‘’a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is made.’’ A design is a plan or specification for the construction of an object or system or for the implementation of an activity or process, or the result of that plan or specification in the form of a prototype, product or process.
WHAT IS DESIGN?
DESIGN AS SUSTAINABILITY ? ‘’how the pattern will be laid out on flat fabric’’ Design decisions based on sustainability principles is more than using sustainable materials such as textiles, fabrics and dyes. When designing a new fashion product, you can incorporate sustainable principles in a sensible, practical manner without dismissing fundamental design principles. DESIGN AS IDENTITY ? ‘’Design the distinguishing character or personality of an individual object’’ Your corporate design assets are the tangible elements that will determine how your brand is perceived. Things like your logo, your packaging, your web design, your social media graphics, your business cards and the uniforms your employees wear. DESIGN AND CONTEXT ? ‘’Design of circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and then design the whole thing.’’ The context of a product is the circumstances or setting in which an object is used, and which add to its meaning. A customer's satisfaction with a product depends on the context of its use. Lets take an example -
Zomato. Like most other startups, India’s pioneering foodtech unicorn Zomato has seen many peaks and troughs in its journey. While there were some illustrious moments and accomplishments, there were troubled times too, some that even brought the very existence of the company into question. During the massive layoffs and losses of 2015, chances of Zomato’s survival seemed slim. In a belt tightening move, the company laid off about 300 employees — nearly 10% of its total headcount — to cut costs in its weaker business aspects and shift the focus to more revenue-generating areas like reservations. However, in Zomato’s decade of existence, this was the biggest rough spot the company actually ever hit. The rest of the time, founder and CEO Deepinder Goyal and cofounder Pankaj Chaddah (who left Zomato in 2018) steadfastly held on to the reins of the company and kept it on the path of growth and expansion, making it India’s first foodtech unicorn. While Zomato competes with Swiggy, UberEats and Ola-Foodpanda among others, the company still continues to innovate offerings and expand in the manner it has been doing since the day it all started. Zomato kicked off essentially as a rebranded version of the food directory services Foodiebay. Goyal and Chaddah, both IIT graduates and both working as analysts at Bain and Company back then, had started Foodiebay in 2008. In a matter of just nine months, FoodieBay became the largest restaurant directory in Delhi NCR. After two successful years, the company was rebranded Zomato and since then there was no looking back. With support from its investors and multiple rounds of consecutive funding, Zomato built not only its valuation but also an interesting portfolio of investors which includes Info Edge India, Sequoia, Vy Capital, Singapore-based investment firm Temasek, and Alibaba’s Ant Financial. Ups and downs are something all startups see in their journey to becoming industry mammoths, how they handle their trying times and the decisions they take make or break them. Goyal and Chaddah have done a phenomenal job of keeping Zomato’s mast up and sailing, irrespective of the trying winds. Chaddah, while he was with the company, gave wings to many of Zomato’s new initiatives including Zomato Gold and its cloud kitchen concept. In a surprise turn of events early in 2018, Chaddah announced his decision to quit Zomato and take some time off before he became “professionally active” again. He continues to own his stake of 3.11% in Zomato. The company is now looking to raise more funding with a view to expand its service portfolio and reach new markets. On homeground, Zomato is battling it out with its biggest competitor — Swiggy — which too has reached unicorn status and within a shorter time period, and with more funding raised as per DataLabs By Inc42 analysis.
