JUNK ARCHITECTURE: AESTHETICS OF MODERN TIMES A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Requirements for Ninth Semester of the degree Of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE By SHUBHAM CHOPRA DISSERTATION(17001006070)GUIDE-DR. NEETI GARG DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, MURTHAL (SONEPAT), HARYANA-131039 (INDIA) OCTOBER 2021 JANUARY 2022
MURTHAL (SONEPAT) Department of Architecture Faculty of Architecture, Urban & Town Planning
IherebydeclarethatI,SHUBHAMCHOPRA,RollNumber17001006070,amthesoleauthor of this dissertation, titled, “JUNK ARCHITECTURE: AESTHETICS OF MODERN TIMES” , and that no part of this thesis, in part or full, has been submitted for the award of a Degree or Diploma to any other University or Institution.
Full Signature of Student SHUBHAM CHOPRA 17001006070 B.Arch. 9th Semester, Section B October 2021 January 2022
Icertify that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe uponanyone’s copyright nor violates any proprietary rights. Further, any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material, published or otherwise, drawn from the work of other people and included in my thesis, have been fully acknowledged in accordance with standard referencing practices.
Iagreethat IhavebeeninformedbytheDissertationCoordinatorsaboutthelegalconsequences of infringing copyright of any work and therefore in case any content of this report or research work is found to be infringing copyright of any work, then the University, Department, or any of its faculties and staff shall not be liable for any legal action and that I shall be solely responsible for such actions and the consequences thereon.
DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
STATEMENT OF SOURCES
The Research Findings: All the research findings hereby are the sole property of the researcher, and therefore any referencing, publishing, copying and sharing of data, etc. must be done through proper referencing and after seeking prior permission of the researcher. The researcher bears the copyright of these findings and therefore any violation in any form, by anyone, regarding this, shall be dealt as per the copyright laws amended from time to time.
DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
MURTHAL (SONEPAT) Department of Architecture Faculty of Architecture, Urban & Town Planning
LEGAL DECLARATION
The Reference Materials: The references used as a part of this research are solely the property of the original owners and have been declared therein and in the list of references. The researcher conducting this research work bears no copyright or ownership on these materials, and hereby respects the sole ownership of the original owners, may it be in any form. Using their materials as for further referencing and research work shall be the sole responsibility of the person doing so in prior permission of the original owners of the work. The researcher of this research work hereby shall not be claimed for any violation in this regard. Full Signature of Student SHUBHAM CHOPRA 17001006070 B.Arch. 9th Semester, Section B October 2021 January 2022
The contents of this Dissertation work bear the following copyright:
Prof. (Dr.) Vijay Kumar Prof. (Dr.) Praveen Garg Dissertation Coordinator (Section B) Department Chairperson
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation titled “JUNK ARCHITECTURE: AESTHETICS OF MODERN TIMES”, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture is the work of Shubham Chopra, Roll Number 17001006070, who carried out research work under our supervision in D.C.R.U.S.T., Sonepat, Haryana. We recommend that the dissertation report be placed before the examiners for their consideration.
Dr. Neeti Garg Thesis Guide
Lastly, I would like to thank my parents and colleagues for constantly motivating me and appreciating my efforts towards my research work.
I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my dissertation guide Dr. Neeti Garg, who has the attitude and the substance of a genius: she continually and convincingly conveyed a spirit of adventure in regard to research and scholarship and an excitement in regard to teaching. Without his guidance and persistent help, this dissertation would not have been possible.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank my dissertation coordinator, Dr. Vijay Kumar whose work demonstrated to me that concern for global affairs supported by an “engagement” in comparative literature and modern technology, should always transcend academia and provide a quest for our times.
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | v
Circular
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | vi ABSTRACT
TOPIC JUNK ARCHITECTURE: AESTHETICS OF MODERN TIMES
DESCRIPTION: For us, architects' material selection is one of the most crucial choices faced when designing. They fit out their creations, offering safety and shelter, ultimately setting the character and form of a building. Waste materials such as scrap metals, plastics, rubber and other products are generated in substantial quantities every day. Architects have the ability to change how materials are used offering the opportunity to reclaim, re use and recycle waste materials efficiently and expressively through design. The concept of recycling waste in architecture needs to allow for change in when designing buildings it is necessary to think beyond the current designated use of materials. Reusing this, post consumer waste material in constructing built forms is not a new idea. This concept of reusing such junk dates back to the Roman era. Romans used amphorae to export olive oil, wine. They reused amphorae to erect structures to address two main issues. Firstly, to check the impacts generated by the disposal to earth and secondly to reduce the dead load in the built structure. The industrial revolution during the eighteenth century, new materials were invented for various purposes. The disposal of such used materials posed serious threats in disturbing the ecological balance. To check the negative impacts, pioneers who have been sensitive to the surroundings from various fields came up with different reuses. Post consumer waste materials liketires, aluminum cans, glass and PET bottles havebeen effectively used as building blocks. This paper is an attempt to consolidate types of reuses, unique ideas of reuses in different fields which have been initiated around the world in construction industry and put forward the light for a total rethinking towards an Innovative Architecture. Junk, Post-Consumer Waste, Upcycling, Zero Waste, Trash Tectonics, Economy
KEYWORDS:
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | vii 1. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................xi PREFACE....................................................................................................................................xii 2. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 1 2.1. DEFINITION 1 2.2. THE PROBLEM WITH WASTE GENERATION......................................................................2 2.2.1. WASTE GENERATION IN URBAN CENTRES 2 2.2.2. MUNICIPAL WASTE GENERATION RATE IN INDIAN CONTEXT 2 2.2.3. COMPOSITION OF WASTE .............................................................................................3 2.2.4. CAUSES OF WASTE IN DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION..................................................3 2.3. RESPONSES TO STATED PROBLEM 4 2.3.1. WHY REUSE/UPCYCLE....................................................................................................4 2.3.2. BENEFITS OF REDUCING THE DISPOSAL OF C&D MATERIALS............................5 2.3.3. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS 5 3. RESEARCH DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................. 6 3.1. ABOUT THE TOPIC 6 3.1.1. BREAK THE UPCYCLE: WASTE AS A BUILDING MATERIAL .................................6 3.2. PROJECT AIM & OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................6 3.2.1. LONG TERM GOAL 6 3.2.2. PROJECT AIM 7 3.2.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY..........................................................................................7 3.3. RESEARCH SCOPE 7 3.3.1. LITERATURE STUDY 7 3.3.2. CASE STUDY......................................................................................................................7 3.3.3. PUBLIC SURVEY 8 3.3.4. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 8 3.4. SOURCES & COLLECTION OF BASIC DATA........................................................................8 3.4.1. LITERATURE DATA..........................................................................................................8 3.4.2. CASE STUDIES 8 3.4.3. SURVEY...............................................................................................................................9
