Cliffe Explosives Nature Reserve by sigita simona

CLIFFE EXPLOSIVES NATURE RESERVE

Sigita Simona Paplauskaite K1645177 PgDip Landscape Architecture Kingston University London 2017

CLIFFE EXPLOSIVES NATURE RESERVE

Sigita Simona Paplauskaite K1645177 PgDip Landscape Architecture Kingston University London 2017

CONTENTS

RESEARCH The Landscape of Depression

9 13 20 26 39 48 64 73

Location Natural Conditions Current Land Use Site History Site Patterns Site Visit Photos Similar Explosive Sites in Thames Estuary SWOT analysis

PROJECT Cliffe Explosives Nature Reserve

81 93 101 113 129 139 149

Early Inspirations Project Strategy Curating the Cliffe Explosives Nature Reserve A Narrative of Experiences through the Site Integrated Fish Farming The Cliffe Lake Ditch Management / Bridge Design

ANNEX 1: Site Masterplan ANNEX 2: Photos of the Model

RESEARCH

The Landscape of Depression

The project research aims to synthesize the identity of the place using various media, including the analysis of numerous information layers, evaluation of the physical and non-physical measures, articulating the space of special significance in relation to human needs and behaviours, seeking for the therapeutic potentials of the landscape, noticing the natural characteristics (water, wind, land); and to progressively apply this synthesis to the further design stages.

LOCATION

Significant for its extensive open spaces dominated by the sky within a predominantly flat, low-lying landscape1, the Hoo peninsula is claimed to be the most deprived area in the Thames Estuary region2. One would immediately question the factors that influenced the area, separating the estuaries of the river Thames and Medway, to have regressed and be that poorly inhabited nowadays. The landscape character of the place, highly influenced by marine environment character, the frequency of floods and the variety of human interventions (built and non built) have given a great sense of duality for the place. The numerous historical interventions as the first attempts to create flood walls dating in Roman times, the distinctive military heritage (forts, explosives factories and storage, marine harbours), various urban, industrial and recreational developments have put an immense pressure on the edges of the land, but obviously some sites have left untouched and were designated to serve as grazing marshes. And although the Hoo peninsula is involved in diverse future development visions as Medway housing or Thames Gateway Parklands, the peninsula does not expect to become neither densly populated, neither frequently visited soon. The same stands for the marshland in the nortwest corner of the Hoo peninsula, Medway, that was occupied since 1892 by Hay, Merrics & Co gunpowder storage facility and then, in 1898, acquired by Curtis’s & Harvey Ltd chemical explosives factory. “It was a short-lived enterprise, closing around 1920 due to the post-war reduction in demand for munitions. The site is on land owned by the Port of London Authority and managed by tenant farmers. There is no public access to the site.”3 There are barely no successfuly designed accesses or trails planned in this area.

1 https://web.archive.org/web/20060227085558/http://www.countryside. gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/CC/SEL/greater_thames_estuary.asp 2 Thames Gateway Parklands Vision, 2008, p. 25 3 Curtis’s and Harvey Ltd Explosives Factory, Cliffe and Cliffe Woods, Medway: Archaeological Survey and Analysis of the Factory Remains, 2011, p.5 9

Essex

Thames Estuary

Hoo Peninsula

Greater London

Kent

East Sussex 0 km

10 km

Location of the site on the Thames Estuary

Basildon

London Southend Airport

South Benfleet

Southend-on-Sea Westcliff-on-Sea

Two Tree Island

Corringham

Canvey Island

World London Gateway Port

River Thames Blyth Sands

105m flood

contour line

Grays

West Tilbury Tilbury

territorial 1 km East Tilbury

regional 10 km Allhallows

Cliffe Pools

Cliffe

St Mary Hoo Cooling

Lower Stoke

Upper Stoke

Isle of Grain

Kent

East Sussex 0 km

10 km

Basildon

London Southend Airport

South Benfleet

Southend-on-Sea Westcliff-on-Sea

Two Tree Island

Corringham

Canvey Island

World London Gateway Port

River Thames Blyth Sands

5m flood contour line

Grays

West Tilbury

territorial 1 km East Tilbury

Tilbury

regional 10 km Allhallows

Cliffe Pools

Cliffe

St Mary Hoo Cooling

Lower Stoke

Isle of Grain

Upper Stoke Gravesend

Cliffe Woods

River Medway Hoo

Shorne

Cobham

St Maryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Island

Rochester

Gillinham

Chatham

1 : 200 000

Location of the site in regional and territorial scales

NATURAL CONDITIONS

It is important to evaluate a list of natural influences in order to be aware of critical characteristics of the place that might influence changes in ecology of the place and well being of variety of inhabitants and visitors: - The estuarine climate is classified as warm and temperate. On the other hand, the rainfall in Cliffe is significant, with precipitation even during the driest month. According to KĂśppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Cfb. The average annual temperature in Cliffe is 9.5 Â°C. Precipitation here averages 603 mm.1 - The River Thames tidal defences have provided protection against the increasing threat of tidal flooding from the North Sea for more than 2000 years. The flood of 1953 was the catalyst for the construction of the current system of River Thames tidal defences, which includes the Thames Barrier, and has provided one of the best standards of flood defence in the UK for over 20 years. 2