2019 And Beyond For Zomato. In terms of numbers, Zomato recorded a 225% rise in revenue in the first half of FY2020. According to the company’s biannual report, it has registered $205 Mn in revenue, compared to $63 Mn in the first half of last year. The report also mentioned that there has been a 40% decline in Zomato’s EBITDA (earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization) loss from March to September 2019. The company has also pointed out that its monthly burn rate, which measures the rate at which a company is losing money, is down by 60%. In August 2019, during the #logout campaign, the restaurants listed on the food aggregator had called out Zomato for eating into their margins through Gold and Infinity Dining feature, which provided heavy discounts. The restaurant association highlighted issues such as “unreasonably high commissions, payment terms and arbitrarily applied additional charges” that restaurants have been charged to be a part of Zomato Gold. After #logout campaign, Zomato discontinued Infinity dining service, altered Gold rules amid multiple rounds of layoffs — the company also witnessed protests from delivery partners. Despite facing these issues, Zomato claimed to have registered an increase of 177% of restaurant partners after getting an additional 73K restaurants on board. In the H1FY20, the food aggregator and delivery startup has around 119K restaurants, compared to 43K last year. The controversial Zomato Gold service has registered a 180% increase with 1.4 Mn users. With an eventful FY20, Zomato’s rival Swiggy has also been out on the block seeking fresh funds. The Bengaluru-based food delivery unicorn is also in talks to raise $500 Mn fresh funds led by Naspers at a valuation of $3.3 Bn. Even as the two foodtech giants battle it out, there’s a bigger player on the horizon with Amazon about to launch its food delivery and cloud kitchen services in India.
THEME
THEME. ‘’a theme is a preset package containing all the ideas appearance details.’’ It is a fully responsive theme with a minimalist design. THEME AND CONTEXT. The Fashion in Context theme highlighted the importance of fashion as a tool of communication and engagement to raise social issues and generated new project ideas. There are more than 25+ fashion blogs, fashion looks. Lets talk about that…
Different Types of Fashion Styles.
1. Vintage Style One of the most adorable fashion styles, it definitely is a blast from the past. From flapper dresses to pinup clothing and from retro swimwear to indie clothing, the vintage look is a culmination of fashion from the 20’s to the 70’s. It is the one trend that overcame the test of time.
2. Bohemian Fashion Style The best way to describe bohemian would be to use the word non-traditional. A style which is similar to arty, bohemian style uses extravagant and wild patterns on exotic textures. It can be characterized as an inspiration from gypsy and hippie looks. It is more commonly referred to as ‘Boho’.
3. Chic Fashion Style Chic is characterized by being trendy and fashionable. It is a type of statement to make oneself look smart and striking. Whoever follows this style makes sure to choose well tailored stylish designs that are pretty classy. Strong colors which are not extravagant, comes as a part of the chic style. It is something that relates to being casual in not so casual way. If you are part of this style, your wardrobe is a symbol of style.
4. Tomboy Fashion Style Basically for the ones who do not want to be dressed like a woman. They do not abide by the usual norms of what a woman should wear. To put it lightly, they prefer black over pink. Most of their clothing are a bit baggy and focuses more on graphic T-Shirts and Shirts from the boy’s selection. They do not prefer light colours and frills or laces. It can ask so be described as simple and modern. A boyish look is what they prefer over the classy, elegant looks.
5. Casual Fashion Style Casual is a combination of elegance with comfort. This simple style has caught up well with the passage of time and is one of the most sought after fashion styles as of now. None of the exotic and bold items will be in the wardrobe of a woman who follows casual fashion. They would prefer to put on a white T-Shirt and black pants over tight and uncomfortable exotics any day. They tend to keep it simple and match the accessories with whatever the simple clothing they are wearing.
6. Sexy Fashion Style It is all about showing off your best features. Let all the best things about your out there to get the attention of male. Mostly accompanied by heels, shorts or tight skirts, this style leaves the bare minimum for imagination. Exposure is to be at the maximum and as much as skin is shown. Tight fitting tops are chosen to show off the features like breasts and stomach. This is the type of fashion which is not every woman’s cup of tea. You got a lot of guts to pull off this one.
7. Rocker Fashion Style Vintage T-Shirts, ripped jeans and leather jacket – three words that describe the rocker look. It is one of the most versatile style of fashion which keeps changing depending on the genre of music, the band and the person who choose to wear it. Be it heavy metal giant Megadeth’s T-Shirt or grunge rockers Nirvana’s hoodie, the selection seems to be uncountable. There are no baggy apparels in this style. Most of the clothes chosen are a tad bit smaller in size. It all depends on the wearer and what music they love and support.
