Pigeons are everywhere by Shiyuan.Lyu

STUDIO 10: IT WILL NOT BE OVER UNTIL WE TALK DESIGN THESIS (ABPL90169_2021_S1E)

PIGEONS ARE EVERYWHERE

Tutor: Marijke Davey Student：Shiyuan Lyu Student ID: 977705

CONTENT

STATEMENT

BRIEF1- WHERE ARE WE

01-09

BRIEF2- WHAT DO YOU SEE

10-03

BRIEF4- CAN I GET SOME DIRECTIONS

04-21

THESIS PROPOSAL

22-46

SITE ANALYSIS

47-77

CONCEPT SKETCH DESIGN

78-131

Living together in a contested territory is extremely difficult, and people have to suffer from complicated segregations of invisible or visible for a long time. The war and conflict between Palestine and Israel greatly harmed the quality of life of citizens, and this isolation caused great tension and distrust among them. In Palestine, an average of 8,000 people has one public space. However, due to the continuation of the war, people’s communication types and spaces are still declining. Pigeon is a hero bird, as a symbol of freedom, love, peace, and hope, it has witnessed human history and development. Pigeons use their talents and skills to communicate, pass messages to people in wars, and save people's lives. Therefore, this thesis aims to provide a public space for Palestinians,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

132

establish a relationship between people and pigeons, and let people find new communication types from the complex spatial formalities of life in Palestine.

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In this poem, Darwish refers to Palestine as the "Olive Tree", which will continue to live forever even under occupation. The olive tree has important economic significance and special meaning in the lives of Palestinians. They are not only a symbol of this area, but also a symbol of the Palestinians’ love and attachment to this land. He intended to use the metaphor “The Olive Tree” to represent Palestine as a country that will always stand, be free and live forever.

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A Drawing of the Article (Collage) Poetry of Politics and Mourning: Mahmoud Darwish’s Genre-Transforming Tribute to Edward W. Said

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HISTORY OF PALESTINE

SHADED HISTORY

REFLECTION

The Arab-Israeli conflict is mistakenly thought to be a religious dispute between Jews and Muslims. However, this could not be farther from the truth. To more accurately describe the conflict, it will be define as a nationalist conflict for purposes of this investigation. Arab nationalism and Zionism comprise dimensions that go beyond faith and include; a shared identity, perspectives on land ownership, ethnicity, and language.

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a complicated result of many factors, such as history, religion, politics, and economy. Therefore, it is not a black and white result.

The differing perspectives on land ownership within these nationalistic movements have a direct spacial translation and therefore architectural and urban implications. To quote Eyal Weizman, Israeli architect and expert on forensic and occupation architecture, "The Israeli-Palestine conflict has a clear spatial, role inits unfolding. architecture was presented as a political issue, and furthermore as the material product of politics itself."

I cannot judge this long war because I am not a historian and I have not even been to Palestine. For me, speaking on either side of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is narrow. However, through investigation, I have seen how the Palestinians use actions to defend their homes and historical heritage and their desire for freedom of movement. Violence and war are never what people want.

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REAL-LIFE IN PALESTINE

OUTCOMES -As of March 13, 2019, the unemployment rate in the West Bank is still rising. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2018, the unemployment rate in the West Bank reached 52%, which means that the local unemployment rate has increased by nearly 8% over the previous year, and the Israeli army’s blockade of Palestine has increased by more than 20%. -In 2018, the unemployment rate of women in the West Bank was approximately 74.5%, and the unemployment rate of women is still increasing.

https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/fear-and-exhaustion-old-city-hebron

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Land Ownership Distribution 1948

1922

1967

2008

Nablus

Jericho

Ramallab Jerusalem Bethlehem Bakshi, Anita, Urban Form and Memory Discourses: Spatial Practices in Contested Cities, Journal of Urban Design, 2014

Population Palestinian Jewish

670,000 84,000

1,070,000 720,000

1,280,000 2,380,000

5,120,000 5,610,000

Hebron

Bar-Yaacov, Nissim. "Applicability of the Laws of War to Judea and Samaria (The West Bank) and to the Gaza Strip, The." Isr. L. Rev. 24 (1990): 485

REFLECTION Due to Palestine and Israel respectively claim ownership of religious sites and territories. Therefore, this contradiction can also be considered as a nationalist conflict. The city of Hebron in the occupied West Bank/Israel is shared by Palestine and Israel. Hebron has suffered from such violent conflicts and unfair treatment for a long time, which has greatly damaged the quality of life of its citizens. At the same time, this isolation has also led to the tension, distrust and selfishness of the local residents.

I have a friend from Saudi Arabia. We talked to her hometown at a party. She told me that her hometown is very close to Palestine and she had been there. She also told me that residents hate such endless wars. They just want to live a good life. Most of the time, they don’t even know the specific reasons for a conflict, but they are forced to endure these pressures and sufferings. For them, life is tough, but they still hope that their children will not experience what they are experiencing now, which is too terrible.

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Addressing the refugee problem created by Palestinian exodus, the United Nations created an imaginary border to separate the newly formed state of Israel and Palestinian territories the armistice agreement of 1949. Until 1967, the Six-day war resulted in the annexation of Gaza, the Golan Heights, some of the west bank, and Jerusalem. The West Bank is currently divided into three parts, A, B and C. Area A accounts for 3% of the West Bank. This area is mainly controlled by the Palestinian Authority, and all Israeli citizens are prohibited from entering this area.

Area B is jointly controlled by Palestine and Israel, accounting for 23-25% of the West Bank. Area C is completely controlled by Israel, accounting for about 74% of the West Bank, and constant friction still exists in this region. Settlements in the West Bank enjoy various privileges funded by Israel, and Israel often provides different incentives for relocations of residents who move into the area. The settlements provide housing, education, roads, water, electricity and health care facilities subsidies, and ensure the personal safety and property safety of local residents.