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | viii 3.5. ADOPTED METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................10 4. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 11 4.1. RESEARCH PAPERS................................................................................................................11 4.2. WHAT IS JUNK ARCHITECTURE? 12 4.3. WASTES THAT CAN BE UTILIZED FOR ARCHITECTURE 13 4.3.1. POST CONSUMER WASTE.............................................................................................13 4.3.2. C&D MATERIALS 13 4.3.3. MATERIAL DIFFERENTIATION 14 4.4. HISTORY OF JUNK ARCHITECTURE...................................................................................15 4.4.1. THE ESSENCE OF C2C APPROACH (CRADLE TO CRADLE) 15 4.4.2. THE ROMAN ERA 15 4.4.3. THE POST REVOLUTION PERIOD................................................................................15 4.4.4. THE DAWN OF EARTHSHIPS........................................................................................16 4.4.5. THE CURRENT TWENTY FIRST CENTURY 16 4.5. CONCEPTS & PHILOSOPHY INVOLVED.............................................................................17 4.5.1. CONCEPT OF ZERO WASTE..........................................................................................17 4.5.2. SUPER USE 17 4.5.3. TRASH TECTONICS.........................................................................................................18 4.5.4. TRASH UPCYCLING........................................................................................................18 4.6. CIRCULAR ECONOMY 19 4.6.1. THE CIRCULAR BUILDING ECONOMY 19 5. CASE STUDY FINDINGS................................................................................................. 20 5.1. IN INTERIORS 20 5.1.1. DISCOTHEQUE, VADODRA...........................................................................................20 5.1.2. MUD HANDS 21 5.1.3. ENERGY CAFÉ 21 5.2. IN ARCHITECTURE FACADES..............................................................................................22 5.2.1. NAJU ART MUSEUM 22 5.2.2. RAS ABUABOUD STADIUM 22 5.2.3. LIBRARY, SMALL SCALE..............................................................................................23 5.2.4. COLLAGE HOUSE............................................................................................................24 5.3. IN ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR 25 5.3.1. EARTH SHIP.....................................................................................................................25
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | ix 5.3.2. SCRAP HOUSE..................................................................................................................25 5.3.3. CARROLL HOUSE / LOT EK 26 5.4. IN OPEN PAVILIONS 27 5.4.1. THE LUXURY PAVILION BUILT FROM RECYCLED BEDSPRINGS.......................27 5.4.2. STUDIOKCA'S 'HEAD IN THE CLOUDS' PAVILION OPENS IN NYC 28 5.5. IN URBAN DESIGN..................................................................................................................29 5.5.1. STREET ART.....................................................................................................................29 5.5.2. ONA 29 5.6. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 30 6. SURVEY.............................................................................................................................. 31 7. BUILDING LEVEL INTERVENTIONS......................................................................... 32 7.1. DESIGNING OUT WASTE.......................................................................................................32 7.1.1. DESIGN FOR REUSE AND RECOVERY 32 7.1.2. DESIGN FOR OFF SITE CONSTRUCTION ...................................................................33 7.1.3. DESIGN FOR MATERIALS OPTIMIZATION 33 7.1.4. DESIGN FOR WASTE EFFICIENT PROCUREMENT 33 7.1.5. DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION AND FLEXIBILITY.............................................34 7.2. MANAGING OUT WASTE......................................................................................................34 7.3. STRATEGIES FOR C&D WASTE 35 7.3.1. SOURCE REDUCTION/REDUCTION MATERIALS USE ............................................35 7.3.2. WHAT MATERIALS CAN BE RE USED?......................................................................35 7.3.3. RECYCLING C&D MATERIALS 36 7.3.4. REBUYING C&D MATERIALS 36 8. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 37 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................... 38
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | x LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 2 1 Waste Problems Impacting Environment Graphic..........................................................................1 Fig. 2-2 Waste triangle showing the priority in waste management 2 Fig. 2 3Per capita waste generation comparison in Indian cities..................................................................2 Fig. 2 4 Composition of India waste 3 Fig. 2 5 Upcycle Vs Recycle 4 Fig. 2 6 Plastic Upcycling Stat .....................................................................................................................5 Fig. 3 1 Correlation between Objectives 7 Fig. 4 1Junk Involved in Architecture........................................................................................................12 Fig. 4 2 Amphorae, glass bottles and PET bottles......................................................................................13 Fig. 4 3 Construction & Demolition Waste 13 Fig. 4 4 Different Materials to be Upcycled...............................................................................................14 Fig. 4 5 Reusing Amphorae in Structures 15 Fig. 4 6 Bottle Houses Exterior and Interiors 15 Fig. 4 7 Earthshipat Brighton, construction phase and the C2C approach.................................................16 Fig. 4 8 PET Bottle Houses 16 Fig. 4 9 Five R's of Zero Waste Concept....................................................................................................17 Fig. 4 10 Ed van Hinte / Jan Jongert / Cesare Peeren SUPERUSE..........................................................17 Fig. 4 11 Building with Upcycled Materials 18 Fig. 4 12 Circular Economy .......................................................................................................................19 Fig. 5 1 Discotheque, Vadodra...................................................................................................................20 Fig. 5 4 Old Bicycle into Signboard 21 Fig. 5 4 Car into Sofa..................................................................................................................................21 Fig. 5 4 Oil Drums into Chairs 21 Fig. 5 5 Schematic Section 22 Fig. 5 6 Plastic Baskets Used on Building Facades....................................................................................22 Fig. 5 7 Schematic Plan & Section 23 Fig. 5 8 Punctured Facade of Ice Cream Boxes..........................................................................................23 Fig. 5 9 Recycled Windows used in Front Facade .....................................................................................24 Fig. 5 10 Interior Views 24 Fig. 5 11 Earthship concept Diagram.........................................................................................................25 Fig. 5 12 Building Exterior 25 Fig. 5 13 Scap Used in Different parts of residence 26 Fig. 5 14 Shipping as Building Block.........................................................................................................26 Fig. 5 15 Luxury Pavilion Built From Recycled Bedsprings 27 Fig. 5 16 Schematic Section.......................................................................................................................28 Fig. 5 17 Exteriors & Interiors of Pavilion.................................................................................................28 Fig. 5 18 Street art by Artist Bordalo 29 Fig. 5 19 Ona by Cumul .............................................................................................................................29 Fig. 7 1 Designing Out Waste Principles 32 Fig. 7 2 Sustainability Goals through Materials 34
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | xi LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Adopted Methodology for the study................................................................................ 10 Table 2 Research Papers 11 Table 3 Case Study Comparative Analysis 30 Table 4 Survey Inferences 31
“Pawley, 1975: 11. “It is not so much by the things that each day are manufactured, sold, bought that you can measure Leonia’s opulence, but rather by the things that each day are thrown out to make way for the new. [...] As the city is renewed each day, it preserves all of itself in its only definitive form: yesterday’s sweepings piled up on the sweepings of the day before yesterday and of all its days and years and decades.” Calvino, 1997: 114
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | xii PREFACE
Lord Palmerston was debating London’s ‘Year of the Great Stink’ when he referred to human waste as ‘matter in the wrong place’ (Fardon, 2013). Mary Douglas made the aphorism famous in her 1966 book, Purity and Danger(2002: 44), using it to describe ‘dirt’ as matter that contravenes our desire for order. There is no reason to think that matter discarded by one party would not be useful to another; it is simply convenient to categories such matter as ‘waste’ and be rid of it, like the daily purge of the streets of Leonia, in one of Italo Calvino’s portraits of a city. As Frederick Talbot recognized almost one hundred years ago,this improvidence couldbe overcome byseekingout the placesandapplicationsin which matter is not waste; in which it can continue to serve our needs (1920: 11, 298). We still struggle with this challenge. Humans’ aversion to waste, and the low cost of many materials, makes the pursuit of secondary useslook disagreeable,unprofitableand complex.. Direct reuse of components will onlyever play aminor role. There is much greater scope for secondary use, and multiple uses, when repurposing and upcycling are brought into the equation. This dissertation explains the process of reaching those conclusions.
“We glibly dismiss waste as rubbish. It is not, but [...] we have been too indolent to occupy our minds in the elaboration of further possible applications [...] We have failed to appreciate that what may be of no immediate value to ourselves may, indeed can, with judicious and scientific handling be persuaded to serve in the capacity of indispensable raw material to other ranges endeavor. It may even go so far as to supply the wherewithal for the creation of new industries, widening the possible fields of employment, and contribute pronouncedly towards the wealth of the nation.” Talbot, 1920: 11. “[We have] come to identify the termination of one use with the termination of all usefulness.
