Design for Sustainbility II Process Book Shu Ou Instructors Jonathan Abarbanel Heidrun Mumper-Drumm Spring 2017
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Brief Design of a lunar-based system of product/ service for the year 2030. The design will be an ‘Earth/Moon Partnership’ to enhance and extend life on Earth.
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Outline Understand the Moon Human Waste Management Research LCA (ISS) Concept Development Final Design LCA of New Solution Conclusion Lunar Architeture Strategy Assignments Personal Consumption DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Understand the Moon We kicked off the project with study the article, Lunar Architecture (appendix a), to understand the condition of the Moon and lunar missions. At the same time, we did a broad research to find the area we’re interested in.
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Area of Interest 1 Heath Care System It won’t be practical to staff a full-service hospital on the Moon until the population reaches several thousand people. Therefore, advances in tele-medicine serveice might be needed, so the crew-member on the Moon will be able to work in real time with specialist on the Earth through tele-communication for treatment.
Physiological Effects on LongDuration Space Missions Lack of gravity Radiation (solar flare/ cosmic radiation) Dust
loss of bone mass/ muscle immune system change
eye irritation respiratory cardiac decompensation
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Area of Interest 1 Heath Care System Needs & Opportunities Monitor & Detect
Earth-Moon Telemedicine
Access
-Health monitoring system -Remote medical diagnosis -Collecting data
Until the population reaches several thousand people, it’ll be impratical to staff a full-service hospital.
-Access to treament -Habitable area for isolation to prevent further spreed of disease.
Benchmark Product
samÂŽ Sport
TeladocConnect DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Area of Interest 2 Science Investigations Communication
24/7 Earth-Moon communication
Constant communications between surface crew members
- Network of satellites in lunar orbit - Device for communicate/ display/navigate
Teleoperation of robotic exploration system
- Rotbot and human communication
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Area of Interest 2 Science Investigations Communication Needs & Opportunities
Senses Communicate only orally without any visual(or other senses) support.
Team Work Assisting team work mission
Ease of Use - Interface - Ergonomy
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Area of Interest 2 Science Investigations Communication Benchmark Product
Boeing new space suit for Starliner DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Area of Interest 3 Lunar Habitation A Closed-Loop Habitat
Opportunities
- Pressurized - Suitable Temperature - Protection from Radiation & Micrometerites - Life Support System
Benchmark Product
An Inflatable Greenhouse? - Lava Tube - Permanently Shadowed Polar Environment - Inflatable Activity Module - Lunar Agriculture
Bigelow Expandable Activity Module
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Area of Interest 3 Space Poop A system that routes and collects human waste away from the body, hands-free, for 1)fully suited crew who’s on EVA mission 2) in habitat
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Human Waste Management Research
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Human Waste Human waste from each adult
Waste Management Needs
Urine: 1 L per day Feces : 75 grams /75 mL per day Menstrual fluid: 80 mL per month
Characteristic in microgravity: - Solid, liquid & gas might float or cling on nearest object. - Different state of matters don't mix with each other easily.
In-suit waste: - Human waste away from the body, hands-free, for fully suited crew. - 10 hrs while launching and entering - 6 days max for any off-nominal events in spacecraft Spacecraft waste: Collect & treatment. Outpost: 4 crews with 6 months human waste collect and treatment.
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Past Solution
1980
In-Suit Waste Management
Disposable Absorption Containment Trunks (DACTs) Apollo Era
Urine Collection and Transfer Assembly (UCTA)
Fecal Bag
Fecal Containment System (FCS)
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
What to improve
Shouldn’t require intimate contact Astronaut had to knead a germicide into their waste so that gas-expelling bacteria wouldn’t flourish inside the sealed bag and cause it to explode. (Fecal bag came with finger cot to allow the astronauts to manually move things along) As little time as possible to use the system 45 minutes~ 1hour to complete in the Apollo spacecraft (No.2) The system will be able to remove waste from the body automatically
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Maximum Absorbency Garment (MAG) Wear under the cooling garment during liftoff, landing, spacewalks, and other extra-vehicular activities to absorb urine and feces.
Current Solution
Downside: Hold up to 8~10 hours, temporary use only Could lead to diaper rash or infection if left untreated.
In-Suit The Astronaut Diaper
Contains powdery chemical absorbent, sodium polyacrylate, can absorb 300 ~ 500 times in distilled water.
Space Station Space Toilet Urine funnel Use airflow to create suction. Urine gets recycled into drinking water through a filtration system.
Commode for solid waste Airflow to draw waste away from the body in place of Earth’s gravity. Plastic bag is placed inside the canister is compacted after each use. Air is separated from waste using centrifugal force. Then the air is filtered from bacteria and odor and return back to cabin. DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Current Solution Space Station Waste Management
Liquid waste
Fecal waste
93 % become drinking water
Burn up in the Earth’s atmosphere
Keg-sized distiller produce artificial gravity field to separate
Cygnus cargo with its cargo of garbage and human waste from ISS was launched to burn up in the Earth’s atmosphere.
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Waste Managemnet Technologies Clean Technology Supercritical Water Oxidation System
Use the physical and chemical properties of water at conditions above its supercritical pressure(250) and temperature(670°F). Under these conditions, complete combustion of organic materials occurs in the presence of oxygen yielding sterile water, carbon dioxide , nitrogen.
Advantage : Accept gaseous, solid and liquid wastes. It destroys all microorganism (bacteria, viruses, fungi) Combustion products such as sterile water are resources that can be separated and recycled. It's mechanical waste treatment system that is not susceptible to disease or toxins.
Downside : Power requirement for the system is too high(power consumption for and 8-person crew has been estimated to be 300-400 watts continuous(Sedej, 1985). Possible solution: planned solar-powered lunar electric grid Still in development phase Supercritical Water Oxidation System
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Opportunities In-Suit Waste Management Space poop challenge There still lack of effective solution to keep the human waste away from a crew member’s body for a minimum of 144 hours. *The result will be announced on Feb 16 2017, might be a good reference
Long-term mission waste management There’s no solution to repurpose fecal waste. Future outpost mission will be a closed loop system. What will be an effective waste management system?