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Israel/ West Bank REFLECTION

Mediterranean sea West Bank

Dead sea

Hebron City Limits

Hebron is home to 250,000 Palestinians and approximately 850 Jews. The city is divided into two districts, H1 and H2. H1 is under the authority of Palestine, and H2 is under the jurisdiction of Israel. H2 is the home of 35,000 Palestinians, 850 Jewish Settles and 1,500 Israeli stationed IDF soldiers. Israeli citizens are prohibited from entering H1, however, this rule is sometimes ignored. Therefore, there will be some incidents and conflicts about settler violence and destroying the lives of Palestinian citizens. In the H2 zone, the Palestinians here will be severely restricted from passing and deprived of many of their rights.

Balistans in H2 can enter H1 because their lives, schools, markets and institutions are all based there. This means that for the 35,000 Palestinian residents in H2, the 17 checkpoints that divide H1 and H2 are a constant occurrence and an annoying part of their daily lives. Children are forced to go to school through checkpoints, women are forced to go to the market through checkpoints, and men are forced to go to work through checkpoints. These daily behaviors constantly remind them of their helplessness and humiliation as Palestinians in the West Bank.

Israel Egypt

In order to keep Palestinians at a comfortable and safe distance from settles, the government implemented a series of segregation measures. Israeli settlements mainly have three architectural typology: greater tactical strength, self-protection, and a wider view. These settlements are usually built on higher terrain, and the layout of the city follows the topographical lines around the mountain summits to maximize the view of the Palestinian villages under the mountain. Architectural characteristics, the houses in the outer ring can clearly see the surrounding landscape, and there is a corresponding gap between the houses in the inner ring and the houses in the outer ring. This basically ensures that every residence can see the outside scenery.

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H1 Home Destroyed by IDF

H1 Spice Merchant

H2 Religious School

H2 Settlement

Interior of Checkpoints

Watchtower

IDF Base

Division Fencing, Cameras

Downtown H1 https://issuu.com/annelys/docs/subjectiveatlasofpalestine

REFLECTION Israel mainly restricts the activities of Palestinians in the H2 zone through blockades and strict inspections. As of August 2010, there are still 6.6 kilometers of roads in the core area of the Old City that are not open to Palestinian vehicles, and 2.3 kilometers of them are not open to Palestinian pedestrians. According to the survey data of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in August 2005, there are 101 roadblocks of various types in the H2 area with an area of less than 5 square kilometers. These barriers are mainly used to hinder the passage of Palestinians by vehicles and on foot.

In such an environment, the Palestinians have lost their basic human rights and freedoms. This unfair treatment also prevents local children from receiving normal education. Their experience and life make them yearn for peace and freedom more than other children, and they hope to change this status quo through their knowledge and efforts. At the same time, there is still an obvious phenomenon of disunity in education in the local area, which is also one of the main reasons for the continuous conflicts and wars. For example, Palestinian children living in Gaza were told that their capital is in Cairo, while schools in the West Bank told Palestinian children that Amman is the capital of Palestine.

Tomb of Machpelah / Al-Ibrahimi Mosque

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In Hebron, a conflict took the lives of a local family of five people, including two children. The neighbors expressed their sadness when they heard about it. A group of Palestinian disabled football players who lost their legs in a friendly match organized by the 2018 FIFA World Cup due to a surprise attack by Israel.

The scars that the Arab-Israeli conflict has caused to this region and era are indescribable. Due to the continuation of the war and the shortage of resources, the locals are unwilling to share their own things with others. But from the picture above, we can see that some local residents still have a positive and optimistic attitude towards life. More importantly, people living in this context will appreciate and desire equality and freedom more.

Palestinian football player Mohammed Abu Bayad was the first person in Gaza to use a cane to participate in a football match and score a goal. His leg was amputated after being set on fire by the Israeli army.

The focus of the design is to provide people with a non-national shared space. It will represent that equality, freedom and socialization will become the protagonists of the space. Therefore, the purpose of this design is not to improve or resolve the current conflict, but to provide local residents with an opportunity to “Encounter” and “Rest”.

“I played football before the injury and changed my life, but I am determined to continue.” Abu Bayad (Abu Bayad) said at the stadium in Gaza.

Abu Bayad is running and passing the ball hard with a cane. He scored a goal, making him the first disabled player in Gaza to score a goal.

In Hebron, some Palestinian fruit growers attract guests at the Grape Festival. People can also enjoy traditional singing and dancing performances during the festival.

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SEPARATE EDUCATION Jewish School:

-Human culture is the result of the joint efforts of the Jewish nation and the people of the world. -Cultivate Jewish national consciousness and strengthen the spiritual connection between students and Israel. -Israel is an important guarantee for the Jewish

Palestine School:

-Human culture is the result of the joint efforts of the people of the world. -Emphasize the importance of Israel to the Jewish nation.

nation.

REFLECTION Jewish schools focus on cultivating Jewish students’ national consciousness and promote Zionist ideas. The focus of education in Palestinian schools is to cultivate students’ sense of identity with Zionism, but they do not educate their children on the history and culture of Palestine. In the local area, Arabs use Arabic and Jews use Hebrew, and different schools tell children different “facts.” This fact shows that the children here have received different education since childhood, so this directly led to the long-term violent conflict in the local area. I hope this project can provide more opportunities for people’s Encounter and Communication. By living together in the school, promote mutual understanding and communication among different local cultures and people. When people begin to understand and accept each other, the incidence of violence will also decrease.

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https://issuu.com/annelys/docs/subjectiveatlasofpalestine

REFLECTION The Subjective Atlas of Palestine was co-sponsored by the Department for Democratisation and Peacebuilding of ICCO in the Netherlands and Dutch designer Annelys de Vet. In April 2007, the book was completed by three Dutch designers and more than 20 Palestinian designers, artists, photographers, and architects. Palestinian artists, photographers, and designers drew maps of their country for them. The subjective atlas will include the local landscape, architecture, music, food, and cuisine of Palestine. It is not a normal map but reveals personal life experiences through these photos, drawings, and maps. What it reflects is Palestine from a different angle. This is one of the few pieces of literature that nearly 100% positive on Palestine.

