Fleet street design project by Shruti Shiva

FLEET STREET HILL COMMUNITY Strengthening and intensification of mixed use neighbourhoods Architectural Association SED 2015-16

Msc + MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2015-2016_ Architectural Association School of Architecture AUTORSHIP DECLARATION FORM Term 2 Design Project : Refurbishing the City TITLE : FLEET-STREET HILL COMMUNITY NUMBER OF WORDS : STUDENT NAMES : ANUSHA NANAVATI EASHITA SAXENA SHRUTI SHIVA TRISHTA B VARDHAN DECLARATION “We certify that the content of this document are entirely our own work and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of is duly acknowledged.” SIGNATURES:

DATE : 24/03/2016 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 1.7. 1.8.

Exploring the Boroughs of London History Bricklane, Today and Tomorrow A Demographic Study The Site Selected: Fleet Street Hill Current Activities: Fleet Street Hill Site Context: Land Use Site Context: Development in the vicinity

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8.

Term 1 Case Studies: Priory Green Estate and Camden Centre for learning Literature Review: Case Studies Built Precedent Climate Study Concept: Design Matrix Design Concept Overshadow Analysis Solar Radiation Analysis

16 18 19 20 22 23 24 25

THE PROPOSAL

3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4.

A day in the life of Fleet Street Community Resident Ground Level Plan Typical Floor Plans Sections and Views

28 29 30 31

INDOOR STUDIES

4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6.

Base Case and Past Precedent Apartment- Thermal Analysis Courtyard- Thermal Analysis Annual Thermal Analysis Comparative Analysis and Adaptive Opportunities Daylight Analysis

34 35 37 39 40 42

MICROCLIMATE STUDIES

5.1. 5.2.

Outdoor Analysis Outdoor Views

46 52

6. CONCLUSIONS

55 59

APPENDICES Architectural Association SED 2015-16

SUMMARY

This report is the outcome of a design study which was conducted as part of the Sustainable Environmental Design Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s program at the AA (Architectural Association) School of Architecture. The design agenda was developed by carefully combining observations drawn from previous termâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environmental analysis of existing case studies in London with the new vectors and challenges of the current site in Fleet Street Hill. After identifying the lifestyle trends and potentials of Brick Lane, to cater to changing housing demands of the city of London. A process of generating a new layout started in which a form way designed from the urban level to the module level. Adaptive architectural strategies were informed by environmental analytic work and built precedents. The strong sense of public integration in Brick lane served as an important inspiration throughout the design process so as the adaptation to future trends such as the changes in life style, technology and climate. These together helped push the boundaries of the design scope further and informed the layoutâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s outcome and environmental performance.

AKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our Term 2 project tutor Ms. Paula Cadima, for her guidance and encourging us to strive even better and to the faculty of Architectural Association School of Architecture, Sustainable Environmental Design programme tutors; Mr Simos Yanna (programme director), Mr. Jorge Alvares, Mr Herman Callega for their valuble feedback throughout the course of our project. We would also sincerly appreciate and Mr. Gustavo Brunelli for their critical and valuble advices which led to the developement of the project in a great way. An honourable mention goes to all the residents of Pedley street developemnt and visitors of trumen street for providing us with helpful information. A hearty thank you goes to Ms Bhaavvyaa Rangarajan, pursuing an M.Arch in Housing and Urbanism at the AA, for giving us valuable insights into the housing situation in London throughout the developement of the project. Lastly, we would like to thank our families to give us the chance to study at the Architectural Association. Without their support all this work will be just a dream.

Architectural Association SED 2015-16

Introduction

Design Development

The Proposal

Indoor Studies

Microclimate Studies

Conclusions

1.1 Exploring the boroughs of London The team sought to explore a borough within the Inner city that would serve as a microcosm of Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s diverse ethnical, architectural and cultural patterns. The statistics from the Greater London Authority (GLA) of 2014 (fig. 1.1.1), show a highly mixed land-use pattern in the boroughs of Camden, Islington, Southwark and Tower Hamlets. Further, the census taken in 2001 (fig, 1.1.2), point out to a rich variety of ethnic groups residing in Tower hamlets. Tower Hamlets (fig. 1.1.3), also has a critically increasing population. The population in this borough, alone, rose by 22.82% during the period of 2001 to 2011 while the population of the Inner city, during the same period rose by 10.69%. Figure 1.1.1 Building Use Comparison of the boroughs of the Inner city of London (Source: GLA, 2014)