Human waste can’t be recycled through current solution.
NASA’s proposal of using Logistics Reduction and Repurposing Techologies to create a closed- loop system.
Future spacesuit will have limited room.
Logistics Reduction Technologies for Exploration Missions
Aluminum canister for fecal waste collection in ISS
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Repurposing Research - Electricity Microbial fuel cells which obtain their electrons from organic waste
Geobacter microbes
Cathode
Anode
Liquidfied Waste
Membrane
It’s able to move electrons into metal, so it could decompose waste and generate electricity.
eDFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Repurposing Research - Electricity Synthetic Biology for Recycling Human Waste into Nutraceuticals and Materials
COÂ2 O2 Urine
Algae
Yeast
PHA Omega-3 3D printable plastic Water
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
AES LRR Logistics Reduction Technologies for Exploration Missions
The Logistics Reduction and Repurposing(LRR) technologies is the development to serve the needs for future Earth-independent-typed missions. The LRR project develops a set of technologies to reduce crew consumables and provide methods for both stabilizing waste and repurpoing waste as a resource.
Losistics to trash flow schematic for AES LRR
AES = Advanced Exploration System REALM = Radio Frequency Identification-Enabled Autonomous Logistics Management HMC = Heat Melt Compator MCTB = multi-purpose cargo transfer bag TtG = trash-to-gas UWMS = Universal Waste Management System
[3] DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
LRR Technologies Relate to Human Waste Universal Waste Management System (UWMS) Current WCS in ISS
The compartment which interface with the crew-member. This development is the Improvement from WCS, the current system that use on the space station, for future long-term missions. Overall, it minimizes the installed mass and volume as well as the component and consumable replacement. Also, the facility is refined ergonanomically from the feedback of the crew-members to suit both genders.
Current needing improvement: • Adequate air flow • A seat configuration that lends to ease of use and maintaining cleanliness • Urine air separation • A urinal hose for both sexes • Clean & easy fecal collection for long-term missions • Stowing urine on-board supports water recovery • User simplicity
UWMS developing mockup
WCS = Waste Collect System
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
LRR Technologies Relate to Human Waste Heat Melt Compactor (HMC)
HMC (Heat Melt Compator) Repurpose the recycled waste in the habitat and make it into plastic tile Potential benefits: - Reduce weight and recover water. - Mechanically compacts trash while heating to produce stable tiles that can be used for radiation shielding (contain high percentage of Polyethylene).
HMC tile before & after (right) DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
LRR Technologies Relate to Human Waste Torrefaction Processing Unit (TPU)
After several experiment, the research in [21] shows a promsing method to process solid waste. The proposed torrefaction (pyrolysis) method is performed under mild conditions. It’s defined as a thermochemical treatment of biomass at 200~300 oC in the absence of oxygen. The net result was a nearly undetectable odor, complete recovery of moisture, some additional water production, a modest reduction of dry solid mass, and the production of small amount of gas and liquid. In the proposal, the feces generated by the UWMS aret sent to the TPU to extract water and produce a stable char product. The char product has the potential for repurposing. [21]
Char after torrefaction from stimulant feces DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Potential Repurposing Usage from Torrefaction Processing Unit (TPU)
Potential Repurposing Application DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
LCA Benchmark: The human waste management in the International Space Station(ISS)
Urine Collect System
Scope: The evalution focus on the management and disposable product that use in the waste manage system. However the following are excluded due to the accessibility of the information: - Products for air filtration - Refill Water Pouch Functional Unit:
Fecal Collect System
Impact Waste in HWS/ 4 crewmembers/ year (lb)
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Food (Dry) Drinking Water
Urine
Feces
Pretreatment
Gas/ Liquid, Solid Separation
Process Pretreated Urine
Compress
Process Waste Water Refillable Water Bag
Waste Storage
Urine Brine 1
Potable Water
Temporary Urine and Brine Storage Bag / Progress Rodnik Tank
2 Hydrophobic Fecal Bag, 3 Wipe
4 Fecal Canister
5 Progress Rodnik Tank
Disposal
Simplified schematic for human waste management process on ISS
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
ISS Urine Inputs
Process
Outputs Air Filtration
[ Urine Storage Assembly ] Urine, Electricity (Solar Power), Air(Cabin)
Waste Collect System
Oxone/Chromium Trioxide, Sulfuric Acid
Pretreatment
AirC
urine separator fan
Odor(Charcoal)/ Bacteria Filter
lean Cabin Air Particles
stabilize/ control microbial growth (Removable Urine Storage)
[ Urine Processor Assembly ] Electricity(Solar Power)
Distillation/ Evaporation
Calcium Sulfate Precipitation, Heat
centrifugal pump to create a low pressure distillation process to speeds the evaporation of water from urine
Condensate Water
Urine Brine 1
1
Activated Charcoal, Ionic Exchange Resins
Temporary Urine and Brine Storage Bag/ Progress Rodnik tank,
Adsorption/ Ion-Exchange
Disposal
5 successive filtration beds: activated charcoal/ ionic exchange resins
carry during the entire round-trip mission/ discard trash inside a logistic module which is de-orbited into Earth's atmosphere for destruction.
