Broad Acre Large land holdings typically 2000 to 10,000 hectares. USA, Brazil, Argentina, South Africa, Australia is largely broad acre. Aerial spraying of pesticides is widely prevalent. Agriculture is intensive and yields high
Small Acre Small land holdings typically 1 to 10 hectares. Agriculture in India, China, Pakistan, large parts of Africa and Asia is small acre. Use and application of pesticides are manual with backpack sprayers and minimal mechanisation. Agriculture is sustainable with varying yields.
Insecticides Weedicides (Herbicides) Fungicides Plant Growth Regulators
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Crop Protection Chemicals are the last input in the agriculture chain Farmers spend on Tillage, Irrigation, Fertilizers, Farm labour etc. at last Agro chemicals If not used, entire loss Crop Protection Chemicals protect all investments farmers make in their crops
Widely used by the farmer to protect crops from insect attacks and infestations contact or systemic broad spectrum or selective soft on beneficial, pollinators and predators
SHARE OF LOSSES CAUSED BY DIFFERENT PESTS Rodents & 15% Others
Weeds 33%
Diseases
26% Insects 26%
On an average
18%
of the crop yield is lost due to pests
(Annual monetary loss: Rs.60,000
Crores
Source:Working Subgroup on Plant Protection, Planning Commission, 2001) NCIPM
Components of I.P.M.
Integration of all the methods of Pest Management is essential as any single method will not be effective
Insects ◦ Harmful : Vegetarian “Pests” ◦ Beneficials : Non Vegetarian Endosulfan‐‐ Controls pests and spares beneficials ` Harmful insects are of two types ◦ Sucking ◦ Chewing Endosulfan controls both types `
Beneficial Insects
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NaturalEnemies, Beneficials,, Parasites, Predators (Defenders) Pests and Defenders appear at the same time “Manage Pests” rather than “control” Use Selective Insecticides‐e.g. Endosulfan Manage pests and save Parasites Predators
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We have small farms Mixed Cropping Different stages of Crop Hot and humid climate Mixed pest population‐sucking chewing Our farmers need products that are versatile Endosulfan is recommended by Agricultural Universities as its best suited in these situations
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Pest and Pollinator appear at the same time Challenge is to manage the pest and allow bee visits Use bee friendly insecticides Endosulfan is soft on Honey bees
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Multi Pest Multi Crop Safe to Beneficials Safe to Pollinators Avoids Resistance Breaks Resistance Economical
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Has been in use as a broad spectrum insecticide since the 70’s largely in cotton and other field crops Was imported into India until 1980 India begins manufacturing Endosulfan from the early 80’s. There are three Indian manufacturer’s of Endosulfan active including Hindustan Insecticides Ltd, a Govt. of India enterprise Endosulfan is today the most widely used generic insecticide in India with usage in cotton, pulses, Tea, Mango, Vegetables and oilseeds The only insecticide which is soft on Pollinators such as honeybees and beneficial such as ladybird beetle, chrysoperla etc Widely recommended for use during pollination Widely recommended for use in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Insect Resistance Management (IRM) programs Farmers in Andhra Pradesh are the largest users of Endosulfan in the country and will stand to lose the most if there is a move to ban the use of Endosulfan in the country
Performance of various insecticides against insect pests and safety to natural enemies of cotto
Insecticide s
Insect Pests J
W
PBW/ ABW SBW Young Grow n up
Natural TC enemie s
Remarks
A. Organochlorinate Endosulfan
Good
Good
Good
Good
Poor
Very good
Safe
Safer to the natural enemies, low resistance to ABW early in the season
Poor
Toxic
Excessive use can cause resurgence of whitefly and ABW, high level of resistance to ABW
B. Synthetic pyrethroids Poor
Poor
Very good
Poor
Poor
J= Jassid; W= Whitefly; SBW= Spotted bollworm; PBW= Pink bollworm; ABW= American bollworm; TC= Tobacco caterpillar