Memoire Master Architecture_When the Roof becomes the Floor

WHEN THE ROOF BECOMES THE FLOOR

A MODULAR ARCHITECTURE THAT FITS IN BETWEEN THE EVOLUTION OF HOUSES FOR AN INTEGRATED TOURISM SHRISH MANGAR September 2021

THESIS Seminar “Récits Digitaux” Research Supervisor - LAURENT LESCOP

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To begin with, I would like to thank my research supervisor, Mr Laurent LESCOP for his continuous support and follow-up throughout this work.

I would also like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my friend Akash Stewart for his patience and devotion while taking magnificent aerial photos during site visits.

Also, I thank my friend Sarah MUNGEE who accompanied and helped me during discussions with the inhabitants and data collections at the sites.

Besides, I am sincerely grateful to the architect Yannick Goldsmith, for the stimulating conversations during my previous internship that contributed in the selection of this research subject.

Special thanks go to my classmates for helping me when I needed advice and for their valuable opinions on my work.

Last but not least I am greatly thankful to my family specially my brother who helped me with some missing local photos after my arrival to France and my mother for her precious proofreading.

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS: HOUSE TYPES - VOID SPACES - ROOFTOPS - CONCRETETEMPORALITY- ECO-TOURISM - MUTATION - VALORISATION- MANIFESTO- REUSELOCAL CRAFTSMANSHIP - LOCAL MATERIALS - MODULAR ARCHITECTURE

SUMMARY:

Mauritius being a developing country has been undergoing a lot of urban and architectural transformations. Our landscape changed from a more natural to a more repetitive and modernized one. Concrete has changed our built typology and our connection to the exterior. Vernacular houses have been taken over by concrete box type houses and our economy has been taken over by tourism.

Modernization has created a world where people are way more concerned with practicality instead of considering the assets that are gifted by our tropical climate. This results in non-appropriate dwellings in relation to climate and nonecofriendly constructions where comfort levels are gained through artificial systems instead of natural ones.

Our urban organizations are also victim of modernization. Gated communities are becoming increasingy popular and resorts more and more enclave creating social and territorial segregations. Luxury touristic developments are probably projecting a paradisiac image of our country but on the other hand their unsustainability and vastness are also gradually destroying our coastal ecosystem.

This study is deployed in three phases. The first part highlights and reveals the inadaptability of our current and dominant dwelling typology in relation to climate. The second part reveals the drawbacks of our touristic developments.

The third part takes the form of a hypothesis where a possible solution is proposed that simultaneously unscrambles these two local problematics. An architectural solution which not only enhances existing houses but also opens a path towards a new type of more integrated tourism is proposed.

PREFACE

The choice of this dissertation subject is based on an experience that takes root in the house where I grew up. The house where I spend most of my life has been the cause of multiple unrequited questions since my very young age. Even if there was enough space, the questions that I kept on asking myself were: «Why is it still not comfortable? Why am I feeling hot inside when the outdoor temperature is cooler ? Why are there leakage problems during heavy rainfalls? »

These interrogations were left unanswered until I began my architectural studies. I decided to find answers and this dissertation was a very auspicious opportunity to explore these unanswered questions.

Then after my internship at Rethink Studio, came a second experience which rekindles my interest in our built environment. Furthermore, after visiting and working on some touristic resorts, I realized how disconnected they are to the rest of the territory. Enclave resorts and gated communities raised many questions. I kept on asking myself, « why are we promoting our country through stereotyped images when all its beauty lies in its society and its diversity of cultures. Why are we transforming what is already attractive to attract people?»

The answer to creating a more socially integrated tourism might lie behind our built environment itself. After scrutinizing these two problematics I realized that free rooftop spaces offered by houses might very well be used as space for a more ecofriendly tourism. This could also be a solution to enrich the current built typology thus it is just like killing two birds with one stone.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .01

PART ONE - ANALYSIS OF THE VILLAGE

CHAPTER I - DEFINING THE TYPICAL BUILT TYPOLOGY

A. I ntroduction to the Village....................................................................06

B. Exploring the site .................................................................................09

C.Built Typologies Identified.....................................................................11

D. Survey of Houses...................................................................................13

E. Comparing results to diverse areas .......................................................24

CHAPTER II - WHY THIS TYPOLOGY?

A. H istory of houses in Mauritius..............................................................30

B. W hy reply on concrete ?.......................................................................36

C. Reasons behind flat roofs ....................................................................42

CHAPTER III - A CONFLICTING TYPOLOGY

A. Is this the optimal way to build in tropical climates?............................48

B. Drawbacks of the prevailing house type.............................................. 59

C. Excessive use of concrete in Mauritius..............................................63

D. An evolutive typology..........................................................................68

PART TWO – ANALYSIS OF TOURISTIC RESORT

CHAPTER IV- TOWARDS A NEW TYPE OF TOURISM

A. C ontrast between the shores................................................................71

B. Mutation of territory.............................................................................72

C. Dark sides of coastal tourism................................................................73

D. Building a Hypothesis............................................................................78

PART THREE – TRANSFORMING ROOFTOPS

CHAPTER V - A MODULAR ROOFTOP ARCHITECTURE

A. Intentions.............................................................................................80

B. Atlas of materials..................................................................................82

C. Project conception................................................................................97

D. Proposal of architectural solution........................................................100

E. Project implementation on a selected parcel .....................................115

CONCLUSIONS

Triggers 119

Prospective 121

General Conclusion 123

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 125

TABLE OF FIGURES................................................................133

INTRODUCTION CONTEXT

In order to reveal and prove problematics related to our built form, a site is selected and a study conducted. Pointe Des Lascars, a small area in the north was chosen due to the territorial qualities it offers. The coastal village is located next to a huge touristic complex. These two very contrasting types of parcel are divided by the Rampart River (Fig 1). The site analysis is carried out in two stages. First one being the village and second being the enclave touristic resort.

Fig 1- Two contrasting type of parcels next to each other, Google Earth

FIELDS OF STUDY

The study is done by analyzing the built environments. In the first place, a survey is conducted in order to define and reveal the current house typology of the village. The different house typologies present are highlighted and compared to other parcels of the island. This provides a clear indication of the current distinctive house typology in the island.

The second part consists of analyzing the touristic complex. The objective being to investigate in order to understand how the creation of this touristic development transforms the area around and especially the village. The study takes form of a historical analysis in order to comprehend the mutation of the area.

PROBLEMATICS

Results are studied and eventual problems are underlined. For the village, the typical house typology is studied and firstly the reasons behind this typical typology are featured and secondly its drawbacks are emphasized. Exploration is done to understand how the materiality and built form of houses changed through time.

Relying only on concrete, the over use of this material along with the consequences of its flexibility are questioned. Also, the relation between our house type and the tropical climate are investigated and eventual problems are accentuated.

For the touristic resort, the environmental and societal impacts are underscored. The results are compared to other similar situations around the island to reveal and provide evidence of the impacts related to this kind of construction. The importance of a new more ecofriendly tourism is put forward.

HYPOTHESIS

After highlighting the possible problems of these two types of parcels, a brainstorming is done and a hypothesis is made. The use of flat roof spaces that houses offer can create a tourism that is not only integrated to the society but is also eco-friendly. It enables to hook on the evolution of the house and to transform the rooftop spaces into livable touristic cabins. This would attract more eco tourists and will allow tourists to have a direct connection to the village and have interactions with the inhabitants while also generating a source of income.

OBJECTIVES

Through this hypothesis, the objective is firstly to propose a modular architecture that can be easily mounted and dismantled on rooftops. The temporary architecture works in accordance to the evolution of the house. People usually built flat roof houses for future vertical extensions. Thus, the objective is to create an architecture that can be easily pull to pieces and sold to other people when vertical permanent constructions on the rooftop are anticipated. Thus, the temporarily modular architecture proposed has the ability to easily be traded creating a circular economy related to materials. The objective is thus to create a Lego-Like architecture that is flexible and can suit any situations.

Also, being temporarily and modular, the idea is to put forward the use of alternatives to concrete. Easily available resources and possible implementation of several local materials are questioned and strategies are implemented. Different materials create different ambiances thus the architecture being highly customizable has the ability to follow the desires of everyone.

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

In order to explore and find answers to all the problems related to this subject multiple research tools are used. The first part of the study takes the form of a real site investigation. For the site analysis, a drone is used to systematically scrutinize the village. Aerial images contribute to generate more precise data and allow better understanding of the built forms present and the way they are organized. Familiarizing with the site is done by frequent site visits. At the same time, information is gathered through informal interviews with the inhabitants.

Having no public access to the touristic resort, permission was sought from the management to visit the site. The touristic complex is examined in order to comprehend the built forms and its relation to the context and important points are noted.

For the second part of the study, research is caried out by reviewing local and international articles and required information are collected. Being a very personal subject, the words of inhabitants are highly valued and put forward. Finally, my personal experience and knowledge along with interviews with qualified people are brought together.

For the third part where a rooftop architecture is proposed, international references on modular architecture and materials are researched. After studying possible alternatives to concrete, an atlas of selected and appropriate materials is generated. The conception and proposition of the modular architecture is done through brainstorming and experimentations are carried out using digital tools. Finally, images are produced to have an idea of the way in which the proposed architecture transforms the environment

A. INTRODUCTION TO THE VILLAGE

Our built spaces despite having similar traits, still vary a lot. In order to better understand the dominant typology followed by houses in Mauritius, a small village is analysed.The study is done on a coastal village in the North East of the island named, Pointe des Lascars (Fig1)

This particular village is selected, as despite being quite small,it is also one of the few villages that still holds a connection to our history, our cultural authenticity and identity. The village is located in the district of Rivere du Rempart. It consists of approximately 158 houses and according to the village council, the number of inhabitants is approximately 680.

Fig 1- Pointe des Lascars Village ,Google Earth

AUTHENTICITY & IDENTITY

The village being located next to the mouth of the river has therefore a strong connection to water. Consequently, many residents work as fishermen.

1. Being surrounded by reefs and lagoons, fishing has always been part of our identity, and has been the primary source of income of many coastal families. Unfortunately the number of local fishermen has decreased all over the island. This is mainly due to the degradation of our marine ecosystem caused by pollution, overfishing as well as climate change over the past decades. Over 50 percent of corals in Mauritian lagoons are dead, and fish as well as octopus populations have decreased dramatically1. Fishing has thus become harder, but small scale artisanal fishermen are however still present in some coastal regions (Fig 2).

Fig 2- Drone image showing local fishing boats,Nov 2020,taken by Akash.S

Harel, V. (no date) Changing fishing practices in Mauritius: A success story, Voicesforbiodiversity.org. Available at: https://voicesforbiodiversity.org/articles/changing-fishing-practices-in-mauritius-asuccess (Accessed: August 24, 2021).

- Chapter I

Pointe de Lascar is one of the few coastal regions where there are still local fishermen operating. This undeniably contributes to the richness of this small area.

2. This small area also comprises of farms and goats can be found on main streets which is quite unusual (Fig 3). The numerous green spaces present in the village provide feeding areas for these cattle. Small local farming and breeding areas are present which completely change the ambiance of the locality. The village is like a gateway to the past.

3. The village comprises of the Spiritual Park, found next to the river bank where several religious and cultural events, such as the Ganesh Chaturthi take place which attracts many people and tourists. All these aspects separates this village from the rest, making it quite particular and suitable for an integrated tourism.

Fig 3- Goats seen on streets of Pointe de Lascars Village

B. EXPLORING THE SITE

The village has a perimeter of approximately 2150 meters. In order to study the existing dwellings present in the village, several site visits were done. The objective was to understand the different typologies present and to identify the most prevalent one. The idea was to do a survey of the existing houses in the village.

The first site visit consisted of walking around and noting down important elements. While visiting the site, sketches were done for each typology found. Using a map, the itinerary was drawn and points of interests were pin pointed. Pictures were taken to capture essential elements of the site, such as general ambiances, houses, ruins, limits or relation of houses and the sea.

Fig 4. Aerial image showing the limit between the built environment and the sea, Oct 2020, Akash.S

However, some zones were considerably dense, and were neither accessible nor visible.Thus, in order to maximize the precision of the investigation, drone pictures were taken. Consequently, the village was divided into four partsaccording to possible drone take offs areas and drone coverage (Fig 5). The idea was to take maximum number of pictures from different angles and heights of each zone.

Drone pictures were very useful as many information such as heights, roof types, materials used and positioning of houses were easily and precisely collected (Fig 4). Also observing the village from above allowed me to investigate inaccessible areas and open up my vision on many aspects of the village and made me have a different point of view of the architectural organisation of the village.

Fig 5 - Village divided into 4 zones for possible drone take offs areas and drone coverage

C. BUILT TYPOLOGIES IDENTIFIED

After scrutinising the territory and studying the data collected from drone pictures and site visits, the different built forms were distinguished. The results disclosed that among all the dwellings there were six typical typologies present. Several variations were observed which originated from different typologies. The six main built forms are represented in simplified diagrams (Fig 6 - 12).

Typology A

This typology is quite simple consisting of concrete structure and blocks. It is mostly rectangular in shape and often takes the shape of the plot of land on which it sits. It consists of a flat roof. Openings are often irregular and placed inappropriately according to the sun and wind directions.

Typology B

This typology is an extended version of typology A. it consists of one or two more floors. The shapes and forms of the extended parts often vary from the precious floor. Often, the outer surface of the extended parts is left uncoated/ unpainted creating a real contrast between the floors

Typology C

This typology is described as an extension of the ground floor. However sometimes the construction is left for months or years due to insufficient finan cial resources. The construction may be a very slow process. During this time frame, this void space is often used in various ways, such as for drying of clothes or play area for children.

Fig 6

Fig 7

Fig 8

Typology D

This typology is describing a house being constructed. It is considered as a typology because the construction often takes a long time. It is thus anchored into the territory as a particular built form. Some constructions are abandoned for considerable amount of time.

Fig 9

Typology E

What differs this house type from the previous typologies is the roof form. This typology can be ground floor or several stories and consists of pitched roof. (single or double pitched of different angles). The main material for remains concrete. however, some pitched roofs are made with corru gated metal sheets.

Typology F

This typology consists of a roof extension but with lighter materials such as metal as structure and corrugated metal sheets as roofs. It is considered as a roof terrace area which is accessible from the outside. It actually valorises the roof space and provides a practical and usable space.

Typology I

This typology is a combination of different built forms mentioned. It can consist of partially flat roof and pitched roof, can be completely uncom mon in shape. It can also be the combination of several houses that can be found in some areas due to scarcity of land.