8. Sophisticated Fashion Style The people who prefer this are the ones who require everything at best quality. Nothing satisfies them if it is not worth the trouble. They often look for styles that make a statement on the quality, polished manner and culture. Most of them are the ones who are from higher status and are also in a way related to how a businesswoman would dress up. Sophisticated can be characterized as businesswoman minus the formal look. Culture and luxury mean the most to the people who choose this style of fashion.
9. Artsy Fashion Style Arty as the names suggest, invokes the independent creativity of the person. These are usually the ones who want to make a statement of their own by the clothes they wear. Most of the times, they are the creators of their own fashion style. They do not follow the traditional norms and make the path for themselves. The unconventional for of art leads to innovating very many interesting forms of trends which are not restricted by the usual textbook nature of creating fashion.
10. Preppy Fashion Style The college look would be the tag most suitable for the preppy look. The collared T-Shirts are matched and A-line skirts are matched with girly blouses that are lined up in their wardrobe. A cute little headband and geeky glasses mostly do accompany with this style. The geeky look might seem to be an expensive style, but it is not required to shell out much to get this look as it is not that luxurious.
HERE ARE SOME OF MY LOOKS I take some of my pictures in ethics or we can say that traditional looks. And Ethnic wear are those category of clothing that are worn by women as well as men as a part of their culture. For women there are many ethnic wear like Sarees, Salwar Kameez, Kurtas, Lehenga, etc and for men kurtapyjama, sherwani, Dhoti kurta etc.
FASHION PHOTOSHOOT.
Here are some photoshoot, that contain a Puffy sleeve top and Paper bag skirt. This fashion style comes in Chic style, very classy and being casual not so casual way. High-waist midi skirt featuring a paper bag waist with belt is from H&M brand and The puffy sleeves are combined with bows, ruffles or other details that enhances a more romantic look is from Only brand.
WHAT IS BRAND? A brand is an identifying symbol, mark, logo, name, word, and/or sentence that companies use to distinguish their product from others. Companies become very closely associated with their brand, if not synonymous with, their brand. The more the brand is worth, the higher brand equity it is said to have. BRAND IDENTITY Brand identity is the visible elements of a brand, such as color, design, and logo, that identify and distinguish the brand in consumers' minds. Brand identity is distinct from brand image. BRAND IMAGE Creating a positive brand image through marketing efforts is vital to a business's success. A brand encompasses the consumer's complete experience with both the product and the company and the mix of
‘’is what we carrying as a outfit in day to day life, according to the trend’’ fashion is defined as the prevailing style of dress or behavior at any given time, with the strong implication that fashion is characterized by change. Well as Shakespeare wrote, "The fashion wears out more apparel than the man."
Fashion as Art
FASHION
Art doesn’t just appear in a museum or on a slab of a canvas. Art is everywhere. It’s in the music we sing, the words we write, and the clothes that make. As oxford dictionaries said “Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination” However Fashion is art. It’s a form of creative expression carried out by a designer and put on our blank canvassed bodies. When we start to look at fashion, and any other creative skill, our perception of it will change and we will have a better appreciation for it.
Fashion as Design Fashion design is the art of applying design, aesthetics and natural beauty to clothing and its accessories. It is influenced by cultural and social attitudes, and has varied over time and place. Fashion as Design focuses on a selection of more than 70 garments and accessories from around the world, ranging from kente cloth to jeans to 3D-printed dresses.
Fashion as context specific Designers use their perceptions of the relationships between garments ,styles and the state of fashion not just to evaluate their designs but also to selectively generate only appropriate designs.