In the north west of Tower Hamlets are the busy commercial and residential wards of Weavers and Spitalfields & Banglatown, respectively. Running down the spine of these two wards is the area of Brick lane as represented in Fig. (1.1.4). The area forms an indispensible link between the City, Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s central business district, and the very densely populated area to the east (fig. 1.1.5). The historical richness, diversity and liveliness throughout the day and night give this neighbourhood its intense urban character as illustrated by Fig (1.1.6)

BRICK LANE

Figure 1.1.2 Demographic profile of the borough of Tower Hamlets (Source: 2001 Census)

Cross-section through Brick-Lane showing how it interacts with the city (Source: Boer, E. 2010)

City

Images of Brick Lane interacting with the city (Source: Boer, E. 2010)

Brick Lane

Residential Units

Figure 1.1.3 Tower Hamlets in the inner city of London (Source: London government directory, 2012)

Figure 1.1.4 Land-use map of Tower Hamlet (Source: Guardian, 2013)

1.2 History By the 17th century, (Fig 1.2.2) as if predicting the bars and clubs that would follow in the future, brewing came to Brick Lane; notably, the Black Eagle Brewery founded by the Truman family. However, aside from drink, the 17th century brought with it a farmers market, which continues to this day and successive waves of immigrants.

The most recent additions to the area comes from Bangladesh, who brought with them new customs and food as well as giving Brick Lane a new nickname, Banglatown (Fig 1.2.4).

The first to make the move to Brick Lane were the French Huguenots who also had a sizeable population in nearby Spitalfields. Figure 1.2.1 A painting showing White Chapel Lane in 15th Century (Source: CMS, 1972)

15th Century

Figure 1.2.3 Image showing Jewish settlers (Source: Collections, no date)

17th Century

19th-early 20th Century

Late 20th Century

The East End became a haven for immigrants searching for a better life and as London neared the 20th century, (Fig 1.2.3) Jewish and Irish settlers had also made the move.

In the 15th Century, (Fig 1.2.1) before the London Borough of Tower Hamlets was even a glimmer in a council architects eyes, a road called Whitechapel Lane ran through open fields; its name was later changed in recognition of the tile and brick manufacturers who made use of the brick earth deposits in the area.

Figure 1.2.2 Sketch showing Trumanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Brewery (Source: Source type, 2015) Figure 1.2.4 Bangladeshi Community in Bricklane (Source: History of Bangladeshis in the United Kingdom, 2016)

Architectural Association SED 2015-16

Introduction

Design Development

The Proposal

Indoor Studies

Microclimate Studies

Conclusions

1.3 Brick lane, Today and Tomorrow

However, the future skyline of this area is transforming with residential towers of 14 to 21 storeys. The borough hosts the world headquarters of many global financial businesses and hence has a high demand for residential buildings to reduce transportation time.

Figure 1.3.1 Grafiti a part of Bricklane Culture (Source: (London, 2015)

Figure 1.3.2 3 to 4 storey buildings in Bricklane (Source: Brick lane graffiti murals installation - brick laneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s curries and colours, 221 )

FUTURE

CURRENT The Brick lane of today, attracts a young, artsy and experimentative crowd (Fig 1.3.1) . The 3 to 4 storey brick-walled buildings (Fig 1.3.2) generously feature galleries, warehouse art exhibitions, ethnic restaurants, lively clubs, boutiques, markets and festivals throughout the year. The expressive graffiti lends a dramatic character to the atmosphere of Brick Lane.

Figure 1.3.3 14 storey tower underconstruction (Source: CSL STYLE ERROR: reference with no printed form.]

Figure 1.3.4 Graphical Representation for future development around the site

1.4 A Demographic Study Brick lane has a high population of young professionals and couples mostly from the ages of 20 to 44 as represented in Fig. 1.4.2. Less than 3% of Brick lane’s residents are families. Fig. 1.4.1 deduces that major modes of commute, presumably to work places, are the underground tubes and walking. A comparison between the Inner city boroughs of the minimum housing provision target for 2011-2021, points out that Tower Hamlets has the highest housing provision target (fig. 1.4.3) The prevalent home ownership patterns show a preference of living in shared ownership homes and also socially rented apartments. The proportions of flats (74%) and 1bed properties (36%) can be accounted to cutting down on rents and utility bills that can be critical savings for early professionals.