Fig 6-12

Simplified drawings of house typologies identified

Fig 10

Fig 11

Fig 12

D. SURVEY OF HOUSES

i. DIFFERENT BUILT TYPOLOGIES

B

Fig 13- 19

Examples of houses following the typologies identified as A-I

After listing the different types of houses observed on the territory(Fig 13 - 19), a detailed examination of each zone was executed. The 1st objective was to numerate and differentiate the houses present in each zone accordingly to the typologies mentioned. Drone and site pictures along with Google Map images were used to perform this survey.

D

A

Total number of houses in zone A is 37

Fig 21- The bar chart shows the number of houses that falls in each category mentioned

A B C D E F I

Fig 20- identification of house typologies Zone A

Fig 22 & 23 - Drone pictures of zone A,2020, taken by Akash S

iii. ZONE B

Total number of houses in zone B is 31

A B C D E F I

Fig 25- The bar chart shows the number of houses that falls in each category mentioned

Fig 24- identification of house typologies in Zone B

Fig 26 & 27 - Drone pictures of zone B,2020, taken by Akash S

iv. ZONE C

Total number of houses in zone C is 41

A B C D E F I

Fig 29 - The bar chart shows the number of houses that falls in each category mentioned

Fig 28 - Identification of house typologies in Zone C

Fig 30 & 31- Drone pictures of zone C,2020, taken by Akash S

v. ZONE D

Total number of houses in zone D is 49

A B C D E F I

Fig 33 - The bar chart shows the number of houses that falls in each category mentioned

Fig 32 - Identification of house typologies in Zone D

Fig 34& 35- Drone pictures of zone D,2020, taken by Akash S

vi. SURVEY RESULTS

After analysing the four zones, the data collected clearly demonstrate that the habitation typology A and B are typically dominent(Fig 36). The results shows that typology A is mostly dominent followed by typology B which is basically most of the time the same typology but evolved with time. Elements that prescribe the dominent typology: Made entirely with concrete. (reinforced concrete are used for poles and beams and the building is envelopped with concrete blocks)

Houses follow box like gemoetric forms, and often follow the shape of the plot of lands that are most of the time rectrangular. What majorly differentiate the typical house typology from the others is its roof. The study showed that the dominent typology consists of concrete flat roofs.

Fig 36 - Pie Chart showing percentage of total number of houses that fall in each category

E_COMPARING RESULTS TO DIVERSE AREAS

In order to prove that this house typology prevails in the island, a comparative work was done. Different types of urban tissues were selected and the objective was to localise and have an estimation of the number of houses with flat roofs in each of the parcels. For maximum coverage ,different types of urban tissues were selected which consists of residential areas of towns, villages and slums. A uniform framing size of 400 by 400 meters were used for each area.

Port Louis Residential Area

Quatres Bornes Residential Area Cité mère Teressa

Grand Baie Village Goodlands Village

Cité des dieux

Fig 37- Location of selected villages, towns and slums

Port Louis residential area

Fig 38 - Port Louis Residential area 400m by 400m , Google Earth

Quatres Bornes residential area

Fig 39 - Quatres Bornes Residential area 400m by 400m , Google Earth

Goodlands Village

Fig 40- Goodlands village, parcel of 400m by 400m, Google Earth

Grand Baie Village

Fig 41 - Grand Baie village, parcel of 400m by 400m, Google Earth

Cité des Dieux

Fig 42 - Cité des dieux parcel of 400m by 400m , Google Earth

Cité Mère Teressa

Fig 43- Cité Mère Teressa parcel of 400m by 400m , Google Earth

Roof typologies can easily be differentiated using satellite images through their textures and colours. All of the parcels are subjugated by grey patterns which represent concrete flat roofs. The satellite images(Fig 38-43) clearly prove that the typology with flat roofs prevails among other built typologies around the country. The conclusion of this comparative study affirms that the distinctive house type of Pointe de Lascar can also be considered as the most common house typology of the island.

Fig 44- Example of a concrete flat roof. Its color and texture make is easily identified on satelite images

CHAPTER II.

WHY THIS TYPOLOGY ?

A. HISTORY OF HOUSES IN MAURITIUS

B. WHY RELY ON CONCRETE ?

C. REASONS BEHIND FLAT ROOFS

A. HISTORY OF HOUSES IN MAURITIUS

However, the typical house typology revealed during the study might raise questions. Considering our tropical climate its form seems to defy our environment. But why does this typology still prevail? The ideology behind this housing type might hide many aspects.

Truth is that, our houses were not the same in the past. From materials to forms, and construction methods, our housing typology progressively changed in Mauritius.

Our island was marked by the colonisation of different countries, each one leaving traces in terms of architecture. Moreover, with the convergence of different cultures, with time our island developed a strong identity, that echoes in our lifestyle and indubitably our architecture. Habitations have mutated in terms of form, materiality but also due to economic climatic, and environmental reasons. The built typology was also greatly influenced by the diversity of communities that came from different civilizations who expressed their cultural identity though architecture. It is surprising to note the diversity of materials used before concrete. Long ago houses were made out of wood ,metal sheet and rocks as base.

«Till the introduction of concrete during the 1960s many people still lived in huts that were built with uncut basalt stones or mud wattle covered with thatched roofs1 (Fig 1-2).»

Building typology and materials used differed according to social classes.Lower middle class to poor people constructed straw houses with a combination of easily available materials such as rocks, woods and cow dung as flooring whereas higher middle class to rich people used materials such as wood, wooden shingles and basalt rocks. «The colonizers brought with them their know-how and their art of living, and adapted them to the climatic conditions of the island 2.» Every detail was gradually improved with time to counter weather conditions and climatic excesses.

1. Village Lifestyle: People living in Straw Houses - 1950s - Vintage Mauritius (2014) Vintagemauri tius.org. Available at: http://vintagemauritius.org/vintage-houses/village-lifestyle-people-living-instraw-houses-1950s/ (Accessed: March 6, 2021).

2. Cahute, D. (2016) Les maisons créoles de Maurice, Maison-monde.com. Available at: https://mai son-monde.com/maisons-creoles-de-maurice/ (Accessed: July 25, 2021).

During the 18th century, buildings followed exactly the colonial typology. they were constructed entirely with wood. The structure of the buildings consisting of beams, columns and the roof frame were all made with wood. «The roof was enveloped with wooden shingles that were coated with bitumen for better waterproofing3.» This colonial typology followed a very symmetrical plan consisting of rectangular shapes(Fig 3).

3. Merryanglais (2016) Architecture traditionnelle de l’Ile Maurice, Ilha Do Cerne. Available at: http:// iledecirne.overblog.com/architecture-traditionnelle-de-l-ile-maurice (Accessed: July 25, 2021).

Fig 1 and 2 -Straw Houses– 1950s, Vintage Mauritius

EVOLUTION

During the 19th century, people tried adapting this model accordingly to our tropical climate. Minor changes were made. The wooden dwellings were placed on a stone base which isolated the building from the ground while also providing constant ventilation. For better contemplation of the exterior, verandas were more valorised by replacing windows by doors opening directly to the veranda and for better ventilation. The veranda thus transformed into circulation and common living spaces. The veranda became a very important element and is considered as a symbol of tropical architecture. The malaria disease made a lot of people flew from the city to settle in different parts of the island. Villages were then formed at different areas, where the climate were not the same. Some areas were colder and others were hotter. Thus, people adapted the dwellings to the different changes in environment. The roof shaped mutated from one big four-sided roof to multiple small roofs3. During this period people were exploring and elaborating more complex architectures based on the same model, but the materials used were still wood(Fig 4)

Fig

Example

Creole House ,Quatres Bornes Mauritius,

Guimbeau ,

Mauritius

Do Cerne. Available at: http:// iledecirne.overblog.com/architecture-traditionnelle-de-l-ile-maurice (Accessed: July 25, 2021).

3.

During the 1930, the introduction of corrugated metal sheets remarkably transformed the typology. Corrugated sheets being cheaper were used for roofs. Creole houses were made with a combination of wood and metal sheets (Fig 5). The interior part of the house was covered by wood while the exterior part was enveloped by corrugated metal sheets3. The air void between materials prevented overheating of the house. H owever, despite being cheap, they were easily blown by cyclones, if wrongly fixed.

Fig 4- Le Domaine des Aubineaux, example of roof shaped that mutated from one big four-sided roof to multiple small roofs

3. Merryanglais (2016) Architecture traditionnelle de l’Ile Maurice, Ilha Do Cerne. Available at: http:// iledecirne.overblog.com/architecture-traditionnelle-de-l-ile-maurice (Accessed: July 25, 2021).

After the passage of cyclone Carol in February 1960, a lot of houses were destroyed. Carol is still considered as one of the most devastating cyclones having hit the island and that still haunts the minds of many who witnessed its devasting power. «According to numbers, the human toll was heavy with 42 deaths and around 1,700 injured.The devastation on homes was colossal, 70,000 homes are destroyed and there were 80,000 homeless4.» After the passage of the cyclone, many houses were reconstructed using concrete. Concrete provided a sense of security towards the population. «The replacement of all traditional materials by concrete, which has become general, is justified by the good resistance of concrete against cyclones and by the fact that it does not rot and does not suffer from termite attacks5.»

4. Maurice: 60 ans après, le cyclone Carol hante toujours les esprits (no date) Cycloneoi.com. Avail able at: https://www.cycloneoi.com/archives-blog/flash-back-cyclone/maurice-60-ans-apres-le-cy clone-carol-hante-toujours-les-esprits.html (Accessed: February 16, 2021).

5. Currimjee, A. (2016) “The Big One is Coming,” lexpress.mu.

Fig 5- Use of corrugated metal sheets for roofs, Old Creole House , Mere Barthelemy Street Port Louis, Vintage Mauritius

Tropical climates often face harsh weather conditions such as cyclones which are all easily defied by concrete(Fig 6). Thus, concrete quickly became the main construction material after the passage of Carol cyclone.

Today, people ultimately rely on concrete for every construction scales and types. From Highrise/ malls to houses to even further small constructions like renovations or minor extensions. In fact, concrete is considered as the most used substance in the world after water6.

6. Rubenstein, M. (2012) Emissions from the cement industry, Columbia.edu. Available at: https:// news.climate.columbia.edu/2012/05/09/emissions-from-the-cement-industry/ (Accessed: July 25, 2021).

35 - Chapter II

Fig 6- Example of a simple and small concrete house

B. WHY RELY ON CONCRETE?

The reason why concrete has become so vital, is irrefutably due to the many advantages it offers. In Mauritius people choose concrete mainly for it’s:

i. VERSATILITY

People opt for concrete because it is very versatile. Its practicality is unquestionably, one of its biggest advantages. Its resilience provides the possibility to be moulded into any shapes and forms but is also easy to work with. Its versatility and ease of execution even makes many locals use it without consultation of experts for minor concrete works.

ii. AVAILABILITY

Apart from being versatile it is also a very easily available material. Cement is easily obtained at any hardware stores across the island. The main supplier of cement is «KOLOS CEMENT LTD» that trade in and distributes cement around the island whereas companies like «Gamma Materials Ltd» or «UBP» are jointly controlled companies, that supply building materials including aggregates, sand and blocks to the construction industry7

iii. KNOWLEDGE

Concrete is also considered to be a very known and studied element to architects, engineers and builders. Over time people has developed decent knowledge related to its execution. Today. Our small island consists of a considerable number of building contractors specialised in concrete. According to the «Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)» registration status, there are up to 839 local contractors registered in building and construction works8.This makes everything from procedures, application forms to construction very easy and convenient.

7. Cement Distributor Mauritius - Gamma (no date) Gamma.mu. Available at: https://www.gamma. mu/kolos-cement-ltd (Accessed: June 2, 2021).

8. Seesaram N D (2019). Brick by Brick CIDB. [pdf] Available at: <https://www.cidb.mu/wp-content/ uploads/2019/05/CIDB-May-2019-Newsletter-compressed.pdf> [Accessed 14 February 2021].

iv. COST & LOW MAINTENANCE

Considering its benefits, concrete is also relatively cheap. «Operational energy requirements typically represent 85% of the total energy a building uses over its service life9.» Thus, it is also considered to be economical. The low maintenance of concrete is also one of the major factors that brings it to the top choice. Houses are considered as lifetime projects and people tend to opt for concrete for the low post construction expenses.

v. RELIABILITY AND DURABILITY

People choose concrete due to its reliability. «Everyday concrete can handle at least 3,000 pounds per square inch (psi) of pressure before breaking10» making it very durable. Structures can «last up to 30 to 100 years or more depending on the construction style as well as method of installation11.» Concrete is also known to gain strength over time. All construction demands a considerable investment, thus concrete give people assurance over the durability of the structure along with the longevity. Concrete is known for its resistance against fire, water, vibrations and corrosion. Therefore, people have associated concrete as being a material that shelters themselves form the exterior world while creating a sense of security.

vi. AUTO CONSTRUCTION

According to the interviews carried out during the site analysis, several people admitted that their homes were built without consultation of an architect. They built their homes with the help of their family, friends or neighbours. Masonry works were easily learnt though practice and were executed by themselves or with the help of a mason. In fact, long ago the building act was not very strict. Thus, auto construction of dwellings was very common, mainly in rural areas. The «(BLP) Building and Land Use Permit12» consists of all the requirements, the necessary plans and documents needed before building a house.

9. Zhivago, C. (2019) Everything you need to know about concrete strength, Cor-tuf.com. Available at: https://cor-tuf.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-concrete-strength/ (Accessed: March 1, 2021).

10. dcc-admin (2017) The average lifespan of concrete - Davis concrete correctors, Daviscon cretecorrectors.com. Available at: http://davisconcretecorrectors.com/2017/02/the-average-lifes pan-of-concrete/ (Accessed: July 25, 2021).

11. Grecu, L. (2017) G&L Grou, Torontoredi-mix.com. Available at: https://www.torontoredi-mix.com/ blog/concrete-vs-wood (Accessed: September 30, 2020).

12. Ministry of Local Government and Outer Islands (2017) THE BUILDING AND LAND USE PERMIT GUIDE.

37 -

The latest version of the BLP document was established in 2017. Unfortunately, even if those builders knew how to execute, they lacked knowledge related to the insertion of the building to its site. Therefore, the lack of professional assistance resulted in houses that were not probably oriented, ventilated and were build blindly, without taking into considerations the setbacks or the plot coverages.

With lack of financial resources, and given the versatility, availability and ease of execution of concrete people opt to build their own shelter. Even today, auto construction is still common mainly in poor regions. People seek help with neighbours and friends or people who have some experience in building in order to mount their concrete homes.