GESTALT THEORY Great designers understand the powerful role that psychology plays in visual perception. What happens when someone’s eye meets your design creations? How does their mind react to the message your piece is sharing? To understand what makes UI design work, you need to understand the psychology of human perception. The fundamental law that governs a Gestalt principle is that we tend to order our experience in a manner that’s regular, orderly, and recognizable. This is what allows us to create meaning in a complex and chaotic world. And having a solid understanding of how these principles work will help you in three ways. • They’ll help you determine which design elements are most effective in a given situation. For example, when to use visual hierarchy, background shading, gradients, and how to group similar items and distinguish different ones. • These psychological principles hold power to influence our visual perception, which allows designers to direct our attention to specific points of focus, get us to take specific actions, and create behavioral change. • And finally, at the highest level, the Gestalt principles help you design products that solve the customer’s problem or meet the user’s need in a way that’s beautiful, pleasing, and intuitive to use. There are seven Gestalt laws or principles that directly apply to modern design, and share some examples of how they’re used in UI design. This isn’t an exhaustive list, but you’ll quickly begin to notice that there’s an overlap between many of the principles and that they all work together fluidly.
GESTALT PRINCIPAL OF VISUAL PERCEPTION 1: Figure-ground The figure-ground principle states that people instinctively perceive objects as either being in the foreground or the background. They either stand out prominently in the front (the figure) or recede into the back (the ground). This determination will occur quickly and subconsciously in most cases. Figure/Ground lets us know what we should be focusing on and what we can safely ignore in a composition.
2: Similarity The principle of similarity states that when things appear to be similar to each other, we group them together. And we also tend to think they have the same function. For instance, in this image, there appear to be two separate and distinct groups based on shape: the circles and the squares. A variety of design elements, like color and organization, can be used to establish similar groups.
3: Proximity The principle of proximity states that things that are close together appear to be more related than things that are spaced farther apart. Proximity is so powerful that it overrides similarity of color, shape, and other factors that might differentiate a group of objects.
4: Common region The principle of common region is highly related to proximity. It states that when objects are located within the same closed region, we perceive them as being grouped together. Adding borders or other visible barriers is a great way to create a perceived separation between groups of objects—even if they have the same proximity, shape, color, etc.
5: Continuity The principle of continuity states that elements that are arranged on a line or curve are perceived to be more related than elements not on the line or curve. In the side image , for example, the red dots in the curved line seem to be more related to the black dots on the curved line than to the red dots on the straight horizontal line. That’s because your eye naturally follows a line or a curve, making continuation a stronger signal of relatedness than the similarity of color.
6: Closure The principle of closure states that when we look at a complex arrangement of visual elements, we tend to look for a single, recognizable pattern. In other words, when you see an image that has missing parts, your brain will fill in the blanks and make a complete image so you can still recognize the pattern. For example, when you look at the side image you most likely see a zebra even though the image is just a collection of black shapes. Your mind fills in the missing information to create a recognizable pattern based on your experience.
7: Focal point The focal point principle states that whatever stands out visually will capture and hold the viewer’s attention first. When you look at the image above, for example, the first thing you notice is the red square because it’s different than all of the black circles around it. It’s the first point of interest that grabs your attention, and from there your attention moves to other parts of the image.
If you understand how the human mind works, it’s easier to direct people’s attention to the right place. And keeping these principles top-of-mind will help you keep the user at the center of your product development process. If you want to learn more about the Gestalt principles of visual perception, we recommend checking out the resources below.
1. Facing the Camera The most basic model poses are probably the hardest to master. With both shoulders framed squarely in the lens of the camera, images tend to come out flat and boring. It's up to the model to add depth and life. Tip your head to one side, run a hand through your hair, or move one shoulder closer to the camera. Move one leg behind the other to frame your hips differently, and remember to bend your knees and elbows. All of these things change the look and mood of the final product dramatically.
2. Movement Pose Photos that are taken in motion always look more lively and creative. A model may run, walk or jump in the air. Capturing a movement with a camera is a complicated process which requires hard work from both a model and a photographer. But the final result will be definitely worth your time and effort. But don’t forget about photoshopping portraits especially taken in motion to remove distracting blurriness.
3. Crossing Ankles/legs It is one of the best portrait poses for women, as it is suitable for any type of the body. This rather casual but striking pose visually elongates the model's legs and narrows her hips. A model can not only stand but also sit in such a pose and will still look amazing. t is one of the most natural, carefree and casual portrait photography poses male. A model leans against a wall or any other surface and has a number of positions to choose from, for instance, lean not with his back, but with one arm or shoulder.
