of Yoga, and other wellbeing practices from the Indus Valley Civilization. Various verses in Vedic texts, ancient artifacts depicting the practice of yoga as far back as 2700 BC. The number of seals and fossil remains of the Indus Valley Civilization with Yogic motifs and figures performing Yoga Sadhana clearly establish the presence of Yoga in ancient India and the Gurugram region, which was historically a part of the Sindhu-Saraswati belt. (Jain, 2019). Yoga traditionally was practiced in retreat in nature, in the mountains and forests or by the river banks and sea shores. Yoga students cultivated gardens, took care of cattle, and learned how to live in the wild. This was an integral part of their training and allowed the natural power of Yoga to grow within them as part of their daily lives. (Frawley, 2017). The temples of Ancient India were essentially built for our short time wellbeing. It was only later that the other temples came up because people started focusing on immediate wellbeing. Using this science, they started creating various other forms, which they could use to benefit themselves in so many different ways in terms of health, wealth, and wellbeing. They created different types of energies and different kinds of deities. (Sadhguru, 2011).But as these temples were built for immediate wellbeing, their structure or geometry could be applied to form to generate wellbeing energies for longer period and contribute to their wellbeing immensely. Thus, to manifest the energies for wellbeing, we can create forms which will induce energies for our wellbeing. Indian Temples when analyzed from the perspective of their relationship with human body, shows its conjunction of the macro and micro elements of architecture with human body.

Figure 15 Hindu Temple and Human body (Sharmila, 2015)

The planning in the Hindu temples were based on the concept of VastuShastra , which is based on the 5 Elements of Nature – 1. Earth 30

2. Water 3. Fire 4. Air 5. Space

Figure 16 THE CONCEPT: - VASTUPURASHAMANDALA Figure 17 Panchmahabhootas – The 5 Elements of VastuShastra

Thus, the planning and structure of Indian Temples was based on 5 elemental approach. As they give us comprehensive design approach for the creation of a Healthy Architectural environment. Various studies try to link 5 Elements approach to architectural Elements and varies according to each person. A Bio Architecture Designer Juan Scholosser tries to derive design elements for each of the 5 elements, by either directly introducing them or in other form, some of them also creating certain environments using electronic devices. This thesis would link the 5 elements of Nature to design elements in architecture for creating an environment for wellness or wellbeing of Stressed and depressed people.

CHAPTER 2- ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS FOR MENTAL WELLBEING ( I ) 5 elemental approach to Mental wellbeing Elements

Environment

Association with good human health

Association with architectural Elements based on 5 senses (of human)

Air

Wind

o Breath (Fresh)

Touch/Feel

• Natural Ventilation • Pressure difference for efficient circulation which is achieved by the built form and orientation

Touch/Feel-

Comfortable temperature achieved through passive design strategies like verandahs, overhangs, screening

Touch/Feel-

•

o Breeze Sounds

Fire

Heat Light

o Fragrance o Sunlight (Solar Radiations) o Comfortable Temperature

Water

Freshness, purity

o Soothing Scenic views o Water Sounds

Earth

The built Stability Firmness Solidness

o Sensitive and tranquil property o Natural Touch/FeelMaterial’s Touch o Nature’s beauty o Nature’s Sounds

Space

Openness

o Sense of freedom, o openness

See Hear Sight

Physical intervention with water • Reverberation caused due to water in meditative process • Areas overlooking the water bodies • Texture Natural Materials • Using Climate Responsive materials Use of green elements (plants, trees) Views to Nature Birds Chirping Direct and indirect exposure – Courtyard, skylight, Fenestrations

Table 1 - Architectural Elements derived by 5 elemental approach

( II ) In Ancient Indian Architecure Thus, we see here the design elements derived based on the 5 senses, which will help in creating healthy architectural environments and contribute to mental wellbeing Further we’ll study the architecure of Ancient India, and analyze the various ways or methods to use of these elements with respective ideologies or philosophical concepts pertaining to respective religions or Schools of Thoughts

In ancient Indian architecure apart from Temples (which were the source of immediate wellbeing), caves were also a place preferred by great saints from Hindu and Buddhist religion for mediation and other healing practices. Here we would look at both the architecture analyze the elements derived in the Table 1 - Architectural Elements derived by 5 elemental approach.

( A ) FIRE [ 1 ] Sunlight As they are a sacred space to the facilitate the dialogue between man and God, and by various techniques like light reflected from walls creating mystic feel, light filtering through openings and windows, and some time used to focus particular area. Light symbolizes that which is beyond our normal comprehension. The ancient Buddhist rock-cut cave and monuments were built more like twilight spaces where the eye could gradually discern the architecture inside the cave (Grover, 1980).They had no openings except one sun window built over massive arch, it created soft luminous effect.

Figure 18 Ajanta caves interiors

Despite of having a greater importance to Sun, the source of all energy, the use of natural light in temples is seen sparingly. The Hindu religious belief is that when man is in the 33

presence of the divine, there should be nothing to distract his eye and that God shall reveal himself to his devotee gradually (Deva, 1995).In the Sanctum (a dark space), the lamps of oil lit the interiors, which induces the mystic sense of the world and highlights the divine spirit behind this world.

Figure 19 Hoysaleswara Temple of Shiva. Looking through Mandapam towards entrance

Figure 20 Inner mantapa of the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi

The treatment of light ensures that by the time the pilgrim reaches the innermost chamber (garbhagriha) his/her eyes slowly become accustomed to the darkness and his/her state of mind befitting worship and is no longer plagued by worldly thoughts (Geva & Mukherj, 2007). As one passes through the colonnades, doorways, which symbolize the external mystic world, and reaches the holy sanctum the devotee enters a self-realization place, and realizes his relationship with the divine. [ 2 ] Temperature control strategies Various strategies are used to keep the interiors of the temple cool, in order to achieve the focus of one’s mind in God. As the number of windows and openings gradually decreases towards the Garbhagriha the reduced light quality contributes to thermal comfort of devotees. In the Hot and humid climatic regions, the Hindu temples were designed to have small openings, with thick walls to maintain a cool and dry atmosphere inside.

Figure 21 Plans of Brihadeshvara (Mukherji, 2001)

( A ) AIR [ 3 ] Ventilation Ventilation becomes a prime concern in these structures as the atmosphere inside the temple is very dark thus not much windows are seen in the inner Santorum but some openings around the Parikrama path of inner Santorum facilitate ventilation in these spaces. The ventilation is done through the windows doors or Mandapa halls at the entrances. The halls had projected porches on their walls, their use is functional, mainly for light and ventilation.

Figure 22 Khajuraho, Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh

Figure 23 Somnathpur Temple ,Mysore

Courtyards were an important design element to provide a continuous supply of fresh air and light supply. The jaali feature on the inner Parikrama path, also provided a supply of fresh air, and light. Essentially their thickness was kept high to ensure cool temperatures inside.

Figure 24 North East Wall Kedareshwara Temple Halebid Karnataka

Figure 25 Jali window kopeshwar temple, Kolhapur, Maharashtra

( B ) EARTH [ 1 ] Views to Nature Many temples are located strategically away from populated cities like at some high altitudes, near the sea shore, around forests, in distant or secluded scenes of nature and which allows the positive thoughts or advices to sink into the mind in its finer moments or when the soul is at leisure.

The 2 examples above are of the temples in Natural settings and their Philosophical significance are explained by Aurobindo Ghosh in his Book ‘The Significance of Indian Art’. He explains as not to detach the temple from its surroundings, but to see it in unity with the sky and low-lying landscape or with the sky and hills around and feel the similarity in them as the reality in Nature, the reality expressed in the work of art, the oneness to which this nature aspires in her self-creation, and the oneness to which the soul of man uplifts itself in his conscious spiritual upbuilding. [ 2 ] Sound The Vedic chants and prayers are recited and sacred instruments such as conch shells, bells, and gongs are played in these Chambers. (Prasad & Rajavel, 2013).All together play are very important role in healing, as many research studies have observed chanting of various shloka or hymns helps in wellbeing.

