Whole Building Simulation Design Hyderabad
Office Building Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
1
Project Detail Building type – Office building Location – Hyderabad Area – 1600 sq m
The aim of the study was to integrate the Climate study with Passive strategies, HVAC and lighting. The tools used were Design builder, Rhino-Grasshopper plugin- Ladybird + Honeybee, Light stanza. The project was documented in MS word and MS Powerepoint. MS Excel was used for visualization of the result.
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Introduction The aim of the exercise is to design an energy efficient building. The process of the design is to reduce the load, reuse the energy (cool) and produce the renewable energy. It is an integrated design process. The design decision are taken considering energy, comfort and cost.
Summary The study was conducted to create a link between outdoor environment and occupant without compromising the occupant comfort. The aim to create the net zero energy building, using passive strategies and promoting comfort. The means of passive design studies such as climatic analysis, solar exposure, shading analysis,
daylight studies and thermal comfort studies for natural ventilation. The thumb rules were applied for daylighting and CIBSE tool was used to for natural ventilation for single side window. The fenestration were designed from thumb rule calculation. The shading were designed using shading mask and radiation analyses.
The second stage of design consist of optimization of modelling business as usual case, the elimination parametric simulation followed by sensitivity analysis
and HVAC optimization. There was reduction of 40% after the envelope optimization and further 22% reduction after HVAC optimization. The design case is compared with BAU and ECBC Case.
The Third Stage consist of energy generation. The total energy generated was 75,000 kWh. For the net zero energy building to be designed the EUI should be less than 55 kWh/ sqm. The design case building EUI is 44.78 kWh/sqm.
The forth and final stage of exercise is return on investment, which was calculated and thus resulted in ROI of 3.1 year.
Thus, the building is net positive in energy with ROI of 28% and payback 3.1
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
3
Climate analysis Dry Bulb Temperature, Relative humidity, Solar radiation, UTCI It can be observes that highest temperature 43⁰c is in the month of April – June, the Relative temperature is as low as 7% during these months. The solar radiation is also maximum in these months. The lowest temperature is in the month of December – January, the
relative humidity is low even in these months. During the month of July-October higher humidity level up to 90% are observed. The
highest universal thermal climate index temperature lies in the month on April – May around 42.25⁰c.
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
4
Climate analysis Wind Analysis and Diurnal variation Months March – June (Summer) July – October (Monsoon) November – February (Winter)
Predominant Direction West – Northwest West East - Southeast
Average Speed 2.8 m/s 2.0 m/s 1.18 m/s
The wind direction and speed is used to design fenestration design.
Figure 2 Wind Rose diagram- summer, monsoon, winter
It can be used to bring the immediate uncomfortable hour in the comfort zone.
The average variation thought out the year is 7-8⁰c.
In winter the temperature is 30 ⁰ c during day time but 15 ⁰ c during night time.
In summers the highest is 42 ⁰ c and at nigh the temperature lie in the range of 30-33 c. The diurnal variation are higher than 10 ⁰ c.
The difference is only 5 ⁰ c in monsoon months.
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
5
Thermal Comfort Dry Bulb Temperature- Mix mode adaptive band
UTCI – Mix mode adaptive band
Legend
Legend
For Mix-Mode building = (0.28*outdoor temperature + 17.87) Âą3.46.
UTCI=f (Ta; Tmrt; Va; RH) , For outdoor Tmrt = Ta
Total number of comfortable hours are 4562
Total number of comfortable hours are 5092
Total number of comfortable hours for operational hours are 1100
Total number of comfortable hours for operational hours are 1488
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
6
Thermal Comfort Dry Bulb Temperature + Relative humidity - Mix mode adaptive band Comfortable hours in percentage operational hours. 45⁰
40⁰ 35⁰ 30⁰ 25⁰ 20⁰ 15⁰ 10⁰ Total number of comfortable hours are 4068
5⁰
0
Total number of comfortable hours for operational hours are 1044
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
Legend
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
7
Thermal Comfort Conclusion
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
8
Window to wall ratio Daylight
Second Floor Ground Floor
Natural Ventilation – CIBSE Tool for 15 ACH at 0.25 discharge coefficient.