4. Seating
There exist a lot of variations of such a pose. It is quite universal and can transfer various emotions – from strength and power to calmness and sensitivity.
5. The Strolling Pose Male portraits look more appealing when they are taken in motion. For such a pose, ask a model to straighten his body and keep his head up while walking. He should also lengthen his usual stride in order to accentuate the pose.
6. Standing Poses Poses done while standing come in a few basic varieties. These model photography poses are easily the most versatile and can be done indoors, outdoors, or in the studio.
7. Against a Wall Walls are just another prop to play with. In standing poses, you can lean against the wall. Having a wall adds some drama and interest to the composition and gives the model another focal point to work with. Change whether you look at the wall, look away, or look at the photographer. The leg and arm positions with a wall to lean on are endless, and generally, all lead to amazing photos. As with profile poses, the straight lines of the wall emphasize posture and curves, so keep a tight core and make amazing lines with your body. If you want to show the constitution of a model in a creative manner, make him lean against a wall with one leg raised in a standing position. This pose can also be repeated when a model is seated.
8. Hands-OnWaist Poses This is the most suitable pose if you want to focus on the upper half of the body. It indicates the strong-willed and powerful character. A model can change the position of the body or turn her head a few times and you may create an array of photos.
9. Over the Shoulder Another significant modification is to look over your shoulder towards the camera. Be careful with your eyes when looking over the shoulder since if you extend your gaze too far, you will reveal too much white in your eyes. Instead, allow your gaze to follow your nose. Also, when looking over the shoulder, be conscious of shadows falling on your face, and position yourself accordingly.
10. Hands in Pockets or Holding Cufflinks
Putting hands in the pockets a man demonstrates calmness and determination. A model is free to choose, whether to put a whole or only a half of his hand in the pocket and show a thumb. When you need to put an emphasis on a model's masculinity, ask him to make it seem like he is fixing the cufflinks. Such a pose will add some dynamics and elegance to a shot.
11. Leaning Pose
A pose that will surely catch an eye is the one where a model gracefully leans against a wall. This pose nicely blends into a formal or casual atmosphere of the shots. A key to an excellent photo with such a pose is a model standing up straight.
12. Hands Up Pose
When a model is posing with her hands raised over the head, an emphasis is put on her body shape. It is one of those poses for portrait photos that depict the feminine sensuality. If you are looking for portrait photography ideas poses to highlight women's gracefulness, this might be the perfect one. For this pose, a model should place one hand on the shoulder and another one – on the top of her head. Suggest your model glance into the distance for a pensive and enigmatic look.
There are a lot of more poses and Fashion model poses are hard work. It takes study and practice to be a professional in the industry. Of course, this is just a sample list of a few poses to get you started. But once you master these basic photography poses, you are well on your way to getting the best model poses you can.
FASHION PHOTOGRAPHY LIGHTING TECHNIQUES 1. Ambient light
Ambient light is the light that surrounds the shooting area and is usually unwanted. 2. Background light Background light is the light that is set behind the subject to help eliminate shadows on the background. It can also be used to bring out detail in the background. 3. Backlight Backlight is used behind the subject to help separate them from the background. 4.Catch light Catch light is a light source that causes a specular highlight in the subject eyes. 5. Fill light Fill light will fill in any shadows to lighten them and control contrast. It help to balance out the lighting. 6. Hair light Hair light is used to emphasize the hair or help to separate dark hair from dark background. 7. Key light
8. Rim light Rim light falls under the backlight category but deserves a spot of its own. With backlight you often see the hazy or airiness from the light in the background resulting in highlights but you don’t have that with rim light. 9. Butterfly light With butterfly light, the light is placed above and in front of your subject to create a small shadow under the nose resembling a butterfly (hence the name). This type of light beautifully highlights prominent cheekbones which is why you most often see it used on women. 10. Loop light Loop lighting is pretty much my go-to when creating light. With loop lighting, the light is about 45 degrees to the side and slightly above eye level. 11. Flat light When you have your light source facing directly at the front of your subject, this is flat lighting. Flat lighting on a face will mean that your subject is well lit and you are unable to see any shadows along their face. 12. Broad light With broad light (a type of side lighting), the face of your subject is at an angle and the most well-lit side of the face is closest to the camera and the shadow falls on the back side of the face. This type of light can make a face look fuller so it’s ideal for those with very narrow faces. 13. Split light Split lighting is another type of side lighting, but it is defined as light
Essential Camera Shots, Angles and Movements. More than anything else, good cinematography is about choosing the right shots for your project. Although there’s practically an infinite variety of shots to choose from, we can break them down into basic categories. In this article, we’ll look at the 15 essential camera shots you need to know, and break them down into three groups: • Shot sizes • Camera angles • Camera movements Once you understand the basic principles of each type of shot, you can use them as building blocks to make more interesting combinations.