During the project workshop «Beyond Burbs» a study was done in a slum named African Town found in Surinam Village (Fig 7-8). During this study, we found that some people were transforming their houses made with corrugated metal sheets to concrete. It was impressing to see the auto construction process. Neighbours were helping each other for the construction of the house. The ease of execution that concrete provides, allow people to strengthen the sense of community by helping each other.

Fig 7 & 8 - Auto-constructed houses found at Surinam Village during the project workshop «Beyond Burbs»

vii. A SAFE MATERIAL

Asbestos is a particularly dangerous material that was used in the 1950s to 1970s for the construction of some houses in Mauritius. «Asbestos is an effective insulator, and it can be used in cloth, paper, cement, plastic and other materials to make them stronger. But when asbestos dust is inhaled or ingested, mineral fibers can become permanently trapped in the body13.» Over years, these trapped fibers can cause serious health disorders such as inflammation, scarring or genetic damage. «A rare and aggressive cancer called mesothelioma is almost exclusively caused by asbestos exposure. Asbestos also causes other forms of cancer as well as progressive lung disease13.» A survey was done in 2001 by Mr. John Addison a commonwealth expert in asbestos. According to the results of the report, «3113 houses built in 1962 after Carol cyclone as social houses contain panels made with a mixture of cement, blue and brown asbestos14.»

«Many public buildings contained asbestos even till now, some of these are the Emmanuel Anquetil Building as insulating and lagging materials, Victoria Hospital as roof tops and many public schools14.» A dangerous Chemicals Act was introduced to the country in 2004 after nearly 5 years of struggle with the government. «Up to now asbestos fibers were banned under the Constitution through the Consumers Protection Act and under the Dangerous Chemicals Act, through the Dangerous Chemicals Board14.» «EDC (social housings)» were mostly being constructed with this material (Fig 9), the use of this material created a kind of insecurity and fear towards inhabitants. Many families lived with the fear of getting seriously ill but had no choice as they were poor and many others died from this toxic material.

With time asbestos houses were replaced by concrete houses. Concrete has proven to be safe, secure and healthy for building occupants. «It does not off-gas any volatile organic compounds and provides excellent indoor air quality15.» It is also inert thus does not burn. Its strong integrity has also been proven to protect us from severe weather conditions and even earthquakes15. Considering what happened in the past, concrete is now being referred as a secure and optimal construction material.

13. Asbestos (2013) Asbestos.com. Available at: https://www.asbestos.com/asbestos/ (Accessed: April 3, 2021).

14. BAN ASBESTOS IN MAURITIUS (2015) Lemauricien.com. Available at: https://www.lemauricien. com/le-mauricien/ban-asbestos-mauritius/28602/ (Accessed: July 25, 2021).

15. Concrete Construction & Reinforcement Services (no date) Builderspt.com. Available at: https:// www.builderspt.com/concrete-construction (Accessed: July 25, 2021).

viii. NO ALTERNATIVES

The reason for people to choose concrete for any construction types nowadays is because there are no alternative resources available. Mauritius being a volcanic island, has basalt rocks as local resource. Basalt is used for multiple purposes in construction projects. «Crushed basalt is used for road base, concrete aggregate, asphalt pavement aggregate, railroad ballast, filter stone in drain fields16.» Thin slabs of basalt are cut and sometimes polished for use as floor tiles, building veneer, monuments, and other stone objects16. Apart from basalt most of the materials used for construction are imported. However, Mauritius being a tropical island has the potential to cultivate and introduce natural resources such as bamboo or wood. The project workshop «Epuissement de resources, Nouvelles resources» shed light to this subject. Through this project, we seized that Mauritius irrefutably depends on concrete and found ways and alternatives to substitute this material.

16. King, H. M. (no date) Basalt, Geology.com. Available at: https://geology.com/rocks/basalt.shtml (Accessed: July 25, 2021).

Fig 9- Example of an old asbetos house, extracted from a video of l'express .mu

However, the multiple benefits concrete offers have created a disassociation between construction and environment. With concrete, many people tend to construct a home only as a shelter that protects us from the outside and not as a shelter that also harmonizes with its surroundings. The ease of execution and use of this material have erased the notion of tropical architecture that prevailed for so long. The change from pitched roof to flat roof is one of the most flagrant visual transformation observed (Fig 10).

Fig 10- Drone picture showing houses with flat roofs, Oct 2020, taken by Akash S

C. REASONS BEHIND FLAT ROOFS

In a tropical country where rainfall is very unpredictable, it is surprising to note that people still choose flat roofs instead of pitched roofs. There are multiple reasons that lead to the philosophy of flat roofs.

i. COST AND EXECUTION

Firstly, a concrete flat roof design is less costly as it demands lower labor execution and materials used are consequently lesser compared to a construction of a pitched roof. According local contractors interrogated, «the difference in price can be up to 20-30% more. »

ii. FOR FUTUR EXTENSIONS

In Mauritius, flat roofs are commonly considered mainly for the functional advantages they offer. People tend to build flat roofed homes to be able to extend the house later on(Fig 11). There are various reasons that lies behind this ideology. Eventually the roof space is often considered as a future construction area. People extend their houses for their children to have their own integrated house. According to inhabitants interrogated during the site analysis, vertical prolongations are mainly done to provide a space, a home, a sense of belonging to future married children. Many families do not own lands and do not have enough financial resources to buy new plot of lands and are left with only roof as building space(Fig 12). This is also a way for parents to always be close to their children who will not only take care of them as they grow older but also inherit the entire house after they pass away. Many houses are left with small pieces of metal structure that remains exposed to facilitate integration of future structural elements to existing ones. These are eventual signs that there will probably be a future extension.

Fig 11- Simplified schematic drawing of the evolution of a house

iii. SOCIAL STATUS

Being durable and strong as material, concrete evokes a sense of power which is related to wealth. It is the material that never looks fragile and that creates a sense of security. Corrugated metal sheets on the other hand are considered as cheap and fragile and thus people associate it as a poor material. In fact, materiality of houses segregates communities from poor to middle class to higher class. However, the materiality of a house is not the only aspect that divides social classes.

Fig 12- Drone image showing vertical prolongation of a house, Oct 2020, taken by Akash.S

For many, the size of a house also plays an important role in differentiating social status. «The relationship between size of living space and subjective wellbeing has never been more topical17.» In Mauritius like all around the world, house size is directly related to socioeconomic status.

«A house is the largest and most expensive physical object most individuals consume, and size is one of the main determinants of house value. The size of one’s house is therefore a visible indicator of wealth18.»

Eventually, as size of a house matters and locals tend to build higher and bigger homes just to gain prestige and to reveal power. One main element that determines status is relative wealth. «Relative wealth signifies one’s ability and power over others19.» The typical house typology allows people to do so. By building with flat roofs people are allowed to eventually build higher, thus more eye-catching buildings. By building vertically, plot of land size does not really matter. Many prioritize the inside spaces to exterior spaces and eventually uses most of their land surface leaving little to no green spaces. Some people build bigger houses for practical purposes as extended family members whereas others just for show off.

«A house may be large or small; as long as the neighboring houses are likewise small, it satisfies all social requirements for a residence. But let there arise next to the little house a palace, and the little house shrinks to a hut20.» - Karl Marx

Size is thus fundamental for many. They even prefer to construct big houses with very little /cheap interior equipment because all that matters is the exterior volume. Between neighbors but even between families this mindset is often present;to build bigger than what surrounds. The village analysis showed that houses can be of the same typology but differs in size, materiality, and enhancing elements that eventually contributes in defining the socioeconomic status.

18. Foye, C. (2017) “The relationship between size of living space and subjective well-being,” Journal of happiness studies.

19. Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Halton, E. (1981). The meaning of things: Domestic symbols and the self. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

20. Crossman, A. (2019) What is conflict theory?, Thoughtco.com. Available at: https://www. thoughtco.com/conflict-theory-3026622 (Accessed: June 24, 2021).

For example, the pictures in figures 13 and 14 below are both houses following the same typology described earlier, however they do not belong to the same socioeconomic position.

Fig 13 & 14 - Houses following the same typology but belong to different socioeconomic categories

There are more to that, as in Mauritius many constructions are designed by craftsmen instead of architects. According to Building and Land use Permit (BLP) Guidelines, «For buildings exceeding a floor area of 150 m2 floor areas and above, all drawings should be designed and signed by a registered Professional Architect, and should include his name, address and his registration number with the Professional Architects Council21.»

With lack of architectural design knowledge, many buildings end up being not appropriate in relation to its context. However, I learnt from my personal professional experience that some craftsmen manage to find illegal ways to design buildings that exceeds 150m2.

As craftsman’s’ fees are basically less costly than those of architects, they easily get jobs. Lacking architectural designing knowledge, they often propose over dimensioned spaces and follow the exact directions of the client. This often leads to wrongly oriented houses with oversized rooms. Many others are confused because of the lack of knowledge on construction in Mauritius, they seek advice with the wrong persons which eventually lead them to making wrong decisions unconsciously. An architect on the other hand knows his position as an architect and knows how to charm the client by proposing quality over quantity.

iv. FOR FUNCIONAL PURPOSES

However, some people opt for flat roofs for the space they provide. According to the inhabitants interrogated during the case study, many do not have enough yard space and use the roof as exterior space. Besides for some people, the flat roof is a space that can be used to dry clothes, plant vegetables or be transformed as free space for pets specially dogs. Small metal structures enveloped with corrugated metal sheets are often mounted on roofs to provide shade. However according to the site study, very few people valorise their roof spaces. Most of the dwelling roofs are void dead spaces.

21.Ministry of Local Government and Outer Islands (2017) THE BUILDING AND LAND USE PERMIT GUIDE.

CHAPTER III. A CONFLICTING TYPOLOGY

A. IS THIS THE OPTIMAL WAY TO BUILT IN TROPICAL CLIMATES?

B. DRAWBACKS OF THE PREVAILING HOUSE TYPE

C. EXCESSIVE USE OF CONCRETE IN MAURITIUS

A. IS THIS THE OPTIMAL WAY TO BUILT IN TROPICAL CLIMATES?

However, this typology is far from what vernacular tropical architecture taught us. With the introduction of concrete along with artificial comfort systems, the natural advantages offered by our tropical climate have been neglected. To determine whether this typology is really adapted to our climate, an exploration on the aspects that envelopes tropical architecture is done.

«Tropical climates are characterized by monthly average temperatures of 18 OC (64.4 OF) or higher year-round and feature hot temperatures. There are normally only two seasons in tropical climates, a wet season and a dry season1 (Fig 1) .»

This means that the weather in tropics keeps on varying throughout the year. The weather of a tropical area normally consists of sun, rain, wind and varying temperatures depending on seasons. The level of humidity and dryness is also wide-ranging from very humid to humid to dry to very dry. Tropical climate can be very harsh, where there can be a lot of rainfall in a short lapse of time. Moreover, tropical cyclones can bring a lot of wind and torrential rainfall. However, during sunny days, temperature rises and can reach 35 o� at some regions.

This shows that tropical climate can cause very contrasting weather conditions and adaptation in terms of constructive methods and lifestyle is

Fig 1- Areas of the world within tropical latitudes

1. Wikipedia contributors (2021) Tropical climate, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_climate&oldid=1034737787 (Accessed: July 6, 2021).

«Designing for the tropics differs considerably from designing in temperate areas: the climate is extreme. Dry and wet. Wet and Dry. The rain pours. The sun burns. Rivers overflow and the wind can take away your home2.»

For this type of climate, tropical architecture is the optimal way to gain comfort and reduce energy consumption. Tropical architecture is a subject that has been highly studied. Tropical architecture can be regarded as a type of green building using design to optimally reduce buildings’ energy consumption, particularly the cooling load3.

Tropical architecture is greatly based on bioclimatic architecture which is basically to design by taking into account the climate conditions of an area hence reducing the building’s environmental impact (Fig 2). The objective behind a bioclimatic approach is not only to optimize interior comfort but also to blend the building to its surroundings, to create a harmony between the building, the environment and its climate. Actually, tropical architecture has been adapted by many countries over many centuries in order to cope with the climatic needs.

Tropical vernacular architecture consisted of using lightweight materials for walls and floors and thatch was used for the roofs(Fig 3). Being materials of low thermal mass, they provided good insulation from solar gains. Materials that are convenient in tropical latitudes include clay, wood and bamboo4.

Fig 2- Natural ventilation diagram of Selangor traditional Malay house

2. ABC of tropical architecture (2019). Griffith University.

3. Low carbon green growth roadmap for Asia and the pacific Tropical Architecture (no date) Unes cap.org. Available at: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/59.%20FS-Tropical-architec ture.pdf (Accessed: March 24, 2021).

4. Lauber, W. (2005) Tropical Architecture. Munich, Germany: Prestel.

Nowadays, numerous studies have proven that the best approach while designing in a tropical climate is to adapt a «passive design», process of regulating indoor temperatures by making the climate work in our favor5

Passive design strategies consist of the consideration of multiple elements such as the orientation, the material selection, the positioning of openings, the shading and the thermal mass of the building. «Passive design reduces or eliminates the need for auxiliary heating or cooling, which accounts for about 40% or much more in some climates6.»

Passive design in tropical climate consists of the consideration of multiple elements such as orientation, form factor, openings roof systems that works together in generating a sustainable building.

5. Hidayat, A. (2020) Tropical architecture: The art of living in the tropics, Indonesiadesign.com. Indonesia Design. Available at: https://indonesiadesign.com/story/tropical-architecture (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

6. McGee, C. (2013) Passive design, yourhome. Available at: https://www.yourhome.gov.au/pas sive-design (Accessed: May 4, 2021).

Fig 3- Sketch representing an example of a Malay vernacular House

i. ORIENTATION

Different countries have adapted different ways to reach thermal comfort. For example, Malay homes install a large roof overhang and the West Indians use verandas to reduce solar gains7

As mentioned, the challenges that a tropical climate comprises of is the humidity levels, the temperatures, the solar radiation and the wind. «Humidity reduces cooling via evaporation as the air is already saturated, so by ventilating the space, the saturated air is removed, increasing the rate of evaporation and convection that dissipates heat from the body and building structure8.»

Ventilation is therefore essential for proper cooling and in order to achieve that various ways are used. Proper ventilation can be achieved by orienting the building along with the directions of prevailing winds. Orientation of a building varies according to its geographical location and the sun path( Fig 4).