My favorite part is called “Beautiful Palestine”. The nature photos taken by Majdi Hadid remind you of romantic family picnics and walks in the hills or locations of olive harvesting in the hot afternoon. When reading “the Subjective Atlas of Palestine”, I think this subjective atlas is about “Home” and “Sharing”, and it also includes some vignettes of life in Palestine. In other words, I will not associate this place with war, conflict, or occupation at all. Unfortunately, this place continues to experience the cruel reality.

https://issuu.com/annelys/docs/subjectiveatlasofpalestine

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Tessler, Mark A. A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is an acronym which refers to the Middle East and North Africa. (19 countries). M – Middle E – East N – North A – Africa

REFLECTION The Middle East and North Africa include a total of 19 countries. According to statistics, in the Middle East and North Africa, one in every five children is not in school. In other words, there are about 3 million out-of-school children here. By the end of 2017, the local armed conflicts in Syria, Iraq, and Yemen have brought the number of outof-school children in the region back to more than 14.3 million in 2007.

Thinking about the layout of drawings This mapping can clearly express what I want to say, such as the geographic location of the object. At the same time, the black background and the red highlight can quickly grab the reader’s attention. But it is undeniable that it is monotonous. The main components of mapping are map and data, but it may become richer and more interesting, which would be better.

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MENA is a diversified area, which is affected by the development of the economy, politics, culture, religion, etc. There are certain differences between different countries and regions. However, the region connects Europe, Africa, and Asia, and this superior geographical location also creates intangible commercial and economic value for the countries in this region.

A detailed history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Tessler begins recounting the tale of both nationalities since before their formal conception. Since the time of the philistines and ancient Eretz Ysrael, a detailed evolution of both people's identities is shown as a result of political, historical and territorial forces. The book details the rise of modern Zionism and Arab nationalism as reaction to European imperialism and post World War I nationalism. Concluding with the current conflict, the rise of Hamas and radical right-wing Zionism， TesSsler's accounts are factual and allow the reader to form his own conclusions and postulations about the future and resolution of the conflict.

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REFLECTION Therefore, what seems normal and easy to us is an obstacle that local people need to overcome constantly in their daily lives – caused by the conflict of the Middle East. The Palestinians want the most basic rights and any freedom of movement, want to seek the best benefit for their families, and want their children not to experience such a bad life again.

I made this diagram to show the current situation of this region. Due to Israeli military occupation, watchtowers, checkpoints, and separation walls were set up in this region, which severely restricted people’s movement and freedom. At the same time, conflicts and wars have also caused the Palestinians to lose their dignity and mental health , which will seriously affect the quality of life of the locals.

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The Old City of Hebron is the center of commerce and culture of the city yet it is mostly located in H2. Even though this area is under full Israeli control; it is home to 35,000 palestinians 500 Settlers, and 1,500 IDF solders. despite the militarypresence and restrictions on movement imposed upon them in H2, Palestinians continue to live and work in the Old City. There are 17 checkpoints in H2 passing

through them is unavoidable for its Palestinian residents who are subject to routine searches and questioning. As the tensions in Hebron occur mostly within the radius of the Old City, its boundaries will form the urban perimeter of the site. therefore, the deployment of the engineered paradises will be concentrated in the Old City.

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PALESTINIAN BOY BEFRIENDS ISRAELI SOLDIERS

A study on violence in 2011 found that 48 per cent of households (48 percent in the West Bank, and 49 percent in Gaza) were exposed to violence from the security forces and settlers.

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ISRAELI MILITARY OCCUPATION Through the above investigation, I made this diagram to show the current situation of this region. Due to Israeli military occupation, watchtowers, checkpoints, and separation walls were set up in this region, which severely restricted people’s movement and freedom. At the same time, conflicts and wars have also caused the Palestinians to lose their dignity and healthy mental state, which will seriously affect the quality of life of the locals. The conflict between Palestine and Israel is related to politics, history, culture, and religion, so the background and context of this region are complicated. Due to the occupation by the Israeli army,

the freedom of the Palestinians was severely restricted and their lives were constantly threatened. However, Palestinian society is still a young society. In 2015, children under the age of 5 accounted for 15% of the total population of Palestine, and children between the ages of 0 to 14 accounted for 39.4%. The elderly over 65 accounted for 2.9%. For such a young society, people not only hope to pursue freedom and fair justice for themselves, but also to strive for more equal living conditions for their children, such as education, medical care, and housing.

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FRAGMENTATION WALL IN PALESTINE On June 5, 1967, Palestine began a six-day war in the Middle East. The war finally ended when the Israeli army occupied the West Bank. Fifty years later, 2.5 million Palestinians still live in the West Bank. They live in territories controlled by the Israeli army, but they are not Israeli citizens. In their lives, every day is full of checkpoints, separation walls, patrols. The actions and rights of the Palestinians are severely restricted. Because of many visible and invisible obstacles. It can be seen that this wall severely restricts the movement and contact of the Palestinians.

Violence and conflict threaten the daily lives of Palestinians. Even if they are not directly involved in the war, they are the biggest victims of the war. Most of the time, they do not know the cause of the war.

The movie “The Present” vividly described the scene when the Palestinians crossed the checkpoint. The director captured the suffering of a country, and the film also fully demonstrated the local people’s desire for freedom and equality.

In the past decade, the movement of Palestinians has been further restricted. For example, about 80,000 Palestinians enter Israel every day for work, education, medical and other reasons. But this process is a long one. It can take a few hours for a 15-minute journey in time and some cases even 1-2 days.

The Berlin Wall was built by the German Democratic Republic from 1961 to 1989. The wall replaced West Berlin with the surrounding East Germany. Some people called this area the “death zone.” At the same time, it is the evidence that the local people are restricted in their freedom of movement and basically feasible.

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In such an environment, the movement of the Palestinians has been greatly restricted. I compared this wall with the Berlin wall. In terms of height, the Palestinian wall is twice as tall as the Berlin Wall, and in length, the Palestinian wall is five times the Berlin wall. This wall hinders people’s normal life and communication in both visible and invisible. Therefore, the local people believe that the wall is a “wall of shame” because it prevents the “will of the people”.