Shot Sizes
Shot size refers to how big or small the frame is in relation to the subject. Does your character fill the frame or are they so far away as to be nearly invisible? What else is visible in your shot? Multiple characters? Objects? Landscapes? Let’s look at the 5 most important shot sizes and see how they work:
1.Close-up (CU)
The close-up is one of the most common shot sizes in cinema. It’s used when you want to highlight the facial features of your character without any other distractions in the shot. A typical close-up shows the character’s face from their forehead to their chin. However, there’s room for some variation. An extreme closeup goes further, often showing nothing more than the character’s eyes. Think of a classic Western in which two characters stare each other down before a duel. This shot draws the viewer’s attention to facial features and expressions that would be lost in a wide shot.
2. Long shot (LS)
A long shot is in some ways the opposite of a close-up. It shows the character’s entire body in frame, from their head to their toes. This gives the viewer a better sense of the subject’s surroundings, and conveys information that would be lost in a close-up. Long shots are often used in action scenes, when it’s important to see how the character is moving through his or her environment. You might cut from that extreme close-up of your two dueling characters to a long shot that shows just how far they’re actually standing from each other, giving the viewer a better perspective on the scene. One variation of this shot is an extreme long shot, in which the character is so far away they’re nearly lost in the frame or obscured by their surroundings. Think of a character riding off into the sunset, getting smaller as they get further away from the camera.
3. Medium shot (MS)
The medium shot or mid shot is somewhere between a close-up and long shot. A typical medium shot shows the subject from their head to their waist. It’s close enough that you can still see their face, while also including some of their body language. You might use this shot when a character is carrying an object or pointing a gun. Or, if they’re sitting at a desk, you can show them writing in a book, while avoiding wasting valuable screen space on their feet or their knees. It’s also useful for when a character is moving through the frame, since it contains enough background information that the viewer doesn’t get disoriented.
4. Single, two shot, three shot
Another way to categorize a shot is by the number of people in the frame. We call this a single shot, a two shot, or a three shot, depending on how many people are in it. Typically, you’ll combine this with one of the other shot sizes we’ve already looked at. For example, you might use a two-shot close-up for a scene of two characters kissing. Three characters in an office might call for a medium three shot.
5. POV
Finally, there’s the POV or point-ofview shot. This is used when you want the viewer to see what the character is seeing or feel what they’re feeling. It can be a static shot or you can combine it with one of the camera motions that we’ll look at later.
Camera Angles The next category that we’ll look at is camera angle. Once you’ve decided on a shot size, you can add a bit more perspective to your shot by choosing an angle. The camera angle can help you create a sense of fear, empathy, or disorientation in the viewer.
1. Eye level
The most neutral camera angle is the eye level shot. The camera points straight ahead at about the same level as the subject’s face. This is how you would shoot an interview scene if you wanted to maintain a sense of objectivity. The goal is to let the viewer follow the action without manipulating their emotions. While it’s called “eye level,” it doesn’t have to be a shot of the character’s face. You can get an eye level shot of an object by maintaining a neutral camera angle.