Organic Compounds, inorganic ions, small organic molecules, ,Waste Water
[ Water Processor Assembly ] - 2, Platium Catalyst, Heat, Ionic Exchange Resins, Electricity(Solar Power), Refillable Water Bag
Catalytic Oxidation
CO-2, Gas
volatile removal assembly removes remaining organic compound
Potable Water
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
ISS Feces Inputs
Process
Outputs
[ Fecal Collection System]
2
Feces, Air(Cabin), Hydrophobic Fecal Bag, 3 Wipe, Electricity (Solar Power),
Waste Collect System AirC Gas/ Liquid, Solid Separation dry solid waste, vacuum source causes some of the original vapors and vaporized liquids to pass through the membrane liner
Electricity (Solar Power)
Air(Cabin), Electricity (Solar Power)
Air Filtration
air flow for bolus separation (vacuum)
Compress compress by motorized fecal compactor
Waste Storage pump into waste can for accumulation
Odor(Charcoal)/ Bacteria Filter
lean Cabin Air Particles Heat
Heat, Air Air Filtration
Heat, Air
Air Filtration
(Fecal Canister)
Disposal burn with logistic module while re-enter earth
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
2
Hydrophobic Fecal Bag Functional Unit Fecal Waste On ISS Per Year= 71.68Kg/Year Defecation / Crew Member - Year = 71.68 Kg/ 100g = 716.8 Times/ Year
716.8 Fecal Bags Per Year x 4 Crew Member = 2867.2 Bags
Material Membrane Liner
Membrane Liner Polypropylene Microporous PP Film + One ply PP 4g x functional Unit =
Outer Bag
Outer Bag
Port Solid And Liquid Waste Drying Bag Patent No.: US 794909367 B1
LDPE sheet 2 layers 8g x functional Unit Port LDPE 4g x functional Unit
[5] Litwiller, Eric, John A. Hogan,, and John W. Fisher,. SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE DRYING BAG. The United States of America as Represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC (US), assignee. Patent 794909367 B1. 17 Feb. 2009. Print. [6] “Peepoople.” PeePoople. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2017. [7] Lionel, Borenstein. SELF-ADHERING VAPOR PERMEABLE AIR AND MOISTURE BARRIER MEMBRANE. Bakor Inc, assignee. Patent US 6,901,712 B2. 7 June 2005. Print.
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
2
Simplified Schematic of Process Tree
[PP]
[LDPE]
Extracting Crude Oil hydraulic fracturing
Transportation: Pipeline
Extracting Ethylene
Convert into PP pellets
Convert into LDPE pellets
- Polymerization
- Polymerization
Transportation: Truck
Made into Sheets
Made into Microporous Film
Made into Sheet
Laminating
Injection Molding (Port) Transportation: Truck
Heat Sealing Sealing Packaging Transportation: Cargo Spacecraft
Use
Disposal
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
ISS Hydrophobic Fecal Bag
PP
Inputs
Water, Sand, Natural Gas, Residual Fuel Oil, Electricity,
Process
Outputs
Extracting Crude Oil
GhGs, Heat, Waste Water, Vocs, Particulates, Sox,
hydraulic fracturing
Transportation: Pipeline
Fuel Crude Oil, Residual Fuel Oil, Electricity
Natural Gas, Electricity:Fossil Fuels/ Hydropower, Catalyst: Ziegler-Natta, Propylene Monomer Gas, Heat(Temperature & Pressure), Water
GhGs, Heat, Dust, Air Contaminants
Extracting Ethylene
GHGs, Heat, Waste Water, VOCs, SOx, O2
Convert to PP pellets Distillation, Cracking, Polymerization,
GhGs, Heat, Waste Water(Contaminated From Process & Coolant), Vocs, SO2, Catalyst, Hydrocarbon Gas
Process
Outputs
Extracting Crude Oil
GhGs, Heat, Waste Water, Vocs, Particulates, Sox,
ISS Hydrophobic Fecal Bag
Inputs
Water, Sand, Natural Gas, Residual Fuel Oil, Electricity, Fuel Crude Oil, Residual Fuel Oil, Electricity Al-based catalyst, Electricity, Natural Gas, Water, Catalyst: Al-based, Pressur(lower), Heat,
LDPE
hydraulic fracturing
Transportation: Pipeline
Extracting Ethylene
Convert to LDPE pellets Distillation, Cracking, Polymerization,
GhGs, Heat, Dust, Air Contaminants GHGs, Heat, Waste Water, VOCs, SOx, O2 GhGs, Heat, Waste Water(Contaminated From Process & Coolant), VOCs, SO2, Catalyst, Hydrocarbon Gas
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
ISS Hydrophobic Fecal Bag
Product
Inputs
Process
Outputs
Fuel
Transportation: Truck
GHGs, SOx,NOx
PP Pellets, LDPE Pellets, Electricity, Heat, Water, Lubricating Oil
Heat, Adhesive, Pressure, Electricity,Natural Gas, Diesel
Manufacture Microporous Film (Ex: Aptraâ„¢ )
PP Film Extrusion
for port
LDPE Film Extrusion
GHGs, Waste Water, Waste Lubricant, Heat, VOCs, Particulates, Propane, Particulates, Vocs, Dioxins, Methylethyl, Ch4 Ketone, Toluene, Ethanol, Methanol, Benzene, Propane, Alchohols, Solid Wastes, Other Waste Chemicals, Water
Laminating
Heat, Adhesive, Pressure, Electricity
Heat Sealing
MTCB, Vacuum Manifold Rack
Packaging Transportation: Cargo Spacecraft
O2, CH4, Deep-cryo Methalox, Electricity, Water
Waste Manage System
Cargo Spacecraft, Energy(Fuel)
Injection Molding
GHGs, Heat, Particulates, VOCs, Dioxins, CO
Particulates, Black Carbon Soot,CO2, O2, CH4, Aluminum Oxide, Water Vapor CO2, Particulates, VOCs, Hydrochloric Acid, Dioxins, Furans, Heavy Metals, Carcinogens, CO, CH4, Nitrogen Gas, Hydrogen cyanide, Sulfur Dioxide, Sulfurous acid, Sulfuric Aluminum
Disposal
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
1
4
Aluminum Storage Canister
KTO mass/ 4 crew-year KTO (Canister for Fecal Waste)
EDV mass/ 4 crew-year
Aluminum Functional Unit: 113.08(kg) +98.6(kg)= 466.67 (lbs)/ 4 crew-yr
EDV (Canister for Urine Brine)
* The information of the canister invertory use per year was found later in the term, will change the format to digital in the future.