First Floor Whole Building Design Simulation Shubham Solanki
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
9
Window to wall ratio
The window size is reduced for each wall. The reduction for is up to 100%. The daylight penetration for both the case is same using the thumb rule. The reduction in WWR will help in reduction of solar heat gain which will reduce the cooling load of the building.
35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5%
Legend
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
10
Solar radiation
Temperature > 30â °c Solar radiation > 300 Wh/ sqm Annual Solar radiation The Annual Solar radiation and Dry bulb temperature. The total solar radiation is up to 64 kWh/ sq. m in the south direction. The Direct solar radiation will be used to calculate the solar potential for generating the energy. The solar radiation in summer months is upto 51 kWh/ sqm. The temperature is around 31-34â °c in late evenings. The shading device is designed using the solar radiation and dry bulb temperature. The shading mask is designed for temperature above 30â °c and Radiation above 300 Wh/ sqm.
Shading mask
East
South
North
West
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Daylight Floor
Target
UDI Occupancy: 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM Sky Type: Climate-based Lower Bound: 100 lux Upper Bound: 2000 lux Time Threshold: 90% 65% of floor area meeting the UDI requirement
Daylighting ASE
DA
Occupancy: 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM Sky Type: Climate-based Time Threshold: 250% and 100%
Occupancy: 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM Sky Type: Climate-based Illuminance target - 200 Lux
<1% floor area for 250 hour and <2% for 100 hour
>75% DA 200
Ground floor
UDI - 82.11%
ASE 250 hour - 0.22 ASE 100 hour - 0.62%
DA - 72% 200 Lux
UDI - 75%
ASE 250 hour - 1 ASE 100 hour - 1.7%
DA - 58% 200 Lux
UDI - 78.8%
ASE 250 hour - 0.95% ASE 100 hour - 1.6%
DA - 70% 200 Lux
First floor
Second floor
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Passive Strategies Passive Cooling Strategies Thermal Mass
Natural ventilation
Nocturnal Cooling
Ground Cooling
Envelope
Air Tightness
Shading
Goal Parameter
Diurinal Temperature, Heat gains Summer-High Diurnal variation
Dry Bulb Temperature, Wind Speed, Relative Humidity
Diurnal Temperature, Relative humidity
Ground Temperature at 1m 2m and 4m depth Outdoor Dry bulb temperature Diurnal variation with 10⁰c The ground is with in adaptive band. If DBT difference will be temperature throught is higher than hours with high out the year are 4-6⁰ wind speed will be used c less than the ambient temperature. Throughtout the year Summer, Monsoon Not possible because Higher wind speed with The night temprature for the Ground immediation DBT above Monsoon and March and temperature and comfort band air will also be June summers night ambient temrpeture used to naturally ventilate the temperature lies in is less than 10⁰c . space. comfort band.
Solar radiation and Heat gains and surface temperature Reduces the heat gains, Block heat transfer
Infiltration, ACH
Higher the Diurnal Temperature, More the thermal mass helps
Higher Wind speed can be used to increase the comfortable hours in monsoon and summer. The IAQ plays an important role.
The insects and dust is a problem for indian climate.
It depends on the capital cost and Savings after the simulation results.
Increase the air It is not possible to tighness of the obstruct 100% west envelope, Difficult to sun. implement due to in-situ construction.
Increase of Wall thickness with Lower conductivity
Scheduling of the windows and use of Natural ventilation the DBT and RH is in comfortable zone
The use of night ventilation with scheduling and sensors for operation of the windows.