Fig 4- Prevailing wind and orientations of buildings

7. Debnath, R. (2016) Malay House, Vernacular Architecture of South-East Asia. 8. Tuğtekin, V. A. P. by (2019) Vernacular Architecture in Tropical Climate, Wordpress.com. Available at: https://zeyneptugtekin.wordpress.com/2019/11/20/vernacular-architecture-in-tropical-climate/ (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

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ii. OPENINGS

Proper openings enhance the breathability of a building. The position and the size of openings are thus crucial to optimize cross ventilation. Openings should yet be manageable when it comes to rain, insects, or extreme weather conditions. In order to achieve cross ventilations, many constructive methodologies can be applied(Fig 5). The vernacular architecture of Samoans did not had walls to allow free-flow breezes and achieve cross ventilation9 .

Traditional vernacular usually has high ceilings which provides the stack effect. «The stack effect describes the passive movement of air through a building resulting from differences in vertical pressure developed by thermal buoyancy10.»The use of scaffolds, lightweight walls with wide openings or pointed roofs with openings are also techniques to allow cross ventilation.

Fig 5- cross ventilations and stack effects

9. ABC of tropical architecture (2019). Griffith University. 10. Ventilation and Air Distribution (no date) Sustainablebuildingsinitiative.org. Available at: https:// sustainablebuildingsinitiative.org/toolkits/climate-resilience-toolkits/urban-heat-island/ventila tion-and-air-distribution?toolkit=222 (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

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However, even if cross ventilation is essential in tropical climates, during cyclones the relation between wind and the building varies from country to country. For example, in India the facades of the architecture are opened to allow wind to pass through the building whereas in Mauritius or Reunion island we build strong structures and try to resist the cyclones11 (Fig 6).

iii. SOLAR SHADING

Another way to cool down a building in a tropical climate is by the use of solar shading. Solar shading is considered as the control of the amount of heat and light from the sun into a building. In the tropics vegetation near buildings provide shade and create a cooler micro climate. Vegetation around a building can decrease the temperature of the building. In fact, trees absorb two times more sunrays than concrete/non permeable surfaces thus it decreases solar reflection.

«Researchers have known for decades that tree leaves absorb more sunlight than do other types of land cover, such as fields or bare ground12.»

11. ABC of tropical architecture (2019). Griffith University. 12. Popkin, G. (2019) “How much can forests fight climate change?”

Fig 6- Different relations between wind and buildings

Therefore, vegetation decreases the reflection of sunrays. This contributes to a phenomenon called «albedo effect» which «is the amount of electromagnetic radiation that reflects away, compared to the amount that gets absorbed13. »

By removing trees, the albedo of an area might increase which relatively increases the temperature. «In a study case located in the town of SaintPierre (Reunion Island), measurements have proved that the vegetation around a building could decrease the building temperature14.» To conclude due the shading they offer and their cooling effects, vegetations play an important role in the influence of the internal temperature of a house.

Apart from trees, verandas are also used as solar shading and are a great way to eliminate low angle sun radiations. A veranda is defined as «an open portico or light roofed gallery extending along the front, and occasionally other sides, of a dwelling or other building; frequently erected mainly as a protection or shelter from sun or rain15.»

Verandas can create a connection to the exterior, and even if it is raining, it allows air flow though the building. In fact, verandas not only control the internal climate of a house but «study has proven that, verandah encourage occupants to interact with neighbors in a casual and relaxed manner15.» Verandas can be placed either in the front and back area of the house or around the house. Nowadays, with concrete structures, balconies can also be incorporated on higher surfaces.

There are other architectural shading elements which can take numerous forms, dimension, or porosity level. «The architect has to choose between external and internal shading devices focusing on keeping the mean radiant temperature of the building low, also achievable through the coherent formation of solar envelopes for self-shading and natural flora and its buffers16.»

13. Cain, F. (2009) Albedo Effect, Universetoday.com. Available at: https://www.universetoday. com/39937/albedo-effect/ (Accessed: June 20, 2021).

14. ABC of tropical architecture (2019). Griffith University. 15. Zin, N. L. N. Ibrahim, M. F. M. Zain, M. Jamil (2012) “The Social and Environmental Roles of Verandah in Tropical Houses.”

16.. Mour, P. (2020) 10 Things to remember when designing in Tropical climate, Re-thinkingthe future.com. Available at: https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/rtf-fresh-perspectives/a2129-10things-to-remember-when-designing-in-tropical-climate/ (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

iv. FORM FACTOR / THERMAL INERTIA

Passive design strategies also consist of considering the form of a building. Compactness and «Perimeter to Area Ratio» are important elements in order to reach optimal thermal comfort. The heat loss of a building depends on its form and is calculated by the «heat loss form factor.»

«The Heat Loss Form Factor is the ratio of thermal envelope surface area to the treated floor area (TFA). This is effectively the ratio of surface area that can lose heat (the thermal envelope) to the floor area that gets heated (TFA). Heat Loss Form Factor = Heat Loss Area / Treated Floor Area17.»

In other words, if concrete is used, the more compact a building is the more time it needs to cool down. Heat is transferred from the inside to the exterior through the thermal envelope.

«Heat Loss Area is the total surface area of the thermal envelope. That is, the more surface area the thermal envelope has, the more surface area there is for heat to escape through17.» Thus, less compact buildings are more efficient in topical climates as they allow faster escape of heat from the inside

Fig 7 and 8 - Building forms in relation to their thermal envelopes

17. Burrell, E. (2015) What is the Heat Loss Form Factor?, Elrondburrell.com. Available at: https:// elrondburrell.com/blog/passivhaus-heatloss-formfactor/ (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

OPTIMAL ROOF TYPOLOGIES

Roofs are important elements while constructing in the tropics. Roof surfaces are the ones that are exposed to most of the climatic challenges. Roofs in tropical climate are supposed to withstand the unstable weather conditions from torrential rains to very high sun rays. It is thus important to take into consideration the roof while designing in tropics. Vernacular tropical architecture were adapted to enhance cooling of the building while also letting rain water drain.

There are several strategies that can be implemeted in order to optimize internal comforts through roof types.

i. REFLECTIVE COOL ROOF

The first strategy is by implementing a reflective cool roof with an optimum pitch.The function of reflective roofs is to reduce the effect of heat gained into the building during daytime18. Cool roofs are considered as one of the best examples of reflective roof systems. Cool roofs can be achieved by using a lighter colored surface. Darker colors absorb heat whereas lighter colors are capable of reflecting heat.

«A light color reflects up to 80% of invisible solar rays, while a dark color reflects up to 20%.Thus, repainting a dark color with a light one on the roof surface increases the number of solar reflectance from 0.10 to 0.35, thereby significantly reducing the heat absorption and the electricity consumption by 7%−15% 18.»

In hot climates, a white cool roof can help in reducing the indoor temperature by 2.3°C18. This considerably ameliorates the internal comfort while also reducing the dependance on mechanical cooling systems.

18. Al-Obaidi, K. M., Ismail, M. and Abdul Rahman, A. M. (2014) “Passive cooling techniques through reflective and radiative roofs in tropical houses in Southeast Asia: A literature review,” Frontiers of Architectural Research

ii. PITCHED ROOFS

A reflective cool roof can be more effective by adopting pitched roof designs. The increase of roof angle from 0° to 60° could reduce the indoor temperature by 1.5 °C19. «Air movement under the roof slope of 30° is faster when compared with a 15° roof pitch. The 30° optimum roof pitch is recommended for easy maintenance purposes in the future20.»Therefore, proper pitched roofs not only allow proper evacuation of rain water but also reduce internal temperature hence increase comfort.

iii. VENTILATED ROOFS

Tropical vernacular commonly used ventilated roof systems to allow constant air flow through the building. Roof openings can significantly play an important role in controlling the internal climate.

«The indoor temperature could be reduced from up to 8 °C by providing an opening on the roof surface21.» There are two types of roof ventilations namely stack ventilation and wind driven ventilation. Stack ventilation happens due to hot air traveling from an area with low to an area with high pressure22.

«Hot air rises, so the warmer, indoor air is buoyant and presses upward to exit the building through a variety of openings in the upper floors23.» This means that trapped hot air has a tendency to move up and without a way to escape, the building eventually does not cool down. Thus, openings on roofs are key considerations to attain a passive design.

19. Rawat, M. and Singh, R. N. (2021) “A study on the comparative review of cool roof thermal per formance in various regions,” Energy and Built Environment.

20. Tashoo, K. et al. (2014) “Reducing the air temperature inside the simple structure greenhouse using roof angle variation,” Tarım bilimleri dergisi,

21. Halipah, I. S. (2014) “Study on the effect of the roof opening on the temperature underneathdy on the effect of the roof opening on the temperature underneath.”

22 Roslan, Q. et al. (2016) “A literature review on the improvement strategies of passive design for the roofing system of the modern house in a hot and humid climate region,” Frontiers of Architec tural Research.

23. Stack effect: Why it was so difficult to stay warm this winter (2019) Hendersonengineers.com. Available at: https://www.hendersonengineers.com (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

The figure 9 below shows how stack effect works. Roof openings allow trapped hot air to escape.

Fig 9- Difference between roof without openings and roof wih openings- stack effect

Additionally, this strategy allows quick evacuation of heat from the building due to external natural ventilation( Fig 10-11). «The air flow helps in extracting the heat at the attic area by flowing in the air through the openings on the windward side and out through the opening of the leeward vents24.» Thus roof typologies play a major role in tropical architecture. By applying these design strategies, the assets of tropical climate is properly highlighted and dwellings can considerably consume less electricity and be more ecomonic in the long run.

Fig 10and 11Air flow in and out through windward and leeward openings

24. Roslan, Q. et al. (2016) “A literature review on the improvement strategies of passive design for the roofing system of the modern house in a hot and humid climate region,” Frontiers of Architec tural Research.

A. DRAWBACKS OF THE PREVAILING HOUSE TYPE

Nevertheless, the village analysis revealed that the current built typology in Mauritius is completely in contrast with these passive design techniques. People are unaware of the long-term impacts and are unaware of the numerous advantages our climate offer and the variety of ambiances it can provide. Most of the dwellings are built blindly without taking into considerations these aspects. After studying and understanding how tropical architecture works, the disadvantages related to our current house type are underlined.

i. ENERGY CONSUMPTION

With the arrival of concrete and with the introduction of air conditioners, there have been an upheaval. Due to the availability and inexpensive air conditioning systems, the ideology behind comfort and climate changed. Developments began to occidentalize and as a result, the principles of tropical architecture were left behind. With these facilities, the typology of our buildings transformed.

People started creating big and very closed buildings that instead of using exterior elements to reach comfort, used their own integrated systems. Easily available comforts have revolutionized our lifestyle, culture and the architectural approach.

With these new technologies, internal discomforts are easily countered. On building flat roofed, box like houses natural comforts have been replaced by artificial comforts. This creates an increase in energy consumption but also lifelong discomfort in houses.

ii. THERMAL MASS

«Thermal mass describes the ability of a material to absorb, store and release heat energy25.»

The denser a material the more it stores heat energy and the slower it releases energy. Concrete, stone, masonry have higher thermal mass than lightweight materials such as timber, thatch, that have low thermal mass. Consequently, the temperature of a modern concrete house would rise during daytime and slowly cool down during night time26.

In summer, the internal comfort can be very displeasing at night as the building releases heat. According to the inhabitants interviewed, in summer the inside temperatures are higher than the outside temperatures at night. In order to regulate inner temperatures and cope with high heat loads, people rely on air conditioning technologies. However, poor people cannot afford air conditioning units and living in inappropriate houses, they are the ones who experience high discomfort.

Additionally, «this problem is exacerbated by the heat gain of the roof, which constitutes 70% of the total heat gain27.» According to the drone pictures taken during the site analysis , most of the flat roofs were dark. Dark colored roof absorbs solar radiation instead of reflecting it which further exaggerates heat gain. The roofs thus absorb considerable amount of energy which heat up the entire building. Eventually, the higher the heat gain, the more energy the building consumes to reach comfortable temperatures.

25. Thermal mass in buildings (no date) Designingbuildings.co.uk. Available at: https://www.design ingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Thermal_mass_in_buildings (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

26. Roslan, Q. et al. (2016) “A literature review on the improvement strategies of passive design for the roofing system of the modern house in a hot and humid climate region,” Frontiers of Architec tural Research.

27. Karam M. Al-ObaidiMazran IsmailAbdul Malek Abdul Rahman (2013) “Passive cooling tech niques through reflectiveand radiative roofs in tropical houses inSoutheast Asia: A literature review.”

iii. WATER RENTENTIONS AND LEAKAGE PROBLEMS

During heavy rainfalls, there is high possibility of water retentions on flat roofs(Fig 12). «Properly built flat roofing is not actually flat; it has a very low slope—between 1/4 to 1/2 inch per foot—so that it drains water28. »

This slight slope causes water to drain slowly and when the roof is not properly built, water retentions also described as flat Roof Ponding occurs. Flat roof ponding is very common in Mauritius and if kept untreated, causes long term serious impacts to the building.

«Standing water affects the stability of the roof’s coating over time. The coating begins to break down under the harmful UV rays of the sun, which heats the ponding water on the rooftop. Damage occurs as ponding water makes its way through seams in the roofing membrane. With time, moisture gains entry into weak points or imperfections in the roofing system, leading to leaks into the interior parts of the building29.»

Due to water ponding on roofs leakages (Fig 13) are very common and causes severe weakening to the overall structure with time. Furthermore, the combination of dirt, debris and water causes small plants/ algae to grow on the surface of the flat roof. Structural problems may occur when the roots of plants and fungi get into the roof surface29. Additionally, in the tropics, stagnant water also increases overall mosquito population which increases spread of diseases such as Malaria, Chikungunya and Dengue.

28. Formisano, B. (no date) Compare different flat roofing systems, Thespruce.com. Available at: https://www.thespruce.com/pros-and-cons-flat-roofing-systems-1824698 (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

29. Armstrong, L. (2020) 5 negative effects of flat roof ponding, Restorationmasterfinder.com. Available at: https://restorationmasterfinder.com/restoration/flat-roof-ponding-harmful-effects/ (Accessed: July 20, 2021).

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From top to bottom

Fig 12 - water rentention on a typical flat roof

Fig 13 - water leakage on side of walls due to water rentention

B. EXCESSIVE USE OF CONCRETE IN MAURITIUS

Consequently, flat roofed masonry houses have many weaknesses in the tropics. It creates high discomfort to the users both during sunny or rainy days. People have been using concrete blindly and unsuitable concrete houses that do not match along with our climate are built every day. People rely on concrete for most construction works and scales in Mauritius. The incorrect use of concrete not only create thermal discomforts in houses but with time the excessive use of this material has also caused damages to our environment.