Ref: [3][4][11][13][15] DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
PP
Extracting Crude Oil
Convert to PP Pellets
Extracting Crude Oil
LDPE
Material Input
Energy Use
Waste & Emissions
Water, Sand
Natural Gas, Residual Fuel Oil, Electricity
GHGs, Heat, Waste Water, Vocs, Particulates, SOx,
Transportation: Pipeline Extracting Ethylene
Fuel
GHGs, Heat, Dust, Air Contaminants
Crude Oil
Residual Fuel Oil, Electricity
GHGs, Heat, Waste Water, VOCs, SOx, O2
Crude Oil Feed, Catalyst, Water,Heat, Propylene Monomer Gas
Natural Gas, Electricity Heat
GHGs, Heat, Waste Water, Vocs, SO2, Catalyst, Hydrocarbon Gas
Water, Sand
Natural Gas, Residual Fuel Oil, Electricity
GHGs, Heat, Waste Water, Vocs, Particulates, SOx,
Transportation: Pipeline Extracting Ethylene Convert to LDPE Pellets
Hydrophobic Fecal Bag
ISS
Process
Crude Oil
Crude Oil Feed, Catalyst, Water,Heat, Propylene Monomer Gas
Fuel
GHGs, Heat, Dust, Air Contaminants
Residual Fuel Oil, Electricity
GHGs, Heat, Waste Water, VOCs, SOx, O2
Natural Gas, Electricity Heat
GHGs, Heat, Waste Water, Vocs, SO2, Catalyst, Hydrocarbon Gas
Transportation: Truck
Packaging: Corrugated Boxes
Fuel
GHGs, SOx,NOx
Injection Molding
LDPE Pellets, Electricity, Heat, Water, Lubricating Oil
Electricity, Heat
GHGs, Waste Water, Waste Lubricant, Heat, VOCs, Particulates, Propane,
LDPE Film Extrusion
LDPE Pellets, Lubricating Oil
Electricity
GHGs, Waste Lubricant, Heat, Particulates
Manufacture Microporous Film
PP Pellets,Ntioxidants, Plasticizers, Fillers, Carbon Black, Lubricants
Electricity, Heat
GHGs, Waste Water, Waste Lubricant, Heat, VOCs, Particulates
PP Film Extrusion
PP Pellets, Lubricating Oil
Electricity
GHGs, Waste Lubricant, Heat, Particulates
Laminating
Adhesive
Pressure, Electricity, Natural Gas, Diesel, Heat
Heat Sealing
Adhesive
Pressure, Electricity, Natural Gas, Diesel, Heat
Packaging
(Waste Manage System) Transportation: Cargo Spacecraft
Energy(Fuel)
Particulates, Vocs, Dioxins, Methylethyl, Ch4, Propane, Alchohols, Solid Wastes, Waste Chemicals, Water, Heat GHGs, Heat, Partic ulates, VOCs, Dioxins, CO
CO2, Particulates, VOCs, Hydrochloric Acid, Dioxins, Furans, Heavy Metals, Carcinogens, CO, CH4, Nitrogen Gas, Hydrogen cyanide, Sulfur Dioxide, Sulfurous acid, Sulfuric Acid, Hydrogen Culfide, Hydrogen fluouride, Hydrogen Chloride, Hydrogen bromide, Hydrogen Iodide, Various Halogenated HCs, Phosgene, Phosphorus Oxides, Phosphoric Acid, Phosphane, Phosphate Esters, Aluminum
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Process High Impact
PP
No Impact
Global Warming
Ozone Layer Depletion
Acid Rain/ Acidification
Solid Waste
Land Degradation
Extracting Crude Oil
ISS
Low Impact
Resource Depletion
Positive Impact
Transportation: Pipeline Extracting Ethylene
Hydrophobic Fecal Bag
LDPE
Convert to PP Pellets Convert to LDPE Pellets Transportation: Truck Injection Molding LDPE Film Extrusion Manufacture Microporous Film PP Film Extrusion Laminating Heat Sealing Packaging Transportation: Cargo Spacecraft Disposal
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Okala Score
Key Finding From LCA
BILL-OF-MATERIAL
AMOUNT UNIT
OKALA FACTOR POINTS
PP, primary
25.28
/lb
1.9
/lb
48.032
LDPE, primary
75.85
/lb
1.5
/lb
113.775
Film Blow Molding
101.13
/lb
0.9
/lb
91.017
Aluminum alloy
466.67
/lb
5.8
/lb
2706.686
Al Sheet rolling
466.67
/lb
0.38
/lb
177.3346
AL Metal Working
466.67
/lb
2.8
/lb
1306.676
Paper, sec.
22.57
/lb
0.37
/lb
8.3509
Air freight, cont.
240.24
/ton-mi
3
UNIT
OKALA IMPACT POINT
/ton-mi 720.72
5172.5915 0.5904784817
Storage Canister Dominated impact from the aluminum canisters which are used between stages. These disposable products use are from raw material extraction. Impact/ product lifetime Lifetime hours
Disposal Incinerate with re-entry cargo spacecraft in Earth’s atmosphere cause huge environmental impact. This linear solution is impractical for deep space mission.
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Key Takeaways From Research
No Effective Way to Process Waste Instantly A lot of time and space is wasted for collecting and storing the waste between steps. Solid waste mainly rely on the incineration at the Earth’s atmosphere. Therefore, waste was accumulated till next cargo re-entry.
Massive Use Of Disposable Material
Human waste management system on ISS
Disposable containers and bags are heavily used in order to collect between steps.
Dependent on Earth Current waste management still rely on Earth for re-supply and incineration.
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Goal
Strategies
Reduce the Use of Disposable Material Disposable containers and bags are heavily used in order to collect between steps.
Enhance Efficiency Time and space is wasted to accumulate and store the waste between each steps.
-Develop reusable product -Use recycled material instead of making out of raw material -Develop methods to instantly process the waste -Change the structure of the product and make portion of it for long term use. -Repurpose the disposable material -Use flexible structure for storage - Methods to instantly process the waste -Stackable container
Independent From Earth Current system still rely on resupply and incineration at Earth. This is not a solution for lunar/ deep space exploration.