Reduction in Uvalue using the sensivity study and cost analysis
Design and Air tight building also analysisng the cost and energy reduction
Throughtout the year Duration
SWOT
Result
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
N/A
Direct solar radiation and Temperature Higher temperature The solar radiation of outside air will higher than 300Wh/ increase the load in sqm and the building temperature higher than 30⁰c will be cut. Throughout the year Summer, Winter will Throught the year The change in U value increase the sensible 9am morning sun will help in reduction load, and winter late in energy Monsoon -Sensible + evening sun is consumption Latent Load difficult to cut.
Designing Shading mask and shading device accoring to the results.
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
13
Base Case Business as usual Parameter
Envelope
Building details
HVAC Specs
Input Parameter
Value
Wall U (external) Roof U Glass U Glass SHGC Glass VLT WWR Shading Occupant Density Lighting power density
2.5 W/m2K 3.2 W/m2K 5.8 W/m2K 0.88 50 As/ Arch dwg. As/ Arch dwg. Space wise calculation (Refer Appendix) Space wise calculation as/ ECBC (Refer Appendix) Space wise calculation with 1 Star rated appliance (Refer Appendix) As per ECBC & Building use (Refer Appendix) .0025m3/ person + .0003 m2/m2 Packaged terminal Air-Conditioner (PTAC) 3.2
Electric power density Building Schedules Fresh air System type COP
Monthly Load Distribution
Legend
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
14
Elimination Parameter Roof
Window
BAU Case
Wall
BAU U val - 2.3
Wall Uval-0.01
Roof Uval-0.01
Roof SRI95%
Window Uval-0.01
Cooling Load 67266.04 Cooling EUI 65.6 % reduction N/A Energy end use (kWh) 144907 EUI (kWh/ sq m) 111.5 % reduction N/A Sensible Load 105 Latent Load 30 Peak cooling load (kW) 149 Percentage reduction N/A
66201 64.6 1.6 141771.0 109.1 2.2 120.6 26 169 -13.4
60601 59.1 9.9 136098.2 104.7 6.1 94.0 22 134 10.1
48642 47.5 27.7 122567.4 94.3 15.4 85.0 22 121 18.8
55813 54.5 17.0 133310.7 102.5 8.0 90.0 23 130.8 12.2
Window SHGC 0.01 42908 41.9 36.2 120019.2 92.3 17.2 88.0 21 126 15.4
Window Section
Shading
Fresh Air
Active Cooling
Electric lighting
64674 63.1 3.9 139600.5 107.4 3.7 90.0 22 131 12.1
54208 52.9 19.4 128301.6 98.7 11.5 60.0 16 83 44.3
47151 46.0 29.9 121057.9 93.1 16.5 45.0 30 92 38.3
0 0.0 100.0 72547.1 55.8 49.9 73.0 19 105 29.5
56593 55.2 15.9 95574.4 73.5 34.0 54.0 15 80 46.3
120.0
170
100.0
EUI (kWh/ sqm)
The strategies with highest reduction were roof U-value, roof solar reflectance index, windows solar heat gain coefficient, shading, air tightness, daylighting and natural ventilation.
150
80.0
130
60.0
110
40.0
90
20.0
70
0.0
Peak Cooling Load (kW)
Parameters
50 BAU U val - 2.3
Wall Uval-0.01
Roof Uval-0.01
Roof SRI95%
Window Uval-0.01
EUI (kWh/ sq m)
Window SHGC 0.01
Window Section
Shading
Fresh Air
Active Cooling
Electric lighting
Peak cooling load (kW)
Note - The peak cooling load is simulated keeping Operative temperature as set point where as energy simulation is based on air temperature
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
15
Sensitivity analysis
0.2
95
3Star
Legend
Source – imimg.comt
The roof of U value – 0.2 was used for further analysis. The reduction of 6% was noted in cooling EUI and reduction of 2.7% in peak cooling load.
Shubham Solanki
The material of SRI - 95% was used on the roof. The reduction of 19.8% was in cooling EUI and reduction of 14% in peak cooling load.