Despite being the most used construction material, its benefits hide irreversible effects to the planet. The problems is that concrete does not cause short term effects but instead causes long-term irreversible effects. «Each year, more than 4 billion tonnes of cement are produced, accounting for around 8 per cent of global CO2 emissions30. »

i. CONSUMPTION OF CONCRETE IN MAURITIUS

In order to understand the usage of concrete in Mauritius, an interview was conducted with Dr CONHYEA Mahen the Head Technical, Quality & Product Development at Gamma Materials.

Dr CONHYEA Mahen conducted a «CPD- CONTINOUS PROFESIONNAL DEVELOPMENT» having as objective to gather architects and engineers to have an overall view on the usage of concrete in our island. The results were quite shocking. Gamma Materials estimated that our little island Mauritius approximately 840,000 tons of cement was used in 2019 and approximately 760000 tons of cement was used in 2020.

Dr Mahen C ONHYEA added that by comparing the amount of cement used in countries, Mauritius was ranked the third largest consumer of concrete in the world per capita in 2019. The population of Mauritius being 1.3 million habitants, results in 640 kilograms of cement per person.

The information obtained from the interview definitely showed how blindly our country overly uses concrete every year. When concrete is being used, people often do not take into consideration the future impacts on the environment.

In Mauritius people do not realize that concrete will last nearly forever and that it is important to have an overview on the selection of materials before any construction, instead of instinctively selecting concrete.

«Concrete is how we try to tame nature. Our slabs protect us from the elements. They keep the rain from our heads, the cold from our bones and the mud from our feet. But they also entomb vast tracts of fertile soil, constipate rivers, choke habitats and – acting as a rock-hard second skin – desensitise us from what is happening outside our urban fortresses31.»

31. Watts, J. (2019) “Concrete: the most destructive material on Earth,” The guardian, 25 February. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/25/concrete-the-most-destructive-mate rial-on-earth (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

Fig 14- Execution of high density concrete

ii. URBAN HEAT ISLAND (UHI)

Concrete is one of the major contributor to «Urban Heat Island (UHI)» a phenomenon which is basically «an urban area or metropolitan area is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities32.»

This phenomenon is mostly present in cities, with high building density and high amounts of cemented surfaces that absorbs heat from the sun causing a rise in temperature. The rise in temperature causes increased energy consumption requiring excessive use of air conditioning units and artificial cooling systems. «It was found that UHI could result in a median increase of 19.0% in cooling energy consumption33. » It is estimated that the cooling load of typical buildings are 13% higher in urban areas than in rural areas33 «It also increases the emissions of air pollutants and Greenhouse Gases which results in the formation of groundlevel ozone (smog), fine particulate matter and acid rain34.» Besides due to UHI high discomforts and heat related diseases can be experienced.

Likewise, Urban areas in Mauritius such as Port Louis and Ebene also experiences urban Heat Island Effect whereby air conditioning is essential in work places due to increase in temperature. However in Mauritius due to the excessive use of concrete even dense rural areas such as Goodlands Village or Flacq Village are also affected by Urban Heat Island effects. This is mainly due to the organisation of the urban fabric in villages. Houses are built close to each other; houses are being built on the entire plot of lands increasing the density of construction in the urban fabric.

While travelling from areas to areas, the change in temperature can easily be felt. Even people living in rural areas uses more and more air conditioning units and energy consumption rises. By creating such conditions, our tropical climate is being neglected and artificial systems are being used to reach thermal comfort in a place where natural conditions allow the same thermal comfort. Many citizens complain about the increase in temperature but are unaware that they are themselves provoking these conditions, by over constructing and over using concrete.

32. Urban Heat Islands (no date) Ucar.edu. Available at: https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/cli mate-change-impacts/urban-heat-islands (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

33. Li, X. et al. (2019) “Urban heat island impacts on building energy consumption: A review of ap proaches and findings,” Energy (Oxford, England), 174, pp. 407–419.

34. Epa, U. S. and OAR (2014) “Heat island impacts.” Available at: https://www.epa.gov/heatislands/ heat-island-impacts (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

iii. IMPERMEABILITY/ ENVIROMENTAL DISASTERS

«Concrete can resist nature for decades, and then amplifies the extreme weather conditions it shelters us from35.» In Mauritius, the built environment is majorly composed with different forms of concrete. From infrastructural elements such as pavements, roads, rainwater drains to houses and public buildings, everything is made up of concrete showing at which extend we depend on this synthetic material. Our cities just like our villages can sometimes be very dense in terms of built space. Even in small localities the percentage of impermeable surfaces is sometimes higher than the permeable surfaces. Due to this, «the island has been impacted by localised concentrated deluges, with the 2013 Port Louis flash flood being the deadliest36 (Fig 16).»

The agglomeration of houses has resulted in a decrease in the permeability of the earth, that is, less water being absorbed naturally by the earth’s surface. Every year, some localities are affected by floods due to excessive rainfalls. Villages such as Baie du Tombeau, Gokoola, Piton, are often affected by this problem (Fig 15) Sometimes natural drains are partly destroyed and for construction purposes. Being replaced by artificial drains, it creates an imbalance in the natural flow of water which results in floods. The topography causes rain water to flow and hit villages as a result of runoff which occurs when there is more water than land can absorb.

Fig 15- L'Amitié Village under flood waters

35. Watts, J. (2019) “Concrete: the most destructive material on Earth,” The guardian, 25 February. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/25/concrete-the-most-destructive-mate rial-on-earth (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

11. Divakar, M. Teitelbaum M, Mangar S. (2018) An Evaluation of the residential villages with the rising threat of climate change EPCO

iv. DISRUPTION OF BIODIVERSITY

The excessive use of concrete has a direct effect on our biodiversity. Overconstruction destroys natural habitats, coastal biodiversity leaving behind grey lifeless landscapes. In Mauritius coastal biodiversity is mostly at risk (Fig 17) Mauritius being a volcanic island, there are many slopes and the topography varies from area to area. The tropical climate is such that rainfall is expected throughout the year and with time rain water flows have naturally created natural water channels. However, these natural water channels are often not respected and people disrupts, deviates and build on these natural flows. This damage the flow of water which results in floods or accumulation of water.

From top to bottom

Fig 16 - 2013 Port Louis Flash Floods

Fig 17- Effect of sand errosion due to coastal overdevelopment

C. AN EVOLUTIVE TYPOLOGY

The current typology proved to have multiple drawbacks from inner thermal comforts to environmental impacts. However, according to the many observations and people interrogated, this typology is still preferred by inhabitants as it allows future extensions.

In fact, most of the houses following the typical typology engender transformations during time. According to the interviews during the site analysis, majority of people with flat roof houses will eventually do some sort of vertical prolongations. With an increase in population, and the rise in land prices in Mauritius, building vertically has become very common. Some flat roof houses remain unchanged while many others undergo transformations with time. Thus, the transformations done to this typical house fits in a length of time that can vary from months to years.

The time taken to mount another floor depends on various factors and varies from family to family. Some people construct one floor of their home and waits until they have enough financial resources to construct the other floor. Even though, the evolution can be a very slow process, some people take years to slowly complete their second floor. Others wait for their children to grow and built their own house on top of the existing one. The schematic drawings (Fig 18) explain the evolution of a typical house.

Fig 18 - Schematic drawing showing the phases of evolution of a house

IN BETWEEN ITS EVOLUTION

However, in all these cases there is one thing in common during a certain period of time; an unused roof surface. Through drone pictures during the case study, it was clearly noted that most of flat roofs were unoccupied void spaces (Fig 19).

After studying the basics of tropical architecture, the downsides of the current built typology, numerous questions were asked and numerous assumptions were made.

How can the existing typology be more efficient whether in terms of practicality or overall comfort? How can these countless void roof spaces be used?

The answers to these questions might lie on the other side of the river where a very contrasting built form is noticed.

Fig 19 - Quick Sketch showing the available but unvalorized roof space

2 -

ANALYSIS OF THE TOURISTIC RESORT

CHAPTER IV. TOWARDS A NEW TYPE OF TOURISM

A. CONTRAST BETWEEN THE SHORES

B. MUTATION OF TERRITORY

C. DARK SIDES OF COASTAL TOURISM

D. BUILDING A HYPOTHESIS

A. CONTRAST BETWEEN THE SHORES

The second part of the site analysis consisted of studying the other side of the river bank where a completely different urban tissue is present. This immense touristic complex is the « Azuri Ocean & Golf Village » which is one among the very big luxury estates in Mauritius.

This synthetic village is a massive gated complex consisting of luxury apartments and hotels, completely contrasting to Pointe de Lascar Village. Two totally dissimilar communities with completely different lifestyles cohabiting next to each other (Fig 1).

Fig 1 - Pointe de Lascars Village and Azuri Ocean& Golf Village, Google Earth

B. MUTATION OF TERRITORY

In order to understand how this complex transformed the territory, the evolution of the area was observed (Fig 2). The evolution of this territory clearly shows that Pointe de Lascar village was present far before the construction of Azuri Ocean & Golf Village. The complex kept on expanding and occupying more and more space. The most recent map shows that there could be possible expansion due to the visible field cleaning.

Fig 2 - Quick mutation and expansion of touristic complex , Google Earth

C. DARK SIDES OF COASTAL TOURISM

According to the inhabitants, the introduction of this luxury complex probably brought numerous job facilities but on the other hand it created a disturbance specially for the fishermen of the Pointe de Lascar Village. This area of Mauritius is considered to have a rich marine biodiversity and the creation of this complex destroyed some of the good fishing spots. Fishermen assumed that their fishing spots were stolen and made private by this touristic complex.

In fact, tourism is the main pillar of our economy. «Tourism Revenues in Mauritius averaged 8605.57 MUR Million from 1995 until 20201», which undoubtedly contributed a lot in the development of our island. «The hotel stock reached 114 hotels in 2018 representing 13,749 rooms, which is indicative of massive investments injected in the sector over the years2.»

Besides hotels there are other types of residential complexes that attracts tourists. Residential tourism becoming more and more common is also contributing to the «Mauritian Miracle». Moreover, the «Integrated Resort Scheme (IRS)» and «Real Estate Scheme (RES)» are policies in the tourism industry, put into place for people who want to own property in Mauritius. These semi-permanent residences attract wealthy foreigners all around the world. Compared to hotels, these types of developments offer the ability to partially own the villa, the apartment or the loft, making it ideal for people who are planning longer stays. Many benefits are offered to people wanting to purchase these types of residences such as permanent residency and citizenship, which also attracts more foreign investors.

Tourism has certainly brought many changes to our lifestyle and environment, to how we as Mauritians defines our identity but also to how people around the globe perceive our country. In fact, one of the benefits of tourism is that it is promotional. It projects a very good image and recognition of our country often called the «Paradise Island» which parallelly brings more visitors. It is also believed that «tourism is everybody’s business3 » which refers to all the stakeholders benefiting from this opportunistic market.

1. Mauritius Tourism Revenues (2021) trading economics.

2. Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority Annual Report 2017/18 (2018).

3 Chinnan, T. (2019) The evolution of Tourism in Mauritius (1st part), L’express Maurice. Available at: https://www.lexpress.mu/node/358539 (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

Many local craftsmen, restaurants, or activities consequently benefits from tourism. Despite creating more low wage jobs than higher wage jobs, tourist industry has highly contributed in providing job facilities to many residents. Furthermore, tourism provides an incentive for the development of public infrastructures. It also engenders inducements related to our environment such as places to protect, restore or maintain.

Nonetheless, behind the immense touristic expansions, hides the dark sides of tourism that many are unaware of. With time and growth, there are social, environmental or cultural among other problems that this industry induced. Just as The Azuri Ocean & Golf Village, most of our touristic developments follows a particular model, which is called enclave tourism. «Enclave tourism refers to tourism development that generally operates within a clearly demarcated, selfcontained environment4.» Enclave resorts also known as «gated communities » are disconnected socially and environmentally from the outside which cause inequality and disparity problems. These enclave models have proven to create sociocultural impacts. «Sociocultural impacts of tourism concern the way in which tourism influences and creates changes and transformations in behavior, daily routines, beliefs, values and the social life of people in the host community, as a consequence of direct or indirect contact with tourists5.»

i. TOURIST GENTRIFICATION

One of the changes that these types of developments creates is that it gives an area more value and raises its standard. This increases property prices which can be positive for people who have assets. «While these effects can be beneficial, the gentrification process becomes detrimental when it forces original residents to leave the neighbourhood through exponentially increasing property and land prices, coercion, or buyouts6.» This subtly causes a disruption of the community with time as a consequence displacement of people.

4. Lowry, L. L. (ed.) (2017) The SAGE international encyclopedia of travel and tourism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

5. Wortman, T., Donaldson, R. and van Westen, G. (2016) “‘They are stealing my island’: Residents’ opinions on foreign investment in the residential tourism industry in Tamarin, Mauritius: Opinions on residential tourism in Mauritius,” Singapore journal of tropical geography.

6. Jaufeerally, K. (2016) “Tourism Dynamics, Coastal land issues and the Mauritian Public, what inter actions for the future?,” mauritiuscoastalzones. Available at: https://mauritiuscoastalzones.blog/

ii. FOREIGNIZATION OF SPACE

Tourist gentrification results in the «foreignization of space which creates a sense of anger from residents. The feeling that our country is being stolen by the foreigners is present in the minds of many. Moreover, gated communities being enclosed by fences or walls create the feeling of us versus them which worsen the situation. In Mauritius gated community is highly promoted and advertised. These gated communities create social polarization and the feeling of exclusion in regards to the locals.

This sense of taking over the space is greatly present on our coastal areas. During the past years, many inhabitants have shown their concerns regarding this sensible subject. The «NGO (Non-Governmental Organisation)» «AKNL (Arette Kokin Nu LaPlaz)» is a concrete example of the disagreement regarding unsustainable tourism. This organisation was created to regroup people and to fight for the prevention of foreignization of beaches, but also to alert the public about the negative impacts of such unsustainable developments. Recently one of the public beaches situated in the south named Pomponette beach, was about to be transformed into a massive hotel. Thanks to the public, the persistence of the project was stopped. Massive and unsustainable tourists’ developments are slowly taking over our most precious zones and subsequently people are becoming more and more alerted and concerned.

iii. OVERDEVELOPING UNSUSTAINABLY

With over 1.5 million tourists’ arrivals, we can expect hotels to require 120 km of coastal lands (37% of coastal lands), and the mythical target of 2 million tourists will push up coastal land requirements to 160 km representing 50% of all coastal lands in Mauritius7.

Apart from taking over our lands, these developments are creating havoc to our coastal ecosystem. Most of the environmental impacts takes time to appear. We are nowadays noticing the long terms impacts of the carelessness of the past and if this perseverates, the situation would be even worse.