-Repurpose human waste into resource. The priority needs for deep space exploration: radiation shielding fertilizer air filtration Construction material life support needs - Process waste immediately instead of storage
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Refining current system is not enough, as we move on to moon and further deep space exploration, this will no longer be an accessible and sutainable method.
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Mission Statement The current human waste management for space(ISS) is a linear system. This cause a huge financial cost and evironmental impact. Also currently, there’s no method to process the waste instanly, which create waste for space and time. Consider The Earth won’t be an accessible resource for lunar mission. There’s a needs to develop a tangible and sustainable solution for deep space exploration, which helps create a closed-loop system.
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Concept Development
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Direction - 1 Improve Current WMS
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Direction - 2 Use Feces Char Habitat Radiation Protection
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Direction - 3 Use Feces Char (Acticated Carbon) Air Filtration
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Direction - 4 Use Feces Char Fertilization
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Direction - 5 CO2->CH4 Propellent
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Torrefaction One of The LRR technologies that relates to human waste management LRR: Logistics Reduction and Repurposing
Universal Waste Management Systems (UWMS)
Urine
Urine Processor Assembly (UPA)
Feces
Torrefaction Processing Unit (TPU)
Water
Water Processor Assembly (WPA)
CO2
Brine
Char
Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA)
Feces char after torrefaction process has the potential to become material for polymer filler, radiation shielding or air filtration, etc.
[21] Serio, Michael A., Joseph E. Cosgrove, Marek A. Wójtowicz3, Thomas J. Stapleton, Tim A. Nalette, Michael K. Ewert, Jeffrey Lee, and John Fisher. “Torrefaction Processing for Human Solid Waste Management.” NASA Technical Reports Server. NASA, 14 July 2016. Web. 13 Mar. 2017. [3] Broyan, James L., Michael K. Ewert, and Patrick W. Fink. “Logistics Reduction Technologies for Exploration Missions.” AIAA SPACE 2014 Conference and Exposition (2014) DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Radiation Shielding Disk
Universal Waste Management Systems (UWMS)
Feces
Torrefaction Processing Unit (TPU)
Char
Heat Melt Compactor (HMC)
Plastic Tile
[21] Serio, Michael A., Joseph E. Cosgrove, Marek A. Wójtowicz3, Thomas J. Stapleton, Tim A. Nalette, Michael K. Ewert, Jeffrey Lee, and John Fisher. “Torrefaction Processing for Human Solid Waste Management.” NASA Technical Reports Server. NASA, 14 July 2016. Web. 13 Mar. 2017. [3] Broyan, James L., Michael K. Ewert, and Patrick W. Fink. “Logistics Reduction Technologies for Exploration Missions.” AIAA SPACE 2014 Conference and Exposition (2014) DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Radiation On The Moon Radiation Protection for Lunar Outpost Mission
The surface of the Moon is baldly exposed to cosmic rays (GCR) and solar flares (SPEs). For a long-term mission, the constant bombardment of cosmic rays delivers a steady does. Solar proton events are relatively rare with one or two events per solar cycle. But adequate protection still needed since it can deliver a very high dose in a short period of time. The amount of shielding required to protect the astronaut will depends on the time and duration of the mission.
Ref: [22][23][24]
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Material for Radiation Protection Effectiveness and Requirement
Radiation BFO annual limit: 50 rem/yr Per-unit-mass, materials with a high hydrogen content are leading shielding candidates. Included are water, polyethylene and lithium hydride. Water shield thickness: 25~30 cm Polyethlene shield thickness: 19 cm BFO= blood-forming organs
Material Comparison of radiation mitigation performance
Equivalent water thickness
Ref: [22][23][24] DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Lunar Regolith for Radiation Shielding? It has been proposed to use lunar regolith for radiation shielding. (Wilson et al., 1990) Regolith shield thickness: 50cm
But - Cost of mining material for use is high. (digging, transporting, and placing the regolith) - Very labor intensive, taking up much of the crew’s time during the early missions
Use water + Polyethlene will be a more efficient and effective solution
- Less effective and much thicker wall is required
Since the resources are very limited on the moon, how could I combine these two materials and create product for radiation protection? DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Habitat on Lunar Surface Design Structure for Long-Term Outpost Mission
Cylindrical & spherical form are both suitable Both form have similar result for BFO radiation dose estimation. Also, the shapes are symmetrical and rounded which avoid pressure tension. Rigid Instead of Inflatable
X
Inflatable structural for a lunar base can speed up the construction process while lessening the costs. However, an unsupported inflatable will collapse from its own weight in the event of a loss of pressure, so the possibility of a puncture will be a problem.
O
Rigid structures provides certain robustness and high puncture resistance. It can be designed to accommodate all load cases at the same time without the need for a secondary structure. However, it requires higher mass and transportation volume.
Rigid structure will be a more practical solution for long-term outpost mission.
Ref: [22][26]
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Ref: [22][26]
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Final Concept Development Functionality: Provide radiation protection to mitigate the dose <50 rem/ yr
Material:
The Habitat
Use repurposed plastic tile. Might incorporate water, will have dual usage in the future
Form: Spherical/ Cylindrical Rigid structure Modular system. Easy to repair or replace.
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Final Concept Development
Reservoir = Radiation Shield
Inspired plant leaf, creates a vascular system for the habitat.
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Use the reticulate typed venation to create a network-like vascular system for water.
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Final Design Process Use dome as an example for the habitat form
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Final design Assume the repurposed plastic tile could be printable material.
The frame is in one piece. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hollowed inside which allow water to flow.
The frame The frame will be the female part which allow the panel to fasten on.
The Panel Each panel carry the reticulate venation found on leaf.
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Final design Hierarchy of the venation Each panel carry the reticulate venation found on leaf.
Allow water to go through.
1 2 mushroom head fasten on the frame.