1 2

https://en.climate-data.org/location/122229/ http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1831/1455 13

25°C 20°C 15°C 10°C 5°C

4.42am 7.54am

noon

3.52pm

9.15pm

Average temperatures and length of the day / Cliffe 1

42% Wilderness

58% Non-wilderness

Built and non-built areas in Thames Estuary 2

HIGH WATER LINE 2.69

0.00 level

LOW WATER LINE -1.98

High and low tides / Cliffe marshes

http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/United-Kingdom/Kent/Cliffe/ climate-profile.aspx 2 Thames Gateway Parklands Vision, 2008 1

Rainfall days per month / Cliffe 1

January

December

km/h

February

80 70 MAX SPEED 60

November

March

40 30 20 AVERAGE SPEED 10

October

April

5% September

10%

August

15%

May

June

July

Wind speed km/h (average and maximum) Wind directions and dominance in percentage per year / Cliffe 2 3

http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/United-Kingdom/Kent/Cliffe/ climate-profile.aspx 2 https://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/cliffe 3 http://wind.willyweather.co.uk/se/kent/river-thames----cliffe-creek-entrance.html 1

23.25 m

cce

38 m

ycle

Wet grassland birds of high conservation concern

3 / bic type lchair E e e G h D I BR free / w step

le ssib

acc

(5%

slop

skylark

hen harrier

black-tailed godwit

SUMMER

WINTER

twite

corncrake quail

merlin

linnet

grey partridge

tree sparrow

Wet grassland birds of high conservation concern 1

Drainage channel aquatic and bankside plants

a 2 pe type % slo 5 E IDG and BR steps with

“As many as 125 different species of fish have been documented in the River Thames.” 2

“The Wet Grassland Guide: Managing Floodplain and Coastal Wet Grasslands for Wildlife (RSPB Management Guides)”, by J. Treweek, M. Drake, O. Mountford, C. Newbold, C. Hawke, P. Jose, M. Self, Phil Benstead 2 https://www.tideway.london/the-tunnel/river-ecology/ 1

other important sources: http://www.kentandessex-ifca.gov.uk/im-interested-in/mpas/ems/thamesestuary-and-marshes-spa/ https://www.pla.co.uk/Environment/Main-Biodiversity-Resources-in-the-Tidal-Thames-Species 19

Thames Catchment

Thames Valley

London

Thames Gateway Parklands

Thames Catchment

River Thames

CURRENT LAND USE

The tidal River Thames is not as clean as you might think. Sewage from Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overloaded sewerage network is polluting the river, affecting the fish, invertebrates, birds and aquatic mammals that live in and around the Thames Tideway. The tidal River Thames stretches 110km, between the upstream tidal limit at Teddington Lock in the west, to the open sea in the east. Over the last 30 years, we have seen the dramatic clean-up of the River Thames, making it today an example of a recovering ecosystem which is of great ecological importance. The sewage from the combined sewer overflows (CSOs) is the last major source of pollution into the capitalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s river.1 The Thames edge marshes are themselves subject to the chaotic activity of various major developments including ports, waste disposal, marine dredging, urbanisation, mineral extraction and prominent power stations plus numerous other industry-related activities such as petrochemical complexes.

https://www.tideway.london/the-tunnel/river-ecology/

Thames Catchment

Thames Valley

London

Thames Gateway Parklands

Thames Catchment

River Thames

Site location Urbanized territories Woodlands and parklands Agricultural lands Marshes

