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T o p 2 0 S h o r t l i s t e d # 1 I D H A E S S A Y
A n a p p r o a c h t o a r c h i t e c t u r e i n I n d i a : L o o k i n g b e y o n d t h e p e r c e i v e d d u a l i t y o f t r a d i t i o n a l a n d m o d e r n I nt oday’ sageofgl obal i sat i onandur bani sat i on,we asasoci et yespeci al l yi nt hedevel opi ngr egi onsof t hewor l dar ei nasear chf orouri dent i t y. Thi ssear ch f ori dent i t yi s evi denti n mul t i pl er eal ms ofour soci et yf r om pol i t i cs t o ar tand ar chi t ect ur e.Thi s sear ch has become mor er el evantt han everas not i onsofi dent i t yi n cul t ur al ,pol i t i cal ,soci aland et hni cspher esar e di si nt egr at i ng bef or e oureyes. Thi s di si nt egr at i on ofi dent i t y has gi ven r i se t oa f eel i ng ofi nsecur i t y.Ever yone want st o‘ pr ot ect ’ t r adi t i oneveni ft heydon’ tunder st and t r adi t i onor whati tmeans, andt hebasi cpr i nci pl et hat‘ t r adi t i on’ t ooi sconst ant l yevol vi ng . The di scussi on ofar chi t ect ur ei nt hi scont ext ,has hi nged on t he convent i onalnot i onsof‘ t r adi t i onal ’ and ‘ moder n’ .I n t hi s di scour se, ‘ moder n’ and ‘ t r adi t i onal ’ar e seen as bei ng i n f undament al opposi t i on t o each ot her . Post col oni al i st and cr i t i calr egi onal i stwr i t i ngs of t en engage i n such monument al bi nar y opposi t i ons: Moder n/ t r adi t i onal ,Cent r e/per i pher y,East /West ,et c.Thi s dual i stvi ew est abl i shest het r adi t i onalasadi st i nct cat egor y,i mpl yi ng i tt o be st at i c,i mmut abl e and uni mpr ovabl e.Thus,t het r adi t i onalandver nacul ar i st aken t o be i neptand t echnol ogi cal l y cr ude, somet i meseven pr i mi t i ve.The i nher entdual i t yi n t hi s di scussi on l eads t ot he appr opr i at i on oft he egi on’ scul t ur e,bui l di ngt echni ques,mat er i al sand r di ver se cul t ur alpr act i ces.The pr esumpt i on t hat t r adi t i oni ssomet hi ng t hatneedst o bepr ot ect ed, onl y f ur t her st he mar gi nal i sat i on of t r adi t i onal ar chi t ect ur e( J acobs,1 996) .Thi sat t emptt opr ot ect t r adi t i on, of t enr esul t si nar omant i cr egi onal i sm t hat copi es r ecogni sabl es ymbol s and f or ms,i n an t emptofr evi val i stpast i che,t ot r i ggernost al gi a. at
We shoul dr eal i z et he f actt hatt r adi t i on i shar dl y i mmut abl e,t heyhavechangedi nt hepast ,andt hey mustchangewi t ht i mei ft heyar et osur vi ve. deras‘ t i mel esst r adi t i on’i snotal l Whatwe consi t hat ol d, i ti s onl y a mani f est at i on of t he cont i ngenci esoft hatspeci fict i me.TS El i ot ,i n hi s essay‘ Tr adi t i onandt heI ndi vi dual Tal ent ’ ( 1 91 9) , says “ I ft he onl yf or m oft r adi t i on i s a bl i nd ort i mi d adher ence t oi t s successes,t r adi t i on shoul d be posi t i vel y di scour aged. ”He says t hatwe shoul d devel opa‘ consci ousness ’oft hepastandcont i nue t o devel op t hi s ‘ consci ousness ’ wi t h l i ved exper i encest hr oughoutourl i ves.Anywor kofar t can at t ai ni t s compl et e meani ng onl y when we at t emptt o compr ehend i t sr el at i onwi t ht he past . ( El i ot ,1 91 9) I nt he book ‘ Tr adi t i on and cr eat i on i nJ apanese ar chi t ect ur e’ ,Kenz o Tange ar gues,“ Tr adi t i on i t sel f cannotconst i t ut e acr eat i ve f or ce.I tal wayshasa decadentt endency t o pr omot ef or mal i zat i on and r epet i t i on.Whati sneededt odi r ecti ti nt ocr eat i ve channel si saf r eshener gywhi chr epudi at esdead f or ms and pr event sl i vi ng ones f r om becomi ng obsol et e. ”The under st andi ng t hatany boundar y bet ween t r adi t i on and moder ni t yi s flui d and compl ex,enabl est hel ear ni ngandt r ansmi ssi onof i deasf r om ‘ t r adi t i onal ’t o‘ moder n’and vi cever sa. Gi vent hevastdi ver si t yoft r adi t i onalandver nacul ar ar chi t ect ur e, t he pr ol i f er at i on of t r adi t i onal knowl edgebasesandt echni quest ocont empor ar y act i ce has been sur pr i si ngl yl i mi t ed.Lear ni ng pr f r om pastand cur r entexampl esi nt r adi t i onaland ver nacul arar chi t ect ur e,canhel pi nr eveal i ngsome oft heshor t comi ngsofcont empor ar ypr act i ce.