“Dirt is only matter in the wrong place.” Lord Palmerston, quoted in Punch, 1858: 47
One of the most alarming problems in the world today is waste management. With the ballooning world population, this issue can get much worse over time. Scarcity of resources and the need to reduce the environmental impacts of winning and processing construction materials and products is placing a greater emphasis on resource efficiency within the construction industry. So it is necessary to understand what is creative use of previously discarded materials, facilitates design discussion and community awareness about the possibilities to "reclaim, recycle and re-use". Also, to know about the evolving aspects of junk in architectural practices. This study is concerned about improving the upbeat approach about sustainable building industry and using upcycled materials for new projects, there is an important key of knowing the origin or the upcycling itself as a way to understand more the importance of it nowadays. The consumption of non-renewable resources and the creation of wastes have been identified as among thekey issues that oursocietymust address in order not to prejudicetheopportunities for future generations.. I am here to employ literature review and design simulation in addressing the challenges of architectural design from junk and raggery. With climate change wreaking havoc on how we live our everyday lives and the emergence of an eco friendly consciousness, sustainable architecture has gone from a model once overlooked to one which everyone wants to adopt. In modern times, there is a need to include waste in construction. This method would serve millions and not burden the environment.
Source: 1 https://wastelessindia.org/waste 2-1 Waste Problems Impacting Environment Graphic
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 1 2. INTRODUCTION 2.1. DEFINITION
calculator/?doing_wp_cron=1643096920.9324688911437988281250 Fig.
REDUCE/RE
The World Bank in 2013 estimated that about 3 billion residents are generates 1.2 kg per person per day (1.3 billion tons per year).By 2025 this will likely increase to 4.3 billion urban residents generating about 1.42 kg/capita/day of municipal solid waste (2.2 billion tons per year). This was reported in a global review of a World Bank report titled “What a Waste”. This is an issue of major concern to the built environment and its administrators. Wastes in our environment have been on the increase basically due to increase in the population of urban centers arising mainly from rural urban migration and increase of commercial and industrial activities in our cities. As the city grows, the problems of the city also grow.
Fig. 2 3Per capita waste generation comparison in Indian cities Source: 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100011
USE RECYCLE DECOMPOSE INCINERATE DUMP 1ST OPTION 2ND OPTION 3RD OPTION 4TH OPTION 5TH OPTION
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 2
2.2. THE PROBLEM WITH WASTE GENERATION
2.2.1. WASTE GENERATION IN URBAN CENTRES
2.2.2. MUNICIPAL WASTE GENERATION RATE IN INDIAN CONTEXT In India, approximately 143,449 MT of MSW is being generated daily, out of which around 111,000 Metric tonnes collected, and about 35,602Metric tonnes are treated (S.Kumaret al., 2017).City wisegeneration of waste shows significant variation in the waste per capita/day generation at an exponential rate strictly (0.24 to 0.85) from theyear2001to 2018presentedbyCPCB in their annual report 2018. Which is likely to increase shortly at a rapid rate (CPCB India, 2018a)(S.Kumar et al., 2017). These problems have contributed to increased floods, health deterioration, and excessive pollution of the environment.
Fig. 2 2 Waste triangle showing the priority in waste management Source: 2 Author, 2022
• Design decisions(Clients, Architects,
2.2.4.
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 3 2.2.3. COMPOSITION OF WASTE
The different categories of wastes common to our landfills in order of volume include organic materials, paper, polythene, plastics, glass, metals, e waste and other organic materials. The first seven materials in the waste category excluding organic waste that is biodegradable can be re used in buildings. Paper waste, plastics, glass and metals can be used directly as a material on site. This research will focus on these materials and the possible ways they can be used in buildings that are suitable to the tropics. CAUSES OF WASTE IN DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION
Construction wastes account for about 35% of waste generated in cities that have a lot of construction activities. The major causes of waste in construction are numerous. The major ones include the following: and
Contractors) • Lack of detailed brief and feasibility study of projects • Changes in Design • Errors in design • Lack of proper detailing • Change of use • Lack of on site waste management plan • Lack of proper supervision • Poor craftsmanship • Complex and excessive designs
Fig. 2 4 Composition of Indian waste
Source: 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100011
In short, while recycling implies to reuse components of a product that after being liquefied, crunched, and the like were reduced to raw material, upcycling originates a new product by creatively reusing, all or in part, an object as it is; the resulting product can be either functionally similar to or very different from the old one. Fig. 2 5 Upcycle Vs Recycle Source: 5 https://www.inexhibit.com/
So, how is Upcycling different from Recycling?
For Example, If we take a used glass bottle, melt it, and with the molten glass we make a lampshade, that’s recycling. If instead, we take the same bottle, clean it, and directly use it as the shade of our new lamp, that’s upcycling
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 4 2.3. RESPONSES TO STATED PROBLEM 2.3.1. WHY REUSE/UPCYCLE
It's undeniable fact that the construction industry has a significant impact on the planet. Enormous amounts of resources, materials, water, and energy are exploited, processed, and consumed for the execution of a work and limited to the useful life of buildings. It is true that humanity can no longer exploit environmental resources as if they were infinite and, above all, must stop generating so much waste. Becoming more resource efficient is a way toward sustainable economic growth. Recycle/reuse is the process of reusing discarded materials to reintroduce them into the production cycle. This process reduces the consumption of raw materials, decreases the total volume of waste, and can create jobs for thousands of people.
6
The concern to make urban life more sustainable in the global context has increased the attention paid to the ecological footprints of cities. Almost 40% of the world’s consumption of materials converts to the built environment, and about 30% of energy use is due to housing
In general, there are many ways that recycling helps the environment. Some of the main ones include: Reduce Landfill, Saving Fig. 2 Plastic Upcycling Stat Source: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/6
In fact, using salvaged material s saves about 95% of the embodied energy in materials that would otherwise be thrown away. For example, for every ton of plastic that’s upcycled, half a ton of greenhouse gas emissions are prevented.
2.3.2. BENEFITS OF REDUCING THE DISPOSAL OF C&D MATERIALS
▪
Reducing the amount of C&D materials disposed of in landfills or incinerators can: Create employment and economic activities in recycling industries and provide increased business opportunities within the local community, especially when deconstruction and selective demolition methods are used. Reduce overall building project expenses through avoided purchase/disposal costs, which provides a tax benefit. Onsite reuse also reduces transportation costs. Lead to fewer disposal facilities, potentially reducing the associated environmental Offsetissues. the environmental impact associated with the extraction and consumption of virgin resources and production of new materials. Conserve landfill space.
2.3.3. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
▪
▪ Reduce ▪ Energy ▪ Consumption ▪ Decrease ▪ Pollution ▪ Cost
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 5
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 6 3. RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
3.2. PROJECT AIM & OBJECTIVES 3.2.1. LONG TERM GOAL
3.1. ABOUT THE TOPIC 3.1.1. BREAK THE UPCYCLE: WASTE AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
The need to achieve a sustainable future is a driving force and a present compulsion changing theway welive, work and design ourenvironment. In sustainable landscape, we try to combine beauty, efficiency, comfort and convenience with health and conservation. One aspect in sustainability is to avoid using materials which are harmful to the environment and consumes minimal energy and cost. Educating the constructer about materials that were made from recycled material and readily available is our goal.
Upcycling is something that each ofus cando,making oursmall contribution to thegreat cause of preserving the environment. The concept of "circular design", when resources are given a second life aims to reduce the carbon footprint, reduce waste and reduce energy costs. But today, recycled design is not only about sustainability. This is the aesthetics of the new era, an integrated approach to the creation of architecture, taking into account the life cycle of resources and buildings. Many designers, architects and urban initiatives have successfully used the concept of "circular design" for over 20 years let's get to know the brightest of them.