2. Low angle A low-angle shot adds some subjectivity to the scene. Instead of facing straight ahead, the camera looks up at the subject from a low angle. This can make a character appear threatening, dominant, or in a position of power relative to another character. As with some of the other shots we’ve looked at, you can vary the intensity of it. A slight low angle might be used to convey a sense of authority, such as a teacher looking down at a student. An extreme low angle shot might be used to show a monster like Godzilla or King Kong bearing down on other characters.
3. High angle
The reverse of the low angle shot is the high angle shot, which creates the opposite impression, and makes the subject of the camera seem small. For example, a shot from King Kong’s POV might point down from a higher angle to show how powerless the characters are in relation to him. You can also take this to the extreme with a top angle or bird’s eye view. This shot looks down on the character from above and can be used indoors or outdoors. For example, you might look down on your subject entering a church or stadium. Or, you could use this to show your character running away from a helicopter, in which case it would be an aerial shot or a drone shot.
4. Dutch angle
A Dutch angle is one of the most common ways to convey disorientation. For this shot, simply tilt the camera to one side so it isn’t level with the horizon. You might use this shot to show the POV of a drunk character stumbling down the street, or in a horror movie to give the impression that the walls of a haunted house are closing in.
5. Over-theShoulder (OTS)
An over-the-shoulder shot is another angle that can shift a viewer’s perception of the scene. A OTS shot is generally a close-up of another character’s face from “over the shoulder” of another character and is used to convey conflict or confrontation. You could also use an OTS wide shot to show a character looking out over a landscape or moving through an action sequence, when you don’t want to use a POV.
Camera Movement The third category that we’ll look at is camera motion or movement. Most of the shot sizes and angles we’ve look at can be used as either static shots or moving shots. By adding motion to a scene, you can move between camera angles easily, sometimes even within the same shot. Let’s look at 5 common camera movements here:
1. Pan or tilt The simplest camera movement is a pan or tilt. A pan is when you keep the camera in one place and turn it to the side, and a tilt is when you turn it up or down. If your camera is on a tripod, then you can simply turn the head of the tripod, just as you would turn your head to one side to get a new perspective on a scene. If a subject stands up, you can turn an eye-level shot into a low-angle by tilting the camera up as they rise. A pan or tilt is also a good opportunity to experiment with speed. You could spend an entire minute slowly panning from left to right to show off a room or a landscape, or you can do a whip pan, in which the movement happens so fast that it becomes a blur.
2. Tracking shot, dolly shot, or crane shot The key to a pan or tilt is that the camera itself doesn’t move, so the viewer feels mostly like a spectator. If you want to move with a subject and make the viewer feel like a part of the action, you can use a tracking shot, dolly shot, or crane shot. Typically, a tracking shot moves sideways, a dolly shot moves forwards or backwards, and a crane shot moves up or down. Depending on your equipment, you can use these movements separately, or combine them to move on multiple axes at once.
3. Zoom A zoom shot moves into or out of the frame by using a zoom lens rather than moving the camera. You can turn a medium shot into a close up by slowly zooming in on a subject’s face as they deliver an emotional monologue. Or you can zoom out to reveal a character or object that wasn’t previously in frame. A zoom can be slow and subtle so that the viewer barely notices it happening, or it can be more obvious to give the shot a cinema verite style.
4. Random motion Random motion is used to create energy and intensity, particularly in an action scene. Think of The Bourne Identity, in which the camera bounces around so quickly that the subject of the scene isn’t even always framed in the shot. While random motion can be effective in creating a sense of disorientation, sometimes it can be too effective, leaving viewers dizzy and confused.
5. 360-degree motion The last type of motion that we’ll look at is 360-degree motion, in which the camera moves entirely around the subject of the shot. These shots can be challenging to do on large film sets, because they require hiding the crew and equipment from view, but they’re more common in the days of Steadicams and CGI. The Matrix used a special camera setup for its 360-degree fight scenes, but you can also use a handheld camera or a drone.