Whole Building Design Simulation
The Super ECBC LPD shows the reduction of 5% in cooling EUI and 8% in peak cooling load.
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
16
Sensitivity analysis
0.75
Legend
0.35
0.15
Source- saint gobain faรงade glass
Source- Slide share/ Shengxi's Portfolio
Highest Reduction in terms of cooling EUI and peak cooling was noted in shading windows and shading roof and both the strategies were used in further analysis. The roof was shaded with solar structure.
Shubham Solanki
0.55
There was 11% Reduction in cooling EUI and 6.5% reduction peak cooling, but the glass specification is also dependant on VLT.
Whole Building Design Simulation
The 5star appliances showed the reduction of 23% in cooling EUI and 5 % in peak cooling load.
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
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Energy Conservation Measures Glass Optimization Saint Gobain Glass - Performance of Glasses
1.Window Shading – From the shading mask Sno Shading
Colour (70%) Shade
2.Roof photovoltaic cells to shade Neutral
1 Royale Blue 3.Roof SRI 2– Cool Roof Misty Blue reflectance 395% Turquoise 4 Blue Ray
Light Factors
– Brand Using
Code Sno
DGU/SGU Antelio Plus SGU with solar DGU Nano Cool-lite SGU Cool-lite DGU
ST1750 KT2755 ST3436 ST4767
Light SolarFactors Radiation
Colour Transmission Reflection Brand Shade Neutral Royale33 Blue Misty Blue 33 Turquoise 30 Blue Ray 39
External Antelio 10 Plus Nano 10 Cool-lite16 Cool-lite12
Saint Gobain Glass - Performance of Glasses
Code UV DGU/SGU Internal SGU 16 DGU 9 SGU 18 DGU 22
ST11 750 KT 8755 ST 436 8 ST12 767
Solar Radiation
Shading Solar Relative Solar Transmission Reflectance Reflection Absorbtion UV Transmission coReflectance U value Absorbtion Rate Factor Heat Gain Factor efficient 33 25 33 18 30 17 39 28
External 10 8 10 10 16 10 12 9
Internal 1667 9 72 1873 2263
SF 110.42 8 0.25 8 0.35 120.37
SC 25 0.49 18 0.29 17 0.41 28 0.43
W/ sqm K W/ Sqm 5.6 8 365 67 1.810 212 72 5.5210 319 73 2.8 9 306 63
4.Roof U-value – Ceramic Tile + Plaster + XPS(110mm) + Concrete Slab (125mm) + Cement Plaster 5.Window SHGC (Solar Gains) + VLT (Daylight) – 0.35 SHGC, 0.3 VLT Coollite Saint Gobain 6.Electric Lighting – Super ECBC Lighting power density 7.Equipment – 5 star
8.Variable Set Point- According to NBC Mix mode Band
Variable Set point
9.Nocturnal Cooling – 9pm to 7am 10.Natural Ventilation
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
18
Rs/sqm S F 2288.54 0.42 3567.43 0.25 2288.54 0.35 2288.54 0.37
BAU Case
Shading Device
Shading Roof
Roof SRI
Roof Insulation
Glazing
Appliance
Electric lighting
Variable Set Point
Nocturnal Cooling
140.00
100.00
System Efficiency – 32%
Building Envelope -19%
90.00
120.00 80.00
70.00 60.00
80.00
50.00 60.00
40.00
30.00
40.00
20.00 20.00 10.00 0.00
0.00
EUI – 117 kWh/ sqm
Shading Mask
EUI (kWh/ sq m)
Solar PV 70% covered
Cool Roof 95% Reflectance
U- 0.2 XPS- 110mm
Cooling EUI % reduction
SHGC –0.35 VLT- 30%
Super ECBC
BEE - 5 Star
Peak cooling load % reduction
NBC MM Adaptive Band
Throughout year
Incremental cost Increase
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Percentage
EUI (kWh/sqm)
100.00
Monthly Load Reduction
Legend
Overall 40% of load reduction
Shubham Solanki
Monthly Load Distribution
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
20
Com
HVAC Optimization â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Natural Ventilation
Uncomfortable
9 11 1 3 5 7 January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
November
December
The total number of comfortable hours during operational hours using Natural ventilation are 420. 9
Time
11 1 3 5 7 January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
The total number of comfortable hours during operational hours using ceiling fan assisted ventilation are 1070. the increase is by 1.5 times 9 11 1 3
5 7 January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
The total number of comfortable hours during operational hours using Evaporative cooler are 1222.