Waste management is not usually seen as a priority in the design process. Most Architects, developers, and other stake holders in the building industry seem to take the view that waste is mainly produced during site operations and rarely generated during the design stages. This can be said to be the consequence of having so many considerations to deal with in the initial design stages. According to Osmani (2012), major issues such as waste generation are often neglected at the initial stage of a design and emphases are only given to problems that may arise at the construction phase of a project. However, about one-third of construction waste could essentially arise from design decisions So, Waste minimization is the need of the hour. Even though it has been made mandatory, at the macro scale the initiatives have been sporadic and the attempts follow only a piece meal approach. In addition to this, the post consumer waste generated per capita is increasing at an alarming rate in all the nations and this has become a major challenge.
3.3.2. CASE STUDY
3.2.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To justify the interconnection between Junk Upcycling; Building Products & System; Circular Economy . To detail out the parameters of Junk ToArchitecturefindout the various ways of Waste ToMinimizationfindthe potential links between various industries for a sustainable habitat
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 7
To study grass root innovations recrafting scrap into useful Building Products. Fig. 3 1 Correlation between Objectives Source: 7 Author:2022 productsBuilding&System UpcyclingJunk EconomyCircular
3.3. RESEARCH SCOPE 3.3.1. LITERATURE STUDY
3.2.2. PROJECT AIM
To study the role of different materials in different architecture parameters.
To study the role of Junk Architecture To study role & history of Upcycling Trash To study the various concepts involved in Upcycling Trash
To study the various waste that can be utilized for Architecture
To Study the importance of Circular Economy
This study is aimed at the identification of the of waste and scraps, the classifying these junk by typology, the definition of scenarios for the Upcycling of the identified waste and the improvement of the environmental profile of products through an integration with traditional knowledge systems of the recycled content. Thus, Generating Circular Economy by recrafting the Junk to produce sustainable building products and systems
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 8
3.3.3. PUBLIC SURVEY
3.4. SOURCES & COLLECTION OF BASIC DATA
To study the various concepts involved in Upcycling Trash
To study the various waste that can be utilized for Architecture
To Study the importance of Circular Economy
To study the role of Junk Architecture To study role & history of Upcycling Trash
To study the inferences observed from literature study and case study respectively Comparing those inferences
3.4.2. CASE STUDIES Selective Case Studies o In Interiors ▪ Discotheque, Vadodara ▪ Mud Hands, Delhi ▪ Energy Café, Bihar o In Architecture ▪ Naju Art Museum, Korea ▪ Library, Indonesia ▪ Collage House, Mumbai o In Architecture & Interior ▪ Earth Ship, Mexico ▪ Scrap House, United States ▪ Residence, United States
Prepare a questionnaire regarding the discussion and ask those questions to find out the Studyparameters.theinferences and prepare a questionnaire for the professionals of Architecture & other background. Complete the discussion and find out their parameters and evaluate the inferences. Compare both the inferences and find the conclusion.
3.4.1. LITERATURE DATA
3.3.4. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 9 o In Open Pavilion ▪ The Luxury Pavilion Built From Recycled Bedsprings ▪ StudioKca’s Head in the Clouds Pavilion o In Urban Design ▪ Street Art ▪ Ona 3.4.3. SURVEY Survey with architects, other professionals and users.
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 10 3.5. ADOPTED METHODOLOGY Table 1 Adopted Methodology for the study
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 11 4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1. RESEARCH PAPERS Table 2 Research Papers
WHAT IS JUNK ARCHITECTURE?
“One man’s trash is another man’s treasure.” The answer lies in the concept of Junk Architecture, one of the recent efforts to save the environment while being economically beneficial. The origin of the use of scrap as a building material can be associated with the shacks in the slums. Though that is not the most desired way of using waste, it is undoubtedly the crudest form of architecture. It is from there that we get an inspiration to use waste material in a more habitable way in our mainstream buildings, providing permanent shelters to the poor and poverty stricken segments of the society. This is an invention of triple impact economic, environmental, and social. The prime goal is to sustain sustainability .With a surplus of trash all over the world, building with garbage is the future. Fig. 4 1 Junk Involved in Architecture
With advancing urbanization, the demand for affordable housing is increasing. A small house of his own is the dream of every man in our country, whether he is a daily laborer, a small farmer, or a low paid employee. More often than not, his dreams are not fulfilled mainly due to the high cost of housing and property. What can be done about this issue?
Source: 8 https://www.re thinkingthefuture.com/
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 12 4.2.
Construction and demolition (C&D) materials are generated when new building and civil engineering structures are built and when existing buildings and civil engineering structures are renovated or demolished (including deconstruction activities). Civil engineering structures include public works projects, such as streets and highways, bridges, utility plants, piers, and dams. C&D materials often contain bulky,
heavy materials such as: • Concrete • Wood (from buildings) • Asphalt (from roads and roofing shingles) • Gypsum (the main component of drywall) • Metals • Bricks • Glass • Plastics • Salvaged building components (doors, windows, and plumbing fixtures) • Trees, stumps, earth Fig. 4 3 Construction & Demolition Waste Source: 10 https://www.constructioncanada.net/ Fig. 4 2 Amphorae, glass bottles and PET bottles Source: 9 https://www.researchgate.net/
According to LEED 2011, post consumer material has been defined as waste material generated by different end users after serving its intended purpose. Post consumer wastes are of different types, but this paper will mainly focus on packaging waste from 1,500BC to the current scenario. It revolves around the amphorae, glass bottles, aluminium cans, PET bottles and tyres which have been posing serious environmental and health hazards at the global level.
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 13 4.3. WASTES THAT CAN BE UTILIZED FOR ARCHITECTURE 4.3.1.
POST-CONSUMER WASTE
4.3.2.
C&D MATERIALS
Fig.
Source: 11 https://lendager.com/en/news/upcycling using garbage create cities tomorrow/
Different Materials to be Upcycled
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 14 4.3.3. MATERIAL DIFFERENTIATION
From a technical viewpoint, the landscape can be divided into three key concepts: materials that are being recovered and recycled, materials that are being reused, materials that are being reclaimed. There are two main categories of materials: not organic and organic.
o ORGANIC: wood (furniture, ships, bridges, constructions, paper), natural fabric (wool, silk, cotton, leather), food waste (composting), clay (brick, tile). 4 4
o NON ORGANIC: glass (window glass part, vine glass), metal (ships, planes, cars, steel beams, containers, metal furniture, parts of electronic devices, window frames) ,concrete (construction parts, old foundations, bridges) , stone, minerals,, synthetic fabric (clothing, domestic and commercial fabrics used for furniture), plastic (furniture, panels of devices), rubber (tires)
Source: 13 https://www.researchgate.net/
4.4.3.
Fig. 4 5 Reusing Amphorae in Structures
4.4.1. THE ESSENCE OF C2C APPROACH (CRADLE TO CRADLE)
Even though the cradle to cradle approach has been perceived during the late eighteenth century, it was architect Mc Donough and chemist Michael Braungart (2002), firmly established the need for such a closed loop which is the basic principle firmly rooted in nature. The non bio degradable post consumer waste needs a revolutionary perspective where the waste from a field can be effectively used as a resource in a different field. Instead of the loop following a fixed path, ithas to be a locimoving forward loaded with innovation and creativity.
THE POST REVOLUTION PERIOD
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 15 4.4. HISTORY OF JUNK ARCHITECTURE
In 1902, it was William F. Peck, who interpreted glass bottles as building material. Bottles of different colors, shapes, forms and sizes were used to design bottle houses. William Branch
Fig. 4 6 Bottle Houses Exterior and Interiors
From 1,500BC to 500AD, amphorae were used as a packaging material to export wine, olive oil was effectively used for nearly two millenniums. In order to address the disposal problems, Romans reused them for n numbers which they classified (Pena, 2007) as Reuse A. Without modification, they were used in constructing massive built forms, in structural members, to find an alternative solution and to reduce the self weight, which they referred as Reuse B. With modification, these amphorae broken in to smaller sizes and they were used as stucco for decoration and in pavement, Reuse C (Will, 1977).