3
cross-section of the panel DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Building process
Frame: 3D print robot
rover to transport the construction material
Crew memberâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role will mainly be supervising the build and repairing and damage during the process
Panel: 3D printer
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Other Consideration This radiation shield provides radiation protection and the structure for habitat. However there are still some consideration: Sealing: Soft material such as rubber is needed in order to seal the whole pipe system. However, we still know need more information about the property of the material on the moon in order to integrate. (Thermal expansion coefficient) Protection against temperature extremes, thermal shock and gradual dust accumulation
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LCA of New Solution
Food (Dry) Drinking Water
Simplified Schematic
Urine
Feces
Pretreatment
Gas/ Liquid, Solid Separation 2 Hydrophobic Fecal Bag, 3 Wipe
Process Pretreated Urine
Process Waste Water
Compress
Torrefaction
Urine Brine
Refillable Water Bag
Potable Water
Heat Melt Compactor
Disposal Plastic tile for radiation shield DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Lunar Habitat Feces Inputs
Process
Outputs
[ Fecal Collection System]
2
Feces, Air(Habitat), Hydrophobic Fecal Bag, 3 Wipe, Electricity (Solar Power),
Waste Collect System
Air Filtration
air flow for bolus separation (vacuum)
AirC
Odor(Charcoal)/ Bacteria Filter
Gas/ Liquid, Solid Separation dry solid waste, vacuum source causes some of the original vapors and vaporized liquids to pass through the membrane liner
Electricity (Solar Power)
Air(Habitat), Electricity (Solar Power) Heat
Compress
lean Habitat Air Particles Heat
Heat, Air
compress by motorized fecal compactor
Air Filtration
Torrefaction
Recover water, CO2
200~300deg C mild pyrolysis
(product Char)
N/A
Heat Melt Compactor blend with recycled plastic
Repurposed plastic tile
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Comparison of the Okala Score
BILL-OF-MATERIAL
AMOUNT UNIT
OKALA FACTOR POINTS
UNIT
OKALA IMPACT POINT
BILL-OF-MATERIAL
AMOUNT UNIT
OKALA FACTOR POINTS
UNIT
OKALA IMPACT POINT
PP, primary
25.28
/lb
1.9
/lb
48.032
PP, primary
25.28
/lb
1.9
/lb
48.032
LDPE, primary
75.85
/lb
1.5
/lb
113.775
LDPE, primary
75.85
/lb
1.5
/lb
113.775
Film Blow Molding
101.13
/lb
0.9
/lb
91.017
Film Blow Molding
101.13
/lb
0.9
/lb
91.017
Aluminum alloy
466.67
/lb
5.8
/lb
2706.686
Paper, sec. Impact/ product lifetime
22.57
/lb
0.37
/lb
8.3509
Al Sheet rolling
466.67
/lb
0.38
/lb
177.3346
bio-textile incineration Lifetime hours
714
/lb
0.012
/lb
8.568
AL Metal Working
466.67
/lb
2.8
/lb
1306.676
comprssion molding
NA
/lb
0.73
/lb
NA
Paper, sec.
22.57
/lb
0.37
/lb
8.3509
269.7429 0.03079256849
Air freight, cont.
240.24
/ton-mi
3
/ton-mi 720.72
5172.5915 0.5904784817
Note: - Only the process methods change, no additional material added - The actual output of terrofaction and Heat Melt Compactor still need more information and study to precisely conduct LCA and Okala score. DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Conclusion In this new solution, the containers are no longer needed, which also eliminate big part of the environmental impact. The new design is able to provide an application to repurpose human waste and help create a closed-loop system. The solution will no longer need cargo vehicle to transport the human waste back to the Earth, and no need for resupply for the container. The design provide an effective solution for radiation protection then the conventional proposal of using lunar regolith.
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Citation [1] Barta, Daniel J., Karen D. Pickering, Pensinger Leticia Vega, Michael Flynn, Andrew Jackson, and Raymond Wheeler. “A Biologically-Based Alternative Water Processor for Long Duration Space Missions.” NASA Johnson Space Center, n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2017. [2] “Closing the Loop - Disposal, Re-Use, Recycling, and the Environment.” (2011): 405-31. Living in Space. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Web. 4 Mar. 2017. [3] Broyan, James L., Michael K. Ewert, and Patrick W. Fink. “Logistics Reduction Technologies for Exploration Missions.” AIAA SPACE 2014 Conference and Exposition (2014) [4] Hintze, Paul E., Anne Caraccio, Stephen M. Anthony, Robert Devor, James G. Captain, Alexandra Tsoras, and Mononita Nur. “Trash-to-Gas: Using Waste Products to Minimize Logistical Mass During Long Duration Space Missions.” AIAA SPACE 2013 Conference and Exposition (2013) [5] Litwiller, Eric, John A. Hogan,, and John W. Fisher,. SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE DRYING BAG. The United States of America as Represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC (US), assignee. Patent 794909367 B1. 17 Feb. 2009. Print. [6] “Peepoople.” PeePoople. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2017. [7] Lionel, Borenstein. SELF-ADHERING VAPOR PERMEABLE AIR AND MOISTURE BARRIER MEMBRANE. Bakor Inc, assignee. Patent US 6,901,712 B2. 7 June 2005. Print. [8] Carrasquillo, Robyn. “ISS Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) Future Development for Exploration.” 2 Nd Annual ISS Research and Development Conference (n.d.): n. pag. NASA. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. [9] Hart, Angela. Internal Cargo Integration. Rep. International Space Station, n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2017. [10] Spaleta, Steve. “Space Station ‘Potty’ Swap - Astronaut Demonstrates | Video.” Space.com. NASA, 1 Apr. 2014. Web. 12 Mar. 2017. [11] Pedro Lopez Jr., Eric Schultz, Bryan Mattfeld, Chel Stromgren, and Kandyce Goodliff. “Logistics Needs for Potential Deep Space Mission Scenarios Post Asteroid Redirect Crewed Mission.” NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2017. [12] Cristoforetti, Samantha. “L+68 to L+71 Logbook: Well, Here We Are. Ten Weeks Have Passed Already: Don’...” Collections - Google+. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2017. (Astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti’s logbook) [13] ”MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL - INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION PROGRAM (AUG 2005).” EverySpec Standards. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2017. [14] Carter, Layne, Christopher Brown, and Nicole Orozco. “Status of ISS Water Management and Recovery.” Ntrs.nasa.gov. NASA, 2014. Web. 12 Mar. 2017 DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