November
DEC 21
HVAC Optimization – VRF
Scheduling according the assisted ceiling fan ventilation. The VRF will function in the months of 2nd half of February till 1st week of November. The morning hours from 9- 11th in the month of March, July and August the operative hours are in comfortable band, the VRF wont be Functioning in those hours.
55%
60%
62%
The reduction is final proposed case is 62% with reference to BAU case, set point as NBC adaptive Band. VRF specification
80%
83%
86%
COP – 3.3 Company – Trane – 20 ton 4TV Compressor – SSC Scroll Indoor Units connection – 41 Refrigerant – 410A
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
22
BAU Case Shading Device
Shading Roof
Roof SRI
Roof Insulation
Glazing
Electric lighting
Appliance Variable Nocturnal Set Point Cooling
VRF
VRF + NV Variable Set Point
140.00
100.00
Building Envelope -19%
Scheduling and System Efficiency – 32 + 11%% 90.00
120.00 80.00
70.00 60.00
80.00
50.00 60.00
40.00
30.00
40.00
20.00 20.00
10.00 0.00
0.00 EUI – 117 kWh/ sqm
Shading Mask
Solar PV 70% covered
EUI (kWh/ sq m)
Shubham Solanki
Cool Roof 95% Reflectance
U- 0.2 XPS- 110mm
SHGC –0.35 VLT- 30%
Super ECBC
Cooling EUI % reduction
Whole Building Design Simulation
BEE - 5 Star
NBC MM Adaptive Band
Throughout year
Peak cooling load % reduction
Trane 20 ton
Winter Cooling Off
Incremental cost % Increase
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
23
Percentage
EUI (kWh/sqm)
100.00
Comparison
45%
62%
80%
85%
ROI BAU Proposed ECBC Case Total Cost of Construction ₹ 1,65,54,240.00 ₹ 1,94,96,690.00 ₹ 1,96,18,125.00 Incremental Cost NA ₹ 29,42,450.00 ₹ 30,63,885.00 %Increase in Cost 0 17.77% 18.51% Total Energy Cost/year 153025.58 58219 85800 Annual Saving NA 948065.8 672255.8 ROI NA 32.22% 21.94% Payback NA 3.1 4.6
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
24
Solar Generation
Sno 1 2 3 4 5
Solar Renewable Calculation Name Total Built-up area Maximum area available for installing solar PVs (roof+surface parking) Installed capacity of solar PVs as per available area Potential energy generated annually as per installed capacity (@ 1500kWh energy generated annually per 1kWp of installed capacity) Target Energy Performance Index for Project to be Net-Zero
Quantity Units 1,300 sq.m 439 sq.m 44 kWp 62,390 kWh 48 kWh/m2/yr
Thus, the Building is Net positive with ROI of 3.1
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
25
Limitation There is scope of the energy reduction. The sensors are not used in the project. If 100 utilization of naturally ventilated hours is possible with use of sensors and BMS, but BMS capital cost is high. The natural ventilation hasn't been utilised to fullest.
The scope of optimization of VRF with different curve is possible. The different cooling system like radiant-chill ceiling, which is possible to have high efficiency in this climate hasnet been studied.
LCCA of the project is not complete to give a better result for the costing.
Shubham Solanki
Whole Building Design Simulation
M.Tech Building Energy Performance | CEPT University
26
Thank You shubham.pg180982@gmail.com
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