Salesperson at Natlus Properties. Real-estate consultants 182 Brick Ln 0.2 miles from the selected site

Westminster

Wandsworth

Tower Hamlets

Southwark

Newham

Lewisham

Lambeth

Kensington

Islington

Haringey

Hammersmith

Hackney

Camden

City of London Figure1.4.2 Brick lane: Age Group Statistics

are privately rented

- On being asked why did singles in this area prefer sharing flats over studios

35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0

Figure1.4.1 Brick Lane: Preferred Transport Medium

17.9%

“Most of them live alone in the city and so prefer having flatmates around. It’s also gets way cheaper”

Figure1.4.3 Minimum Housing provision target for 2011-2021

8.4% are owned

45%

are singles with couples forming 17% and families less than

34.5%

People live in shared ownership

39.1%

Live in socially rented apartments

Architectural Association SED 2015-16

Introduction

Design Development

The Proposal

Indoor Studies

Microclimate Studies

1.5 The Site Selected: Fleet Street Hill Towards the Northeast end of Brick lane is a quaint site known as ‘Fleet Street Hill’. Fig. 1.5.1 marks the selected site, flanked by railway lines on two sides, abutting the communal Allen garden. The Site is accessed by two narrow lanes. One connecting it to Allen gardens and the rest of Brick lane and the other, named Pedley Street, connecting it to the other developments on the east. Area of the site - 3,065 sq.m (0.75 acre) The site was originally owned by Network rail and then transferred to a real-estate company Londonewcastle for a development scheme. For a long time, this triangular patch of land stayed abandoned and hence was abused and misused. To maintain the site during the interim time, until the project got cleared through its policy stages, the Londonewcastle has rented out the plot to a non-profit organisation named Community Nomadic Gardens who have brought life to the plot in ways shown in Fig (1.5.2 – 1.6.2) and discussed further in section 1.6.

Figure 1.5.2 Outdoor cafe and Music practice space

A B

GREEN SPACES

Figure 1.5.1 Plan marking the selected site

BUILT MASS

GREEN SPACES

SITE

Figure 1.5.3 Graffiti and Art Exhibitions

BUILT MASS SITE

Figure 1.5.2 Section of the site with the Overground rail (Site Section AB)

Figure 1.5.4 Leisure interactive spaces

Conclusions

1.6 Current Activities: Fleet Street Hill

The Fig. 1.6.1 represents the currents activities on site designed by the Community Nomadic Gardens to form a public interactive space. However, over time the organic nature and low maintenance has led to a messy space (fig. 1.6.2-1.6.3) that has reduced its attraction.

Garden

Art

Garden

Retail

Bonfire

Underground

Housing

Piano

Overground

Cafe

Library

Fig.1.6.1 Diagrammatic representation of the Current activities on site.

Site Constraints Site is flanked by the underground and Overground on either sides. Nomadic Community Gardens The site is currently occupied as a meanwhile space by the nomadic community to house art installations, encourage art enthusiasts, musicians and gardeners. It is, however, ill-maintained. Fig.1.6.2-1.6.3 Present condition of Fleet Street Hill

Architectural Association SED 2015-16

Introduction

Design Development

The Proposal

Indoor Studies

Microclimate Studies

Conclusions

1.7 Site Context: Land Use Fig. (1.7.1-1.7.4) illustrates the relationship of Fleet Street with its neighbourhood.

Figure 1.7.1 Land Use Map: Roads and walkways

Figure 1.7.2 Land Use Map: Built-form

Figure 1.7.3 Land Use Map: Roads, Built-form and green spaces

Figure 1.7.4 Land Use Map: The selected site and its context

Shoreditch Railway Station Petrol Pump Schools

Hospital

Bus Stop Built Mass Build mass

Site SITE Green Spaces GREEN SPLACES Roads BUILT MASS RAILWAY Lines LINE Railway

1.8 Site Context: Development in the vicinity The team studied the neighbourhood to understand the building heights, density, response to background railway noise and expectations of the dwellers. One such developement has been explained in this section. Name of the development: Pedley Street Development Access from: Pedley Street and Farukuddin Street Developed by: Spitalfields Housing Association Ltd Completed in: Early 2015 Scheme: 3 to 7-storey buildings comprising of 63 units of 1, 2, 3 and 4 bed apartments. Tenure: 41 affordable units and 22 shared ownership units. Figure 1.8.1 Image showing the location of Pedley Street Development (Source: Google Earth)

Density: 31.5 dwellings/hectare

“The sound from the railway can be noticed only when the windows are open and even then, it is just an ambient sound. I don’t really mind it.”