JuhaniPal l asmaai nhi sbook‘ TheEyesoft heski n’ ( 1 996)poi nt soutt hatduet ot hedi mi ni shedr ol eof per i pher al vi si on, t he ar chi t ect ur al and ur ban set t i ngsofourt i met endt omakeusout si der s, mer e spect at or s i n compar i son wi t h t he ‘ f or cef ul emot i onalengagement ’oft r adi t i onalandhi st or i cal set t i ngs.The f ocus on pr oduci ng a st r i ki ng and memor abl e vi sual i mage of t en di mi ni shes t he i mpor t ance oft he ot hersenses.Tr adi t i onaland ver nacul ar ar chi t ect ur e has al ways had st r ong connect i ons t o our hapt i c senses and t o t he measur esoft hehumanbody. ThePadmanabhapur am pal acei nThuckal ay, oneof t he finest exampl es of t r adi t i onal wooden ar chi t ect ur e,i s admi r abl ef ori t s concer nf ort he humanscal eandt hequal i t yofi t sbui l tandunbui l t spaces.The use ofl ocalmat er i al st hr oughoutt he st r uct ur e;pr edomi nant l y wood and st one,al ong wi t hexqui si t ecr af t smanshi pgi vest hear chi t ect ur e act i l e qual i t yt hati s al mosti neffabl e.Nat ur al at mat er i al sl i kewood,mud and st one expr esst hei r age,convey t hei rmat er i alessence and have a hapt i cqual i t yaboutt hem. Ast heywer er epl acedby t hemachi nemademat er i al soft odaywhi chai m at agel ess pr ot ect i on,t he sense of mat er i al i t yi n ar chi t ect ur e hasweakened.The i ncr eased use of i ndust r i almat er i al sand t he det achmentofcr af t s f r om bui l di ng has di mi ni shed t he const ant i nt er act i on t hat t ook pl ace bet ween mat er i al s, desi gn and const r uct i on,depr i vi ng ar chi t ect ur e of t he aut hent i ci t y ofmat t erand const r uct i on.Thi s i nt er act i oncanbeseencl ear l yi nt r i balver nacul ar ar chi t ect ur e.Forexampl e,i nt he hut sbui l tbyt he r i besi nNi l gi r i s,Tami lNadu,i ti sevi denthow Todat t he l ocal const r uct i on t echni ques and under st andi ngofl ocalmat er i al si nf or mst hedesi gn ofspaces. Tr adi t i onalbui l di ng t echni ques whi ch have been honed overcent ur i est o sui tt he l ocal l y avai l abl e mat er i al s and cl i mat i c condi t i ons have been i gnor ed,and a uni ver salmet hod ofbui l di ng has t akeni t spl ace.
The f or ei gn aest het i ct hat has been expor t ed t hr oughoutt he wor l d,asa r esul tofgl obal i sat i on has come t o be vi ewed as t he sol ei mage of pr ogr ess and moder ni t y. Thi s has negat i vel y i mpact edt hesenseofcommuni t yandt het r ansf er ofl ocalknowl edget hathasbeenanessent i alpar t of t r adi t i onal ar chi t ect ur e. I n t he wor ks of or gani sat i ons l i ke t he Laur i e Baker Cent r e and Hunnar shal af oundat i onamongot her s,wecansee how moder nandsci ent i ficbui l di ngt echni quesar e combi ned wi t hl ocalknowl edge t o del i verhi gh qual i t y bui l di ngs and communi t y spaces.The engagementoft he communi t yi nt hese bui l di ng pr act i sesensur est he t r ansf erofl ocalknowl edge and a f eel i ng ofowner shi p.Anot hermaj orf act or whi chl i nkst hecommuni t yt oi t sar chi t ect ur ei st he r ol e of t he sacr ed; t he st or i es, bel i ef s and aspi r at i onsoft hepeopl e. Char l esCor r eai nhi sessay,‘ ThePubl i c,t hePr i vat e andt heSacr ed’( 1 989)st at est hatt hesacr edr eal m i soff undament ali mpor t ancet oanyunder st andi ng ofI ndi ancul t ur e. Thesamecanbesai dofhi st or i cal I ndi anar chi t ect ur ewhi chi sbui l tonl ayer sofmyt hi c bel i ef s and t r adi t i ons. Ar chi t ect ur er eflect ed our knowl edgeandunder st andi ngoft hecosmos. Wi t h t he advent of r at i onal i t y and bui l di ngs most l y pr ogr ammat i cal l y or i ent ed, ar chi t ect ur e has becomepr osai candmundane. Wi t houtt hebaseof t r adi t i ons and bel i ef s ar chi t ect