7.Jaufeerally, K. (2016) “Tourism Dynamics, Coastal land issues and the Mauritian Public, what inter actions for the future?,” mauritiuscoastalzones. Available at: https://mauritiuscoastalzones.blog/

According to AKNL (Arette Kokin Nu LaPlaz) very often these types of developments do not go through the EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment Division) license box8

For Clear Ocean Hotel and Resort Ltd AKNL specified ; «Crooks to whom the Government has leased our public beach, claiming a project of national interest, an umpteenth beach hotel. A deal that has reason to doubt the seriousness of the due diligence process.These opaque «deals» surrounding the clearance sale of our beaches9. » AKNL stated that, with the advent of a Climate Change Act, we are in a reality of climate emergency and investors should start moving back structures further inland.

«It is imperative to increase the setback for this type of construction. We should retreat as much as possible in anticipation of the sea gaining ground. The dynamic area of the beach, where we are experiencing advanced erosion all over the island, must be areas that need to be strengthened and protected as a matter of urgency. To be able to implement nature-based solutions, we must gain in terms of hindsight. A strategic retreat. 30m of setback today is no longer enough. And today we do not even respect the 30 m8 (Fig 3).»

Fig 3 - Image showing 30m setback not respected which destroys our coastal biodiversity, AKNL

8. Aret Kokin Nu Laplaz (2021). Available at: https://www.facebook.com/aretkokinnulaplaz.

9. Aret Kokin Nu Laplaz (no date) Aknl.net. Available at: http://www.aknl.net/ (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

Even if tourism is considered as the most important economy to the country, its current model of insertion to the territory causes considerable conflicts and damages.

To conclude, gated communities in Mauritius have created division and a disconnection to the existing. On top of that, the non-respect of setbacks and environmental sensibility have caused irreversible damages to our coastal regions. Local manifestations clearly show that many people are aware of the severe consequences of these types of constructions.

The amount of luxury touristic developments that occupies our coastal areas are more than enough. The data clearly shows that no more coastal luxury hotels are necessary and our country should instead provide a more healthy and integrated touristic approach.

«When a host area aims to have a sustainable tourism industry, tourism cannot be permitted to grow uncontrollably10.»

In fact sustainable tourism is becoming more and more common. «The aim is to make the tourism industry more responsible and committed to preserving the environment and developing local economies and cultures11.» However, In Mauritius very few touristic accommodations are based on this approach.

9.Wortman, T., Donaldson, R. and van Westen, G. (2016) “‘They are stealing my island’: Residents’ opinions on foreign investment in the residential tourism industry in Tamarin, Mauritius: Opinions on residential tourism in Mauritius,” Singapore journal of tropical geography. 10. Font, R. (no date) Sustainable tourism is becoming increasingly popular, UOC. Available at: https://www.uoc.edu/portal/en/news/actualitat/2017/024-sustainable-tourism.html (Accessed: July 26, 2021).

D. BUILDING A HYPOTHESIS

The analysis of Pointe de Lascar Village revealed that our current built typology is not properly adapted to our context and the analysis of Azuri Ocean & Golf Village emphasized that a new type of sustainable tourism should be implemented. After reviewing these two problematics, a hypothesis is made.

The question is how can we implement a new type of tourism that concentrates mostly on the proper insertion with the existing community. Sustainable touristic accommodations can be obtained by providing a sense of culture and integrity to tourists. The hypothesis would be to use the spaces provided by rooftops to implement touristic lodgings. Rooftop spaces are underrated, but in fact have very rich spatial qualities. Rooftops provide distant views and are the most exposed to our tropical climate. They are also linked to the house, and consequently provides a direct connection to the family and inhabitants.

Providing temporary void spaces within a locality, they are ideal spaces and hide the keys for a more integrated and sustainable tourism. By transforming the rooftops, houses could be enhanced and recurrent indoor discomforts caused by flat roofs could possibly be diminished.

As mentioned earlier, most houses with flat roofs undergo vertical prolongations with time. However, in between the mutation periods, the roofs remain intact. Taking into consideration the evolution of the house, the idea would be to propose a modular architecture that would easily fit on the roof and could easily be dismantled when time comes. Thus, through this architecture, on one hand the relation between the residents and tourists would be reinforced and on the other rooftops would be valorized(Fig 4).

Fig 4 - Quick projection on the possible use of rooftops

C.

A. INTENTIONS

A brainstorming is done and the intentions of the rooftop architecture are underscored.

Due to the numerous problematics of concrete highlighted, one of the primary intentions is to use locally, easily available and cheap materials. Also, as the structure is meant to be temporary, concrete would be the least appropriate as main material. However, the intention is not to completely bypass the use of concrete. As emphasized, concrete still offer numerous benefits. The idea would be to use it effectively if necessary. The goal is to explore alternative materials and to discover the different possibilities they offer in relation to the tropical climatic situations. In addition, the combination of different materials may create even more possibilities.

With the proper combination and use of explored materials the idea is to propose an architype that can easily be assembled and dissembled. After dissembling the structure, parts can be sold and eventually be used to mount another model. Through this modular approach the idea is to develop a circular economy of resources by creating a market of materials.«A circular economy is an economic system aimed at eliminating waste and the continual use of resources1.»

The aim of the temporary extension is that it works as Lego system. The objective is to create facades, roof parts, doors or windows that can be used continually. One of the fears of investment is the incertitude of not being able to sell the object in the future. By creating a modular architecture that can be demounted, sold and implanted on any rooftops, people will be more willing to invest.

In fact, the many advantages that the temporary extension provide will make it a profitable invest. One of the biggest advantages is the financial outcome people can make out of these architectural models specially in coastal regions. By renting the rooftop area to tourists one can easily obtain an income.

1.Circular Economy(2020) Centre for Green Building Materials and Technology (CGBMT). Available at: https://www.facebook.com/cgbmt/posts/3420458598040334/ (Accessed: April 5, 2021).

Additionally, by transforming the rooftop, the existing building can become more efficient and economical. The intention behind the roof architecture is to improve the comfort of the entire house; for instance, by reducing the surface contact of solar radiation thus minimizing heat absorption or by providing rain water collection facilities thus reducing water ponding.

Also, each and every rooftop vary from each other in terms of dimension. Thus, the idea is to design a prolongation that provides a flexible space which can be used differently. Some people may want to rent a touristic accommodation, others may wish extra space for family guests or just a common relaxation area due to the lack of exterior yard space. Moreover, the intent is to make the modularity of the architecture such that it satisfies the budget of each and every family. People are free to invest in a small simple module and extend it later if needed. Thus, the design offers a wide range of flexibility that will create unlimited results.

Also, customization of the architecture can be done according to the desired ambiances, size and spaces. This can be achieved by proposing different types of materials, textures, and colors. This approach proposes a modular typology that can adapt and change while being original.

Concrete has been present for years and eventually will. However, by exploring and valorizing local materials, the goal is to prove that alternatives to concrete do exist and can eventually be effective. In addition, the aim is to increase awareness on the drawbacks of our current built typology. Thus, this project also acts as a manifesto by changing the perception of people on construction materials in Mauritius. Even if concrete is the main available material, the idea is to innovate and provide new options that can eventually be implemented. Hence, this project works as a trigger, that can transform the way people build and perceive constructions in the future.

B. ATLAS OF MATERIALS

In order to create a flexible modular architecture that expresses all the intentions mentioned, the objective is firstly to make a cataloging on materials that could possibly be used and their possible outcomes. An exploration on easily available local materials but also materials that can possibly be implemented to our territory is done. Some available resources include;

i. CORRUGATED METAL SHEETS

Corrugated metal sheets that can be used for many purposes. Corrugated metal sheet is a very popular material and used across the world due to its numerous benefits. One of its advantages is its durability. Corrugated metal sheets that are made from steel or aluminum, require very little maintenance and can last for decades2. Moreover, the wavy pattern of the sheets provides higher compressive strength making them stronger3.«When properly installed, they cope well with storms, hailstorms, and torrential rain and frost2.»

Unlike bare corrugated metal sheets, nowadays most corrugated metal sheets used for construction are made from galvanized steel, stainless steel, or aluminum that do not rust or fade away quickly. «These materials undergo special treatment with chemicals to prevent the growth of algae3.»

Nowadays, there is a wide variety and styles of corrugated metal sheets for different uses (Fig 1-3). Not only they come in different shapes, lengths and colors but also with all the accessories such as screws and fasteners needed to assemble them.

2. 5 benefits of using corrugated metal sheets (2018) Bushburycladding.co.uk. Available at: https:// www.bushburycladding.co.uk/blog/5-major-benefits-of-using-corrugated-metal-roof-sheets/ (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

3. Zacferrys (2018) Benefits of corrugated metal roofing, Wordpress.com. Available at: https:// ozhubblog.wordpress.com/2018/11/21/benefits-of-corrugated-metal-roofing/ (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

1 2 3

Fig 1 - Perforated corrugated metal sheets

Fig 2- Metal shingle roof sheets

Fig 3-The Red House, designed by Crosson Architects, sits in the Titirangi area of Auckland, New Zealand

ii. METAL STRUCTURES

Along with corrugated metal sheets, metal structures are very common in Mauritius. They are mainly used in the construction of garages, outdoor covered spaces, rooftop extensions. Metal structures offer the ability to construct big and strong while still being lightweight compared to masonry. «Besides offering durability, a steel structure can withstand extreme forces or harsh weather conditions, such as earthquakes, strong winds, hurricanes and heavy snow to a larger extent4.»

I n addition, steel is extremely versatile as it can be easily molded into different shapes and forms. The speed of construction is also another advantage. Steel structure can easily be assembled via bolted connections which makes assembly significantly fast. Steel structures are also ductile and robust. They can bend or deform without collapsing.

«Also, steel structures can be easily built using various methods such as welding, bolting or riveting and can be also disassembled without hassles. This reduces the time taken to make a temporary structure, and hence professional steel fabricators use steel for temporary structures. This is also favorable when you want a strong structure within a short span of time4.» The flexibility it offers also provides the ability to adapt to possible changes. One of the advantages is that it is also a very popular and used resource in Mauritius. Thus, knowhow related to this material can easily be found.

One of the most versatile and common steel constructions is light gauge framing system. «Light Gauge Framing System (LGFS) or Light gauge Steel framing (LGSF) is a construction technology using cold-formed steel as the construction material(Fig 4-5) . It can be used for roof systems, floor systems, wall systems, roof panels, decks, or the entire buildings5(Fig 7).» The main reason why cold formed steel is chosen for the structures is because of this light weightiness and the rapid construction system it offers.

4. Patel, M. (2019) Advantages and disadvantages of steel structures, Gharpedia.com. Available at: https://gharpedia.com/blog/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-steel-structures/ (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

5. tbsl (2020) Light Gauge Framing System (LGFS): A Smart and sustainable Steel building technolo gy, Tatabluescopesteel.com. Available at: https://tatabluescopesteel.com/light-gauge-framing-sys tem-lgfs-a-smart-and-sustainable-steel-building-technology/ (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

Structures made from CFS (Cold Formed Steel) are factory pre-produced thus minimizes time on site, and provides rapid and easy assembly that can be done without highly skilled labor and without the need of professional equipment6 (Fig6).

«Cold-formed steel members have been adapted to meet almost any project need; you can find cold-formed steel drift connectors, vertical deflection connectors, rigid connectors, load-bearing members, curtain wall members, specialty connectors, drift connectors, hybrid vertical connectors, fixed connectors, cold formed steel bridging connectors and members, and so much more7.»

Fig 4- Various shapes of cold-formed steel sections

Fig 5 - Details of a mounted LGS panel

6. BAUHU - Prefabricated Modular light steel frame construction and low cost housing. Bauhu mod ular homes and office accommodation,Bauhu.com. Available at: https://bauhu.com/light_steel_ frame.html (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

7. Cold - formed steel framing - light steel framing studs & connectors- the steel network (2019) Steelnetwork.com. Available at: https://steelnetwork.com/cold-formed-steel-framing/ (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

From the top to the bottom

Fig 6- Easy assembling of an LGS structure with bolts and screws

Fig 7 - Example of an entire house made out of LGS structures

iii. POLYCARBONATE SHEETS

Polycarbonate sheets have gained a lot of popularity due to the numerous benefits they offer. They are available in a wide variety of colors and thicknesses (Fig 8). These sheets were mainly used in commercial and industrial buildings long ago but due to its benefits, the high demand of this material caused it to be more affordable. The key quality of polycarbonate is its durability. «Polycarbonate is 250 times stronger than glass and is virtually indestructible8.»

«Therefore, these sheets can be used in areas that are prone to storm, hail, rain, wind, storm and snow9.» In addition to being durable, polycarbonate is very light which makes it easy to install. Thus, polycarbonate sheets can easily be attached to a frame or support structure. Assembly can be done with the help of screws, support rods or by welding making it very easy to handle9

Unlike glass, it is very versatile and can be shaped into various forms and dimensions making it more flexible in terms of adaptation to designs. «One of the most beneficial features of polycarbonate is that it lets in maximum sunlight while keeping out the harmful UV radiations9.»

Therefore, it allows maximum light penetration without being harmful. «Using polycarbonate sheets results in a significant reduction in energy costs both for heating in winter and air-conditioning during the summer because of near infrared reflection and reduced heat buildup10.»

Thus, polycarbonate provides the freedom of being under the sun while still staying protected against the heat outside (Fig 9-10).

8. What are the benefits of polycarbonate? (2019) Ugplast-inc.com. Available at: https://ugplast-inc. com/benefits-of-polycarbonate/ (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

9. What are the advantages of using polycarbonate sheets? - tuflite (2017) Tuflite.com. Available at: https://www.tuflite.com/blog/advantages-using-polycarbonate-sheets (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

10. Horesh, T. (no date) Handy comparison between polycarbonate and glass, Palram.com. Avail able at: https://blog.palram.com/construction-and-architecture/handy-comparison-between-poly carbonate-vs-glass (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

8 9

Fig 8 - Polycarbonate sheets offer a wide range of colors

Fig 9 - House with polycarbonate facade, Java Architecture

Fig 10 - Night ambiance provided by polycarbonate sheets , ENSA Nantes - Anne Lacaton et JeanPhilippe Vassal, 2009

iv. THATCH

Thatch can easily be obtained from sugarcanes in Mauritius. It is widely used for roofs. This material is commonly used in hotels, luxury touristic accommodations as it echoes tropical vibes (Fig 13). Unlike other materials, thatch provides certain qualities. The main one being its ability to easily adapt to different shapes and designs (Fig 12 & 14). Thatch roofs are compatible for places with hot climates. «The thicker the layers of the thatch roof, the cooler your house becomes and the more you save on cooling costs11.»