Figure 1.8.2 Overall layout of 2 Bedroom Apartment Floors 2,3,4,5

-Resident of the Pedley Street Development

Figure 1.8.4 3D View of Pedley Street Development Showing the Main Entry (Source: contributors, 2015)

“The neighbourhood feels safer with public activities happening around” -Resident of the Pedley Street Development

Figure 1.8.3 Layout plan of 2 bedroom Apartment (Source: contributors, 2015)

Figure 1.8.5 3D View of Pedley Street Development (Source: Rightmove.uk)

Architectural Association SED 2015-16

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Architectural Association SED 2015-16

Introduction

Design Development

The Proposal

Indoor Studies

Microclimate Studies

Conclusions

2.1. Term one case studies : Priory Green estate & Camden centre for learning

Priory Green Estate Location:

510 31’59.04”N Latitude 0006’56.17”W Longitude

Use:

Residential

Area of each block: 10,080M2

Camden Centre for Learning Location:

510 31’59.04”N Latitude 0006’56.17”W Longitude

Use:

SCHOOL

Architectural Association SED 2015-16

Introduction

Design Development

The Proposal

Indoor Studies

Microclimate Studies

Conclusions

2.2 Literature Review: Case Studies We referred to some design proposals where the concept of shared living was explored through various architectural forms.

Figure 2.2.1 TYPE-A AN ALTERNATIVE TO SHARED

One such proposal was a competition entry (Figure 2.2.1) where the idea of private and semi-private was created by creating an architectural typology of a ‘street’ where the semi-private consists of pockets of kitchen spaces along a long corridor. The next proposal created an interesting typology (Figure 2.2.2) of a ‘loft’, that is a double heighted space where the private bedroom is at mid-height. The living and semi-private is a double heighted space where a work space is also established. The learning from this was the idea of using increased volume to increase compactness and create a sectional quality of private and common.

Figure 2.2.2 TYPE-B MAKING ROOM: PLEASURES OF DENSITY SIN-

The last proposal by Jonathan Kirschenfeld (Figure 2.2.3) in which he and his team proposed a typology where the living spaces would be shared between studios, families and single occupants. The learning from this case study was the development of a common large “living room” flanked by private bedrooms (Housing and council, 2014) source: http://makingroomnyc.com/category/design-proposals/ (as accessed: 31 Jan 2016)

Figure 2.2.3 TYPE-C MAKING ROOM: PLEASURES OF DENSITY SINGLE AND SHARED 18

2.3 Built Precedent Name of the Project: Shared Housing LT Josai, Location of the Project: Nagoya, Japan Architects: Naruse Inokuma Architects Building Type: Shared occupancy home Height of the building: 3 Floors Shared Spaces: Eating, cooking and relaxing that encourage the residents to interact in different ways. Scope of such a typology: Increasing demand in Japan for houses where unrelated individuals to naturally continue to share spaces with one another Scheme: 13 bedrooms each having a floor area of 7.2 square metres and the total floor space for each resident equates to 23 square metres (Fig. 2.2.4)

Figure 2.2.4 Plan of Scheme Source: Joost, 2013

Figure 2.2.6 View of gathering space Source: Joost, 2013

Bedrooms with identical dimensions are arranged across the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s three levels, with the voids between them housing an open plan living, dining and kitchen area and a rug space on the first floor. (Fig. 2.2.5) A dining table near the entrance provides seating for large groups, while the kitchen counter, sitting room and rug space offer alternatives for smaller gatherings.