The PLA (The Port of London Authority) holds 475 hectares of land at Cliffe Marshes, historically retained due to a potential for port development purposes. Much of this land is wet grassland managed as semi-natural grazing marsh for cattle, sheep and horses (on selected areas, grazed under rotation). Today, stakeholders are playing an increasingly important part in the ongoing management of the marsh. The land is now given over to tenant farmers, who participate in the conservation of the land within the Natural England Higher Level Stewardship (HLS) scheme. 1

https://pla.co.uk/Environment/Grazing-Marsh-Cliffe-Marshes

Topography, geology and land use 1

Cliffe Marshes is an extensive area of reclaimed estuarine saltmarsh; consequently the ground is almost uniformly level at 2m above Ordnance Datum (OD), rendering it vulnerable to waterlogging and occasional flooding. The geology underlying Cliffe Marshes consists of thick surface deposits of alluvium overlying Woolwich Beds of sands and clays and Thanet Beds of sand. These bedded sands seal layers of Upper Cretaceous chalk bedrock that underlie the entire peninsula (BGS 1978, sheet 272 Chatham, Drift edition). The underlying chalk protrudes as a broad east-west ridge forming a marked spine to the whole Hoo Penninsula and a strong physical contrast to Cliffe Marshes which end at the foot of the northern escarpment. The historic northern end of Cliffe village focussed on St Helenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s church adopts a commanding position on the edge of this high ground at a height of 10m OD, and takes its name from this cliff-top position. From here it overlooks the marshland below and on clear day, views stretch right across the estuary to the Essex coast. The land is owned by the Port of London Authority (PLA) and is currently farmed as grazing marsh by a tenant as part of the DEFRA North Kent Marshes ESA Tier 1 scheme (DEFRA 2002; PLA 2010); with a current grazing stock of sheep and horses. The international importance of the wetland environment at Cliffe is acknowledged by its inclusion in the Thames Estuary and Marshes Ramsar site. The area is also accredited with national environmental signficance, and is protected and managed accordingly as part of the South Thames Estuary and Marshes Site of Special Scientfic Interest (SSSI).

Aerial photo of the site 2

“Curtis’s and Harvey Ltd Explosives Factory, Cliffe and Cliffe Woods, Medway: Archaeological Survey and Analysis of the Factory Remains”, 2011, p. 8-9 2 http://www.kenthistoryforum.co.uk/index.php?topic=971.15 1

1520 CLIFFE VILLAGE DESTRUCTION BY FIRE

SALT WORKINGS ANIMAL GRAZING

World War II World War I

CREMATION CEMETERY

GUNPOWDER STORAGE 1893 HAY, MERRICS & Co

1066 BELGIAN CERAMIC PRODUCTION

AD 43

DRAINAGE OPERATIONS

19th century

774 CLIFFE CHURCH founded by King Offa SALT WORKINGS

1796 LOWER HOPE POINT GUN BATTERY

410 DRAINAGE OPERATIONS

ANIMAL GRAZING

1980-1990 SEA WALL REBUILT AND RELOCATED

1953 NORTH SEA FLOOD

1950s LOWER HOPE POINT TEMPORARY USE

1920 EXPLOSIVE SITE TERMINATION

1900 LOWER HOPE POINT GUN BATTERY

Anglo - Saxon England Roman Britain

LAND RECLAMATION AND MANAGEMENT

EXPLOSIVE FACTORY 1898 CURTISâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S & HARVEY Ltd

SITE HISTORY

The marshland at Cliffe was reclaimed from estuarine saltmarsh through a process of draining and embankment to create grazing marsh and reduce flooding. This extensive undertaking still accounts for the overriding character of the marshland along the northern edge of the peninsula, and has been described as providing Kent with â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;many acres of fine pasture landâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.1 The precise date of the marshland reclamation is uncertain. Although small-scale reclamations probably took place in Roman times and by Dutch workmen and engineers during the 17th century, the drained landscape seen today is generally attributed to medieval undertakings.2

1 2

(Bignell 1975, 42) (Bowler 1968, 99-237) 27

Extract from the 1908 edition 25-inch Ordnance Survey map, Kent sheets IV.9 and IV.10, showing the extent of the factory complex as surveyed in 1907

1953 Noth sea flood in Kent 28

Staff at Curtis’s & Harvey’s Cliffe factory, taken during the First World War WW1