«Also, thatch is incredibly durable with some thatching material able to last up to 65 years. Water reed is the most durable material, with a lifespan of 55 to 65 years. Combed wheat reed has a lifespan of 20 to 40 years. Long straw has a life span 15 to 25 years12.» Thatch is also considered to be very light weight and does not require heavy support structures( Fig 11). However, leaks are the most common problem, which if left untreated can cause more serious damage to other parts of the roof12. This means that regular annual inspections are necessary to ensure that the roof are in good shape.

11. Johnson, B. (no date) Advantages of A thatched roof, Slideshare.net. Available at: https://www. slideshare.net/thatchroofnet/thatched-roof (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

12. Hannan, R. (2014) Pros and cons of thatched roofs, Surewise.com. Available at: https://www. surewise.com/home-emergency-cover/articles/pros-and-cons-of-thatched-roofs/ (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

Fig 11 - Thatch roof on metal structure

Fig 12 - holiday home with a sculptural thatched roof, Archispektras Studio,2016

From top to bottom

Fig 13 Modern thatched roof house Nguyen Huu Duy of AmDesign Office,2021

Fig 14 - House combines traditional craftsmanship with computer aided design, labelled by Peter Cook as ‘digi-thatch’ Kathryn Findlay,2013

v. RAFFIA

Raffia is an available local material used by multiple companies in Mauritius. « The raffia tree has very long leaves that can grow up to 18 m long. Each branch of the raffia can have at least 100 small leaves. Raffia fiber, like jute, is soft, flexible and strong13.» Raffia is used for multiple purposes such as fake ceilings, furniture, inner separations, blinds and shades (Fig16-19). Raphia trees can be easily found near river banks. According an interview done with Raja MANGAR the owner of Raja Mangar Blinds Company, raffia trees are cultivated and takes three years to become mature and leaf harvest is done every two months. (Fig 15). Raffia allows high porosity and is commonly used for sun shades in Mauritius.

Raffia plant

1.Cutting process

2.Drying process

Fig 15 - Images and drawings showing the steps of transformation of raffia palm tree into usable materials by local crafting skills

13. DR, Y (2011) Le raffia ou le bambou africain/ Raffia or the African bamboo, Afrolegends.com. Available at: https://afrolegends.com/2011/04/23/le-raffia-ou-le-bambou-africain-raffia-or-the-afri can-bamboo/ (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

91 - Chapter V

Images showing the different applications and uses of raffia in Mauritius

Fig 16- As pergola for sun shading

Fig 17 ,18 - As foldable blinds

Fig 19- As fencing

Actually, Mauritius has the potential to implement various materials that could eventually be used for construction. Our territory is divided into private and public areas. A large portion of land belongs to the private sector and most of our land is occupied by the cultivation of sugarcane.

Even if sugarcane has a significant meaning and forms part of our historical identity, it is no longer a profitable cultivation as it was long ago. Sugarcane still occupies majority of our lands because as a crop it demands very low maintenance.

In order to provide a more profitable and better use of our lands, one of the possibilities would be to implement the cultivation of bamboos. Bamboos have proven to be very versatile, durable and easy to cultivate crop. By transforming some of our sugarcane fields into bamboo cultivation, we could possibly generate a new resource.

BAMBOO

Bamboo constructions has been gaining popularity specially in tropical climates due to the many advantages they offer. Bamboo is a fast-growing plant. «Unlike other timber, bamboo can be harvested after 3–4 years after planting and yearly after that14. »

There are many species of bamboo and some of them can grow up to 35 inches a day15. Its fast regeneration makes it a very sustainable resource and due to their light weightiness, they can also be easily transported, handled and stored. Among all the types of bamboos only a handful of them are ideal for construction. «Valuable bamboo species for construction include species of the genus: Guadua, Dendrocalamus and Phyllostachys16.» Even if bamboo is very light it is three times stronger than timber17. Thus its durability allows bamboo to be used for structural elements, as walls, inner claddings, floorings and can be combined easily with other materials(Fig 21, 24). It is thus a very adaptable material that can take various forms in relation to uses. However, untreated bamboo does not last long.

Bamboo needs proper treatments before it gains its durability and strength. «The inconvenience when using this material are insects that eat the woody substance contained within its trunk; to solve the problem it is necessary to treat the plant with boron salts, whose action damages the parasites’ metabolic system making the lignin flavor unpleasant18.» What is good is that bamboo provides a wide range of usability from structural elements to claddings and decorative parts as well as furniture (Fig 18, 22 , 23 ).

14. Manandhar, R., Kim, J.-H. and Kim, J.-T. (2019) “Environmental, social and economic sustainabili ty of bamboo and bamboo-based construction materials in buildings,” Journal of Asian architecture and building engineering, 18(2), pp. 49–59.

15. The pros and cons of bamboo in green building (2016) Elemental.green. Available at: https://ele mental.green/the-pros-and-cons-of-bamboo-in-green-building/ (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

16. Schröder, S. (2010) The reality about building with bamboo, Guaduabamboo.com. Guadua Bam boo. Available at: https://www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/the-reality-about-building-with-bamboo (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

17. Bamboo poles - stronger than you think (2016b) Foreverbamboo.com. Available at: https://blog. foreverbamboo.com/bamboo-poles-stronger-than-you-think/ (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

18. Bamboo, the advantages of employing it in the construction industry (2015) Lifegate.com. Avail able at: https://www.lifegate.com/bamboo-construction (Accessed: July 27, 2021).

Fig 20 - Bamboo rings facade

Fig 21 - One of the methods of using bamboo as roofing material

Fig 22- Interior ambiance created by bamboo claddings

Fig 23 - A full bamboo interior showing the multiple possibilies and textures that can be generated from baboo.

Fig 24 - Example of bamboo cladded on metal or wooden structure

C. PROJECT CONCEPTION

i. RELATION TO THE EXISTENT / WATER ALIGNMENTS

Each of the houses have different architectural settings. The concept is to use this variable feature in order to generate different rooftop configurations. Subsequently, the idea is to locate and create a connection with the existing water course of the house. Water alignments varies from house to house. The aim is thus to align water connections from the level underneath to the rooftop. Thus, washrooms of the proposed rooftop architecture will be situated vertically according to the washrooms located on the lower floor. This will not only greatly facilitate water supply to the rooftop but also generate non repetitive possibilities.

The objective is then to plug the proposed module to the localized water source. The connection of the washroom to the module creates an intermediate space. This in between space can be a kitchen, dressing area or a simple transition space depending on the client (Fig 25). As each household has different water layouts, different configurations of the same architecture can be obtained (Fig 26).

Fig 25-plugging of spaces according to localised water sources

Fig 26 - Generation of different spatial organisation

ii. A UNIT THAT CAN BE TRANSFORMED

As mentioned earlier, the main intention is to create local touristic lodgings on rooftops. Therefore, the most credible space organization of the module would be a bedroom. However, the module can easily be rearranged into a study area, a play area or a common space for the family(Fig 27).

The architecture is thus multifunctional and can easily adapt to specific needs and criteria.

Apart from adapting to specific client needs, the module can easily be adapted to each and every roof situation. The number of units would vary according to the available roof surface area along with the wants of the client.

Fig 27 - A flexible space that can be used and organised differently

iii. EASILY ASSEMBLED, DISMANTLED AND SOLD

LGS/ Cole formed steel is used for the structure due to its easy assembly and various benefits offered , as mentioned earlier. In order to create a modulable design, standard sizes of structural elements are proposed. Structures are designed such that they can be easily dismantled, sold and reassembled on other structures by simple bolting and unbolting steps (Fig 28).

Fig 28- Structural panels can easily be dismantled and reassembled promoting reuse

iv. HIGHLY CUSTOMIZABLE UNIT

The objective is to create an architecture that is highly customizable. By providing different materials that are used as cladding and roofing, unlimited customizations and possibilities can be obtained. Different ambiances can also be obtained through different materials. This gives a wide variety of options that clients can choose from to personalize their rooftop (Fig 29).

Fig 29- A selection of envelopes that provide personalisation of the model

D. PROPOSAL OF ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION

i. A LEGO LIKE STRUCTURE

Fig 30- Exploded diagram of the module representing the different assembling elements

1. BASE PANELS

In order to create modulable architectural qualities, a uniform grid layout of 2 by 2m is implemented (Fig 31). This facilitates easy implementation on rooftops. The base of the architecture consists of 2 by 2m structures that are assembled together to create desired spaces. Variations can be easily made by adding or subtracting panels. The main unit would consist of 2 panels each side and would create a surface area of 16 m2 whereas the washroom would consist of only one 2by 2m panel and would create a surface area of 4m2. However, the size of the intermediate space varies according to different situations.

Fig 31 - Uniform 2m by 2m floor structure that can be multiplied

2. FACADES

In accordance with the base panels, the structures of facades are designed in order to provide easy joining of elements together. Thus, structural panels for facades are 2m width and 2.2m in height. There are different types of structural façade panels that provide flexibility in terms of design (Fig 32).

Fig 32 - Differen types of facade panels providing flexibility in terms of design possibilities

3. ROOFS

The floor to ceiling height of the architecture is completed by the roof shape that provides ample inner space. There are two types of roof structures. The first one is an intact roof structure that fits the main unit being 4m by 4m (Fig 33). The other one is multipliable single pitched roof structure that fits 2by2m spaces (Fig 34).

Fig 33 - Roof structure of the 4m by 4m module

2.2m 2.2m 1m 1.5m

Fig 34- Extendable single pitched roof structure for 2m by 2m layouts

4. ENVELOPES

These structural panels are embellished and completed by a selection of cladding materials (Fig 36). According to the atlas of materials, a catalogue of materials is implemented for floor, facades, roofs separations and openings (Fig 35). These materials provide various ambiances but also a wide range of options for the client.

FLOOR FACADE ROOF

MATERIALS

SEPERATIONS / INNER CLADDING/ CEILING

A.Bamboo vertical strips ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

B.Bamboo horizontal strips ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

C.Bamboo rings ✓

D.Braided Bamboo ✓ ✓

E Corrugated Polycarbonate sheets ✓ ✓

F. Transparent Polycarbonate sheets ✓

G.Corrugated Metal sheets ✓ ✓

Shingle Metal sheets

H.Layered corrugated Metal sheets ✓

I.Thatch ✓

J.Raffia Strips ✓ ✓

Fig 35 - Catalogue of materials showing possible cladding options

BAMBOO SURFACES

POLYCARBONATE SURFACES

Corrugated metal sheets and polycarbonate sheets are available in a wide variety of colors

CORRUGATED METAL SHEETS SURFACES

THATCH RAFFIA

Fig 36 - Materials and the types of surfaces and textures that clients can choose from

A.Vertical strips B. Horizontal strips C. Bamboo rings D.Braided bamboo

E.Corrugated poly carbonate

G.Corrugated metal sheets

H.Shingle metal sheets

I. thatch

J. Raffia strips

F.Transparent Polycarbonate

ii. A FORM THAT EMBRACES ITS CONTEXT

In fact, the roof is a very special area of a house. It is a space that physically disconnects the building to its surroundings but visually increases its relation. In areas where houses are clustered together, the roof feels like a freedom where serenity reigns. Additionally, it is greatly exposed to the weather conditions. Hence the rooftop architecture is designed so that it embraces all these aspects.

Fig 37 - Overall design of proposed solution with the idea of flexible veranda highlighted

A. Flexible veranda

Tropical climate offers continual weather changes. Vertical opening panels are fitted to the architecture that acts as a shelter and creates a covered terrace (Fig 37). This provides users to choose whether to partially or completely deploy the veranda.

iii. A DESIGN THAT USES THE CLIMATE

(i) The design provides easy cross ventilations either by façade or roof openings. The roof is designed in such a way that hot air can easily escape by the vertical roof openings (Fig 38). This constantly regulates the room temperature and prevents increase in temperature during hot days.

The pitched roof also allows rain water collection that can be used for diverse purposes. Hence a mini water tank is placed for storage of the rain water.

ii. Discarded car tires filled with concrete are used as anchor points to which the base is fixed. Tires filled with concrete provide adequate support to the light structure on top. This allows the structure to be bolted on the cemented tires instead on the roof surfaces. By elevating the ground by several centimeters, ground ventilation is achieved keeping the internal temperature cool during hot days. The slight floor elevation also prevents possible water retention on rooftops to enter the room during rainy days.

Fig 38 - Cross and ground ventilations and rain water collection

Fig 39 - Roof form providing star gazing through transparent polycarbonate surfaces

iv. STAR GAZING

The roof is undeniably a space that allows a very strong connection to the sky. The vertical part of the roof cladded with transparent polycarbonate sheets provides endless stargazing. The roof transforms into a panoramic panel that overlooks the sky allowing users to contemplate starwatching directly from their bedroom (Fig 39).

v. AN ARCHITECTURE THAT ACTS AS A MANIFEST

Fig 40- Rooftop architecture easily perceived due to its form

Apart from the climatic and spatial benefits that the rooftop architecture provides, it also acts as a manifest. The roof shape of the architecture being impos ing and can be easily perceived from the ground floor (Fig 40). The use of local materials is thus valorized and acts as an embellishment to the overall house.

vi. ASSEMBLY PROCESS

The modulable architecture is easily assembled and do not require profes sional equipment. Screws and bolts are used to fix the parts together in a prop er order. An example of how a room unit of 4m by 4m with a terrace space of 2mby 4m is demonstrated (Fig 41).

Step 1- The floor panels are fixed to gether that are then securely bolted on the tires filled with concrete.

Step2 – The façade structures are then fixed on the floor panels and with each other and the roof structures are then securely fixed on the façade panels. The skeleton of the room is obtained.

Step3- The different cladding materials are fixed both on the inner and outer side of the skeleton with the help of screws and bolts.

Step4. After assembling, the room is inspected to ensure that each and every part are properly connected.

Fig 41- The different steps of assembling a rooftop module

vii. CONNECTION OF THE HOUSE TO THE ROOFTOP

THE WASHROOM

As mentioned earlier, the washroom is positioned to the nearest point of the washroom underneath to provide easy and practical water supply to the roof top. The washroom area is not elevated and is directly and securely fixed to the reinforced concrete of the roof surface. The minor change in level creates a differentiation between humid and non humid spaces within the rooftop archi tecture (Fig 42).

The single pitched roofs of the washroom also allow easy drainage of rain water to the implemented water tank.

Fig 42 - Rooftop washroom positioned underneath house washroom for easy water supply

viii. CONNECTION OF THE WASHROOM TO THE MAIN UNIT

THE INTERMEDIATE SPACE

A. As mentioned earlier, the intermediate space can be transformed into a dressing area, a laundry, a mini kitchenet or even an outdoor bathroom space. According to the space desired, it can have roof or open with no roof.