Figure 2.2.5 Section of the Scheme Source: Joost, 2013 Figure 2.2.7 View of the Communal Dining space Scource: Joost, 2013

Architectural Association SED 2015-16

Introduction

Design Development

The Proposal

Indoor Studies

Microclimate Studies

Conclusions

2.4 Climate Study

Figure 2.3.4 : Windrose diagram (source : Grasshopper/ladybug)

Figure 2.3.1 : Annual Outdoor temperatures with comfort band and incident solar radiation

The weather data that the team decided to use was obtained with Meteonorm 7.0 from the London Weather Central Station in Fleet street hill, latitude 51°51’ North and Longitude -0.131 West, which is closest to the site. The yearly graph for London (Figure 2.3.1) shows that the average monthly temperatures never drop under 0 °C during the winter period and they never exceed 25 °C during the summer. What can be observed is that for most of the year, except for a very short period during the hottest summer months, the temperatures are below the comfort zone, which means that the energy demand for heating the indoor spaces is a very significant parameter of the building design. Figure 2.3.2 shows the annual precipitation and Figure 2.3.3 shows the annual solar radiation which is an essential parameter in starting design development. Finally, Figure 2.3.4 is a windrose diagram illustrating the prevailing winds. It clearly indicates the presence of wind from the south-west direction, ranging from 0 m/s to a maximum of 7.45 m/s

Figure 2.3.2 : Annual Precipitation (source: meteonorm)

Figure 2.3.3 : Annual Solar radiation (source: meteonorm)

2050

Figure 2.3.5 : Annual Outdoor temperatures with comfort band and incident solar radiation as projected for 2050

We were asked to review the climatic conditions in the year 2050 as well in order to incorporate any changes that may occur in acoounting for the future. We observed that there was a rise in the outdoor temperature by 1 degree (figure : 2.3.5) This was taken in account to inform deisgn discussions.

Figure 2.3.6 : Annual Precipitation for the year 2050 (source: meteonorm)

Figure 2.3.3 : Annual Solar radiation as projected for 2050 (source: meteonorm)

Architectural Association SED 2015-16

Introduction

Design Development

The Proposal

To begin the design development process, we started looking at various space types and their environmental requirements(Figure 2.5.1). We listed programmatic functions that we would design in the proposal and studied the environmental requirements of each space. For example, a bedroom with a study would require adequate daylight, while a kitchen would need ventilation to remove excess heat gains. By doing this, we were able to list various design inferences that would inform the design through orientation. We tried to create a balance between maximizing solar gains in places where internal gains are low (eg. bedrooms) and optimizing orientation where internal gains are high (eg. shared living and kitchen) Similar process was adopted for outdoor spaces to create a catalogue of features to inform design.

SOUND

morning/ ev.

N/E, N, N/W

shared living

morning/ev.

N/E, N, N/W

Indoor Studies exhibition

2.5 Concept: Design Matrix

SPACE TYPE

shared kitchen

Microclimate Studies

COMMON SPACES

Conclusions N/E, N

amphitheatre

S, S/E

cafĂŠ

S/E, N/E

pub

kitchen garden

N, N/W, N/E

multipurpose spaces

S/W, S

temp

least

most

wind

least

most

solar

least

most

sound

least

most

orientation N

SOLAR ACCESS (DAYLIGHT)

WIND

TEMPERATURE ORIENTATION

DESIGN INFERENCE

bedroom

morning/ev.

Summer night

night

S/W, S

Solar gains are maximised because low int. gains

Work area

throughout

summer day

S/W - S

shading (reduce solar gains, inc. internal gains)

shared kitchen

morning/ ev.

N/E, N, N/W

Not direct, as internal gains are high

shared living

morning/ev.

N/E, N, N/W

Occupied later in the evening

N/E, N

low wind speed, less glare

amphitheatre

S, S/E

Not in the direction of prevailing winds, add wind breaks

cafĂŠ

S/E, N/E

low winds, solar access required in winter

pub

high internal gains, so south avoidable

kitchen garden

N, N/W, N/E

no direct wind, no direct solar access for plants

multipurpose spaces

S/W, S

Solar gains are maximised because low int. gains

COMMON SPACES exhibition

Figure 2.5.1 Design Matrix

temp

least

most

wind

least

most

solar

least

most

sound

least

most

2.6 Design Concept

Figure 2.6.1 Solar angle study

Figure 2.6.5 Solar angle study

To start carving out a form, we started with solar studies and solar access angles to understand the minimum spacing between the built form to maximize solar access (figures 2.6.1- 2.6.2) We then started to place block of built form which comprised of private and semi public spaces, as seen in figure 2.6.3. We tried to see what orientation works best for such a module by placing it both due north and south. However, as informed by the design matrix we placed them in the north-east/ north south direction (figures 2.6.4), to avoid direct solar gains since we would have excessive internal gains in common spaces (due to spaces like kitchen).

