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Masonry Structural Design
Jennifer Eisenhauer Tanner, Ph.D., P.E. Richard E. Klingner, Ph.D.
Second Edition
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730981
730981 22 AGO 2017 McGraw-Hill Education books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com. Masonry Structural Design, Second Edition
Copyright Š 2017by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976,no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 123456
QVS 2120191817
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Contents Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xiii Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xxiii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xxvii Notice of Use of Copyrighted Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xxix 1
2
3
Basic Structural Behavior and Design of Low-Rise, Bearing Wall Buildings ...................................... 1.1 Basic Structural Behavior of Low-Rise, Bearing Wall Buildings ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Basic Structural Design of Low-Rise, Masonry Buildings Materials Used in Masonry Construction 2.1 Basic Components of Masonry .......................... 2.2 Masonry Mortar 2.3 Masonry Grout 2.4 General Information on ASTM Specifications for Masonry Units ..................................... 2.5 Clay Masonry Units ................................... 2.6 Concrete Masonry Units 2.7 Properties of Masonry Assemblages 2.8 Masonry Accessory Materials ........................... 2.9 Design of Masonry Structures Requiring Little Structural Calculation 2.10 How to Increase Resistance of Masonry to Water Penetration ................. Code Basis for Structural Design of Masonry Buildings ......... 3.1 Introduction to Building Codes in the United States 3.2 Introduction to the Calculation of Design Loading Using the 2015 IBC . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . 3.3 Gravity Loads according to the 2015 IBC 3.4 Wind Loading according to the 2015 IBC ................. 3.5 Earthquake Loading ................................... 3.6 Loading Combinations of the 2015 IBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Summary of Strength Design Provisions of TMS 402-13 ..... 3.8 Summary of Allowable-Stress Design Provisions of TMS 402-13 3.9 Additional Information on Code Basis for Structural Design of Masonry Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
1 1 2 5 5 10 18 20 21 27 28 29 37 44 47 47 51 51 54 77 91 92 96 100
ix
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Contents 4
5
6
7
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Introduction to MSJC Treatment of Structural Design .. 4.1 Basic Mechanical Behavior of Masonry .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4.2 Classification of Masonry Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4.3 Classification of Masonry Elements by Structural Function ................................. 4.4 Classification of Masonry Elements by Design Intent 4.5 Design Approaches for Masonry Elements 4.6 How Reinforcement Is Used in Masonry Elements . . . . .. 4.7 How This Book Classifies Masonry Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . ..
103 103 104
Strength Design of Unreinforced Masonry Elements . . . . . . . . . . •. 5.1 Strength Design of Unreinforced Panel Walls 5.2 Strength Design of Unreinforced Bearing Walls 5.3 Strength Design of Unreinforced Shear Walls 5.4 Strength Design of Anchor Bolts 5.5 Required Details for Unreinforced Bearing Walls and Shear Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.6 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
111 111 125 137 143
Strength Design of Reinforced Masonry Elements .............. 6.1 Strength Design of Reinforced Beams and Lintels 6.2 Strength Design of Reinforced Curtain Walls .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.3 Strength Design of Reinforced Bearing Walls .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.4 Strength Design of Reinforced Shear Walls 6.5 Required Details for Reinforced Bearing Walls and Shear Walls .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .... . .. . . . . . . . .. 6.6 Problems .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
157 157 164 169 187
Allowable-Stress Design of Unreinforced Masonry Elements .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 Allowable-Stress Design of Unreinforced Panel Walls 7.2 Allowable-Stress Design of Unreinforced Bearing Walls ..... 7.3 Allowable-Stress Design of Unreinforced Shear Walls 7.4 Allowable-Stress Design of Anchor Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7.5 Required Details for Unreinforced Bearing Walls and Shear Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7.6 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Allowable-Stress Design of Reinforced Masonry Elements 8.1 Review: Behavior of Cracked, Transformed Sections . . . . . .. 8.2 Allowable-Stress Design of Reinforced Beams and Lintels 8.3 Allowable-Stress Design of Curtain Walls 8.4 Allowable-Stress Design of Reinforced Bearing Walls 8.5 Allowable-Stress Design of Reinforced Shear Walls 8.6 Required Details for Reinforced Bearing Walls and Shear Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8.7 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
104 104 105 106 109
151 154
202 205 209 209 222 237 243 250 253 257 257 269 274 279 291 298 301
Co ntents 9
10
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Comparison of Design by the Allowable-Stress Approach Versus the Strength Approach ....................... 9.1 Comparison of Allowable-Stress and Strength Design of Unreinforced Panel Walls 9.2 Comparison of Allowable-Stress Design and Strength Design of Unreinforced Bearing Walls 9.3 Comparison of Allowable-Stress Design and Strength Design of Unreinforced Shear Walls 9.4 Comparison of Allowable-Stress and Strength Designs for Anchor Bolts 9.5 Comparison of Allowable-Stress and Strength Designs for Reinforced Beams and Lintels " 9.6 Comparison of Allowable-Stress and Strength Designs for Reinforced Curtain Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9.7 Comparison of Allowable-Stress and Strength Designs for Reinforced Bearing Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9.8 Comparison of Allowable-Stress and Strength Designs for Reinforced Shear Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Lateral Load Analysis of Shear-Wall Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10.1 Introduction to Lateral Load Analysis of Shear-Wall Structures 10.2 Classification of Horizontal Diaphragms as Rigid or Flexible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10.3 Lateral Load Analysis of Shear-Wall Structures with Rigid Floor Diaphragms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10.4 Lateral Load Analysis and Design of Shear-Wall Structures with Flexible Floor Diaphragms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10.5 The Simplest of All Possible Analytical Worlds . . . . . . . . . . .. 