4.4.2. THE ROMAN ERA
Source: 12 https://www.researchgate.net/
Hodges, Drew Bridges, John Makinen, Hank, Arsenault etc. were ahead of the conventional ideas and in their projects they established dialogues with environment, textures, light, colors, unique experiences and gleaming like gem stones ensuring visual continuity. The constructed environments were used as dwelling units, stores, exhibitions, toilets portraying bizarre aesthetic expressions
In today’s context, PET bottles have occupied a major position in our contemporary life style Andreas Froese, an environmental engineer has developed PET bottle bricks in erecting dwelling units. Individuals have developed special techniques whereby, PET can be used as main walls and partitions. PET bottles have been filled with adobe, flyash and water and tightly compressed when it comes to load bearing structures.
Source: 15 https://www.researchgate.net/
Fig. 4 7 Earthships at Brighton, construction phase and the C2C approach
Fig. 4 8 PET Bottle Houses
Earthship has been the brilliant conception of Michael Reynolds during 1970s. The built environment is the result of an integrated holistic approach, where it behaves like a habitat. It is capable of harnessing energy from sun, water from sky, bioclimatic, attracting the biotic life (fig 3). It can be referred as ‘organic’ in Wright’s perspective. It is continuous, plastic, free form, invested with multitude of thoughts, offering a variety of spatial experiences etc, retaining the spirit of the site and rusticin appearance Tires are the primary building block used in load bearing structures and aluminium cans with cement as non loading members. More than 3,000 earth ships have been around the world in different geographical locations with extreme and moderate climatic conditions.
4.4.5. THE CURRENT TWENTY FIRST CENTURY
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 16
Source: 14 https://www.researchgate.net
4.4.4. THE DAWN OF EARTHSHIPS
4.5.2. SUPER USE Super use originated in Rotterdam, end of 1990 by the architects which aims to connect different closed loop ecosystems and applies to building supplies, energy, water, food etc.
Fig. 4 9 Five R's of Zero Waste Concept
Source: 17 https://underbelly.nu/product/superuse/
4.5.1. CONCEPT OF ZERO WASTE
The concept of zero waste is already being approached bycities,events, companies, and others. According to ZWIA (zero waste international alliance), zero waste is “an ethical, economical, efficient, and visionary goal to guide people to change their practices and ways of life to encourage sustainable natural cycles where all materials are designed to enable recovery and post consumer use.”
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 17 4.5. CONCEPTS & PHILOSOPHY INVOLVED
“Every material around us exists for a reason, and represents multiple opportunities. The job of the architect is to know how to transform existing objects to give them a second life,”
Source: 16 https://www.createwebquest.com/concept zero waste
Refuse, Reduce, Re Use, Recycle, Rot. It is these 5 r's that embody the concept, and which may be applicable to the running of a house, a city, a building, a country, and so on. Of course, they are applicable to projects and constructions as well.
Fig. 4 10 Ed van Hinte / Jan Jongert / Cesare Peeren SUPERUSE
"What if we eliminate the need for raw material and banish all waste? What if design was to occur simultaneously with building?" ask McDowell and Espinosa. They are questions that architects across the globe are now asking as they consider ways to convert the world's most impractical discards into building blocks for tomorrow's homes.
“Upcycling is about creating growth through cost neutral sustainability. An alternative that costs no more than the current approach.”
How a Building with Upcycled Material Looks Like?
4.5.3.
4.5.4.
Source: 18 https://www.urban hub.com/
TRASH TECTONICS
Upcycling is recycling taken to a new level. Here, waste materials are used both for new purposes and to improve new materials such as when new concrete is mixed with crushed concrete to make it even stronger or bricks from demolished houses in rural areas are used in sustainable new buildings in the city. With upcycling, waste can become a new form of architecture and may even be the solution to the global resource shortage.
Fig. 4 11 Building with Upcycled Materials
TRASH UPCYCLING
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 18
Therefore, in a circular economy, products should be used for as long as possible and reused to the greatest extent possible when they reach the end of their service life. Fig. 4 12 Circular Economy 19 Author, 2022
CIRCULARECONOMY
Source:
Recycling manufactured goods is becoming crucial due to constant population growth, dwindling resources, and climate change issues.
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 19 4.6. CIRCULAR ECONOMY 4.6.1. THE CIRCULAR BUILDING ECONOMY
The construction industry can divert 1 2 billion tons of waste, or one third of the global total waste that ends up in landfill, and we take that very seriously. Now, more than ever, it’s important that businesses and consumers recycle manufactured goods due to ever increasing populations and dwindling resources. Thus, it is even more important to be aware of what happens to the materials after they are returned to the manufacturer, or where the raw materials were initially sourced.
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 20 5. CASE STUDY FINDINGS 5.1. IN 5.1.1.INTERIORSDISCOTHEQUE, VADODRA Interior Designers: Manoj Patel And Siddharth Patel Location: Vadodara, Gujarat, India Design Team: Manoj Patel, Vibha Lad, Siddharth Patel Project Year: 2016 Client: The Hi Hats, Vadodara, Gujarat It is for the first time in the Vadodara city that a discotheque has been designed from reclaimed and recycled material by the architects Manoj and Siddharth patel. 5.1.1.1. MATERIAL UTILIZATION: 1) Car seats ( dine sit outs) 2) Barrels ( mocktail bar counter base) 3) Car rims ( front sitting of mocktail area) 4) Fly ash brick ( partition) 5) Tree guard mesh ( décor) 6) Glass wool (acoustical prevention) 7) Tin leads ( exterior design) 8) Beer bottles ( décor) 9) Tire ( washbasin) 10) Paper plantations (landscape décor) 11) M.S pipes (décor) 12) Wire mesh (mocktail bar backdrop) 13) Heaton foam (door carpet) 14) Stainless steel glass (entry door handle) 15) Waste plywood (exterior design) Fig. 5 1 Discotheque, Vadodara Source: 20 https://www.surfacesreporter.com/
MUD HANDS
21
The oil drums from old transformers were made into green chairs and tables. The insulators are used as seats with cushions and the benches, redesigned from wood and scrap metal. The menu board was modeled from wood, made from cable rolls. An unused portion of wood has been turned into a wall clock. The dustbins, which are going to be set up soon, are also made from scrap.
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 21 5.1.2.
Source: https://indianexpress.com/
Mud hands by architect Goutham no object is looked down upon as waste. What seems like junk at first sight, when explored through the creative mind, can be transformed into useful objects of beauty. They have designed a variety of products from waste such as table tops from waste wood pieces, lights from used bottles and cardboard rolls, outdoor chairs made of used tires and rope, and sculptures from automobile scrap. They have created panels from waste bamboo pieces which can be used as partition walls or supports for table. So all they like to say is: “think before you throw!” 5.1.3. ENERGY CAFÉ Energy cafe was the idea of IAS Pratyay amrit collaborated with artist Manjit, Neha Singh. In this cafe, a few unused parts of an old bicycle that was used by the employees of the electricity department are being utilized for a signboard. An old ambassador car (BRIM 9377) that was in use until 2001 by the Bihar state electricity board secretary is now renovated and remodeled to be used as an elevated sofa. The control panel of the power sub station is made intact with nuts and bolts, and a glass top is installed on it to make a perfect table.
Fig.