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COMMUNICATION TYPE 2 From the second millennium BC to modern times, there are two dominant types of houses in Palestine: simple houses commonly found in rural areas and courtyard houses commonly found in urban centers.

Simple Houses

Courtyard House

Simple houses are usually built with stones, but sometimes they can be built with rocks. However, the houses used by most Palestinian farmers are likely to be built with sand-dried bricks.

The main building materials used are stone and unbaked bricks. Wood and baked bricks are almost never used. Lamla, Hebron and Jerusalem use limestone of various colors, from white to pink, the latter also uses various types of marble.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the top floor of the building was the main living space of the family, and the first floor was used for raising livestock.

The courtyard is surrounded by several houses, sharing a common courtyard with one entrance. The courtyard is used to complete domestic tasks, such as preparing food, making and washing clothes, and other agricultural tasks. Each family member can use two or more rooms.

REFLECTION This traditional-vernacular courtyard house consists of five to six single-room houses. The house was originally a group of rooms serving large families, each room was a nuclear house-unit in the structure, and all life functions were provided in one room. Some rooms are separated into two areas by a raised platform, these two areas will be used as sleeping and hosting area.

COMMUNICATION TYPE 1 Street View in West Bank, Palestine (11:00 AM) The difference in the types of communication between the Palestinians is one of the reasons for many local cultural conflicts and violence.

When they chat with people, they will habitually wave their arms or use another body language to express their opinions.

1. The way the Palestinians express their ideas is straightforward. In life, they tend to use “I want” or “I need” to express their ideas, rather than using expressions such as “Is it possible” or “It would be better if...”. Similarly, they are more inclined to use “you are wrong” to express their opinions, rather than, “I think...” or “in my opinion.” 2. The Palestinians are very expressive when communicating.

3. Israelis tend to demonstrate ‘overlapping’ speech patterns. 3. Israelis tend to show “overlapping” voice patterns. In many cultures, interruption is very weak, but in Palestine, interruption is normal. Going out is sometimes dangerous, people always go out for work, study and life. Therefore, I think the street is one of the most common communication spaces. People on the street have a large age span, and the communication time is not too long.

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Moreover, this type of housing serves not only urban residents, but also village dwellers, and accommodates all social classes. The class difference is manifested in the size, quality and location of the courtyard, rather than in typology. The two main types of houses in the area are simple houses and courtyard houses. The courtyard is surrounded by several houses, sharing a common courtyard with one entrance. the courtyard is used to complete domestic tasks, such as preparing food, making and washing clothes, and other agriculture tasks. Therefore, simple houses are mainly communication between families. Courtyard houses will also generate communication between different families. BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

COMMUNICATION TYPE 3 Public Parks and Boulevards in Palestine The planning and layout of public spaces in Palestine borrowed from European cities. The designer incorporated the park into the built environment to ensure local air quality and urban vitality. Public space is designated as public property, and it is also considered part of the private purchase of land. For example, when land is acquired for settlers, the land will be divided into 101 parcels, of which 100 parcels are allocated to settlers or purchasers as their private land, and one parcel is reserved for public use, such as parks and boulevard. Generally speaking, there will be a tree-filled park near major public buildings to provide residents with a chance to respond. In the early days, designers set aside land for open public spaces, and sometimes these places were called gardens.

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The proportion of teenagers accounts for 70% of the total number. The teenagers playing in the park are mainly males, accounting for 77% of the total. People communicate with others through oral communication and body language. However, parks and publics are constantly disappearing and being occupied. They are gradually evolving into slum-like built-up areas, which have a significant negative impact on the quality of the built environment and the socio-economic conditions of the residents, thereby increasing the local unemployment rate, poverty rate and dropout rate. In the West Bank, an average of 8,800 people can own a park, so there are a series of environmental and housing problems.

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COMMUNICATION TYPE 4 Traditional Activities - Ramadan in Palestine

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COMMUNICATION TYPE 5 Bravo Nablus Palestine’s First Modern Grocery Supermarket The supermarket occupies 2,000 m², which has 10,000 modern grocery products, as well as traditional Palestinian cafes and children’s recreation areas. This supermarket provides 160 good jobs for residents. Therefore, commercial public spaces can not only provide people with basic necessities, but also solve social problems to a certain extent, such as the unemployment rate.

Opening Hours : Mon - Sun / 7 am - 11 pm

Currently, there are about 3,842 supermarkets in the West Bank. 30% of the customers are Palestinians and 70% of the customers are Israelis. Due to the wars and conflicts, in the past 20 years, Israel has closed 430 Palestinian supermarkets, which also means the space and types of communication for Palestinians is gradually shrinking.

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BRIEF

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION SPACES Location

Street View

Home

Parks and Boulevards

Religious Venues

Supermarket

Time

5-10 min

10-15 h

60-120 min

29-31 days

30-90 min

Crowd

Friends

Family Members/ Neighbors

Young People (<18 years old)

Muslims

Mainly Women

Behavior

Greet

Washing and Cooking

Skateboard, Play Games

Prayer, Charity, Wudu

Consultation and Greeting

Style

Body Language,Oral Communication

Oral Communication

Body Language,Eye Contact

Area

Courtyard House (about 200m²)

150m²

2000m²

Resilience means rebound. Initially, physical scientists used this term to express the characteristics of springs. Resilient spaces can well deal with and alleviate the negative effects of local wars, allowing people and buildings to recover in a short time, increasing the city's adaptability and resilience. In addition, users of different ages will also bring different conceptions of time and rhythm to the city.

The instability of Israeli control and the unpredictable military and political developments on the ground renders Palestine an environment of high uncertainty. Jews and Palestinians have a tug of war on the right to use the site (Revolving door occupancy), plundering and territorial conflicts threaten the lives of Palestinians to a certain extent. Therefore, "Respect for Life" will be one of the keywords in the design of the project. Besides, the Oush Grab located at the juncture of three continents, Europe, Asia and Africa. More than 500 million birds pass over the Middle East twice a year in the autumn and spring migration. Pigeon migration can be used as an ideal tool for communication and cooperation between nations in the region, and under the heading "Migrating Birds Know No Boundaries", it conveys the ideas of freedom and equality to people. However, in the process of migration, the lives of pigeon are threatened by nature and humans. Therefore, the project will also have the function of observing and protecting local birds. The project will contain 3 different programs that will change with time. The first stage is to share space, providing people with a place to communicate, encounter, and vent their emotions. In the process, it will gradually weaken the conflicts caused by different cultures, beliefs and political positions. The second stage is the observation tower to help people observe the birds migration and the park. In the third stage, people can feed or treat birds(especially pigeons), save their lives, and protect biodiversity.