Figure 2.6.2 Site Spacing

Figure 2.6.6 Orientation of common spaces

In order to ensure sufficient daylight, we manipulated the widths of each common space, according to the solar angles (figure 2.6.5 2.6.6) Since this resulted in an exposed form, which would lead to heat losses, we increased the compactness (figure 2.6.6-2.6.7) We finally, placed our bedroom blocks in the south east/ south west direction (Figure 2.6.7) due to the following parameters :

Figure 2.6.3 Placement of private and semi-private spaces

Figure 2.6.4 Orientation of common spaces

Figure 2.6.7 Increased Compactness

â&#x20AC;˘ maximize solar gains as the internal gains in these spaces are low. This also helps heat up the space throughout the day and the thermal mass ensures comfortable environment later in the evenings. â&#x20AC;˘ as the site is situated between two railway tracks, we placed the bedrooms in the middle of the site to decrease disturbance from sound.

Figure 2.6.8 Placement of bedroom blocks

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Introduction

Design Development

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Conclusions

2.7 Overshadow Analysis

As there were no immediate buildings around the site, we wanted to see the effect of tilting the built form on solar access. We realised that the north-east/ north west are largely in shade(Figure 2.7.1-2.7.9) Therefore, spaces with high internal gains were placed there. The south west and south east facades are in shade only in the evenings as seen in (Figure 2.7.3-2.7.6), However due to some over shadowing in the south we chose to further investigate this through radiation studies and thermal performance.

9am

Figure 2.7.7 22nd December_ Winter Solstice Overshadow(Morning)

Figure 2.7.1 21st March_ Equinox Overshadow(Morning)

9am

Figure 2.7.4 21st June_ Summer Solstice Overshadow(Morning)

Figure 2.7.2 21st March_ Equinox Overshadow(Afternoon)

1pm

Figure 2.7.5 21st June_ Summer Solstice Overshadow(Afternoon)

1pm

Figure 2.7.8 22nd December_ Winter Solstice Overshadow(Afternoon) 1pm

Figure 2.7.3 21st March_ Equinox Overshadow(Evening)

4pm

Figure 2.7.6 21st June_ Summer Solstice Overshadow(Evening)

4pm

Figure 2.7.9 22nd December_ Winter Solstice Overshadow(Afternoon) 2pm

9am

2.8 Solar Radiation Analysis In order to study the effect of orientation on thermal performance, we made a notional block with the same volume and people to floor ratio and studied the effect of tilting it. The notional block consists of two blocks of the same volume as our built form, 2050 cu.m assumed as private and 2718 cu.m as common.

north facade : 860 kwh/sq.m east-west facades : 458 kwh/sq.m south facade : 248 kwh/sq.m private common

We concluded that the thermal performance is optimized when tilted to the North-east/ North-west, as opposed to a north-south linear axis. Figure 2.8.4 : Radiation analysis, north-south direction

if north up is 100% Figure 2.8.7 : Radiation analysis of the built form (source: grasshopper) north facade : 650 kwh/sq.m east-west facades : 520-380 kwh/sq.m south facade : 170 kwh/sq.m

Figure 2.8.1 : Notional block aligned north-south

Figure 2.8.5 : Radiation analysis, north west

reduction by 6.3%

We conducted a radiation study on the form to calculate the incident solar radiation on each facade to see the impact of overshadowing due to the form on radiation. We concluded that the south-east/ south-west facades recieve adequate solar radiation through which the solar gains can be maximized and that the overshadowing does not have a significant effect in impacting solar gains. Thus as a result of the overshadowing, thermal and radiation studies that a balance can be achieved in optimizing gains through the orientation. We also noted that by tilting the axis to north-east/north west is more benficial to thermal and daylight performances of the internal spaces, rather than a north-south axis. In previous termâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s case study, the north-south orientation and the linear form reduced thermal and daylight performance. Hence we chose to study how to optimize the performance with orientation to guide our form.