5 4 Old Bicycle into Signboard Fig. 5 4 Car into Sofa Fig. 5 4 Oil Drums into Chairs
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 22 5.2. IN ARCHITECTURE FACADES
A flexible architectural element rather than a fixed element, this wall consists of 1,500 structural semi transparent baskets. Thesurfaceminimizes theseparation between the inside and outside, as light and silhouettes beyond the space show through. Over the course of the day, changes show on the surface of the wall due to the diffusion and reflection of the material. The passage of timeis moreactively sensedfrom both insideandoutside, as these light effects stimulate our senses. When the building is demolished in 2 years, the baskets can be reused.
Material Used: Semi transparent plastic baskets
Fig. 5 5 Schematic Section Source: https://www.archdaily.com/881513/150022semitransparentbasketstobuildalightweightfacade
Ras abuaboud stadium de Fenwick Iribarren architects it will be the first ever demountable, transportable and reusable stadium in the world & the third stadium Fifa has developed for the Qatar 2022 world cup. The stadium has a capacity of 40.000 and its structure is bas which can be easily assembled or disassembled as required. Following the world cup, the stadium can be dismantled by section or in parts and be transported to other host cities for the next world cup, helping make it more sustaina financially viable for other countries.
Fig. 5 6 Plastic Baskets Used on Building Facades
Source: 23 https://www.archdaily.com/881513/1500 semi transparent baskets to build a lightweight facade
5.2.1. NAJU ART MUSEUM
Architect: Hyunje Joo Year: January 2017 Area: 396.6 m2 Location: Republic of Korea
Source: https://www.archdaily.com/790591/bima
microlibrary shau bandung
Used:
Architects: SHAU Indonesia Area: 160 m² City: Cicendo Country: Indonesia
25
Fig. 5 8 Punctured Facade of Ice Cream Fig.Boxes5 7 Schematic Plan & Section
Source: 24 https://www.archdaily.com/790591/bimamicrolibraryshaubandung
Material Plastic Ice Cream Containers
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 23 5.2.3. LIBRARY, SMALL SCALE
While studying design options of how to arrange 2000 ice cream buckets, we realized that they could be interpreted as zeros (opened) and ones (closed), thus giving us the possibility to embed a message in the façade in the form of a binary code. We asked the MayorofBandung,RidwanKamil, asupporterofthe project whether he had a message for the Micro library and neighborhood and his message is: “buku adalah jendela dunia”, meaning books are the windows to the world. The message can be read starting from the top left (facing the front) and spirals down around the perimeter repeatedly. Not only does the facade give additional meaning to the building but the buckets also generate a pleasant indoor light ambiance since they scatter direct sunlight and act as natural light bulbs.
Fig. 5 10 Interior Views
The project looks at the idea of recycling and collagein several ways, fromtheveryphysical like materials, energy, etc. to the intangible like history, space and memories. The front façade sets the tone for what lies within, with a “corner of windows” that recycles old windows and doors of demolished houses in the city. 5
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 24 5.2.4. COLLAGE HOUSE Architects: S+PS Architects Area: 520 m² Year: 2015 City: Navi Mumbai Country: India Material Used: Recycled windows and doors of demolished houses
Fig.
Source: 27 https://www.archdaily.com/786059/collage
house s plus ps architects
9 Recycled Windows used in Front Facade
Source: 26 https://www.archdaily.com/
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 25 5.3. IN ARCHITECTURE & INTERIOR
5.3.1. EARTH-SHIP Earth ship byArchitect Michael Reynolds transformed common u shaped earth filled tire homes seen today. The primary building material is recycled automobile tires filled with compacted earth, or compressed soil. “Every material around us exists for a reason” Reynold‟s constructions look nothing like piles of trash, instead they evoke enchanted castles with their shimmering colors not unlike Gaudi‟s fantastic creations.
Architects: Public Architecture Area: 1200 ft² Year: 2005 Location: San Francisco, United States Material Used: Salvaged Materials
Scraphousebypublicarchitectureandotherlocal designfirms for world environment day 2005, this green demonstration home is built entirely of salvaged materials. Erected on the civic center plaza adjacent to San Francisco city hall, scrap house showcases the creative use of previously discarded materials. Some materials were re invented for their intended purpose, such as a chandelier using several discarded lamps
Other solutions present scrap in innovative ways.
5.3.2. SCRAP HOUSE
Fig. 5 11 Earthship concept Diagram
Source: 28 http://squareone.blog/waste management and architecture/ Source: https://www.archdaily.com/121284/scrap29housepublicarchitectureFig.512BuildingExterior
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 26 5.3.3. CARROLL HOUSE / LOT EK Architects: LOT EK Area: 5000 ft² Year: 2016 City: Brooklyn, United States Material Used: Recycled shipping containers Carroll House is a single family residence located in a typical 25x100 feet Brooklyn corner lot. 21 shipping containers are stacked and cut diagonally along top and bottom, generating a monolithic and private volume within the urban fabric Fig. 5 13 Scap Used in Different parts of residence Source: 30 https://www.archdaily.com/121284/scraphouse public architecture Fig. 5 14 Shipping as Building Block Source: 31 https://www.archdaily.com/881396/carroll house lot ek Outer VolumetricViewDivision Section Section
Source: 32 https://www.archdaily.com/884520/the
luxury pavilion built from recycled bedsprings
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 27 5.4. IN OPEN PAVILIONS 5.4.1. THE LUXURY PAVILION BUILT FROM RECYCLED BEDSPRINGS Architect: Fahed + Architects Material Used: Recycled bedsprings Date: November 29, 2017 Location: Dubai A commitment to the environment is at the core of Fahed + Architects philosophy, so it was necessary to create a structure out of 100% recyclable material from the local waste management company,Bee’ah. The outerskin ofthepavilion is amesh of entwinedbedsprings that naturally lends itself to an organic form, floating amongst the surrounding buildings. The mesh created from the different sizes of springs enhances the pavilion, giving it a unique ephemeral quality about the light which speaks of luxury rather than the humble origin of the materials. Due to the natural structure of the springs, it has its own strength whilst dappled light penetrates through and falls onto the exhibit below. The translucent layer of the mesh allows interaction with the exhibit from all angles, uniting art with architecture Fig. 5 15 Luxury Pavilion Built From Recycled Bedsprings
Brooklyn based STUDIOKCA beat out over 200 other submissions in the competition with their Head in the Clouds pavilion, now open to the public on Governors Island in NYC ade of 53,780 recycled bottles the amount thrown away in New York City in only 1 hour Head in the Clouds is a space where visitors can enter into and contemplate the light and color filtering through the bottles from the inside, out. Sand, water, and a curved aluminum frame provide structural integrity and create a small seating/dreaming area at the base. The form is made out of a series of ‘structural pillows” made from 1 gallon jugs for the exterior, while 16 and 24 ounce water bottles filled with varying amounts of organic blue food coloring line the interior.
Architect: Studiokca Material Used: Plastic Bottles
Source: 34 https://www.archdaily.com/415655/head in the clouds pavilion opens in nyc Fig. 5 16 Schematic Section
Back in February of this year, the non profit arts organization FIGMENT asked “What would an art pavilion made out of recycled materials and based around the idea of 'The City of Dreams' look like to you?.”
Source: 33 https://www.archdaily.com/415655/head in the clouds pavilion opens in nyc Fig. 5 17 Exteriors & Interiors of Pavilion
Date: August 14, 2013 Location: NYC, United States
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 28 5.4.2. STUDIOKCA'S 'HEAD IN THE CLOUDS' PAVILION OPENS IN NYC
Fig. 5 18 Street art by Artist Bordalo Source: 35 https://steemkr.com/art/ Fig. 5 19 Ona by Cumul
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 29
5.5. IN URBAN DESIGN 5.5.1. STREET ART Street art by Artist Bordalo ii Worn motorcycle helmet, plastic pipes, old tire or broken chair, street art takes out the trash.The Portuguese artist, known as Bordalo ii, recycles the garbage that clogs the city for assemble into large colorful sculptures hanging on the walls. His beautiful Frankenstein animals are as spectacular. 5.5.2. ONA Ona by Artist Cumul have installed a recycled tire art installation, as part of the “cultura en la calle” festival in Rivas vaciamadrid, Spain. This is a variant of the “pneumatic” project, where through the usage of refused tires, create pieces of art ona‟ installation resembles a wave that is reminiscent of its origins.