Figure 26 Reverberant sound fields with sound source in (a) Garbha-Griha and in (b) Ardha-Mantapa. (Prasad & Rajavel, 2013)

The inner sanctum has only one door and no opening, this chamber is made up of highly reflective, and has higher reverberation time. Further followed by Ardhamandapa which is also made up of stones and is highly reflective. The sounds of conch shells, bells along with main priest in garbha griha and the priests in Ardhamandapa are sounded profoundly in Ardhamandapa. It is observed that both Garbha-Griha and Ardha-Mantapa significantly contribute to the acoustical enhancement of the spiritual experience of the devotee (Prasad & Rajavel, 2013) [ 3 ] Material Fractal materials are materials that are phase conjugate because they have been in most cases produced by some type of natural processes (Schlosser, 2020).It is interesting to know that atmosphere being positively charged and earth negatively, thus dielectric materials exhibit same condition. Thus, the use of such materials or natural materials should be used maximum in almost all the buildings today.

Figure 27 Brihadeshvara Temple, Tamil Nadu built with granite stone

Thus, we extensive use of stone, wood, brick for all kinds of Ancient Hindu Temples was seen. The stone are chosen by their availability of stones according to region and its climate, like the use of granite in south Indian temples, marble in west, sandstone in Central and limestone in the Coastal regions. Also, the supple stone was use for deities, sculptures.

( C ) WATER [ 1 ] Waterbodies in the premises In ancient Hindu mythology (about 800 BCE) water is described as the foundation of the whole world, the basis for life and the elixir of immortality. (SINGH, 1994). In curative terms water is regarded as a healer. (SINGH, 1994).A deep in water before visiting any sacred temple makes us more receptive to the vibrations of chants, hymns and other rituals as well.

Figure 28 Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple, Madurai water tank

Waterbodies around the temples are in the forms of step wells (baoris), trenches, wells as well as manmade Water Bodies like ponds within temples. Vegetation along with waterbodies were planned to improve the microclimate of temples inside. These designed so that comfort levels are maintained in hot summer Water body in temple premises, keeps the environment cool and improve the microclimatic conditions (Sarswat & Kamal, 2015).At the Meenakshi temple water tank is surrounded by steps and pillared portico on 4 sides, with a brass lamp in middle of tank, on its west is a doorway leading to the inner courtyard of Meenakshi Shrine. Thus, providing cooling effect to the atmosphere, and providing comfort to the devotees.

( D ) SPACE [ 1 ] Sacred Geometry "As the pigments are but the vehicle of painting, so is the building but the vehicle of architecture, which is the thought behind form, embodied and realized for the purpose of its manifestation and transmission. Architecture, then, interpenetrates building, not for satisfaction of the simple needs of the body, but the complex ones of the intellect." (Lethaby, 2005).

Figure 29 Use of Sacred geometry in the plan sections of Indian Temple Architecture, based on the geometries of seven chakras.

A Hindu temple is a symbolic structure that represents certain fundamental concepts of Hindu philosophy about the nature of cosmos, and the formal characteristics of the temple are the outcome of this symbolic representation. (Trivedi, 1993).The planning of the temple complexes were based on 7 Chakras System in Human body, where each chakra has specific geometry and that gets reflected in the temple floor plans.

Figure 30 Plans halls from Mukhamandapa to Garbhagriha - a. Shrine alone, b. Shrine with porch, c. Shrine with Antarala and porch, d. Sarvatobhadra shrine with four entrances (Hardy, 2007)

Figure 31 : Evolution in the plan of projection around the halls according to Sacred Geometry - a. Simple square plan, (be). Square plan with simple projections, (f-i). Staggered square plan without recesses, (j-m). Staggered square plan with recesses, (n-o). Stepped diamond plan, (p-q). Stellate plan with orthogonal central projection, (r-s). Special stellate plans, (t-v). Uniform stellate plans based on rotated-square star.

Figure 32 Fractal dimension of front elevation of Kandariya Mahadev Temple (Tanisha Dutta & V. S. Adane, 2018)

Thus, we see from Figure 30 , Figure 31 and Figure 32 how the planning of every part of temple plan followed certain geometry, which is called the Sacred Geometry. The fundamental designs of Indian temples involved the use of sacred geometry to create harmonizing energies for everyone’s wellbeing. Through our ancient scriptures on VastuShastra Square is the most scared geometry and an absolute geometry. Almost all the temples were designed according the Vastupurusha Mandala. The Nagara Temple style is characterized by Square Shikhara, rising above the cubical sanctuary.

( III ) Current Trends around the Globe ( A ) AIR Planning for air ventilation has been a very crucial and important part. All the healing practices require constant circulation of fresh air. As fresh air itself is a healer many times, thus understanding its techniques become an important aspect in these designs.

Figure 33 Jharokhas, Courtyards, Wind Catchers, Jali were some of the Traditional practices of passive colling techniques used for achieving passive cooling strategies.

Figure 34 Shreyas Courtyards, – Use of Brick Jaali to keep the areas cool

Figure 35 Yoga Pavilion, Tulum – Open air Areas for Yoga Practice

Figure 36 Ashtanga Yoga Chile – Windows are placed around the building, at high and low levels to avoid direct exposure to sunlight and allow natural cross ventilation.

( B ) LIGHT [ 1 ] Daylight Sunlight is essential for our healthy mind and body. This play of light for good health and activity is much needed in our designs. Its effect depends on its exposure duration, intensity. For the purpose of wellbeing north and morning east light are preferred. But for wellness its requirements differ according to the function For Yoga and any other physical wellness activity – Optimum Daylight is required For Meditation activity – Calm, dark spaces with sparing lights are required The use of lighting in the interiors for the sense of wellbeing emerges back from the Ancient Indian temple architecture where the transition of spaces from lightness and darkness, which holds the idea of transformation of the unmanifestation to manifestation. These were designed keeping in mind the sun’s orientation the temples were built for a short-term wellbeing during those times to relief people from their stress, but if same principles applied to bring in those architectural elements for healing can help people relieve their stress. Meditation caves from the Buddhist period were dark completely for better focus of mind, similarly many modern architects have used these concepts for wellbeing. 46

Figure 37 UNESCO Meditation Centre by Tadao Ando – By creating a transition from bright area to dark interiors

Figure 38 The Meditation Hall, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, New Delhi

In the Figure 38 The Meditation hall at Sri Aurobindo Ashram, it is inspired from the Buddhist Chaitya hall. The very contrast of diffused lighting in the interior and warm lighting in the exterior contributes in creating Meditative Environment. The various levels created with the vaulted and pitched roof enhancing the calm experience. The light color of roof reflecting the solar radiation, and east west side with lesser glazing with the double skin Corners, Natural ventilation is achieved. 47

Figure 39 Shreyas Retreat, Bangalore

Figure 39 – Inclining the opening on eastern façade of the yoga area to bring in maximum of morning sun inside the Yoga Hall

Figure 40 Meditation Hall, Eastern China

In Figure 40 the Meditation hall is enclosed by a double-layered cavity structure and from the horizontal gaps between wooden louvers, the soft natural light is reflected by the water into the main hall.

Figure 41 Semi open Group Yoga Areas, Shreyas Retreat

Figure 42 The Sadhana Hall, Isha Yoga Centre

Figure 42 - The empty space between 6 arches covered with copper-painted aluminum shields, living the spaces for natural lighting and ventilation. Also, in this space any sound 49

was enhanced. For example, the Brahmadanda Swaroopa chanted by Brahmacharis kept resounding in the vault like structure.

[ 2 ] Temperature - Comfort

Figure 43 Strategies used to maintain optimum temperature inside

Figure 44 Section explaining the lighting techniques to create Meditative ambience

To reduce mid – summer sun effects the were reduced by using fins to the east and west, and opening on north and south side were maximized for minimal heat transfer.

( C ) WATER BODIES [ 1 ] Therapeutic Element A trail running along the waterfront features therapeutic equipment and offers patients the opportunity to encourage the healing process by performing physical therapy on a variety of different landscaped surfaces. Takes full advantage of waterfront views of the skyline.

Figure 45 Trails along the waterfront – A therapeutic Equipment

Figure 46 Windhover Meditation Centre, California- Water Body at the south reflecting the surrounding Trees, is used as tool for contemplation.

[ 2 ] To achieve comfort

Figure 47 Vana Retreat, Deharadun – Use of water around meditative spaces create cool environments

( D ) EARTH [ 1 ] Use of Local Natural materials for Enclosures for partitions of 2 public yoga studios. All the elements used in this project were natural and from local materials like Thai hardwood, Local Black slate, Bamboo and Ratan (used majorly). Thus, gives the spaces a calmness quality in the interiors

Figure 48 Use of Brick to build 21m Dia. Dhyanalinga Dome (A Multi-Religious Meditation space)

Figure 49 Use of local Material Ratan for enclosure of Private Yoga Studios.