Ammunition works demolition, Cliffe 1920s

Curtis’s & Harvey Ltd Explosives Factory, around 1908 29

Heritage 1

The factory remains cover around 128 hectares of Cliffe Marshes, a wide tract of reclaimed estuarine saltmarsh near Lower Hope Point in the north-west corner of the Hoo Penninsula, along the south banks of the River Thames. The layout of the First World War phase of the explosives factory survives largely intact as earthworks, concrete foundations and a few standing buildings. Most of the factory buildings have been demolished or reclaimed for reuse, leaving behind a complex of concrete foundation floor slabs, protective earthwork traverses (blast protection mounds), embanked earthen trambeds and narrow drains. Surviving details - such as concrete plinths (machine beds), witness marks for walls, remnant floor coverings, tanks, pipes and iron fittings - give some insight into the form and function of the buildings that once stood there. The standing buildings that do survive are predominantly reinforced concrete structures erected during the First World War and a few earlier brick-built administration building; all are roofless. The extent and completeness of plan of the factory remains at Cliffe is significant; they tell us much about the scale and nature of the explosives manufacture, and the vast area covered by the factory remains gives some sense of how important this site was to the character of the area and the local economy. Of particular note is the number of standing reinforced concrete buildings, that erected shortly before the outbreak of the First World War. Reinforced concrete (â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;ferro-concreteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;) had a very limited uptake as a construction material in the British explosives industry (Cocroft 2000, 103-4). As such, the examples at Cliffe represent a rare survival of the material used in this context. Most are the rofless shells of former cordite drying stoves, but reinforced concrete has also been used to construct the paired press house ranges and in the paired acetone recovery stove ranges, where the material has been used to construct partition walls between bays which project from a central brick wall.

Nitro glycerine hill 2

Remaining reinforced concrete (‘ferro-concrete’) structures 3

Unfortunately, very little exists in the way of contemporary maps or site descriptions produced by or for Curtis’s & Harvey and, as the site was comprehensively stripped of any equipment, structures and materials that possessed a resale value following its closure, many interpretations of the previous form and function of buildings rely solely on archaeological evidence.

“Curtis’s and Harvey Ltd Explosives Factory, Cliffe and Cliffe Woods, Medway: Archaeological Survey and Analysis of the Factory Remains”, 2011, p. 2 2 https://historicengland.org.uk/whats-new/first-world-war-home-front/ what-we-already-know/land/explosives-factories/ 3 https://theperimeter.uk/2015/05/08/day-4-gravesend-to-grain/ 4 https://www.derelictplaces.co.uk/main/industrial-sites/32336-curtis-harvey-explosive-factory.html 1

Concrete floor foundation ruins 4

The major floods of the 16th century effectively wiped out pre-existing field boundaries. Later site developments consisted of acid handling and guncotton production buildings, nitroglycerine hills, guncotton and cordite drying stoves, incorporating houses, press houses, acetone recovery facilities, storage magazines, cartridge filling huts, power houses and administration facilities, all linked by networks of tramways, pipes and drains.2 Numerous remaining structures, their ruins or land elements have emerged because of former industrial activity, serving the war times, especially World War 1 and contribute to the uniqueness of Thames Estuary identity. The importance of this area in regards to current environmental issues and a necessity of taking the position towards ptorecting (or not) the heritage of the site, must be re-evaluated and put to the question again.

Built structures 1

Lower Hope Point 3

Channel grid 2

Landforms (including flood defence dyke) 4

https://theperimeter.uk/2015/05/08/day-4-gravesend-to-grain/ “Curtis’s and Harvey Ltd Explosives Factory, Cliffe and Cliffe Woods, Medway: Archaeological Survey and Analysis of the Factory Remains”, 2011 3 http://www.cliffeathoohistoricalsociety.org/cliffe-fort/ 4 https://heritagecalling.com/2014/05/09/latest-research-reports-april/ 1 2

The legacy of heritage

The peninsulaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historical developement contributed strongly to its character. The Hoo Peninsula is rural and coastal in character. Fields of arable and marshland pasture, form nearly 50% of the peninsulaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s area, whilst mud flats and salt flats form another 29% of the area bordering the estuaries. A much smaller proportion of the peninsulaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s area, 7%, could be described as industrial in character and these areas are mainly located on low-lying former marshland. The archaeologist Matthew Johnson lists a number of definitions of landscape and identifies two common elements to all of them: the land itself, both natural and humanly created features, and how this land is viewed.1 The protection of the low-lying landscape of Hoo through the construction and maintenance of sea walls and drainage ditches does give an indication of how this landscape was perceived and valued by those who owned and worked the land as opposed to those observers with less direct involvement on the ground. These works were high cost, and high risk in terms of potential flooding, but created a landscape that could offer high returns.2

types of heritage:

1. physical 2. mental 3. historical

LOCAL COMMUNITIES

vs.

COMMUNITIES OF INTEREST

Flood defence dyke near Cliffe marshes

Hoo has always been shaped by change from forces both within and beyond its boundaries and this will continue in the future. These changes create Hoo’s distinctiveness and the ability to read its cultural development through its landscape so the Hoo Peninsula is far from being a cultural blank canvas.3 Sustainable planning for the distinctive future landscape of Hoo must recognise this and will rest on decisions informed by its cultural narratives rather than taken in ignorance of them.