[15]Broyan, James Lee. “Waste Collector System Technology Comparisons for Constellation Applications.” SAE Technical Paper Series (2007): [16] Anderson, Molly S., and Imelda C. Stambaugh. “Exploring Life Support Architectures for Evolution of Deep Space Human Exploration” NASA. International Conference on Environmental Systems, 16 July 2015. Web. 27 Feb. 2017. [17] Stapleton, Thomas J., James L. Broyan, Shelly Baccus, and William Conroy. “Development of a Universal Waste Management System.” 43rd International Conference on Environmental Systems (2013): n. pag. Web. [18] Gentry, Gregory J. “International Space Station (ISS) Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) System Overview of Events: 2015-2016.” NASA. 46th International Conference on Environmental Systems, n.d. Web. 8 Mar. 2017 [19] Hintze, Paul, Edgardo Santiago-Maldonado, Michael Kulis, John Lytle, John Fisher, Jeffrey Lee, Helen Vaccaro, Michael Ewert, and James Broyan. “Trash to Supply Gas (TtSG) Project Overview.” AIAA SPACE 2012 Conference & Exposition (2012): n. pag. Web. [20] Dwight E., Donald Layne Carter, and Scott Higbie. “Development of an Advanced Recycle Filter Tank Assembly for the ISS Urine Processor Assembly.” NASA. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautic, n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2017. [21] Serio, Michael A., Joseph E. Cosgrove, Marek A. Wójtowicz3, Thomas J. Stapleton, Tim A. Nalette, Michael K. Ewert, Jeffrey Lee, and John Fisher. “Torrefaction Processing for Human Solid Waste Management.” NASA Technical Reports Server. NASA, 14 July 2016. Web. 13 Mar. 2017. [22] Simonsen, Lisa C., and John E. Nealy. “Radiation Protection for Human Missions to the Moon and Mars.” NASA Technical Reports Server. NASA; United States, 1 Feb. 1991. Web. 20 Mar. 2017. The Moon http://science.jrank.org/pages/3869/Leaf-Venation.html
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Early Stage Citation Sauer, Richard L., and George K. Jorgensen. "Chapter 2/ WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM." SP-368 Biomedical Results of Apollo. N.p.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1975. N. pag. NASA. NASA. Web. 14 Feb. 2017. Editor, Megan Gannon News. “The Scoop on Space Poop: How Astronauts Go Potty.” Space.com. SPACE.com, 29 Aug. 2013. Web. 14 Feb. 2017.
Fink, Patrick W. “RFID-Enabled Autonomous Logistics Management (REALM) (RFID Logistics Awareness) - 11.22.16.” NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2017. Broyan, James L., Michael K. Ewert, and Patrick W. Fink. “Logistics Reduction Technologies for Exploration Missions.” AIAA SPACE 2014 Conference and Exposition (2014): n. pag. Web. Stapleton, Thomas J., James L. Broyan, Shelly Baccus, and William Conroy. “Development of a Universal Waste Management System.” 43rd International Conference on Environmental Systems (2013): n. pag. Web. Hintze, Paul E., Anne Caraccio, Stephen M. Anthony, Robert Devor, James G. Captain, Alexandra Tsoras, and Mononita Nur. “Trash-to-Gas: Using Waste Products to Minimize Logistical Mass During Long Duration Space Missions.” AIAA SPACE 2013 Conference and Exposition (2013): n. pag. Web. “NASA-supported Researchers Are Working to Develop a Fuel Cell That Can Extract Electricity from Human Waste.” NASA. NASA, 2004. Web. 22 Feb. 2017. Blenner, Mark. “Synthetic Biology for Recycling Human Waste into Nutraceuticals.” NASA. NASA, 27 Aug. 2015. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.
Broyan, James Lee. “Waste Collector System Technology Comparisons for Constellation Applications.” SAE Technical Paper Series (2007): Hintze, Paul, Edgardo Santiago-Maldonado, Michael Kulis, John Lytle, John Fisher, Jeffrey Lee, Helen Vaccaro, Michael Ewert, and James Broyan. “Trash to Supply Gas (TtSG) Project Overview.” AIAA SPACE 2012 Conference & Exposition (2012): n. pag. Web. Anderson, Molly S., and Imelda C. Stambaugh. “Exploring Life Support Architectures for Evolution of Deep Space Human Exploration” NASA. International Conference on Environmental Systems, 16 July 2015. Web. 27 Feb. 2017. “Waste Collection System.” NASA. Ed. Kim Dismukes. NASA, 7 Apr. 2002. Web. 26 Feb. 2017
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Appendix a. Lunar Architecture
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Lunar Architecture Exploration Science Planetary Science
How? Collect samples of lunar surface and crust. Why? Lunar surface records the geological processes of an active planet 4.6~3 billion years ago. Understand it will help to recover for clues to the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate and life from incomplete terrestrial record. Related themes Bombardment of the Earth-Moon system -Bombardment history of the inner Solar System -Late Heavy Bombardment -Impactor flux and impactor-induced mass extinction Lunar processes and history Permanent shadowed area Regolith records Sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Lunar Architecture Exploration Science Natural Laboratory
How? ex: Studies of cell growth and evolution in 1/6 gravity Why? A vacuum, fractional gravity and non-radiation environment may affect (biological) processes. To understand the long-term effects on human physiology and psychology
Related themes Biomedicine -Cause of genomic damage -Synergy between lunar expedition and terrestrial biomedical advances -Earth-based pathogenesis & environmental health hazard
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Lunar Architecture Exploration Science Resource Extraction & Outpost Engineering
How? -Mapping the deposits from orbit (robotic precursor mission) -Examining on the ground -Experimenting extraction processes Why? To understand resource distribution and state in order to harvest and use. The potential for human lunar return in permanent shadow area.