The primary aim being here to create a Centre connected with Nature (The Outside) constantly, for this it has perforated the thick concrete slab to create many inner patios which are further connected to different spaces. [ 2 ] Connecting with Nature

Figure 50 Yoga and Spa Centre – Inner patios with Green Elements by creating cutouts

Figure 51 Windhover Meditation Centre, California- Walkway with seating area around the Courtyard with existing trees.

( E ) SPACE [ 1 ] Sacred Geometry Sacred geometry being the most fundamental part in design of Indian temples. Certain geometry brings certain effects of healing harmonizing and rebalancing on all levels. These geometries are also used in the Crystal Healing. It is the ancient science that explores the Energy patterns that unify all beings. They connect us at various levels and specific vibration, and using them in mediation or healing practices can bring s energetic shift in consciousness. Also, meditation or healing practices on these scared geometry helps.

Figure 52 Osho Meditation Hall, Pune – Pyramidal form used for meditation hall.

Figure 53 Anand Villa, Pune - meditation room with an Egyptian style pyramidal canopy, for capturing cosmic energy.

Figure 54 Verite Meditation Hall, Auroville – Geometric plan

Thus, through this research we establish a linkage of approaches of Indian Healing Architecture and Current Global Healing architecure trends on the basis of basic concepts.

CONCEPTS

Ancient Indian Healing Architecture

Current Gobal Healing architecture trends

5 Elemental Approach

Natural approach

AN COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH AS A COMBINATION OF BOTH

CHAPTER 3- USER STUDY

( I ) INTRODUCTION To understand the problems of mentally ill people (suffering from Stress, depression of any type) and optimization of the surroundings based on Indian Healing Practices. Although there is a substantial amount of literature on various types of Indian Healing Practices (IHP), not much is known about its Phycological benefits and its concepts which could be applied to environments we live in and especially for being Mentally healthy. The survey presents results from a user study of their knowledge of our IHP, their experiences of conceiving a space and relating them to concepts from IHP. The survey result highlights the understanding of people about these concepts and deriving design Elements. They thus guide the research from the perspective of user and ultimately contribute to design a more connected, positive, healthy spaces necessary for overall wellness.

( II ) SURVEY METHODS The survey is divided in two parts i.e., Survey-A and Survey -B. The main purpose of this survey is to understand the psychology of people suffering from stress, depression, thus it required to invite all the general public as in some or the other way everyone today is suffering from mental stress, depression which if not addressed lead to severe mental illness, this forms the SURVEY – A. The second survey, SURVEY-B is to understand, mental illness from the perspective of doctors, psychiatrists, Yoga trainer, Meditation coach, Energy Healers, as they are in practice, experience in these fields, thus providing a strong base for research.

( III ) SURVEY RESULTS [ 1 ] Respondents Background 14.5 % of the respondents described their fields as IT Proffesionals,20% Educators,7.3% as Business Proffesionals,9.1% work in Governments and Civil services. Rest all belong to Medical/Healthcare professional, Manufacturing Industry professionals, Marketing Professionals. The geographical location of respondents was from Maharashtra. More than 70 respondents in total were invited by email to participate in the web-based survey. 55 respondents from general public completed the survey A and only 15 from the survey B.

( B ) SURVEY-A 36.4 % respondents are in the age group of 45 to 54, 27.3 % were from the age group of 18 to 24 years, 16.4 % from 25 to 34 years age group and 12.7 % came from 35 to 44 years of age group. The % of male to female is almost near to each other i.e., 43.6 % male and 56.4 % female.

( A ) Work environments. An equal % of respondents stated that their workplace setting is quite peaceful and has a moderate disturbances level.

Figure 55 – a) Work Environment b) Surroundings Disturbances in the working typologies

The Typology of their workplaces – Typologies range from the open plan spaces to the cellular spaces. Almost 32.1 % of respondents work in open plan spaces, 20% in coworking spaces 17% in semi- cellular spaces. Upon asking if the surroundings were disturbing or not, 60% opine of they were not, but still 23% were not sure, and 16.4% affirm they were disturbing. Almost 90% of respondents would like to have a short break in the nature to get refreshed, but 7% are still not sure about it.

( C ) Indian Healing Practices (IHP). 94.5 % respondents are aware that, IHP can reduce their levels of stress, of which almost 60% practice them daily, and 30 % still don't.

[ 1 ] Yoga Respondents affirm to have practiced yoga once or are practicing it regularly. 37.5% opine that their day was energetic after practicing yoga. For 29% of which, it was very energetic. Thus, almost all who practice yoga themselves felt increased energy level, Positive mood boosts. Yoga activates our whole mechanism of body and gets us fully charged mentally and physically for the entire day. [ 2 ] Meditation. 61.8 % of respondents did once meditation or are doing it regularly. 38.2 % don't even practice meditation. It brought Calmness to 70% of respondents. Clarity to 12.5%. But still 10.5% people felt restless as they might not be regular in their practice. Meditation. Itself is a task. As it requires you to control your mind, thoughts and regular practice will bring calmness, Positivity in thoughts. [ 3 ] Chanting. Practicing chanting was a part of our Indian traditions and cultures for a long period of time it was lost as time passed. The Respondents were asked if they had practiced chanting once or visited a place where chanting took place. 60% had visited a place or they did chant once in their lifetime. 62.3 % also stated that they resonated with those vibrations and wished to sit for a longer time in that place. 59

[ 4 ] Energy Healing. As India is a diverse country, some of the motivational factors which determine the choices for healing practices are strong belief of the decision maker of family, its approachability, social stigma associated with psychiatric consultations, the beliefs about causations of mental illness, the lack of awareness among the common public and its deficiency in existing mental health services. Together, makes it difficult for people, to even know about this Healing Technique. Respondents were asked to rate their Knowledge about this practice. 26.4% knew nothing about it. 13.2% knew about it sparingly and 10% did knew about it. In order to feel the energy, first they need to believe in it. But 70% affirm that they felt the energy, when around people with high energy levels, thus many of them believe in it.

( D ) Comfortable environment. Almost 95% state that Nature boosts their mood. 60% were comfortable with light shades and 50% were comfortable in cool colors. The choice for organic and geometric forms of space do not show much difference, and is almost of equal percent. 70% are comfortable in the spaces having enclosures, thus they want more privacy areas. 67%. were comfortable in daylight/ sunlight, and 47% Were Comfortable in soft lights.

Figure 57 a) Percentage of Respondents comfortable with Enclosure Spaces (spaces with more privacy) b) Comfortable Colors.

Almost. 94.4% were comfortable with spaces open to Sky, thus want more openness but with natural elements like nature, sky, sunlight.

( E ) Programme period The time period chosen by respondents for refreshment in the nature was 67.9% ranging from 1 day to week,13% wished to be in nature for more than 1-month time. Also, the time 60

period to keep practicing IHP for 1 week was almost 40%, and 25% wanted to practice them for more than 2 months of time period.

Figure 58 Time period preferable for refreshment in Nature.

In this survey 73.3% respondents were from Medicinal treatment background,46-53% from them also practiced Yoga, meditation,20% practiced Chantning,26.7% Energy Healing.

( IV ) Survey B.

b) Figure 59 – a) Practice preferred and advised for mentally ill patient by doctors b) Results observed in patients

The age groups that use or practice these healing practices is, 86% from age group 26-49 years,73% from 50and above age group, only 46% between 14-25years. 92.9% state it reduced the levels of stress, depression in their patients, while 64% gained more self-confidence.40% say these techniques helped almost 50-100% of their patients. Many respondents in this survey stated, 5 Elements of Nature play a big role in the practice. Everything around is Panchbhootatmik (made up of 5 elements of Nature), and thus food, air, light has impact on mind i.e., Mental health.

( A ) Combination of Treatments for Mentally ill patient Almost 70-90% suggest combination of Yoga and meditaion,33%also advice for Chanting and 26% for Energy healing.

( B ) Activities they should indulge To improve the mental health the patients should engage themselves in the activities like Singing, Dancing, Painting, Reading, Listening to music.’