Resilience of Public Spaces: A Case Study of the Colonies in Palestine This article introduces that public space has certain self-healing abilities during natural and man-made disasters, which is related to its inherent vitality and flexibility. Flexible space allows people to occupy space purposefully. Therefore, people can try to increase the adaptability, resilience, and flexibility of the city through the design of resilient spaces. The article lists some public buildings in Palestine, such as street elements, parks, and commercial buildings.

Oush Grab was once an Israeli military base, located at a hilltop military site at the edge of Beit Sahou, Bethlehem. After obtaining control of the site, the municipal master has built a children’s play area, a restaurant, and an open garden for events on the hillside, and will also design a set of public functions, a neighbourhood with a hospital and a public park in the future. Currently, Oush Grab is one of the only open public places in the Bethlehem area.

By comparing different communication types, I found that the time, crowd, spatial ratio, and behavior of different communication types are different. These different communication styles will have varying degrees of impact on the lives of Palestinians.

In conclusion, the project will be a communication center to provide safe, equal, and free encounter opportunities for local people and pigeons. The design will include communication centre, bird migration care area and outdoor space. Indoor space includes shared space, handcraft workshops, bird facilities, cafe, and doctor studios. Outdoor space includes an observation tower, landscape, and car parking.

Due to the constant wars and conflicts, Palestine has always been in a turbulent environment. The Palestinians are not only restricted in their movement and freedom but even unable to guarantee their own lives. Therefore, I will try to combine the communication space with the resilient spaces to provide the city with short-term adaptability and resilience. In other words, when people suffer from some disasters, this resilient communication space can provide people with a buffering process and reduce Disaster that harms people physically and psychologically.

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BAYT SAHUR DOWNTOWN Oush Grab was once an Israeli military base, located at a hilltop military site at the edge of Beit Sahou, Bethlehem. Oush Grab is a new park from which the occupying forces left in April 2006. Before 1967, the Jordanian army used it as a military base. As we all know, the Bethlehem area lacks

open space where children can play and picnic safely. At the same time, as the movement and freedom of Palestinians are increasingly restricted, the space for their activities and communication is shrinking (an average of 8,800 people own one park).

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Resource: https://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Bayt_Sahur_884/index.html

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THE FUNCTION OF BAYT SAHUR DOWNTOWN Beit Sahour is a Palestinian town east of Bethlehem and is managed by the Palestinian National Authority. About 14,000 of the population are 80% Christians (most of them are Greek Orthodox) and 20% Muslims. Christian tradition believes that Beit Saho is the place of Annunciation for Jews,

but the Palestinian Christians living here have been driven out of the town because Israeli settlements occupy the land. The house is considered illegal and will be demolished. The town’s economy mainly relies on tourism and related industries, such as the manufacture of olive wood carvings. Israel’s

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agriculture and work also played an important role. The government is building a restaurant, a climbing tower, a football field, and a park on the hillside. At the same time, the city of Beit Saho also plans to build a hospital and a sports center in the local area.

Resource: https://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Bayt_Sahur_884/index.html

BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

Park

BAYT SAHUR DOWNTOWN SITE PLAN Since Oush grab is located on the hilltop, it has an excellent view. When people stand on the top of the mountain, they can not only enjoy the beautiful scenery of the park but also the whole town, so this will bring unlimited potential and possibilities to the design of the site.

The planning and layout of public spaces in Palestine borrowed from European cities. The designer incorporated the park into the built environment to ensure local air quality and urban vitality. Public space is designated as public property, and it is also considered part of the private purchase of land.

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

OUSH GRAB PLAN & SECTION Throughout the Second Intifada, the Israeli military piled sand and rubble in a giant circle around the hill, making it appear like a crater or artificial volcano. Since its evacuation, groups of Israeli settlers have attempted to establish a new colony within Oush Grab. A fight for the hilltop has taken place as activists, settlers and the Israeli military clash both in situ and in the courts. However, at the top of the hill

of Oush Grab, some deserted military structures remain in place and a military order still covers their presence. This means that even though it is public land, the municipality is not allowed to build or develop there. At the same time, rational use of these abandoned military structures will save construction costs to a large extent, and people can also clearly see the history of the building.

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

THE HISTORY OF OUSH GRAB

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AFRICAN-EURASIAN FLYWAYS

Resource: https://afasiaarchzine.com/2011/04/decolonizing-architecture/ http://www.wildlife-pal.org/article/56/Bird-Migration

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

Proble: Transparency

Proble: Reflection

Proble: Fly Through

Proble: Beacon Effect

Solution: Screen/ Holes/ Fritting

Solution: Vegetation Near Building

Solution: Glass Tilted Downwards

Solution: Light Out

Solution: Visual Noise

Solution: NonReflective Material

Solution: NonReflective Glass

Solution: Use of Plastic Films, Diachroic Coatings

PIGEONS, SURROUNDINGS, ARCHITECTURE More than 500 million birds pass over the Oush Grab twice a year in the autumn and spring migration. I regard bird migration as an ideal tool for cooperation and communication between countries in the region. How different birds occupy the public space of Beit Sahou? They may be on the cable, on the side of the road or on trees. However, in this project, I will focus on the pigeons habits and what kind of activities they enjoyed between people and pigeons. The Palestinians are keen on training, raising, and feeding pigeons , and there are pigeon Expo, racing and markets in Palestine. Palestinians usually whistle and clap their hands to train pigeons. They believe that pigeon is a symbol of love, peace, hope and freedom. Therefore, in this design, I will explor

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how to create powerful attachments for birds, home, and owners. On the other hand, buildings will have a direct impact on migrating birds. Therefore, this project will also consider how to prevent birds from colliding with buildings. This is because birds cannot see that glass is solid, but can only recognize what the glass reflects. No matter whether it is a tree or a sky, they will not regard obstacles as danger, and as a result collide with them, there is a risk of death. According to statistics, in the United States, 100 million to 1 billion birds die every year due to impacts on buildings, so buildings are the most dangerous for birds.

BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

PIGEON TOWERS

SITE PLAN The site has three main entrances, located on the west, east and south. Among them, the east and west entrances will constitute the main route. When people enter the site, they can directly enter the interior of the building through the landscape garden in the center. Therefore, the gray area is the main building in the site. It is mainly composed of two buildings. The long building on the left is a communication center, including the Bird specimen exhibition, which helps people understand the local history, art and life sciences . The building on the right is about the deliver beauty and hope. There are doctor studios in the building, which can help treat injured pigeons in the area. There is an observation tower in the southwest to help people observe bird migration and natural landscape.

Through research on pigeon homes in the Middle East, I found that pigeon towers have existed for at least 800 years. In this ancient land, there are still many destroyed or well-preserved luxury accommodation buildings, which are specially designed and built for pigeons. Each dovecote named Pigeon Tower can collect droppings and use it as fertilizer. Each pigeon tower can hold up to 14,000 pigeons. The size of the pigeon tower is quite large, usually 10.5-12 meters high, with a solid structure and fine proportions. The pigeon house is usually built with mud bricks. Although there have never been two identical pigeon towers, they all conform to the same structural and plan. Each tower consists of an outer drum, which is internally reinforced to prevent collapse and supports an inner drum about one-third the height of the main structure.

Resource: https://thecitylane.com/iran-dovecotes-pigeontowers-of-varzaneh/ https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/450802/Pigeon-towerssignificant-but-strange-buildings-of-ancient-times

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

GROUND FLOOR PLAN - THEATER

GROUND FLOOR PLAN - MAIN BUILDING

The building will traverse the land, so the ground floor area is darker and the natural lighting conditions are not good, but for the theater, it needs a certain amount of light-proof ability. At the same time, since the building can run through the landscape, it has good ventilation.

This area is mainly a public shared space. There are no closed small rooms in the traditional sense, which means that the building does not use walls to distinguish the functions of different spaces. Therefore, when people enter the interior of the building, they will find that the internal space is fluid. I hope to create casual encounters and experiences for people in this way.

The theater is relatively independent and has its entrance, so people can enter directly. Some local events are regularly held here, such as festivals, performances, and movies.

The ground floor is mainly a bird species exhibition, knowledge about bird migration, and life science issues. It will be open and open to the public.

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

GROUND FLOOR PLAN LANDSCAPE CORRIDOR

GROUND FLOOR PLAN PIGEONS HOME

The area has only one floor, and the center is a landscape garden. Vegetation or grains that pigeons like to eat can be placed in the garden, allowing visitors to establish a visual and auditory connection with the pigeons. Compared with the gallery, people can feel the existence of pigeons more clearly and vividly here. Besides, the plants in the garden in different seasons will have different scenery, coupled with the natural phenomenon of bird migration, people will feel the passage of time and changes.

In Palestine, pigeons are regarded as a symbol of love, freedom, peace, and hope, and this is what the Palestinians have been pursuing and yearning for. Therefore, the building to the east of the site will be a pigeon home, which will include some multi-use rooms and doctor studios. Its purpose is to provide a good living environment for the pigeons, and to convey a kind of good wishes, beauty and hope to people by allowing people to visit the pigeons.

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

LANDSCAPE DESIGN INSPIRATION To better link the design with the theme of pigeons, the layout of the landscape within the site will draw on and refer to the body structure of birds. Although this is abstract, it can still reflect the approximate proportions and geometric relationships of its body structure.

GEOMETRY The design of the central garden is inspired by the body structure of pigeons. When we separate the body structure of the pigeon, we will get a perfect axisymmetric figure. Therefore, I try to use this geometric in landscape design, which will attract visitors and flying pigeons.

PROGRAM

LANDSCAPE DESIGN

The diagram shows the location of the landscape and roads within the site, and the relationship between the two. In the center of the garden is a flowerbed with some vegetation or sculptures, and the road surrounds the central landscape. The south of the site is an outdoor activity area, which maximizes the visual enjoyment that the landscape brings to people.

The purpose of the project is to provide a public space for Palestinians to communicate and meet, so that people can freely communicate and share life, find new friends, and increase the public space and types of communication in the city. As shown in the figure, the pink area in the plan is the sidewalk, which connects the various buildings in the site and activates the entire area.

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And incorporate new methods into the original communication types. Obvious geometric shapes and relationships can be seen from the overall plan layout of the building. The two main buildings have two completely different meanings and aspects. They help people pursue freedom, courage and human spirit based on scientific knowledge.

BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

DESIGN BY DESTRUCTION Decolonization architecture attempts to use space practice as a form of political intervention and narrative. It usually includes spatial intervention, collective learning, public meetings and legal challenges. Disruption is usually considered to be a means of "liberation" from an architecture as a means of governance and control.

3D MODEL PERSPECTIVE I got the current building form through the iterative exercises in the lower left corner. Different combinations of volume, proportion, and height will have different possibilities. The white areas are open public areas, they are interconnected and free, and there is no completely enclosed wall. Because the wall will bring people movement restrictions and spiritual oppression, the locals have suffered too many unfair treatments and unfortunate experiences in their lives, so weakening the partition of the wall and space here is also psychologically letting The visitors are free. The pink areas shown in the diagram are the private areas of some small spaces. These areas are mainly handcraft workshops, dance studios, children indoor activity area, and reading area, which provide a place for visitors to chat and collaborate.

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

STRANGE BUILDINGS PIGEON TOWERS

Combination of Pigeon Tower and Architecture: Form 1

In the 16th century, the famous French traveler Sharden who visited Iran also mentioned different pigeon houses in Iran, especially in Isfahan and Yazd. During the Afghan invasion, most of them were destroyed, probably as a result of being used as shelters. Isfahan is famous for the rich heritage of Pigeon Towers The buildings of these towers are based on Iranian vernacular architecture.