10.6 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Design and Detailing of Floor and Roof Diaphragms ............ 11.1 Introduction to Design of Diaphragms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11.2 Typical Connection Details for Roof and Floor Diaphragms .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Strength Design Example: Low-Rise Building with Reinforced Concrete Masonry 12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.2 Design Steps for One-Story Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.3 Step 1: Choose Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.4 Propose Structural Systems for Gravity and Lateral Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.5 Step 2: Design Walls for Gravity plus Out-of-Plane Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.6 Step 3: Design Lintels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.7 Summary So Far . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
305 305 306 306 307 308 309 309 310 311 311 311 313 329 332 332 335 335 337 339 339 339 340 349 349 364 367
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Con te n ts 12.8 Step 4: Conduct Lateral Force Analysis, Design Roof Diaphragm 12.9 Step 5: Design Wall Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12.10 Step 6: Design and Detail Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
14
Strength Design Example: Four-Story Building with Clay Masonry .......................................... 13.1 Introduction............................................ 13.2 Design Steps for Four-Story Example .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13.3 Step 1: Choose Design Criteria, Specify Materials. . . . . . . . . . .. 13.4 Step 2: Design Transverse Shear Walls for Gravity Plus Earthquake Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13.5 Step 3: Design Exterior Walls for Gravity Plus Out-of-Plane Wind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13.6 Overall Comments on Four-Story Building Example . . . . . . . ..
367 371 372 375 375 375 376 383 390 390
Structural Design of AAC Masonry 14.1 Introduction to Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC). . . . . . . .. 14.2 Applications of AAC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 Structural Design of AAC Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14.4 Design of Unreinforced Panel Walls of AAC Masonry. . . . . . .. 14.5 Design of Unreinforced Bearing Walls of AAC Masonry. . . . .. 14.6 Design of Unreinforced Shear Walls of AAC Masonry. . . . . . .. 14.7 Design of Reinforced Beams and Lintels of AAC Masonry. . .. 14.8 Design of Reinforced Curtain Walls of AAC Masonry . . . . . . .. 14.9 Design of Reinforced Bearing Walls of AAC Masonry. . . . . . .. 14.10 Design of Reinforced Shear Walls of AAC Masonry.. .. . . . . .. 14.11 Seismic Design of AAC Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14.12 Design Example: Three-Story AAC Shear Wall Hotel. .. . . . . .. 14.13 References on AAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
391 391 395 395 399 401 410 414 418 418 428 440 441 469
References .................................................. General References ASTM Standards
471 471 472
Index
475
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his book came from the merging of material from two masonry courses, each developed by one of the two authors. It covers the design of masonry structures using the 2015 International Building Code, the ASCE 7-10 loading standard, and the TMS 402-13 and TMS 602-13 design and construction standards. Although the book was conceived primarily as a textbook for masonry design courses in civil or architectural engineering programs at the undergraduate or graduate level, it is also intended for use in self-study and continuing education by practicing engineers. It emphasizes the strength design of masonry and also includes allowable-stress design. Chapter 1 of this book begins, not with design calculations, but rather with a basic discussion of how wall-type buildings behave and how those buildings can be detailed and specified using masonry. The reason for this is that until the reader understands how the elements of a masonry building work together structurally, the design of those individual elements will not have a clear purpose. Many categories of masonry buildings require only the most rudimentary structural design, and the first part of this book is intended to show how to detail and specify detail for such buildings correctly. Chapter 2 then covers the terminology of masonry and masonry materials, followed by an explanation of their basic behavior, and ending with a summary of how to use ASlM specifications for masonry materials. Chapters 3 and 4 address structural design provisions for masonry elements and structures. In the context of TMS 402-13, masonry elements are classified by structural function, and as unreinforced or reinforced. Strength design and allowable-stress design are discussed, along with the loads and loading combinations used for each design approach. To reinforce concepts not always explicitly covered in civil or architectural engineering programs, these chapters include detailed examples of the calculation of design for wind and seismic loads according to the 2015 !BC and ASCE 7-10, the load standard referenced by that model code. Chapters 5 and 6 address the strength design of unreinforced and reinforced masonry elements, respectively. Chapters 7 and 8 repeat that presentation for allowablestress design. In Chapter 9, the strength and allowable-stress provisions of TMS 402-13 are compared. In Chapter 10, the lateral load analysis of low-rise wall structures is discussed, and specific recommendations are presented for hand analysis and computer-aided analysis. In Chapter 11, design and detailing of floor and roof diaphragms are discussed. Chapters 12 and 13 present the preliminary design, using strength procedures, of two representative prototype masonry buildings. The first building is a low-rise
xxviii
Preface commercial building, designed for gravity and wind loads; the second is a four-story hotel, designed for gravity and earthquake loads. Chapter 14 addresses autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry, an innovative construction material addressed by the 2015 IBC, ASCE 7-10, TMS 402-13, TMS 602-13, and ASlM specifications. Background material on AAC masonry is reviewed, and design examples are presented. Chapter 14 ends with a preliminary design example of a three-story hotel, subjected to gravity and earthquake loads. Jennifer Eisenhauer Tanner, Ph.D., P.E. Richard E. Klingner, Ph.D.