B. Also, the intermediate space can be extended by fixing more panels. This flexibility allows the integration of other functional spaces such as a storage space a laundry or an outdoor kitchen area (Fig 43).

Fig 43- The intermediate space and possible futur exten sions

ix. HOUSE INTERVENTIONS

1. ROOF SURFACE AND ACESSIBILITY

The roof is washed and all the debris are firstly removed. Then the roof surface is uniformized and smoothed by applying another thin layer of concrete. This provides a more agreeable and user-friendly surface. Many houses already have outdoor access to the rooftops. For houses with no outdoor access to the rooftop, a climbing area is integrated. Depending on the house and the space provided three types of accesses are proposed (Fig 44).

A. A steel outdoor staircase if ample space is present.

B. A circular staircase if there is less space.

C. A ladder if the house consists of only ground floor and if there is very little space to integrate staircases. A ladder can also be a very original and unusual way to access your room and can thus be an asset for tourists as it amplifies the idea of a shed.

Fig 44 - The possible types of accesses to the rooftop

2. SECURITY

Hand rails are fixed around the roof for safety. This allows users to venture everywhere on the roof freely ( Fig 45). The handrails transform the rooftop into a common area where users can play, party, do yoga, exercise and so on.

Fig 45- Hand rails are inevitably fixed for safety of users

3. TECHNICAL AREAS

For rooftops having technical areas such as water tanks or solar water heater, an envelope can be implemented around. This visually hides these technical elements while creating a more agreeable atmosphere (Fig 46). Façade panels with desired materials can be used. Plant pots can be integrated to these walls which allow users to grow plants and flowers contributing to the overall utility of the roof.

Fig 46- Technical areas hidden providing a more pleasant and user friendly atmosphere

x. STEPS OF EXECUTION

Fig 47 - The highlighted parts show the steps of transforming a rooftop

D. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ON A SELECTED PARCEL

A projection is done in Pointe de Lascar village and an parcel is selected in zone D to observe the various possibilities of the proposed architecture (Fig48-49).

Fig 48- ZONE D identified during site analysis in Pointe de Lascar Village

Besides the rooftop architecture the remaining free space can be appropriated differently depending on users. Thus, the users also engender transformations to the rooftops by appropriating the space differently. This creates diversified rooftop layouts (Fig 50).

Fig 49- Site Plan of Zone D

Fig 50- Rooftops appropriated differently creating diverse spacial organisations in related to users

CONCLUSIONS

i.TRIGGERS

MATERIALS

Different perceptions on materials

This project highlights the need to search and explore the alterna tives to concrete that can be used in Mauritius. The modular archi tecture proposed, also acts as a trigger that changes the percep tion of people on materials. Thus, it may reduce the apprehension on opting for alternatives to concrete with time and influence the use of more ecofriendly locally available resources.

A new sustainable resource

By transforming part of our sugarcane plantations into cultivations of bamboo, our country will be able to develop a more profitable and sustainable resource that will engender new possibilities. If the exploration of this material is effectively done, the economy of our country can greatly flourish.

Engendering new skills

Also, by introducing new materials, new fields of apprenticeship can be developed. This can create more local labor expertise and expand the options in relation to construction materials.

Job opportunities and facilities

By sharing knowledge and creating expertise on materials, crafts manship can be valorized creating new job facilities. Through the implementing of an architecture that consists of local materials, the work of local craftsmen will be greatly put forward. This will not only preserve our traditional know-how but also strengthen it.

Experimentations

By introducing new materials and construction possibilities, re searchers can explore new fields and create hybrid constructions techniques. For example, the combination of concrete with other local materials can be studied and implemented.

HOUSES

From void spaces to livable spaces

The project proves that by transforming rooftops, the house is en hanced in terms of comfort, embellishment and usability. More over, the various hidden potentials that void roof spaces provide are revealed. Thus, through this project, flat roofs can be perceived differently and allow people to contemplate this space. This strengthens the relation between occupants and their houses.

An economic asset

One of the key reasons for this project to attract interest will be its potential to gain addition income by transforming and renting rooftops. This greatly ameliorate the financial situation of a family. Also, the implementation of the project can considerably reduce energy consumption costs.

Strengthens the relation between locals and travelers

Apart from being a profitable investment, the relation between tourists and locals can be greatly strengthened. This project can put an end to the idea of segregation that current enclaved resorts create promoting a more sustainable tourism. This project allows an easy implementation of a more integrated tourism in localities

ii.PROSPECTIVE

The problematics of this study lead to an architectural proposition. The intentions of this solution can however be continued and improved.

EXPLORING OTHER MATERIALS

Firstly, more materials can be explored and implemented to the model. Clay is one of the materials that can eventually be put for ward due to its numerous advantages and reusability. The combi nation of clay with local natural fibers can open new possibilities in terms of materials. Vacoas and Ravinal being existing local mate rials used for crafting of objects and furniture can be studied and combined with other materials, it can be used for construction. Besides, the various possibilities offered by bamboo are not fully explored through this study. There are countless studies showing the flexibility that bamboo offers and exploration can be utterly made to implement new types of surfaces and textures.

Besides, concrete can be a very beneficial material if used correct ly. The idea is not to completely bypass the use of concrete, but to combine other materials in order to create hybrid constructions. By exploring the evolution of the house along with materials, new rooftop-built typologies can be engendered. For example, a de sign where concrete is prolongated only as beams and columns and enveloped with other materials can be thought.

A FORM THAT CAN EVOLVE

By still working on the grid layout proposed, other architectural forms can be proposed. Thus, the design in this project acts as a proposition that opens to other possibilities. By taking into consid eration the grid layout and the concept of modularity underlined, other types of structural elements can be implemented that can engender new shapes and forms. For example, other options of roof shapes or façades can be proposed. Also, other types of open ings can be introduced such as sliding panels or even facades, that changes the relation between the interior and the exterior. Thus, from the intentions highlighted in this project, endless design ex plorations can be achieved.

TESTING AGAINST CYCLONES

This study can be continued by testing the model against extreme weather conditions. Different materials react differently against cyclones. Even if the materials selected for the project has proven to withstand harsh weather conditions, simulations can be done to understand their reaction against tropical cyclones. This can produce ways to improve the internal comfort of the cabin in terms of sound insulation during cyclones and heavy rainfalls. Also detailed examination of connections between steel and other materials can be considered. By testing and experimenting different connection systems, improved assembly solutions can be obtained that can further strengthen the shed.

GENERAL CONCLUSION

This study started with a simple question. Why do we build our homes in this way?

INVESTIGATION OF VILLAGE

Though this simple question my journey of investigation took place. A site was chosen and I was able to use this site as fulcrum to find answers. The relation between the architect and a site is fundamental. Thus, regular site visits were done in order to fully scrutinize the territory. I was able to fully put into action the skills learnt during my past years in ENSA Nantes. The first investiga tion tool was observation. With the help of drone images, inacces sible areas. house types, limits, relation to the yard, were easily observed. Arial pictures were very useful as it allowed me to see the village from another perspective. Seeing things from above changes completely the perception on the environment and can additionally engender new ideas and reflections.

However, in order to understand the house typologies, interro gation was also an essential part in obtaining answers. Thus, the words of the inhabitants were also greatly valued. The typical houses from a technical point of view can be identified as non-adapted ones, but from the point of view of inhabitants, they offer func tionality and future opportunities. Interrogations made me realize that for many people having a shelter is more important to having a house. Time and financial resources sometimes act as a barrier that incites this type of houses which is the cheapest and most rap id type of concrete construction.

The study allowed me to clearly understand the drawbacks of the current house typology, its evolution through time and its strong and sensitive relation to its occupants. Being an evolving typology, the challenge was thus to intervene on houses without disrupting its evolution.

INVESTIGATION OF TOURISTIC COMPLEX

On the other hand, after studying the Azuri Ocean & Golf Village, the downsides of this type of construction were underlined. I was able to conclude that as future architects, it is important to com prehend the long terms effects of these kind of unsustainable developments and it is our duty to take actions in order to save our coastal biodiversity but also find ways to eliminate the social seg regation it creates. We are the ones that will create the built envi ronment of tomorrow and through this thesis a vision is made and a hypothesis is proposed.

THE ROOFTOP ARCHITECTURE

The proposition of a modular architecture takes the form of a cure that heals the architectural and urban pathologies underlined. Reviving the rooftops by this proposed modular architecture can be beneficial not only to the families and communities but also to the country in fighting against environmental pollution caused by unsustainable tourism and by unsuitable built house typologies for the tropics. I was personally satisfied with the concept of considering water sources of houses that creates diverse rooftop lay outs of the same architecture. Being able to propose a design that adapts to every house while still not being monotonous was a real challenge. By proposing a fully customizable architecture that em braces diverse materials, the objective was achieved. The project was developed in a limited time frame; thus, I strongly believe that model can be improved in order to provide more options. How ever, I believe that the intentions of introducing new materials is a gateway to the future. This study is just a step forward and I hope it will be followed by other steps towards a tropical Mauritius with tropical buildings.

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TABLE OF FIGURES

CHAPTER ONE

Fig 1 Extracted from Google Earth

Fig 2, Fig 4, Fig 22 - 23, Fig 26-27, Fig 30-31, Fig 34- 35 Drone pic tures taken during site analysis, Oct 2020, photographed by Akash. S

Fig 3 Personal Photograph

Fig 5 Edited image extracted from Google Earth

Fig 6- 12 Personal representations of house typologies

Fig 13-19 Personal photographs

Fig 20, Fig 24, Fig 28, Fig 32, Fig 37 Edited images extracted from Google Earth

Fig 21, Fig 25, Fig 29, Fig 33 Personal representations of bar charts showing number of houses in different categories

Fig 36 Personal representation of Pie chart showing results of survey

Fig 38 – 43 Extracted images of cities, villages and slums from Google earth

Fig 44 Personal Photograph

CHAPTER TWO

Fig 1-2 Fig 3, Fig 5 http://vintagemauritius.org/

Fig 4 http://iledecirne.overblog.com/architecture-tradition nelle-de-l-ile-maurice

Fig 5 Personal Photograph of a simple concrete house

Fig 7- 8 Personal Photographs, photographed at Surinam Village during the project workshop Beyond burbs

Fig 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgUjcGoHJoU&t=3s

Fig 10 , Fig 12 Drone image taken during site analysis, Oct 2020, photographed by Akash S

Fig 11 Personal representations

Fig 13- 14 Personal Photographs

CHAPTER THREE

Fig 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics

Fig 2 Extracted from, Ramli, N. H. (2012) Re-adaptation of Malay House Thermal Comfort Design Elements into Modern Building Ele ments – Case Study of Selangor Traditional Malay House & Low Ener gy Building in Malaysia

Fig 3 http://localcode.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Ru mah-Kampung-Malaysia

Fig 4, Fig 5, Fig 7, Fig 8 https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/ rtf-fresh-perspectives/a2129-10-things-to-remember-when-design ing-in-tropical-climate/

Fig 6 Extracted from ABC of tropical architecture (2019). Griffith University.

Fig 9, Fig 10, Fig 11 Extracted from Roslan, Q. et al. (2016) “A lit erature review on the improvement strategies of passive design for the roofing system of the modern house in a hot and humid climate region”

Fig 12 https://www.thespruce.com/what-to-do-about-water-leak age-in-your-wall-4707690

Fig 13 Personal Photograph

Fig 14 https://www.lkabminerals.com/en/products/magnadense/

Fig 15 https://www.aheadmauritius.org/gallery/lamitie-un der-flood-waters/

Fig 16 https://sweta25.wordpress.com/2013/04/01/tragedy-or-apoc alypse-in-mauritius/

Fig 17 https://www.aknl.net/

Fig 18 Personal schematic representation

Fig 19 – Personal drawing

CHAPTER FOUR

Fig 1- 2 Extracted from Google Earth

Fig 3 https://www.facebook.com/aretkokinnulaplaz

Fig 4 Personal sketch

CHAPTER FIVE

Fig 1 https://www.windbreakpanels.com/product/perforated-corru gated-sheet.html

fig 2 https://spb.spk.ru/articles/kak-rasschitat-metallocherepit su-na-kryshu-33/

fig 3 https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/interactive-tour-cros son-architects-red-house-in-new-zealand

Fig 4 Extracted from Yu, W.W. “Cold-Formed Steel Structures” Struc tural Engineering Handbook Ed. Chen Wai-Fah Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999

Fig 5 https://www.jlconline.com/products-tools/kitchen/mountinga-wall-hung-sink-on-a-steel-stud-wall_o

Fig 6 https://labmonline.co.uk/features/hadley-group-the-benefitsof-light-gauge-steel-frames/

Fig 7 https://designeverest.com/blog/light-gauge-steel-lumberwhich-is-better-framing-option-residential-building/

Fig 8 https://www.archdaily.com/catalog/us/products/12964/trans lucent-building-elements-in-facades-rodeca

Fig 9 https://www.archdaily.com/903878/une-maison-pour-surf er-java-architecture

Fig 10 https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=55

Fig 11 https://www.flickr.com/photos/yaxchibonam/4511084405

Fig 12 https://www.dezeen.com/2016/09/12/archispektras-dunehouse-latvia-baltic-sea-holiday-home-thatched-roof/

Fig 13 https://www.dezeen.com/2021/04/21/am-house-vietnam-hol iday-home-tropical-thatched-roof/

Fig 14 https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/kathryn-find lay-1953-2014

Fig 15 Document containing all the images extracted from Atlas of Resources done in épuisement de ressources nouvelles resources project workshop, 2020

Fig 16 -19 extracted from completed works of D.Beekhun & Sons Blinds Local Industry, http://beekhun.com/

Fig 20 https://smckenziejournal.wordpress.com/2013/11/02/bam boo-house-benjamin-garcia-saxe/

Fig 21 https://steemit.com/lifestyle/@besttime/hand made-home-f08da80fbe79a

Fig 22 https://justfly.vn/discovery/vietnam/ninh-binh/trang-an-la mia-bungalow-hoa-lu-ninh-binh

Fig 23 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/404127766538257810/

Fig 24 https://www.domusweb.it/it/architettura/2014/01/08/soe_ ker_tie_haus.html

Fig 25- 50 Personal graphical representations of proposed architec tural solution

PRIMARY SOURCES

Interview with Dr. CONHYEA Mahen. Head Technical , Quality & Product Development at Gamma Materials, 27 November 2020, Calebasses Lab - Gamma Materials site

Interviews with inhabitants of Point de Lascars Village

WHEN THE ROOF BECOMES THE FLOOR