Free form, inspired by the introduction of pigeon tower, there are no two pigeon towers exactly the same in the world. It may be part of a building or a corner, as a sculpture or landmark.

PIGEON TOWERS OF VARZANEH

Combination of Pigeon Tower and Architecture: Form 2

Varzaneh in Iran is a desert city. Although it is not a real desert road, it can be reached from Isafhan. This region of Iran is closely related to agriculture. Historically, the fertilizer provided by pigeon dung is priceless. This is an antiques shop, which has various trinkets for sale. This is not a typical gift shop-style exit. It is in a remote place without a single person.

3D MODEL DETAIL The gaps in the walls provide pigeons with living and resting spaces. For the interior, the furnishings of the exhibition hall can also use this structure, such as the antiques shop above.

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The simple square design allows for very fast construction and lower construction difficulty. The disadvantage is that the interior space of this tower is very small.

Combination of Pigeon Tower and Architecture: Form 3 The rectangle can save building materials and reduce construction fees. This form can be located in some structural parts of the building, like columns. It can not only play a decorative role on the facade, but also provide a suitable environment for the pigeons.

BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

before

Resource: https:https://www.archdaily.com/906727/tower-of-bricks-interval-architects?ad_medium=gallery

CASE STUDY Tower of Bricks / Interval Architects

Resource: https:https://www.archdaily.com/906727/tower-of-bricks-interval-architects?ad_medium=gallery

Tower of Bricks / Interval Architects Transformation from introversion to publicness

The project used to be an abandoned Hoffman brick kiln. The site of the kiln is located between a wetland park and the city. In the past, nearby factories would discharge sewage into places. As the only building on the wetland, the brick kiln is its landmark, which increases the identification of this land. However, the Hoffman kiln was gradually abandoned by the people because of the national policy ban the burning of bricks out of clay.

after

Reconstruction ≠ Replication With the government’s new plan to convert wetlands into botanical gardens, the project requires the design of a botanic park on the site. The project will recall and remember the memory and history of the old kiln along with the new building. The architect hopes to connect the past and the present of this place through this project.

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The main function of the new Botany Art Center is a gallery displaying plants, pottery, and flower art. Therefore, the new structure is a public facility that contrasts sharply with the old kiln. In other words, the old kiln is an industrial building without public access, and the new botanic art center will become a cultural exhibition building serving the public. The spatial structure of the Botanical Art Center refers to the old Hoffman kiln, with circular and arched spaces surrounding the central courtyard.

The architect-designed several courtyards along the vaulted arcade. These courtyards break the continuity of the space. The purpose is to create a blurred boundary between landscape and architecture, between interior and exterior. The roof garden on the terrace can also make the building more open and increase the unique viewing experience for visitors.

BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

Resource: https:https://www.archdaily.com/906727/tower-of-bricks-interval-architects?ad_medium=gallery

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Resource: https:https://www.archdaily.com/906727/tower-of-bricks-interval-architects?ad_medium=gallery

BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

Resource: https:https://www.archdaily.com/869482/12dynamic-building-in-south-pushing-the brick?

Resource: https:https://www.archdaily.com/906727/tower-of-bricks-interval-architects?ad_medium=gallery

Materiality, light and shadow Bricks were used as the main material of the building and became a medium for recalling lost materials and textures. The stacking patterns of various brick areas are used on the facade to produce translucency, break the solidity and heaviness of the

brick wall, allow different light and shadow effects, and promote the sense of publicness. For example, the facade of the interior courtyard is more transparent to imply the publicness of the space.

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BRICK WALLS The stacking patterns of various brick It is undeniable that bricks have strong flexibility and randomness, and people can get different patterns according to different stacking methods. At the same time, it can also be considered as the second type of “window” in architecture. These holes can provide a good place and space for the survival of birds.

The unique and diverse brickwork details establish a series of wall typologies that define the visual characteristics of the project. The aesthetics of architecture comes from hand-crafted tectonic, which also inspired the relationship between brick modules and the sun.

BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

AERIAL PERSPECTIVE

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

BRICK FENCE DETAIL SECTION Communication of people, pigeons and plants

BRICK FENCE DETAIL SECTION Vertical greening

Bricks form various spaces and functions through different stacking patterns. These holes and recessed parts will attract pigeons to fly over. They may fall anywhere, they will be on the wall, on the eaves, in the interior space, and even on people. People can observe and contact pigeons up close to understand their habits and characteristics. This pattern is mainly used on fences, which can form a sharp contrast with solid walls. This contrast will break the geometric relationship within the building and provide visitors with a new visual experience.

Vertical greening will be set on the exterior of the brick walls. This is because the large area of brick walls makes the entire site look like a strong fortress, so I want to set up some spaces that can help people relax and allow people to communicate happily in this natural atmosphere. The fruit on the plant will attract pigeons to fly over, and they can stand on these stakes in a daze or rest.

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

BRICK FENCE FACADE & SECTION Transition exterior space to interior space

INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE Patterns

By combining different patterns, we can perceive or guess the internal functions and what may happen in this area through the facade. In addition, when the traditional wall form is broken, the continuity of the space will be well developed, and space will no longer be closed but dynamic.

The pigeons are free, they can enter the interior of the building at will. At this time, the pigeon specimen gallery will no longer be a static space. People can enjoy the specimens and observe the pigeons at close range. As a hero under war, the pigeon deserves more people’s understanding and love. The white pigeons and brick red walls will also create a sharp contrast in color.

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

STUDIO 10: IT WILL NOT BE OVER UNTIL WE TALK DESIGN THESIS (ABPL90169_2021_S1E)

FINAL DESIGN

Tutor: Marijke Davey Student：Shiyuan Lyu Student ID: 977705

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

East Nablus by-pass road: prohibited for Palestinian use, forces residents of Bbeit Furik and Beit Dajan(16,400 people) travelling to cross Nablus .

Jenin

Beit Dajan Earth mound： blocks main entrance to Beit Dajan(4,200 people) forcing residents to rely on a detour.

