ERUPTIONS
A decade of creation Poulomi Basu
Further information
Blood Speaks Blood speaks is an activism project as well as a documentary artwork. It investigates the practice of chhaupadi, a form of menstrual taboo which prohibits women and girls from participating in normal family activities while menstruating or post childbirth, as they are considered “impure”. The origin of this violence is the perceived impurity of a woman’s menstrual blood. Hidden, under reported and unresolved, these women are untouchable. Perpetrated under the guise of tradition, this violence takes the form of ‘exiles’ which keeps menstruation shrouded in mystery and taboo, a weapon to shame women into subservience. The practice of chhaupadi originates from the superstition that menstruation causes women to be temporarily impure. This superstition arose from a myth that Indra (a Hindu deity) created menstruation to distribute a curse. The tradition begins with an adolescent girl’s first menstrual cycle during which she remains in the chhaupadi shed or hut for up to fourteen days; afterwards, she must spend the duration of each monthly period in the shed, until she reaches menopause. Additionally, women who have just given birth must stay in the shed with their children for up to two weeks. Women are exposed to multiple health and safety risks while practising chhaupadi. Huts or sheds created for the purpose are often poorly constructed and lack heat or ventilation, leaving women exposed to the elements as well as extreme temperatures during different times of year. Women are at risk of developing illnesses such as pneumonia or diarrhoea while practicing chhaupadi and are also vulnerable to attack by snakes and other animals. Risk of asphyxiation high if a woman starts a fire in the hut to keep warm during the winter. Women have also been raped while practising chhaupadi. Menstrual exile directly impacts on the development of girls. Such untouchability underpins issues such as child marriage, attitudes to reproductive health, maternal mortality and leads to girls dropping out of school. Chhaupadi was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Nepal in 2005, but the tradition has been slow to change. In 2017, Nepal passed a law punishing people who force women into exile during menstruating with up to three months in jail or a fine of 3,000 Nepalese rupees. However, there have only a handful of cases have been filed against those enforcing the practice.
Centralia The conflict documented in Centralia is largely unreported. Like all conflicts the history and origins are complex, with this conflict in particular both sides are accused of lying about their actions therefore pinning down facts and trying to establish any kind of truth is particularly challenging. The People’s Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA) is the armed wing of the Communist Party of India, which has been banned by the Indian State. The conflict covers an area known as the red corridor in central, eastern, and southern parts of India and has origins in the 1967 Naxalbari uprising. Civilians in this area are caught up in the conflict often experiencing violence and harassment from both sides. Some support the PLGA ideology of the cause, while others offer support as the group provide valuable social and infrastructure service which are not provided by the state. The area is home to vast mineral deposits, for example iron ore, bauxite and coal which are valuable. But it is also home to India’s indigenous tribal population. Many of these people rely on the land for their livelihood as subsistence farmers, often living in extreme poverty. In many areas affected by the conflict there is lack of basic facilities such as roads, healthcare, education and drinking water. Mining activity for these valuable minerals poses a threat to the livelihoods of many people living in the area, who rely on the land. Thousands fear displacement as the government moved to exploit the resources located in the area. The role of women in the PLGA is important as they fight and work alongside men in the conflict. Like all aspects of conflict there are alternative perspectives on what this means for women in the region. For example, they can perhaps be seen as challenging the status quo in a patriarchal and traditional society or as having little choice due to the threats to their communities’ livelihood.
To Conquer Her Land To Conquer Her Land deals with complex geographical, social, and political issues, both historical and contemporary. The India-Pakistan border is heavily militarised and is an area of contested ownership. Particularly in the region of Jammu and Kashmir, where the photographs were taken. Dispute over the region originates from the 1947 partition of colonial ruled British India, which divided what is now India, Pakistan and Bangladesh along religious lines (Muslim and Hindu) into two countries. The partition was abrupt and displaced between 10 and 20 million people, creating refugee crisis in the newly constituted countries. There was large-scale violence, with the estimated loss of life related to the partition disputed. Estimates vary between several hundred thousand and two million. The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that affects their relationship to this day. This is evident in the modern-day approach to policing of the border in this region. The women shown in Poulomi’s photographs are members of the Border Security Force (BSF). This is India's armed border guarding organisation. The BSF amongst other Indian forces have committed human rights abuses in the region. Militant groups fighting against the India have also been held responsible for similar crimes, but most abuses have been perpetrated by the armed forces of the Indian government The photographs show both Muslim and Hindu women working alongside each other, this is significant as there is a long history in India of conflict and tension between the two religious groups. This history and the present-day relationships between Hindus and Muslims in India is complex and the reasons behind it often disputed. However, the partition of India by colonial Britain and the ongoing relationship between India and Pakistan play a significant role in the conflict. This history is what makes the working relationship between Muslim and Hindu women significant. In particular in this location, on the India Pakistan border a geographical symbol of the conflict and history between the two countries and between Muslims and Hindus. In addition, the caste system in India which creates a strict social hierarchy means that these women would rarely work alongside each other in any other situation.