Sydney Future Strategies – The 2050 Plan

macro climatic levels was performed by Urban Micro-Climates (CRCLCL 2019), and a toolbox of urban cooling techniques in Australian cities was produced by another project (Osmond and Sharifi, 2017). There is still an important science-policy link that must be resolved even though this research center and others have uncovered the causes and degree of city warming (Lalor & Hickey, 2014).

Materials and structures in cities alter the contour of the surface as well as the manner the surface interacts with sunlight, affecting the amount of daylight reflected, absorbed, and re-emitted as heat. As a result of shading and evaporative cooling, vegetation can reduce temperatures. Vegetation destruction eliminates the benefits associated with it. As a result of climate change and urbanization, urban planning and development will have to be more flexible to mitigate the heat island effects. For example, the incorporation of green roofs with permeable surfaces that can be absorbed rainwater and reflected light and the conservation of existing vegetation provide benefits including shading, cooling, fresh air, reduced energy use. The other important aspect which should be consider reducing the access heat in the urban environment is urban fabrication, refer figure 2 for projected heat days for the Sydney CBD. The existing buildings can be proposed with new sustainable facades to mitigate the urban heat island.

Thus, this study discusses the heat island impact and mitigation strategies in Sydney CBD with the scope of renewable energy for the future Sydney plan. The study involves the mitigation strategies to improving human health, urban vegetation which will be reflected to minimize violence and vandalism, as well as enhance cognitive functioning. In addition, this plan contributes to the Sustainable Sydney 2030 goal of reducing glasshouse gas emissions by 70% from 2006 amounts by 2030. City of Sydney LGA emissions, which account for 80 percent of the City of Sydney's LGA's emissions (mainly coal), have been targeted at 100 percent local generation by 2030 (Sustainable Sydney,2030). By 2030, renewable energy generation was planned to provide 30 percent of the city's local electricity demand, while trigeneration was expected to provide 70 percent of the city's local electricity needs.

Sydney Future Strategies – The 2050 Plan

While the entire globe is suffering from the effects of COVID-19, Sydney is celebrating something special. Sydney simply cannot help but be pleased of its recent achievement: the city has become powered entirely by renewable energy and serves as a sustainable model for the rest of the world.

The project is a component of a much larger initiative called Sustainable Sidney 2030. As a result of this plan, city CO2 emissions will be reduced by 70% by 2030, helping to improve the city's environmental effect. As a result, wind and solar farms in the vicinity provide Sydney with renewable energy. Sydney managed to accomplish this great achievement at precisely the right moment. In fact, the economic crisis brought on by COVID-19 may cause countries to refocus their emphasis on renewable energy. Ecological recovery may be dependent on the use of renewable energy sources.

It's estimated that by 2050, renewable energy investments will add substantially to global GDP according to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Sustainability would therefore lead to the creation of millions of new employments as well as an increase in energy efficiency.

As a result, switching to renewable energy would not only solve economic problems, but it will also help us achieve our climate change goals by accelerating our society's decarbonization and promoting the use of clean energy (Stano,2020).

A long-term strategic vision and strategy for Sydney's future was produced in 2007 called Sustainable Sydney 2030. As a result of the plan's success, the City of Sydney is working to create a vision for "Sydney 2050" that is community-driven and based on empirical research and technical guidance. Sydney 2050 planning will be based on the recently released Resilient Sydney report, which outlines the city's first strategic direction for strengthening its "capacity to survive, adapt and grow in the face of increased global uncertainty and local disruptions and pressures" (Resilient Sydney A strategy for city resilience 2018 n.d.).

'Living with our climate' is a major theme of both this study and the Sydney 2050 master plan. Extreme heat has been identified as one of Greater Sydney's major concerns and tackling it would necessitate coordinated effort and policy to minimize the health hazards and resource demands that go along with it. As a result, the study's goal is to give mitigation measures for urban overheating in support of Sydney 2050's strategic planning by the Cooperative Research Centre for Low Carbon Living (CRCLCL) and the University of New South Wales (UNSW).

The well-known aspect of climate change is the urban heat island (UHI) effect, which is the rise in temperature in densely populated urban areas relative to the surrounding suburbs or rural areas. There are many factors that can affect the UHI phenomena, including the environment, geography, physical form, and short-term weather conditions. If it is not considered when cities are planned and designed, it can have a big impact on how much energy, water, and healthcare they use.

Cities influence the surrounding environment and interact with climate processes to generate their own microclimates. The urban heat island (UHI) effect is the highly noticeable aspect of an urban environment (Taha, 1997). According to the UHI effect, air temperatures in urban regions are often higher than that of non-urban areas (Figure 1). During the summer months in Sydney, morning surface temperatures in treeless urban spaces are on typical 12.8°C higher than that in non-urban (Adams & Smith, 2014).

Other from climate change, landuse changes could have an impact on temperatures. There will be an increase in average annual temperatures in areas that are transformed from grasslands or forests to urban, including from lower urban density to higher density areas. The increase in temperature is due to the addition of buildings and urban and Figure 1: Temperature profile for Urban Heat Island (Sustainable Sydney 2030: infrastructure materials, as well as Community strategic plan n.d.) the loss of existing vegetation. To combat climate change and meet the power needs of a city or a country with 100 percent non-intermittent renewable energy, no new sources or technologies need to be developed. It is now possible to obtain renewable energy resources, and the technologies to do it, in developed economies around the world. Australian renewable energy resources and technology can be implemented, but the existing narrow opinion and outlook that renewable energy is just grid-connected