Source: 36 https://inhabitat.com/
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 30 5.6. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Table 3 Case Study Comparative Analysis
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 31 6. SURVEY Questions Responses Inferences 1. What is your Profession? o Architecture/Interior o Civil/ Technical o Material/ Construction o Contractor o User Maximum no. of responses are from the architects & DesignersInterior 2. How do these projects attract you? o Heterogeneity o Aesthetics o Innovation o User/ Services So, Mostly peoples are attracted by innovation in the projects. 3. Is there a reluctance to work with reusable materials? o Yes o No projects.inreusableneglectManyPeoplestillusingmaterialtheirown 4. What Building Form will you like o Scrap o New o Both So, most people agreed for using both materials in Both.Scraptheirbuilding,i.e.&New 5. How do scrap influence architecture & design in the Indian context? o Client Acceptance o Material Accountability o Cost Escalation o EnthusiasmArchitects/Designers o Skilled Labour o Overall Acceptance So, there is acceptanceoverall to the materials.reusable 6. Can waste have a second life as a sustainable building material? o Yes o No o May Be Majority of People are happy to give second life to the materialssustainable 7. What’s the point of Upcycling. o Innovation o Sustainable o Garbage Reduction o Cost o Time For an future,sustainablewe have use methods.unconventionalthese Table 4 Survey Inferences Legends:Legends:Legends: INNOVATION SUSTAINABLE JUNK REDUCTION COST TIME
5 Principles of Designing Out Waste Design forreuse andrecovery Design foroff constructionsite Design optimizationmaterialsfor Designprocurementefficientforwaste Design deconstructionfor&flexibility
Major considerations at initial design stages can help in reuse and recovery of materials. These materials include excavation material, cut and fill soil, demolished building components, material off cuts, and pilferage from construction activities. These can be minimized through detailed standard specification that matches design to product specification. It can also be achieved by creating balance from cut and fill soil, re using excavated soil, and minimizing excavation. Building redesign can make best use of the existing building elements and foundations to reduce demolition debris thereby reducing waste Key questions: materials from demolition of the building or other phases be reusedinthedesign? reclaimed products or componentsbereused? When materials are reused, can they be reused at their highest value? any excavation materials be reused? cut and fill balance be achieved? can it be optimized to avoid removalofspoilfromsite?
▪ Can
An architect can explore designing out waste in his own site, or using waste generated from other sites or within the urban center. Simple and flexible design options generate less waste than complex rigid ones.
▪ Can
▪ Can
▪
7.1. DESIGNING OUT WASTE
BUILDING LEVEL INTERVENTIONS
▪ How
Fig. 7 1 Source: 37 Author, 2022
Research carried out by WRAP (Waste and Resource Action Program) in the United Kingdom has identified five basic design principles that can be adopted to reduce the waste burden of projects through design. These principles are: 7.1.1. DESIGN FOR REUSE AND RECOVERY
There are several publications on ways to improve on site waste management and recycling activities but very few attempts made to address the effect of design practices on waste generation . However, there is a consensus in literature that the architect has a decisive role to play in helping to reduce waste by focusing on ‘designing out waste’.
▪ Can
Designing Out Waste Principles
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 32 7.
DESIGN FOR OFF-SITE CONSTRUCTION
Key questions: ▪ Can the design or any part of the design bemanufacturedoffsite?
Waste generated during production, transportation and fabrication can be minimized by paying attention to details and proper packaging and delivery systems. Damage to prefabricated materials, pre stressed and precast concrete elements is very commonly caused by handling and transportation. However, prefabrication offer better optimization of materials when properly handled.
▪ Can site activities become a process of assemblyratherthanconstruction?
Designers must consider how the work sequence affects the generation of construction waste.
7.1.3. DESIGN FOR MATERIALS OPTIMIZATION
Key questions: ▪ Can the design, form and layout be simplified without compromising the designconcept? Can the design be coordinated to avoid/minimize excess cutting and jointingofmaterialsthatgeneratewaste?
▪ chain?onHavespecialistcontractorsbeenconsultedhowtoreducewasteinthesupply
Omitting an installation in construction can generate a lot of waste when it is later installed. Unavoidable waste can be reduced through manufacturer cut off take back scheme and waste utilization plans on site.
This approach focuses on “material resource efficiency”. Less material used in the specification can help reduce construction waste without compromising the design concept. Good practice advocates adopting a design approach that focuses on material resource efficiency. Three main areas offer significant potential for waste reduction: minimization of excavation; simplification and standardization of materials and component choices; and dimensional coordination 7.1.4. DESIGN FOR WASTE EFFICIENT PROCUREMENT
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 33
▪
▪ Is the building designed to standard materialdimensions? ▪ Can the range of materials required be standardized to encourage reuse of offcuts? Key questions ▪ Can construction methods that reduce waste be devised through liaison with the contractorandspecialistsub contractors?
7.1.2.
▪ eleArebuildingments/components/materials easily disassembled? ▪
beenelements/components/materialsused(BIM)CanaBuildingInformationModellingsystemorbuildinghandbookbetorecordwhichandhowhavedesignedfordisassembly?
DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION AND FLEXIBILITY
The use and function of buildings change and expand with time. Designers need to consider how materials can be recovered effectively during maintenance and refurbishments. Use of demountable methods of construction can help reduce waste arising from remodelling. This can achieved through the use of coordinated modular grids and materials that can be easily demounted for re use within the site or in other construction site We must also consider that the building will eventually be demolished at the end of its life cycle. Designs that do not consider flexibility limit the future potentials of the building. The consideration is about re usability, recyclability and recovery of materials used.
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 34 7.1.5.
Key questions: ▪ purposesIsthedesignadaptableforavarietyofduringitslifespan?
7.2. MANAGING OUT WASTE
Fig. 7 2 Sustainability Goals through Materials Source: 38 DesigningoutWaste.pdf
You can help divert C&D materials from disposal by practicing source reduction, salvaging, recycling and reusing existing materials, and buying used and recycled materials and products. The following sections provide more information about: How you can practice source reduction by using less materials and generating less waste from your project; What deconstruction means and what C&D materials you can salvage for reuse during deconstruction; - How C&D materials can be recycled and how you can find a recycler to recycle them for you; and, The economic, aesthetic and environmental benefits you can achieve by buying used and recycled products.
▪ withoutbeCanbuildingelementsandcomponentsmaintained,upgradedorreplacedcreatingwaste? ▪ materials?reuDoesthedesignincorporatesable/recyclablecomponentsand
7.3.2. WHAT MATERIALS CAN BE RE USED?
▪ Having one person responsible for ordering materials helps avoid surplus beingpurchased.
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 35 7.3.
Suggestions: ▪ Dismantling buildings rather than knocking them down increases the amount that can be salvaged undamaged ▪ Purpose thehighermeshtemporarymadereusableproductsforapplications(e.g.steelfencepanels)mayhaveainitialcost,butbecheaperinlongtermandreducewaste.
The major benefit of reusing materials is the resource and energy use that one saves avoided by reducing the production of new materials. Some commonly reused C&D materials and applicationsEasyinclude:toremove items like doors, hardware, appliances, and fixtures. These can be salvaged fordonation oruseduring therebuild oronother Scrapjobs.