north facade : 650 kwh/sq.m east-west facades : 520-380 kwh/sq.m south facade : 170 kwh/sq.m

Figure 2.8.2 : Notional block aligned north-west

Figure 2.8.6 : Radiation analysis, north east

reduction by 8.9% Figure 2.8.3 : Notional block aligned north-east

We noticed by studying the radiation incident on each facade that the south recieves harsh radiation while the north receives very minimal solar radiation ( when the block is aligned north-south. The east and west receive average radiation (Figure). However if the block is tilted to north east and north west harsh radiation is avoided and two facades receive adequate radiation. (Figure) Therefore by tilting solar gains can be maximised without causing over heating or glare.

Architectural Association SED 2015-16

THE PROPOSAL Architectural Association SED 2015-16

Introduction

Design Development

The Proposal

Indoor Studies

Microclimate Studies

Conclusions

3.1 A day in the life of a Fleet Street Community Resident

Resident of the scheme

Visitor to the scheme

3.2 Ground Level Plan The ground level has been designed as an urban plaza that continues with the interactive atmosphere of brick lane. Most of site is open to public access with paths leading towards semi open spaces such as an amphitheatre, a weekend market, communal garden spaces, graffiti and art display areas. Covered public amenities such as music practice spaces, a pub, retail shops and a cafĂŠ with spill-out spaces engage the outdoor as well. The public interactive spaces also continue vertically up and are explained in section 3.3. The Northeast exit of the site would be dedicated to residents as it leads to a foot-over bridge that connects to Shoreditch high street station from the west and Bethnal Green station from the west.

Towards foot-bridge that leads to Shoreditch high street station and Bethnal Green.

Pedley Street

Street towards Allen garden

Private Access for Residents of the site Public Access Adjoinging streets

Figure 3.2.1 Ground level plan

Architectural Association SED 2015-16

Introduction

Design Development

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Indoor Studies

Microclimate Studies

Conclusions

3.3 Typical Floor Plans The apartments are placed on either sides of a central vertical spine (marked in fig. 3.3.1-3.3.2) that alternates between double height kitchen gardens and common terraces where yoga, dance, music can be practiced. They continue from the spaces of the urban plaza and are open to all. On both sides are 3 apartments shared by 3 people each. The apartments have 2 bedrooms that access a common bathroom and one en-suite. They open out into double height shared spaces that comprise of common kitchens, living areas that can be customised to match the lifestyle of the residents who use them. This not only makes the building compact and optimises internal heat gains but also creates a community for young professionals who live alone.

B’

common areaLiving room and kitchen 46.72 Sqm common areaLiving room and kitchen 38.6 Sqm

The Apartment Area of one apartment: 33.5 m2 No. of people sharing one apartment: 3 People to Floor area ratio: 0.09 Window to External Wall percentage: 21% Window to Floor area ratio: 0.59

PUBLIC SPACES

bathroom

common areaLiving room and kitchen 59.86 Sqm

ensuite 9.42 Sqm

Bedroom 7.6 Sqm

ensuite 9.42 Sqm

Bedroom 7.6 Sqm

bathroom

ensuite 9.42 Sqm

Bedroom 7.6 Sqm

bathroom

A’

Bedroom 7.6 Sqm

typical floor plan

The Common Space No. of people sharing one common space: 18 No. of people sharing one kitchen: 6 People to Floor area ratio: 0.10 Window to External Wall percentage: 54% Window to Floor area ratio: 0.60

Figure 3.3.1 Typical Floor Plan

Development density: 48 dwellings per hectare

B’ common areaLiving room and kitchen

kitchen gardens +2.5 ensuite 9.42 Sqm

common areaLiving room and kitchen Bedroom 7.6 Sqm

+2.5

ensuite 9.42 Sqm

Bedroom 7.6 Sqm

+2.5

A ensuite 9.42 Sqm

ensuite 9.42 Sqm

Bedroom 7.6 Sqm

+5.0 Bedroom 7.6 Sqm

common areaLiving room and kitchen

N bathroom Bedroom 7.6 Sqm

A’ Figure 3.3.1 Typical Mid-Level Floor Plan

Bedroom 7.6 Sqm

bathroom

Mid-level floor plan

Figure 3.4.1 Section AAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; through a typical module showing the double height common space with respect to the bedrooms.