( C ) Architectural Spaces 53.3% state cool colors and 80% state light shades will help in the healing process. Almost 40-50% opine Open spaces and Semi-open spaces will help in the healing process.57.1% choose organic form, and 35.7% choose Geometric form as spaces where healing will be maximum.93.3% opt for Soft lights over the use of strong lights.

b) Figure 60 – a) Colors preferred for mentally ill patients b) Connections with people.

Figure 61 – a) Volumes of spaces, which help in healing process b) Preference for Forms of Space c) Relationships with surroundings.

( D ) Comfortable Surroundings 50% opine that these patients prefer privacy, while 35.7% opine they prefer exposure, and still 14.2% opine that it varies individually.

( E ) Connection with people 57% say they prefer being around people, while 28.6% say they prefer being alone. Also, in Ayurveda addresses mentally ill patient to be kept in a dark room, free from any pointed or sharp objects.

( V ) SURVEY CONCLUSIONS 1. The age groups mentioned by doctors who practice these techniques more is 26-49 yrs. which is highest age groups in Survey - A, thus most of the data could be compared and analyzed better. 2. From the people who practice any or all the IHP, they felt calm and brought clarity, and on the same side SURVEY B also states reduced levels of stress, naturally bringing more calmness. 63

3. The data in SURVEY B asks respondents about their knowledge and the percentage of them practicing it. Shows most of them believe, but the percentage of practicing it is not same. This happens due to effects of their surroundings, environments. Some even loose belief in these practices, thus cause a termination or irregularity in their practice. Thus, it is required to hold belief in them from start, otherwise it would not heal them at a proper pace. Consultation Areas, Seminar halls, are some of the design solution to keep their belief intact in these practices. Also, a guide or coach is required to keep the person motivated thought the process, and necessary arrangements for their guides should be a part of design. 4. Environments – a. Colors – Survey A and Survey B both show a high percentage preference for cool and light shades of colors. b. Spaces – i. Open and Semi-Open Spaces are preferred by Survey B, and same in Survey A but to natural elements like sun, sky, earth, trees is preferred. ii. Preference for organic is bit higher in than Geometric forms in Survey B, and almost same in Survey A. iii. Lights – Soft lights show 93% preference in Survey B. In Survey the preference for Soft lights over Strong lights is preferred. Above all the Natural Sunlight is also preferred in Survey A. iv. Enclosures in space (spaces with more privacy) – Users in Survey A were comfortable in Enclosure Spaces 5. Connection with people - 57% prefer being around people and 28.6% prefer being alone in Survey B, also 50% prefer privacy in Survey A. Thus, a person to support, guide is needed even if the spaces have Enclosures. 6. Activities they should indulge in are preferred and advised, mostly based on induvial like listening to music, reading book, painting. But sometimes activities in groups also help. 7. Panchmahabhutatmik (Everything made up of 5 Elements of Nature) approach is accepted by almost all the respondents in Survey B. All and everything around work on their principles, and if balanced properly induce sense of wellbeing. VastuShastra applies these concepts for designing or locating things on site, and inside the structure. 8. Ayurveda advices these users to be in dark rooms, free from sharp, pointed. This practice will help them being focused, but not all areas should be dark, only specific areas. Thus, this survey has provided guidance on how spaces, environments, design elements support the healing process, to ultimately create a healthier space, a space that allows one to dive into their own being, and fosters positivity through design.

CHAPTER 4- CASE STUDIES

The case studies here are chosen to understand the architecture, planning and designs of current centers or spaces where these healing practices are conducted along with other Indian therapeutical practices for wellbeing. The understanding the use of various elements derived from Table 1 in these designs which will bring synchronization between the study and their applications. Here 4 such places are studied and later a Comparative Analysis is presented which helps to compare and see if their present state has some drawbacks which could be minimized in the design further. They are as follows – ( I ) SHREYAS RETREAT, BENGALURU, INDIA ( II ) QUIET HEALING, AUROVILLE, INDIA ( III ) DHARAMSHALA YOGA RETREAT, HIMACHAL PRADESH ( IV ) ISHA YOGA CENTRE, TAMILNADU

( I ) SHREYAS RETREAT, BENGALURU, INDIA

Intent – Programme Oriented – Yoga Centre Source – Arch daily Client – Shreyas yoga retreat / inner challenges pvt ltd Architect – The Purple ink studio - Akshay Heranjal, Aditi Pai, Jaikumar User – Open for all Design Programme – Spa, Yoga, Massage rooms, Ayurvedic therapies Site Area – 20000 ft² Location – Bengaluru Physical Nature – Flat

( A ) Site response The site is surrounded with dense forest, and varieties of flora and fauna are seen. The response to these factors was to retain the trees and form courtyards spaces for light and ventilation through the spaces, to keep them fresh all the time. The Figure 63 shows a graphical representation of the sensitive approach applied to design.

Figure 62 Master Plan

[ 1 ] Approach to design

Figure 63 Sensitive approach to design

( B ) Planning The main block disappears into the earth and is half submerged to connect to the isolating quality of the earth, with the light and air movement planned from a series of sunken courts. (Archdaily, 2016) The approach to the main area slowly opens up a plethora of spaces which are programmatically planned to suit the smooth spatial transitions of the guests. (Archdaily, 2016)

Figure 64 Floor Plans a) Ground Floor plan; b) Upper floor plan

Each block growing from the sunken gardens into the sky, often blending into a series of greens, the organic approach seamlessly fuses the inherent sense of lightness expected from a space so serene. The feel is further exaggerated on the upper level, in the 2000 sqft meditation and yoga pavilion, with large openings on the east, allowing natural sunlight to create a powerful setting for the yoga sessions at sunrise. (Archdaily, 2016) The large pavilion opens up further to a series of private Yoga and Meditation Spaces offering beautiful varied settings using the natural play of light and shadows of the sun against the roof jaali’ s / screens. (Welch, 2020)

Common Yoga block

Private Yoga block

Figure 65 - Sections through the built form showing various spaces for Healing practices

The landscape merges the geometry of network of the surrounding paths to form break-away spaces for the guests to lounge. These buffer zones create smooth transitions from the exterior, to semi covered spaces, and also offer a beautiful play of light. (Archdaily, 2016)

Figure 66 Use of Wood and earthy materials in the interiors and play of light achieved in the transition of spaces from Exterior to semi covered spaces

Figure 67 Built form Development of Yoga area

In the above figure Built form development of Yoga area – Inclining the opening on eastern façade of the Yoga area, to bring in maximum of morning sun

Figure 68 Section at the sunken courtyard

In the above figure we see Sunken Courtyard to give light and ventilation to the kitchen and Yoga hall below.

( C ) Interiors The entire feel is organic with natural light washing the exposed walls and ceilings with a spectacular play of light and shadows (Archdaily, 2016).The spaces are further held together with a strong design language of Hand crafted jaali screens, solid wood doors and openings which merge the interior and exteriors, quite literally. (Archdaily, 2016)

Figure 69 Play of natural light, brick jaali at one of the external facades

( D ) Technical aspects Materials used – Saint-Gobain, Asian Paints, Natural Kota Stones

( E ) Critical analysis Sunken rooms to make the structure not look imposing on site has many disadvantages • •

Exploiting more earth Easy entry for rodents, and other insects

Instead, if the structure is made lighter so that it does not look like a huge volume 70

( F ) Inference – • •

Use of brick jaali pattern instead of solid walls should be used, as it provides ventilation as well as makes it aesthetic. The use of Organic materials like stone, marble, bricks, wood with exposed walls gives an earthy feeling adds to feeling of transparency

Figure 70 External Facade of the building

( II ) QUIET HEALING, AUROVILLE, INDIA Intent – Programme Oriented – Wellness Centre Source – Official website – Quiet Healing Centre, Thesis Book- Meditation and Holistic Living by Arpita Ganti 2017 and Thesis Book Centre for Tranquility 2016 Client – Maggi Lidchi Grassi Architect – Architect Popo Pingel + Ar. Mona Doctor User – Open for all Design Programme – Spa, Yoga, Massage rooms, Ayurvedic therapies Location – Chinna Mudaliyar Chavady, Auroville Site Area – 866.1 sq.m. Physical Nature – No contours, located on the banks of Bay of Bengal

(A)

Site response

Figure 71 Site plan

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Security Cabin Parking Guests room Reception Healing circles Staff rooms Consultation rooms 8. Water body

Figure 72 Ground floor plan showing various spaces in the planning

Figure 73 Services

One entry used by visitors and staff and other service vehicles Vehicular circulation inside the site to restrict to reduce the noise level inside building, also brings in the feel of tranquil while entering

(B)

Planning Spaces arranged on the hierarchy of privacy levels Services like kitchen, other storage on the rear side Therapy circles placed in front but direct entry restricted

Figure 74 Open spaces and linkage elements

Figure 75 Climate responsive built form

Climatic principle for warm and humid climate – Vents at upper levels of rooms, domes and fresh air flow directed through lower windows, thus achieves efficient cross ventilation.