Related themes Using the Moonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resources -Resource extraction -Enhance human exploration capabilities on the Moon, cislunar space, and beyond Astronomy DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Lunar Architecture Lunar Resources Development Nearly-permanent illuminated — Solar Power Crater rims near the poles will be bathed in gentle but nearly-permanent sunlight. Steady sunshine provides a reliable source of power for long-term expeditions.
Permanent Shadow Area -Water Ice Sunlight never shines on the floors of some craters near the Moon’s poles, which makes it capable of forming water ice.
The Moon’s axis tilts only 1.5 degrees from the ecliptic plane which makes PSR happen
South pole of the Moon
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA
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Lunar Architecture Lunar Resources microwaved into glass
building material
bulldozed into berm
provide blast shield
iron/ aluminum
regolith
40% of lunar soil grain of the regolith absorb solar wind.
chemical reduction process
heated to 700°c 50-100 ppm
oxygen hydrogen
carbon/ nitrogen/ sulfur
LOX/ hydrogen propulsion system
oxygen
water ice
hydrogen 1/100 less energy than extract from regolith anhydrous glass/ other substances DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Lunar Architecture
crew-centered control
Mars-Forward Testing The operational techniques and exploration systems to live and work on different planetary surface will share similar strategies & function
Earth-Mars communication delay:20 mins
Earth centered teleoperation of robotic explorer from a central planetary outpost
Supporting infrastructure habitation power generation surface mobility surface communication & navigation dust mitigation planetary protection DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Lunar Architecture Lunar Surface Traffic Model
Precursor Robotic Mission
Human Sorties
Outpost Operation (IOC 2022)
Outpost Mission Surface Activities Long-term activities on the lunar surface during sustained operations at lunar outpost
Detail scientific investigation & construct large science facilities ISRU from demonstration to production (ex: life support consumable, spacecraft propellant, construction materials) Long term effects on the human body â&#x20AC;&#x201D; fractional gravity/ radiation/ lunar dust/ isolation Mars-forward testing Commercial opportunities DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Lunar Architecture Surface Mission Outpost need final assembly, crew members will lives in LSAM
Precursor Robotic Mission
Precursor Robotic Mission The outpost mostly deployed and delivered robotically prior to arrival of first outpost crew.
Human Sorties
Lunar outpost crew mission crew size: 4 duration: 6 months a crew rotation every 6 months uncrewed cargo missions every 6 months (3 months offset from crew missions)
Outpost Operation
crew rotation
8 people occupying the outpost
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Lunar Architecture Surface Outpost Mission Activities & limitations
Cargo mission Deliver supplies and equipment A more balanced schedule of EVA & IVA
Notional Schedule for a Typical week at the Lunar Outpost
Sustained EVA over the 6-months will be limited - Extreme radiation - Accumulated dose each crew member receives -Fatiguing nature of EVA operations -Spacesuit maintenance & repair - Portable life support system logistics DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Lunar Architecture Surface Outpost Mission Transformation
Weekly basis Earth-dominated control
Local control & crew autonomy
Pressurized rover could extend the exploration range
Science Investigation (outpost mission)
Geoscience - Structure and formation process of the lunar regolith - Teleoperated robotic explorers - Perform preliminary chemical and mineralogical analysis - Impact and volcanism to understand solar system Other - Space physics & astronomy Life Science & Medical Operation - Long-term effects on human body - Medical care techniques (ex: preventive medicine/ telemedicine/ trauma care/ countermeasure procedures) Related Topics: bone loss/ cardiovascular/cardiopulmonary function/skeletal muscle status/ and neurological function
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
ISRU
Lunar Architecture
demonstration
Resource Utilization
Construction of berms (protect surface assets from landing spacecraft) Ability to extract metal & silicon
ISRU technologies will be scaled up to production-level plants and facilities
Self-sufficient life support consumable Incorporation
Propellants for spacecraft Development of feedstock
Reusable spacecraft
*In-situ manufacturing and repair might be difficult
Required Surface System Capabilities
To support frequent and substantial EVA - Space suits that are flexible and lightweight, yet durable and maintainable after 8 hours of work -Efficient airlock -Enhanced surface mobility system
Robotic system which is capable of teleoperation by the outpost crew or operators from Earth
Analytical labs and equipments which will support biological investigations.
Subsurface exploration (involves drilling, trenching, geophysical profiling)
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Appendix b. Strategy Assignments
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Use compliant mechanism
One Material
tong
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Power of 10 Use falling palm tree fronds to weave a belt
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Power of 10 Moon
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Power of 10 Moon - Cont. each blade
Maple seed?
Overlap with each other to fasten together
Like helical gear
Side view DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Power of 10 Moon - Cont.
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Re-purpose â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Radiation Shield Water & organic materials can both be effective shields against radiation exposure
ECLSS
Water Recovery Human Waste UWMS
Torrefaction Processing
Torrefied Residue
The filling for radiation shield?
Torrefied sample from fecal simulant
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Fecal filling Repurpose MTCB for radiation shielding
MTCB
Tile for radiation shielding
Shielding tile from fecal waste
3D print building material from lunar regolith
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Biomimicry
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Appendix c. Personal Consumption
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Activities Water
Energy (Electricity/Gas)
Drink Shower Restroom Wash Laundry Other
Transportation (Miles) Laptop Use(Hrs) Cook/Heating (Gas) Laundry Dryer( Light Other
Unit: Gallon
Unit: Electricity (KWH)
Waste (Trash/ Recycle/compostables) Meal(Food/ Container) Material(Packaging/ Disposable waste)
Unit: lb
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Use Google Sheet to document
Water
Energy (Electricity/Gas)
Waste (Trash/ Recycle/Compostable)
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
Visualize Compare to Average (%)
Water
Electricity
Gas
Electricity
Gas
Waste
My Weekly Comparison (%)
Water
Waste
Each weekâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s result is divided by 1st week to understand the increase and decrese percentage
DFS II Spring 2017 Shu Ou
14
14 14
wk1 wk1 wk1
Energy Waste
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