Figure 3.4.2 Section BBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; showing the mid-level kitchen gardens and typical apartments

3.4 Sections and Views

Figure 3.4.3 Cut Axonometric View from Point C

Figure 3.4.4 Cut Axonometric View from Point D

Architectural Association SED 2015-16

INDOOR STUDIES Architectural Association SED 2015-16

Introduction 1

Design Development

The Proposal 2

PRIORY GREEN - EXISTING CASE

Indoor Studies 18.2 KWH/SQ.M 1.2 KWH/SQ.M

18.2

Improved Wall section with insulation improved double glazing & glazing percentage Figure 4.1.2 : Priory Green improved

AREA OF FLAT: 78 m2 VOLUME : 234 CU.M NO. OF OCCUPANTS : 1 GLAZING PERCENTAGE : 13.4% WINDOW TO FLOOR RATIO: 1.16 INFILTRATION: 3 ach

AREA OF FLAT: 78 m2 VOLUME : 234 CU.M NO. OF OCCUPANTS : 1 GLAZING PERCENTAGE : 29.2% WINDOW TO FLOOR RATIO: 4.7 iNFILATRATION : 0.25 ach

WALL SECTION U VALUE : 1.45 W/m2 K & 1.3 W/m2 K

WALL SECTION U VALUE : 0.33 W/m2 K

GLAZING UNIT U VALUE : 2.9 W/m2 K

GLAZING UNIT U VALUE : 1.6 W/m2 K

FLEET STREET BASE CASE

In order to create a base case to comparatively study the form we had proposed, we looked at the thermal performance of our last termâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s apartment, the Priory Green estate. The built case, as illustrated in Figure(4.1.1) was characterised by :A leaky fabric, excessive heat losses through walls and windows

KWH/SQ.M

Figure 4.1.1 : Priory Green existing

Low people to floor ratio, leading to inadequate optimization of inter nal gains Low window to floor ration, thereby reducing the amount of solar gains. We aimed to improve the thermal performance of the built by proposing changes in the constructional quality, increasing glazing percentage and reducing the excess infiltration due to the leaky fabric (Figure 4.1.2) Therefore, as a base case, we departed from the improved case. We applied improved sections, the improved window to floor ratio and increased people to floor ratio. (Figure 4.1.3) We further studied the base case in order to improve the thermal performance. We increased the insulation in the wall and roof section to decrease heat losses, optimize the people to floor ratio and incorporate schedule influenced people and equipment gains. (Figure 4.1.4) In order to avoid any sort of overheating, subsequent ventilation schedules were adopted, which are elabroated in the next page.

FLEET STREET IMPROVED CASE 10.2 KWH/SQ.M

20.8 KWH/SQ.M

ANNUAL HEATING LOAD (Kwh/sq.m)

Figure 4.1.3 : Fleet street Base case

Conclusions

4.1. Base case and past precedent

PRIORY GREEN - IMPROVED CASE

64.2 KWH/SQ.M

Microclimate Studies

Figure 4.1.4 : Fleet street improved case

AREA OF FLAT: 67 m2 VOLUME : 301.5 CU.M NO. OF OCCUPANTS : 6 WINDOW TO WALL PERCENTAGE : 29.4% WINDOW TO FLOOR RATIO: 4.7 INFILTRATION: 0.25 ach WALL SECTION U VALUE : 0.3 W/m2 K

AREA OF FLAT: 67 m2 VOLUME : 301.5 CU.M NO. OF OCCUPANTS : 6 GLAZING PERCENTAGE : 21 % WINDOW TO FLOOR RATIO: 0.59 INFILTRATION : 0.25 ach WALL SECTION U VALUE : 0.2 W/m2 K

GLAZING UNIT U VALUE : 2.9 W/m2 K

GLAZING UNIT U VALUE : 1.6 W/m2 K

Exposed Brick (100 mm) Urethane foam (150 mm) Concrete (80 mm)

ANNUAL COOLING LOAD (Kwh/sq.m)

00:00

4.2. Apartment - thermal analysis FLEET STREET IMPROVED CASE

Bedroom: Equipment Load in a day (Wh/m2)-Weekday

INTERNAL EQUIPMENT GAINS PER DAY PER PERSON :-62.84 Wh/ m2

ACOUSTIC TILE (20MM)