(C)

Technical aspects

Use of local brick and lime mortar with lime concrete, bio concrete can be seen in Figure 76 and Figure 77. The dome is cladded with broken mosaic to avoid water seepage and to avoid harsh temperature inside

Figure 76 View to the sea also the use of mosaic for the external cladding of dome is seen

Figure 77 Use of earthy materials in the interiors and the exteriors

(D) • •

Critical analysis

Circulations are converging at the entry point Placement of Therapy circles arranged at the entrance could have been recessed to avoid direct views from entrance

( E ) Inference • • • • • •

Separation of areas as private and public is achieved well Well ventilation for therapy rooms achieved by their distant placements Use of Natural materials for building which are locally available. Placement of water body away from therapy rooms ensures less humidity Integrated landscape with rock garden Climate responsive built form

Figure 78 Integrated landscape with Rock garden

( III ) DHARAMSHALA YOGA RETREAT, HIMACHAL PRADESH Intent – Programme Oriented – Yoga Retreat and Wellness center Source – Architecture brio Client – Dharmashala Yoga retreat Architect – The Architecture brio - Robert Verrijt , Shefali Balwani , Antonin Henrard , Shivani Mehta User – Open for all Design Programme – Yoga, Wellness and meditation retreat Location – Himachal Pradesh Site Area – 600 sq.m. Physical Nature – Contoured

(A)

Site response

An incidental geological formation pushed up a section of the terraces in the shape of a malformed asymmetrical three winged boomerang. The site slopes up towards the snowcapped mountain ranges to the North. Furthermore, a tranquil stream flows just a short distance away from site. (Architecturebrio, 2018)

Figure 79 Level 1 Plan

[ 1 ] Form The ribbon like form of the building retains the trees and big boulders on site. Underneath, above and between the ground plane and the roof, the yoga retreat both forms the landscape and is a device to experience the landscape in diverse ways. (Architecturebrio, 2018) [ 2 ] The Landscape A series of winding paths across the site, eventually converges in a central garden. While the three ‘wings’ of the boomerang move away from the central garden, the volumes gradually grow to house additional program. (Architecturebrio, 2018)

[ 3 ] Water bodies network – creating serene trickling sounds The landscape and rocky outcrop of the site continue into the shaded garden. A series of stepping stones create slender pathways that cross a perennial stream and meander between the life size boulders. The network of water bodies make for a serene trickling sound as the water flows down the terraces. (Architecturebrio, 2018)

(B)

Planning

The building volume is punctured with wedge like cut-outs to create light wells and large openings to frame views. Courtyards, verandahs and light wells surround existing trees.

Figure 80 Level-2 Plan

[ 1 ] Curved Interiors Curved interiors of the structure, the views from the openings in the semi-open garden are moments of pause and quiet. Furthermore, the play of light and shadow on the curved walls enhances this experience.

Figure 81 Section through the built form

[ 2 ] The Yoga Rooms A flight of stairs from the central garden leads up to the yoga area. Here a large full height window opens up the space to the view of the mountains. A curved plank finish exposed concrete wall makes for a calm backdrop lit by a long slender skylight.

Figure 82 Yoga rooms

[ 3 ] Light Fins along the skylight cast different shadows along the wall throughout the day. This backdrop, with its beautiful natural light, makes for a tranquil and meditative atmosphere for the yoga room. One side of the yoga room terminates in a small courtyard to walk out to. The other side of the rooms leads via a series of steps to the roof garden.

Figure 83 Full height openings in the yoga rooms on east side

A full height window opens the east side of the yoga room to the mountain range [ 4 ] The Roof Garden The roof is an extension to the interior yoga area, providing a large outdoor space for yoga practice. It is also accessible through a ramp from the common living room wing of the retreat, easily making it a secondary ground plane

( C ) Interiors long narrow interior space is defined by the shape of the boomerang. It narrows and widens to accommodate various program. A verandah as extension to the dining area provides a transition from the interior space to the outdoor pool deck.

Figure 84 Timber slatted walls

While form finished exposed concrete ceilings lend a solid character to the spaces, a warm timber flooring, and timber slatted walls make for an interesting interior material palette. The exterior walls are made of meticulously crafted solid local stone masonry.

Figure 85 Solid local stone masonry on exterior walls

(D)

Critical analysis

A strong possibility that the surrounding lands will have built structures in the near future. In a scenario where views from spaces within the yoga retreat can be obstructed in the future.

( E ) Inference • • • • •

Terraced landscape that retains the beauty of contoured site Retaining already existing natural features like big boulders, trees Curved rock walls go in sync with surrounding beauty Courtyards, verandahs, light well facilitate efficient light and ventilation Use of locally available materials for exteriors and interiors

Figure 86 Pathways and courtyards around Existing Boulders

( IV ) ISHA YOGA CENTRE, TAMILNADU Intent – Programme Oriented – Meditation Centre Source – Isha yoga Centre Official website, Society Interiors, Architecure for divinity Isha Foundation Client – Shreyas yoga retreat / inner challenges pvt ltd Architect – The Isha Yoga Centre, Velliangiri foothills, Coimbatore – Sadhguru with Isha Design team User – Open for all Design Programme Yoga Meditation, Sound Meditation, Ayurvedic Treatments Site – Thick forests, Nilgiri biospheres Location – Velliangiri foothills, outskirts of Coimbatore, Tamilnadu Area – 2,0463 sqm

(A)

Site response

The site is amidst in the Nilgiri Hills which have an abundance of flora and fauna species. The Centre doesn’t disturb this natural setting instead fosters a connection to the nature by use of natural materials which do not harm the surroundings and are sustainable

Figure 87 Site plan at the Information Centre near the entrance

(B)

Planning

Figure 88 Floor plan of the Centre

Figure 89 Adiyogalayam

Figure 90 Entire campus planning with Residential and other facilities like atm's clinics , Toilets

Teerthakundas Teerthkundas – as part of tradition to get whole body cleansed and wet before entering temple(a place for sound meditation), so that energy of the temple are easily absorbed. Suryakunda for Men and Chandrakund is for women

Figure 91 Suryakunda

[ 1 ] Dhyanalinga Dome 14ft high, pillarless,250,000 bricks structure With 27 meditation cells on the side wall of dome, Material – Bricks, granite stone, earth, concrete Wall finish - Earth plaster Flooring – Cuddapah black limestone, white limestone Furniture – Wooden Tables for disables Décor – lotus flowers in water filled vessels Sounds – Dripping water on Linga, Ventilator machine, bell ring, music sounds during Nada Aradhana

Figure 92 Dhyanalingam

Figure 93 Plan showing central Dhyanalingam dome

Figure 94 Form of Dhyana Linga Dome

[ 2 ] Sadhana Hall – 2 vaulted brick structure behind Dhyanalinga Temple, for residents’ guests and volunteers to serve a space for morning Sadhana Practice. The empty space between elements of 6 brick arches is covered with copper painted aluminum shield for natural light and ventilation

Figure 95 Sadhana Hall (Hall of prayers, chants, hymns)

[ 3 ] Adiyogi Alayam – We see in Figure 89 , the Metal frame and insulation sheets temporary structure, where programs like Hath Yoga (21 weeks program), Samayam – 8-day silence [ 4 ] Nalanda stay – Spatial quality of cottages. Surrounded by garden, pond, green grounds, farms of coconut trees. The material here is again brick masonary, granite tables, wooden benches, chairs and beds of Wood and granite. These blocks have an opening from top for ventilation.

( C ) Interiors || The visitor’s room finds an innovative use of leftover material. Thus, the flooring gets an unintentional designer pattern. Discarded rocks from the temple construction line the base of the wall adding to the cave like ambience. A use of earthy materials is made like granite, bricks, stones etc. is seen often.