Nablus

Silwas- Yabrub Earth mound: funnels traffic to Ramallah city from six villages east of Road 60(-28,000 people) through yabrub built-up area.

At Tira & Kharbaths al Misbath checkpoints:Palestinian vehicles not allowed to exit Road 443, emiting the relevance of this route for 8 villages to southwest of Ramallah.

Beit Furik Checkpoint： main entrance to Nablus city, delays and prevents access to services(16,400 people).

Jericho

Awarta Earth mound：block main entrance to Awarta(6,700 people) forcing residents to rely on a 13km to access Nablus city. Ein Yabrud road gate：blocks access of 11 villages east of Ramallah city(-44,200 people) to Road 60 forcing people to use a detour.

Ramallah

Al Isawiya Checkpoint：impedes access to and from Al Isawiya neighborhood in east Jerusalem, affecting over 13,000 Palestinian.

Hebron

Jerusalem

Al 'Arroub road gate: forces residents of al ' arroun camp and adjacent villages(15,000 people) to take a 15km long detour and pass at least two checkpoints.

STATEMENT

establish a relationship between people and pigeons, and let people find new communication types from the complex spatial formalities of life in Palestine.

Halhul Roadblock：road connecting Sair and Halhul villages (50,000 people) to Road 60 and Hebron city. Ras al Joura Checkpoint： main entrance to Hebron city, long delays affecting the whole population (730,000 people) .

CHECKPOINT EARTHMOUND PARTIAL CHECKPOINT ROAD GATE PROHIBITED ROAD PALESTINIAN BUILT UP AREA

Resource: https://www.ochaopt.org/ content/movement-restrictions-westbank-roads-tightened

Farsh al Hawa Road gate：main entrance to Bayt Sahur, funnels to alternative route controlled by a checkpoint (56,000 people) . Al Fahs Checkpoint：main entrance to Bayt Sahur, long delays affecting the whole population of southern villages (200,000 people) . Dura Road gate：forces residents of Dura town (200,000 people) traveling southwards to take a 20km long detour.

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

AFRICAN-EURASIAN FLYWAY

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

THE CITY OF BAYT SAHUR

OUSH GRAB

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BIRD HABITS

Solution: Screen/ Holes/ Fritting

Visual Noise

Glass Tilted Downwards

Non-Reflective Glass

100

Vegetation Near Building

Non-Reflective Material

Light Out

Use of Plastic Films

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BOOKLET 2021— MSD DESIGN THESIS

101

PERSPECTIVE CIRCULATION 102

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103

76 104

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105 77

106

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107

108

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109

110

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111

112

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113

114

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115

116

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117

118

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119

120

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121

122

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123

124

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125

126

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127

WEST ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION 128

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129

NORTH ELEVATION

EAST ELEVATION 130

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131

Bibliography [1] Baramki, Gabi, “Education Against All Odds: The Palestinian Struggle for Survival and Excellence”, Comparative and International Education, Vol. 9, No.4, 2011. [2] Boomkens, René. “The Temporalities of Public Sphere”, OASE 77 (2008): 9-20 [3] Fuchs, Ron.”The Palestinian Arab House Reconsidered, Part 2: Domestic Architecture in the 19th Century.” Cathedra 90 (1998): 53-86 [4] Ismael, Abu-Saad, “Palestinian Building and Equality in Deeply-Divided Societies: The Case of Arab Minorities in Israel”, Political Science, Vol.36, No.7, 2008. [5] Helphand, Kenneth. Dreaming Gardens: Landscape Architecture and the Making of Modern Israel. Santa Fe, New Mexico and Harrisonburg, Virginia: Center for American Places,2002. [6] MENA Region Countries List 2020 Update IstiZada. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://istizada.com/mena-region/ [7] Pineda, Z. (2021). Engineered Paradises. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://issuu. com/zarithpineda/docs/pineda_engineered_ paradises_thesis_ [8] Goldshleger, Naftaly, Irit Amit-Cohen and Maxim Shoshany. “A Step Ahead of Time: Design, Allocation and Preservation of Private open Space in the 1920s - The Case of a Garden Suburb in Israel.” GeoJournal 67 (2006): 57-69 [9] Gross, Zehavit, “Coping With Complex Identities in the Midst of War: Palestinian Arab and Israelis University Students in A Conflict Resolution Course”, Teaching and Teacher Education, Vol.18, No.3, 2015. [10] Ismael, Abu-Saad, “A Historical Context of Palestinian Arab Education”, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol.8, No.3, 2006.

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[11] Abramovich, Talia, and Marina Epstein-Pliouchtch. “Resilience of Public Spaces: A Case Study of the Colonies in Ottoman Palestine, 1878–1918.” In International Planning Society Proceedings, edited by Carola Hein, 125–134. [12] Ghanem, A. The Palestinian Arab Minority in Israel: A political Study. New York: Suny University Press, 2001. [13] Implications of the ICC’s Jurisdiction over the West Bank and Gaza. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.palestine-studies. org/en/node/1651039 [14] Carmona, Matthew, Tim Heath, Taner Oc, and Steven Tiesdell. Public Places, Urban Spaces. Oxford: Oxford Architectural Press, 2003. [15] Halid,Arar and Kussai,Haj-Yehia, Higher Education and Palestinian Arab Minority in Israel, Sind: Palgrave Macmllan Press, 2016. [16] Khalil, Nakhleh, Nationalist Consciousness and University Education in Israel, Association of Arab-American Universities, 1979. [17] Majid,Al-Haj, Education,Empowerment and Control, State University of New York Press, 1995. [18] Low, Setha M. On the Plazza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2000. [19] Markaz, al-Kuds, Palestinian Education: A Threat to Israel’s Security, Belmont,Mass: Association of Arab-American Universities, 1989. [20] Kark, Ruth. Jerusalem Neighbourhoods Planning and By-Laws (1855–1930). Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1991. [21] Markaz, al-Kuds, Palestinian Education: A Threat to Israel’s Security, Belmont,Mass: Association of Arab-American Universities, 1989. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://palopenmaps.org/view

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