ur e becomes ni hi l i st i c, whi ch advances sensor y and ment al det achmentand al i enat i on.Whi l e consi der i ng t he sacr edr eal mi nourdesi gn,wemustbewar yoft he super fici alt r ansf erofi mages and concept s.We mustt r ansf or mt hesei magesandconcept st hr ough acont empor ar yexpr essi onoft heunder l yi ngmyt hi c bel i ef s. Laur i eBakeri nani nt er vi ew t oGaut am Bhat i a( 1 986) not es, “ Li f est yl es, l i vi ng pat t er ns and t he avai l abi l i t yofmat er i al sandski l l sdochange, butt he weat herhasn’ tchanged,t he t emper at ur e hasn’ t changed, i tst i l l r ai ns. . . butwher eweshoul dhavej ust i mpr oved whatwasnotent i r el ysat i sf act or ywe’ ve i nt r oducedsomet hi ngcompl et el yal i en. ”
I D H A E S S A Y I n a count r yl i ke our swi t h uni magi nabl e di ver si t y andr i cht r adi t i ons,i ti ssur pr i si ngt ofindt hatwest i l l l ookt ot heWestf ori nspi r at i onand gui dance.The appr oach t o ar chi t ect ur ei nI ndi ashoul d notbe a r eact i on t ot he Westor‘ wor l d cul t ur e’ ,i tshoul d si mpl ybe a r esponse t ot he l ocalci r cumst ances. Notasar eact i onorr esi st ance,butasdi ver gence, notamar gi nalpr act i cebutadevel opmentpar al l el t o ar chi t ect ur e wor l d over .I ti si mpor t antt hatwe l ear nf r om ver nacul arand t r adi t i onalar chi t ect ur e nott oopposegl obal i sat i on,butt ocont r i but et ot he bet t er mentofoursoci et yt hr oughar chi t ect ur e. The pur sui tofuni ver sali deassuchasi nt er nat i onalst yl e, moder ni sm and r egi onal i sm i snol ongersuffici ent . hecommoneffor t swhi char et hear chi t ect ur al Fort pr oj ect s of t oday, a si mul t aneous f ocus on ecol ogi cal ,soci al ,economi c,cul t ur alandt empor al aspect si s essent i al .We shoul d st r i ve f or an ar chi t ect ur e t hat r esponds t o t he soci al and economi cneedsoft he pl ace;i sconsci ousoft he t r adi t i ons,mat er i al sandt echni quesoft hepeopl e, ocr eat ef ashi onabl ef or msorst r i ki ngi mages, nott butf oracommoneffor tt or epr esentt hepeopl e, t he pl ace and t he cur r entcondi t i onsofcul t ur et ot he bestwecan.
Ref er ences: El i ot ,T. S.( 1 982) .Tr adi t i onandt heI ndi vi dualTal ent . Per spect a,1 9,3642. doi : 1 0. 2307 /1 567048 I shi mot o,Y. ,Gr opi us,W. ,Tange,K.( 1 960) .Kat sur a: Tr adi t i onandcr eat i oni nJ apanesear chi t ect ur e. New Haven: Yal eUni ver si t yPr ess. l asmaa, J . ( 201 2) . Theeyesoft heski n. Chi chest er : Pal Wi l ey. Cor r ea,C.( 1 989) .The Publ i c,t he Pr i vat e,and t he Sacr ed.Daedal us,1 1 8( 4) ,921 1 3.Ret r i evedOct ober 1 1 , 2020, f r om ht t p: / /www. j st or . or g/st abl e/20025266 t ,A. ( 1 969) . House For m and Cul t ur e. Rapopor Engl ewoodCl i ffs,N. Y. Unwi n,S.( 2003) .Anal ysi ng ar chi t ect ur e.London: Rout l edge. J acobs, J . M. ( 1 996) . Edgeofempi r e: Post col oni al i sm andt heci t y. London: Rout l edge. Kagal ,C.( 1 986) .Vi st ar a:The ar chi t ect ur e ofI ndi a [ Exhi bi t i oncat al ogue] . Bombay, I ndi a: TheFest i val of I ndi a. Eggener ,K.( 2006) .Pl aci ngResi st ance: ACr i t i queof Cr i t i cal Regi onal i sm. J our nal of Ar chi t ect ur al Educat i on, 55, 228 237 . doi : 1 0. 1 1 62/1 04648802753657932. d,M & Ar a,D.( 201 5) .Moder ni t yi nt r adi t i on: Rashi Reflect i onson bui l di ng desi gn and t echnol ogy i n t he Asi an ver nacul ar . Fr ont i er s of Ar chi t ect ur al Resear ch. 48. 1 0. 1 01 6/j . f oar . 201 4. 1 1 . 001 . Kamar a, M.( 2020) .Beyond cr i t i cal r egi onal i sm. Domus web. i t . Ret r i eved 9 Oct ober 2020, f r om ht t ps: / /www. domusweb. i t /en/ar chi t ect ur e/gal l er y /2020/03/1 3/beyondcr i t i cal r egi onal i sm. ht ml .
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