Figure 96 Use of granite and discarded rocks from the temple construction at the Reception and Stays

The hermitage-like look of the reception near the main entrance to Spanda hall is enhanced by an artwork of a tree done with vegetable paints, granite temple pillars and the roughhewn rock at the threshold of the room. Soaked, burnt brick are used for the Dhyanalinga dome

(D)

Critical analysis –

The large span structures needed optimum light and ventilation

( E ) Inference – • • • • •

Centre is blended with the nature by use of natural materials also the geometry Making the day planned around the campus helps to control people gatherings at these places Use of geometry that gives strength to structure itself, instead of use of curvy forms and use of metal and concrete. they stand because of perfectness in geometry. Warm lighting to make the atmosphere calm and serene for wellness Elements like sculptures works like rangoli, paintings, bowls full of flower makes the process blissful.

Figure 97 Chandrakunda (Women's bath) Exterior facade

( V ) Comparative Analysis The comparative analysis presented here analyses the MASSING - HORIZONTAL , MASSING VERTICAL , BUILT MASS , GROUND COVER, INCORPORATING NATURE , INCORPORATING WATER BODY , OPENINGS , CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS used in design these healing hubs of varying scales according to the population targeted.

( A ) MASSING - HORIZONTAL Massage and other functions Yoga, Healing areas Gymnasium

Wash Areas (Shower, Changing rooms) Kitchen

Massage Rooms located on west side and Yoga rooms on east side for maximum sunlight, Bath and wash areas located at the Centre for ease of access on ground floor

Consultation, book store, Information Centre. Reception and Lounge

Spaces arranged on the hierarchy of privacy levels Services like kitchen, other storage on the rear side Therapy circles placed in front but direct entry restricted

Spaces arranged on Lower levels are based on the surrounding privacy levels (like wash areas) as the land is highly contoured. Upper floors have Yoga Rooms and Guest rooms and some Spaces arranged without disturbing natural surroundings. The spaces comprise of cottages, meditation halls, Yoga halls. All the paths diverge from the main entry.

( B ) MASSING VERTICAL Massage and other functions Yoga, Gymnasium,

Wash Areas (Shower, Changing rooms) Kitchen and Staff Area

Consultation, book store, Information Centre. Reception and Lounge

Yoga Rooms are of varied types like SemiCovered, Private, Closed, Open. Yoga Rooms are kept on upper floors to remain undisturbed from the rest of public and staff. The Spaces are all on Ground. The Healing circles have vents at the top, which also serves as source of light and other spaces have vents at top for easy flow of hot air outside. The Spaces are arranged vertically to allow maximum natural daylight and fresh air. Upper floors have yoga and guest’s room. Lower Floors also have guests’ room and guest’s bath The Spaces are all on ground. The Heights of spaces like Adiyogalayam, Suryakund etc. are kept high to facilitate maximum flow of hot air from vents at the top. 94

( C ) GROUND COVER

Site Area - 20,000 ft.sq. The Built structure goes at lower ground level and Upper ground level. Each block growing from the sunken gardens into the sky. Site Area - 866.1 sq.m 30% of Site Area is Covered by the built structure. And the rest is kept untouched which comprise of all the natural vegetation. Ground Cover - 600 sq.m. The structure is built into the rocky terrain; thus, it merges with the surroundings.

Total Site area - 2,0463 sqm. . Only ¼ part of the site is having built structure, rest everything is kept untouched.

( D ) BUILT MASS

The main block disappears into the earth and is half submerged to the isolating quality of the earth. Courtyards, the buffer zones create smooth transitions from the exterior, to semi covered spaces Curvilinear therapy rooms in the front with internal corridors facing open court. Dispersed circular rooms provide good air flow throughout the built form. Designed as conceptualized as an extrusion of this terraced landscape. Thus, giving a ribbon like form to the building. All the structures stand not only due to the strength but because of its perfect geometry. ‘If the geometry is not proper, it would create tension.’-Sadhguru

( E ) INCORPORATING NATURE

Existing trees have been given site sensitive approach. Each block growing from the sunken gardens into the sky, often blending into a series of greens

Integrated landscape with rock garden. Existing palms and coconut trees are kept undisturbed. In between the fields, dense Himalayan cedar trees. The ribbon like form of the building retains the trees and big boulders on site. verandahs and light wells surround existing trees. Amidst in the Nilgiri Hills it has abundance of flora and fauna species. Grass lone, jasmine vines, herbs, varieties of flowers, coconut trees, bamboo grass, lily ponds are some of plants of landscape. Other features from landscape include Shady trees and a vibrant pond with multi-colored fish aims at soothing the fevered spirit

( F ) INCORPORATING WATER BODY

The Guest Lounge area opens up to a Central Court with water body on one side, and to a Sunken Court on the other (Archdaily, 2016). Private Consultation rooms are part of the main spaces, but are silently tucked away beside the water body. (Archdaily, 2016) Old tank used as a space for hydrotherapy. This pond cools hot air that enters the multiuse hall.

Perineal streams of water meander between the life size boulders, it is a diversion from a perennial mountain stream that flows. It branches out to create natural ponds on different levels. The network of water bodies make for a serene trickling sound as the water flows down the terraces. (Architecturebrio, 2018) Theerthakund is a deep immersion pool housing a live linga, enhancing one's spiritual receptivity as well as overall health and wellbeing (Center, n.d.) .A dip in its waters serves as a preparatory tool to receive the energies of the Dhyanalinga, before entering the Yogic Temple. Also consists of many waterbodies with lotus flowers.

( G ) OPENINGS

Large openings on the east, allowing natural sunlight to create a powerful setting. Some large open spaces are recessed with bamboo mats. The structure’s porous cell conceals a softer environment inside. East facing windows are larger to get sea view, but radiations are less due to trees cover. Climatic design strategies like vents at ceiling level are applied. All the linkages between spaces are well lit and well shaded Volume punctured with wedge like cut-outs to create light wells. To create a calm backdrop long slender skylight are made. Fins along the skylight cast different shadows along the wall throughout the day. Theerthakundas receive natural light and ventilation from the large size vents at the top. Adiyogalayam a steel frame structure has openings from truss. Inside Dhyanalinga use of soft artificial lights.

( H ) CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Exposed walls and ceilings washed with natural light create an organic feel (Archdaily, 2016).. Spa block conceals the guests from the outside with local exposed brick jaali works as the shell.

Use of local brick, lime mortar with lime concrete, bio concrete. The dome is cladded with broken mosaic to avoid water seepage and to avoid harsh temperature inside Warm timber flooring, and timber slatted walls make for an interesting interior the exterior walls are made of meticulously crafted solid local stone masonry. (Architecturebrio, 2018) Building Materials-Brick masonry, and granite stone rubble masonry. For wall finish white wash and earth plaster is used. FlooringLimestone paving, cuddapah black limestone. Roof-Metal framed terracotta and metal corrugated roofing sheet.

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CHAPTER 5- AREA PROGRAME

Entrance – Security Cabin – 5 sqm. Store – 15 sqm. Lobby and Reception - 40sqm Waiting Lounge – 20sqm Yoga Group Yoga areas – 700sqm. Private yoga areas – • • •

Each -130 sq.m Number of Private yoga areas – 5 Total - 650 sqm

Changing Room – 10 sqm. Lockers – 10sqm. Store room – 10 sqm. Toilets – 50sqm. Mediation – Group meditation areas – 500 sqm. Private meditation areas – • • •

Each – 5sqm. Number of Private meditation areas – 20 Total – 100sqm.

Chanting Group Chanting areas – 500 sqm Private chanting areas – • • •

Each – 5sqm. Number of Private meditation areas – 20 Total – 100sqm. 101

Energy healing Group Healing areas – 500 sqm Private Healing areas – • • •

Each – 5sqm. Number of Private meditation areas – 20 Total – 100sqm.

Chromotherapy Chromotherapy area – 500 Crystal Healing Crystal Healing area – 500 Acupressure Healing Acupressure Healing areas – Each – 200 sqm Toilets – 4 sqm Total acupressure healing blocks provided – 5 Total area for Acupressure Healing areas - 1020 Facilities – Dormitory /Hermitages – 1000 sqm Villa type / Cottages – • • • • • •

Bathroom – 6sqm. Floor Area – 12sqm Patio – 10 sqm. Total Area of one cottage – 28sqm Number of cottages – 12 Total area – 336 sqm

Conference room – 20sqm. Admin Area – 25sqm. Manager Cabin – 15sqm. Janitor room – 5 sqm Storage – 10 sqm.