▪ wastage.ratBuyingsandandgravelinbulkbagsherthanloosehelpsreduce
Suggestions: ▪ ofareThesiteinductionandtoolboxtalksopportunitiestoraiseawarenessgoodwastemanagement.
▪ Computer software is available to estimate required quantities accurately.
Brick, concrete and masonry can be recycled on site as fill, subbase material or driveway bedding. Excess insulation from exterior walls can be used in interior walls as noise deadening Paintmaterial.can be remixed and used in garage or storage areas, or as primer coat on other Packagingjobs. materials can be returned to suppliers for reuse.
STRATEGIES FOR C&D WASTE 7.3.1. SOURCE REDUCTION/REDUCTION MATERIALS USE
wood can be chipped on site and used as mulch or groundcover. De papered and crushed gypsum can be used, in moderate quantities, as a soil amendment.
Source reduction reduces life cycle material use, energy use and waste generation. While reuse and recycling are important methods to sustainably manage waste once waste has already been generated, source reduction prevents waste from being generated in the first place. In addition to changing the design of buildings, building systems and materials, C&D source reduction efforts incorporate purchasing agreements that prevent excess materials and packaging from arriving to the construction site.
Suggestions: ▪ Focusing on recycling yourmain types of waste will be most cost effective. These types will change as your project progresses. ▪ Your suppliers may be able to take back their packaging (e.g. pallets, cardboard, bulkbags) justask.
7.3.4. REBUYING C&D MATERIALS
NOTE: Sometimes, materials sent for recycling end up being poorly managed or mismanaged.
Asking your recycler a few questions, such as whether they are in compliance with state and local regulations, state licensing or registration, and/or third party certification, can ensure the proper and intended management for your materials.
Many building components can be recycled where markets exist. Asphalt, concrete, and rubble are often recycled into aggregate or new asphalt and concrete products. Wood can be recycled into engineered wood products like furniture, as well as mulch, compost, and other products. Metals including steel, copper, and brass are also valuable commodities to Crecycle.ardboard packaging from home building sites is not classified as a C&D material, it does make its way into the mixed C&D stream, and many markets exist for recycling this material.
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 36
Buying used C&D materials and recycled content products for use in new construction can: Boost the local economy as recovered materials are typically locally sourced. Preserve local architectural character and historic significance (in cases of preserved or restored buildings).
Suggestions: ▪ Lower construction and renovation costs while maintaining building function and performance. ▪ Ensurematerialscollected fromreuseand recycling programs will be used again in the manufacture of new products and/or new construction, thereby fully realizing thebenefitsofreuseandrecyclingefforts.
7.3.3. RECYCLING C&D MATERIALS
“Everything can always become something else.”
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 37 8. CONCLUSION
Charles Jencks
Green design and building have become one of the most essential ideas of the architectural industry. Sustainable design is something that every architect aspires to, and so many innovations and initiatives have come about in recent years. This initiative defies the perception that little beauty can be found in recycled materials. Using recycled building materials can bring a lot of artistic vision and expression to a project. It’s not just about existing building materials from old sites and pavements; materials never considered before, like old tires and soda cans are also coming into vogue. There are recyclable alternatives for most building materials today. Whether it’ s concrete, glass, plastics, brick, or metal, they can all be made by incorporating some of the already used material. In fact, making any of these with a bit of the previous version is a lot cheaper regarding energy requirements and also lowers the emissions by up to 90% Beyond the environmental benefits, it’s important to encourage more individuals, families, and businesses to recycle any unwanted items they have, because recycling makes good economic sense. It makes a major contribution to the “circular economy,” with scrap being one of the materials that can be refashioned into new uses. A sofa made from the discarded portion of an ambassador car, a table made from a tractor, rugs made of old gunny bags, and so many other handmade products are a trend. Many designers work with scrap and outcomes are marvelous. For waste to be reduced, hard wastes such as Glass, metal and plastic bottles must be used as sustainable building materials especially now that the most countries are looking for ways to control and manage the environment successfully. The conversion of these generated wastes for use as material, art or landscape elements creates a more sustainable and pleasing environment and can help reduce wastes to landfills by an estimated 10% Suggested waste reduction initiatives target halving waste to landfills, this cannot be done through recycling alone, but it can however be achieved through Re material. Architects and engineers are however advised to engage in collaborative researches to experiment the provision of housing using wastes generated within a community. This will however provide alternative materials from waste that can be used as aggregate in concrete and other building materials.
• (PDF) JUNK as an Innovative Construction Material Towards Novel Practices in Architecture An Overview (researchgate.net)
ScienceDirect
• Kumar, Akhilesh & Agarwal, Avlokita. “Recent trends in solid waste management status, challenges, and potential for the future Indian cities A review.” Current ResearchinEnvironmentalSustainability2(2020)100011.Recenttrendsin solidwaste management status, challenges, and potential for the future Indian cities A review
• Ahmad, Sani Aminu; Saliu, Hassan Ozovehe; Mustapha, Sani & Sarkile, Kawuwa Abubakar “Trash to treasures exploring ‘RE-MATERIAL’ in architecture as a means of reducing waste generated in urban centers.” Conference: of International Joint Conference on Sustainability and Development, (March 2016): 1 9. (Pdf) trash to treasures exploring ‘re material’ in architecture as a means of reducing waste generated in urban centers. (researchgate.net)
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Ramaraj, Arulmalar. “JUNK as an Innovative Construction Material Towards Novel Practices in Architecture An Overview.” International Conference on Waste Management for Sustainable Development, (March 2014): 1 6.
• Balador, Zahra. “Designers’ Willingness Assessment to Use Recycled and Salvaged Materials in Landscape Architecture.” Advanced Materials Research, (May 2014): 1 5. (PDF) Designers’ Willingness Assessment to Use Recycled and Salvaged Materials in Landscape Architecture (researchgate.net)
• Sung, Kyungeun. “Sustainable production and consumption by upcycling. ” School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, (May 2017): 27 46. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/Kyungeun Sung 2017 Thesis.pdf
• Tiwari, Nitish & Sharma, Suman. “Architecture as a Device to Recycle the Scrap. ” International Journal of Science & Research(IJSR), (November 2020):1 6. Abstract of Architecture as a Device to Recycle the Scrap (ijsr.net)
• Cohen, Donna. “Making with Repurpose: Finding Architectural Value between Waste and Landfill.” The European Journal of Creative Practices in Cities and Landscapes. Vol 2, no 2 (June 2019), ISSN 26120496. View of Making with Repurpose: Finding Architectural Value between Waste and Landfill | European Journal of Creative Practices in Cities and Landscapes (unibo.it)
B.Arch. 9th Semester Dissertation | October 2021 January 2022 Page | 38
• Rose, Colin. “Systems for reuse, repurposing and upcycling of existing building components.” Thesis, (April 2019) :18 33 Researchgate.net Publication No. 333660741
• Prasad, Sunand. “Designing out Waste: A design Team Guide for Buildings.” RIBA,( July 2015). www.Wrap.org.uk/construction
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• Jain, Kavya. “Junk Architecture- Examples of buildings using waste materials for affordable housing spaces.” Re Thinking The Future. Accessed November, 2021. Junk Architecture Examples of buildings using waste materials for affordable housing spaces RTF | Rethinking The Future (re thinkingthefuture.com)
• Lusiardi, Federica. “ Design: Recycling vs Upcycling. What’s the difference?” Inexhibit. March 31, 2021. Design: Recycling vs Upcycling. What's the difference? | Inexhibit • Hannibal, Lise. “Upcycling Using garbage to create the cities of Tomorrow.” Lendager. April 3, 2017. Upcycling using garbage to create the cities of tomorrow lendager group