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Kitchen – 60 sqm. Storage for Kitchen – 10 sqm. Dining Area– 300 sqm. Toilets – 100sqm. Staff Toilets – 50sq.m Guide, coach, trainer room – 40sqm. Lockers – 10 sqm. Parking – 600sqm. Open Auditorium – 1000sqm. Gallery – 150 sqm. Art Studio – 50 sqm. Library –200 sqm. Singing Areas – 150 sqm. Group Dancing Areas – 300 sqm Total = 7051 sqm. Circulation (20% of Building Total) – 1410 sqm. Mechanical Electrical (6% of building) – 425 Total Area Required ~ 9000 sqm.

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CHAPTER 6- SITE IDENTIFICATION

( I ) PHYSCIAL SETTING The site had to be in a Natural setting, away from disturbances from main city. Locating the site in the peripheral boundaries of Mumbai was suitable as it had Natural Surroundings and yet the distance is not more than 3hrs from the City.

( II ) ALIBAG Analyzing the strategical location of Alibag, it is near the Arabian sea thus providing ample amount of fresh air needed for any patient to heal faster and it takes not more than 3hrs to travel here.

( III ) HEALING HUBS AROUND ALIBAG There are many resorts around Alibag providing some of them are Prakriti Resort, Murud Janjira road, Radisson Blu Resort & Spa, Varsoli, Dew drop retreat which are providing spa, massage facilities for city dweller to get refreshed. They are often programmed with other facilities like Stays, Restaurants, clubs, and many other for specifically for the purpose of recreation with families, friends and circles.

Figure 98 Radisson Blu Resort & Spa, Varsoli Open pavilion around a water body surrounded by amenities

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Figure 99 other Prakrutifacilities Resort, Murud covered pavilions with adjacent swimming poolof forcalm public and These make the outdoor area more chaotic as the essence andlandscaped serene gardens with sparing seating arrangements for self-immersions

environment is lost. Though they are planned along the sea, and away from city the architecture does not allows one to realize self. The use of only earthy material and planning sheltered outdoor open spaces will not serve the only purpose for wellbeing. The atmosphere, environment essential for these healing like the ones discussed in the CHAPTER 2-( II ) and CHAPTER 2-( III ) 5 Elemental approach in designing such types of places should be applied. Ancient architecture based on different philosophies from Hindu Religion and temple architecture (a source of immediate wellbeing), allows one to take journey towards Wellbeing.

( IV ) ALIBAG ENVIRONMENT The main city of Alibag brings in more population, comprises of maximum tourists and others are the proper residents of the city since a long time. The huge crowd during seasons of festivals or new year of Tourists majorly from the Mumbai city, makes the city unbreathable thus less enjoyable sometimes. Also, city vehicular pollution adds to the decrease in quality of fresh sea breezes. Research finds that spending time by the ocean is pretty good for your wellbeing (Heiser, 2018). In fact, according to an analysis of English census data published in the journal Health Place, those who live by the coast report better physical and mental health than those who don’t (Heiser, 2018).But unfortunately due to pollution in air lessens its purity.

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( V ) SITES IDENTIFIED Areas around the Alibag city like Akshi, Chaul, Korlai, Awas are comparatively much less affected by this impurity, majorly less disturbed throughout the year. Thus, these regions are suitable for Healing activities. The sites chosen here are located a bit far from the main city, as the main city brings in more population, pollution in air, and more disturbances. They are located in Navapada and Akshi. The Akshi site is at 20 mins travelling from main city, and Navapada is 10mins.Two sites from these is under the CRZ-III Category and the other in Green Zone-I Category.

( VI ) SITE SELECTION The Site selection table on next page compares the three sites based on 3 major factors of Natural Factors, Legal factors and Socio-Cultural Factors.

Refer Table 2 Site Selection Table on the next page.

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SITES Selection Elements

SITE A (21,100 sqm.)

SITE B (25,000 sqm.)

SITE C (23,000 sqm.)

Sites photos from Google Earth Pro Land Criteria Accessibilit y

Soil Drainage

Natural Factors 1000m2 for every person for Spiritual and mediation Centre as per NBC 2016.Thus is suitable for 20 users at one time. The existing access is As it is adjacent to tar The road is earthen, and Earthen, but an access road, which is in good as it is situated away from from the main tar road condition, access could be main road. But it is 5 to 7 could be provided. provided easily minutes walking from main road. Red soil Some areas are marshy Red soil and rest is all red soil Is located on contoured The drainage slope is A contour towards north land, thus same direction parallel to the adjacent east side noticed, thus is could be used road. same direction is for drainage.

Contours

Present, future zoning

Accessibilit y to adjacent important facility Cultural Factor

Legal Factors Green Zone -Medical and CRZ-III- Hotels, health care facilities are accommodation facility for permitted in this area tourists, and dispensaries according to DCR. is permitted Socio cultural, Economic Factors A Clinic and a restaurant A Clinic and a restaurant are 8 to 10 mins from site, are 8 to 10 mins from site, other facility like petrol other facility like petrol pump, Hospital is located pump, Hospital is located in 12 to 15 min in the in 12 to 15 min in the main main city. city.

CRZ-III -Hotels, accommodation facility for tourists, and dispensaries is permitted A Clinic, restaurant is 5 to 10 mins from site, and a petrol pump at 15mins.

Surrounded by vernacular style of village houses, also beach resorts are distant.

Table 2 Site Selection Table

The Site selection table summarizes that the most suitable site for the proposed project is Site A, after analyzing the 3 major factors.

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CHAPTER 7- SITE ANALYSIS

( I ) LOCATION The site is located Navapada village near Alibag city of Maharashtra State in India. It comes Chalamala Gram Panchayat, Thal Taluka Alibag. It takes is 10min and 3.8 km from Alibag to reach here via Alibag-Revas Road. The average time to reach here from Mumbai is 2hrs and 30 min that is 94.3 km via NH-66.The site is located at a little raised level from ground , and surrounded by various types of trees.

Mumbai Maharashtra

Alibag a)

Figure 100 a) Maharashtra state with site location b) Route from Mumbai to Alibag

Arabian Sea

Khadtal Khadi

Figure 101 Khadtal Khadi branching out from Arabian sea, adjacent to site

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The site is located at close proximity to the sea, but not in the protected zones (according to coastal regulation) approximately at 570 m from sea shore. Thus, not very close to sea and a small stream of water breaks from the sea to form a a bay called Khadtal Khadi. It is approximately 21,000 but it is a part of a larger piece of land which has variety of tree which are to be protected and planted by the local Rotary Club.

Small Protected trees area

Figure 102 Small protected area managed by Rotary Club

( II ) UTILITY This village receives Electricity from MSEB and water supply from MIDC,Alibag. There is no specific drainage pattern observed. As the site is located at 20m above the sea floor level thus, the drainage pattern will be along the slope of contour.

Figure 103 Slope of the contours

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( III ) CLIMATE ( A ) SUNPATH

Figure 104 Sunpath diagram for Mumbai (Tukiainen, n.d.)

The Sunpath diagram is same as Mumbai region

( B ) WIND Windrose diagram below for Alibag region shows that winds blow from SW Direction for most hours of the year. A windspeed of 5km/hr is flowing for most part of the year.

Figure 105 a) Wind rose diagram for Alibag b) Windspeed noted on 22 November 2020, at 4:55pm observed on the Windy mobile app (Meteoblue.com, n.d.)

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( C ) TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION

Figure 106 Annual Temperature Chart (Meteoblue.com, n.d.)

The chart above shows that in the month of April and May the temperatures above 35 o C for than 20days of these months. Averagely the temperatures are above 30o C for most of the time of year. The precipitation is high in the month of July and moderate in June and July. During monsoon seasons the day temperatures drop to 27 o C and in winters it drops to minimum 17o C.

Figure 107 Temperature and Precipitation charts for Alibag (Meteoblue.com, n.d.)

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( D ) HUMIDITY Averagely July is the most humid month where humidity rises above 80%, and February is the least humid month. The humidity in this region is averagely 75% thought the year, thus remain humid for most part of the time.

Figure 108 Annual Relative humidity chart for Alibag (weatherandclimate.com, 2009)

( IV ) NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT The village adjacent to the site has some of the houses of vernacular type, else all are concrete structure. It also has a natural pond on the West side which gives cooling effect to its surrounding houses. The Bay reaches till the base slope of the site, with marshy area at the base.

Waterbody

Figure 109 Waterbody near the site

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Figure 110 Image captured from the site showing the bay adjacent to it, over which passes a bridge

( V ) SITE AND ZONING ( A ) SITE BOUNDARIES DIMENSION

Figure 111 Site Dimensions

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( B ) BUILDABLE AREA – Exactly area is 21,481m FSI – 1 Thus, the buildable area is also 21,481

( C ) ACCESS TO SITE There are 2 access to the site, one from the village and other from the main road. The 1st access is rough and earthy thus not much suitable for entry, whereas the second is a possible access, which directly connects the road and site and is gradually sloped towards the road. Thus, this access can be provided for visitors of the Centre and ramps will have to made in the earth for physically challenged.

Figure 112 Access 1

Figure 113 Access 2

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( VI ) NATURAL FEATURES ( A ) TOPOGRAPHY The site is contoured towards the bay, and its surface is flat except minor uneven surfaces at some parts. Apart from which currently it has large holes of mud, which are formed due to its removal by the locals for various purposes but these could be filled up during construction.

Figure 114 Panoramic view from the site showing its topography

Figure 115 a) Some parts of site dug in by locals for extracting mud b) Red soil

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( B ) VEGETATION

Figure 116 Various trees on site

The site has not much trees, but many tress exist around the site

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Figure 117 Existing trees marked on site

Figure 118 a) and b) The site is covered the dried grass, and small shrubs

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( VII ) CIRCULATION The site can be reached by Public transport of MSRTC Bus on the road adjacent to it. Further Bamnoli bus stop on the Alibag-Rewas road facilitates one to go to the main Alibag City, which has a Bus Depo.

( VIII ) SENSORY ( A ) VIEWS The views from the site are as follows • • • •

West side – Green cover with a skyline of coconut trees along the sea shore East Side – Small Forest cover North Side – The Bay with anchored boats South Side – Lesser large trees observed

Figure 119 West Side - Green cover with a skyline of coconut trees along the sea shore

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Figure 120 East Side - Green cover with a skyline of coconut trees along the sea shore

Figure 121 North Side - Green cover with a skyline of coconut trees along the sea shore

( B ) SOUNDS Due to the dense cover of trees at a distance on all 3 side, naturally this area is a home to variety birds. Woodpeckers, Cuckoos, sparrows are some of them found in large number here. Observation noted on 22 November 2020, at 4:53pm, the figure below shows the decibel range for sounds for a time interval of 30 seconds. The average decibel as noted on a day is 54 dB and maximum 76 dB According to the decibel chart below sounds above 85 dB are harmful, thus this place is suitable for healing activities

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Figure 122 a) Observation measured on Sound Meter app b) Decibel chart range

( C ) SMELLS No specific smells are noted though the bay is just adjacent to site but as the site is on a height no pungent smells reach here.

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CHAPTER 8- BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Heiser, C. (2018). Better by Today - What the beach does to your brain. Retrieved from NBC News: https://www.nbcnews.com/better/health/what-beach-does-your-brainncna787231 Ibrahim, I. (2018). Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) as Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: A Guide for Mental Health Professionals. ResearchGate. Jain, S. (2019). Rediscovering the ancient practice of Yoga for the future generations. Retrieved from https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/rediscovering-the-ancientpractice-of-yoga-for-the-future-generations/story-o0PncwghclDQToys0tkcCN.html Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Volume: 22 issue: 4,. (n.d.). 788-797. Kaur, V. (2016). ANCIENT INDIAN ENERGY HEALING: Practices for Physical, Mental and Emotional Well-Being. TheMindfulword. Kong FH, M. L. (2013). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) among Medical Practitioners. Lethaby, W. R. (2005). Architecture, Mysticism and Myth. Dover Publications 1891. Meteoblue.com. (n.d.). Climate Alibag. Retrieved from https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/alibag_india_ 1279027 Mukherji, A. (2001). The Holy Light:A Study of Natural Light in Hindu Temples in the Southern Region of Tamilnadu. Prasad, M., & Rajavel, B. (2013). ACOUSTICS OF CHANTS, CONCH-SHELLS, BELLS AND GONGS IN HINDU WORSHIP SPACES. RichardL.Nahin, PatriciaM.Barnes, & Bloom, B. (2007). ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicineUseAmongAdultsandChildren:UnitedStates. Sadhguru. (2011). Why Were Temples Built? Retrieved from https://isha.sadhguru.org/in/en/wisdom/article/why-were-temples-built Sarswat, G., & Kamal, M. A. (2015). Passive Cooling Through Natural Ventilation Techniques in Green Buildings: Inspirations from the Past. Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology. Schlosser, J. (2020). THE 5 ELEMENTS IN BIO-ARCHITECTURE. Retrieved from https://www.bioarc.co/blog/2020/5/12/the-5-elements-in-bio-architecture Seizure, Y. N. (2001). Yoga for control of epilepsy. Services, U. D. (2015). National Health Interview Survey. Retrieved from https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/meditation-in-depth

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Sharmila. (2015). Hindu Temple and Human body. Retrieved from https://www.kannadigaworld.com/news/culture/161163.html SINGH, R. P. (1994). WATE R SYMBOLIS M AN D SACRE D LANDSCAP E I N HINDUISM : A STUD Y O F BENARE S (VARANASI ). Streeter CC, W. T. (2010). Effects of yoga versus walking on mood, anxiety, and brain GABA levels: a randomized controlled MRS study. Survey, N. M. (2015-16). Tabish. (2008). Complementary and Alternative Healthcare: Is it Evidence-based? International journal of health sciences. TanejaMK. (2016). Bhramari (Shanmukhi Mudra) Pranayama in presbyacusis and dementia. Indian J Otol. Tanisha Dutta, & V. S. Adane. (2018). Shapes, Patterns and Meanings in Indian Temple Architecture. American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. TLLLF, N. S. ( 2018). HOW INDIA PERCEIVES MENTAL HEALTH. Tomljenović Helena , Begić Dražen , & Maštrović Zora. (2016). CHANGES IN TRAIT BRAINWAVE POWER AND COHERENCE, STATE AND TRAIT ANXIETY AFTER THREE-MONTH TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION (TM) PRACTICE. Psychiatria Danubina, 2. Trivedi, K. (1993). Hindu Temple: Models of a Fractal Universe. International Seminar on Mayonic Science, (pp. 243-258). Madras. Tukiainen, M. T. (n.d.). Bombay, India - Sunrise, sunset, dawn and dusk times for the whole year - Gaisma. Retrieved from Gaisma: https://www.gaisma.com/en/location/bombay.html UKEssays. (November 2018). Color therapy in mental health and well being. weatherandclimate.com. (2009). Average Humidity In Alibaug (Maharashtra). Retrieved from https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Humidity-perc,alibaugmaharashtra-in,India Welch, A. (2020). e-architect. Retrieved from https://www.e-architect.com/india/shreyasretreat-bengaluru White, B. &. (2014). The effects of yoga on incarcerated individuals' self-perception of life orientation (optimism/pessimism), perceived stress, and self-efficacy. International Journal of Yoga and Allie. WHO. (1978). HEALTH.

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Shivani Mahadik - 5 Environmental (Experiential) Architecture for Stress Relief, Alibag-Thesis

Articles inside

CHA PT ER 8- Bibliography

C ) SMELLS

B ) SOUNDS

G ) OPENINGS

F ) INCORPORATING WATER BODY

CHA PT ER 5- Area programe

E ) INCORPORATING NATURE

IV ) ALIBAG ENVIRONMENT

H ) CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

D ) BUILT MASS

C ) GROUND COVER

B ) MASSING VERTICAL

Figure 82 Yoga rooms

B ) Planning

III ) DHARAMSHALA YOGA RETREAT, HIMACHAL PRADESH

Figure 56 – a) Yoga - Awareness about Indian Healing Practices b) Percentage of people practicing yoga, or did once c)The sense of calmness, and clarity felt by users after Meditation d)Percentage of users felt the Vibrations and wished to seat for longer time at the place where chanting occurred

D ) EARTH

C ) WATER BODIES

B ) Prevalence of mental disorders over other disorders

III ) Indian Healing Practices

A ) AIR

C ) WATER

B ) LIGHT

B ) EARTH

D ) SPACE