(Johnson 2007, 4) (Rippon, 2009, 51) 3 “Curtis’s and Harvey Ltd Explosives Factory, Cliffe and Cliffe Woods, Medway: Archaeological Survey and Analysis of the Factory Remains”, 2011, p. 177 1 2

opportunities

“I can see them in the distance, but dont’t know how to get there without sinking in the marsh.”

The human perception of the place

Ben Stevens 15 February at 21:49 Facebook group “Cliffe, Kent”

The inter-relationships between industry natural environ“I work at and the port and live in Cliffe. Thein best could quarries do with my ment conservation can be seen well the(photo) waterI filled camera from up 1 of the cranes.” of Cliffe’s former cement works which now formEaton Cliffe Pools Gareth Nature Reserve. The blurring of distinctions between these different elements of the landscape and the greater acceptance of once new, now inherited, landscape features, are shown by their common descriptive vocabulary in which words such as desolation, bleak, redundant, forgotten and abandonment, originally used to describe the marshes, are now also applied to industry and the industrial remains on Hoo.1

Remote Uninhabited Menacing Lonely Melancholy Inhospitable Unhealthy Water borders Difficult navigation Eerie Strangeness Wild Desolate Emptiness Desertion Silence Morass Insupportable Oppressive

The sense of spiritual enrichment and the natural environment benefits emerging in parallel with those viewing ‘remote emptiness’ as rendering the area eligible for uses too unsafe, noxious or unsightly for most to want on their doorstep. People bear an incredible curiosity towards the structure of the former explosives site both for its landworks and structures as the local community feels the need to break the boundary of the land, that is meant not to be accesssed (legally). Various discussions in Cliffe community meetings and on virtual social meeting places, as Facebook, continuosly question the meaning, legacy, and interest of this location.

“Curtis’s and Harvey Ltd Explosives Factory, Cliffe and Cliffe Woods, Medway: Archaeological Survey and Analysis of the Factory Remains”, 2011, p. 25

- remoteness of the place as it is hard to reach by public transport - open, windy character of the place - abandoned, destined only for animal grazing for around 80 years - no remaining trees that create greater shade zones - almost all of the site is in 5m flood risk contour area

- attractive military heritage in proximity of Cliffe forts - relevant visual points of reference on the other coast of river Thames - opportunity to create new access by water and link it with other harbours - significant 5m height difference between the project site and Cliffe village - the reuse of remaining unique built structures - adapting the flood defence walls for an innovative approach to tide control - opportunity for access by the road from Cliffe village

- insecurity of not completely predictable amounts of flood and fluvial waters - raising seawater level - restrictive land regulations - possible land pollution - the choice of programme for the area considering other parklands near - not enough security for visitors (light, existing dangerous structures, hollows) - ability to maintain the place “I work at the port and live in Cliffe. The bestHub (photo) I coulddevelopment do with my - the vision of the Thames Airport camera from up 1 of the cranes.” in proximity Gareth Eaton

SWOT ANALYSIS

- relation to water, dominant marine character - unique landforms shaped by the former explosive factory industry - very long coastline, included in the river Thames Path routes - great ecological value as the climate is good for variety of animals and plants. Lack of access could be also seen as strength as it provides a haven for wildlife

opportunities

“I can see them in the dont’t know how to get sinking in the m

1 Faceboo

threats

Sigita Simona Paplauskaite K1645177, PgDip Landscape Architecture LD7001/237 Kingston University London 2017

SITE PATTERNS *

* All schemes based on the “Curtis’s and Harvey Ltd Explosives Factory, Cliffe and Cliffe Woods, Medway: Archaeological Survey and Analysis of the Factory Remains”, 2011

Expansion and development 1893 Hay Merricks & Co 1907-1914 alterations 1907-1914 expansion 1914-1920 expansion

Functional areas Administration and support Acids, guncotton and utilities Nytroglycerine Producing, packing and storing other explosives Cordite Built structures

plosives

Landforms and pathways

Water ponds and channels

Water Mudflats

SITE VISIT PHOTOS

the view from the dyke towards the site

the former nursery building

grazing marshes with the dyke in the background

grazing marshes with the Cliffe village in the background

remaining ferro-concrete structures

significant fence element separating different sheepfolds

the scale of the dyke and the grass patterns

drained flatlands and industrial land forms

the industrial jetty - access to the river Thames

managed drainage ditches that serve as fences between the fields

a view from one of the nitro glycerine hills

existing ruins on the site

cordite handling building structures

ruins of a nitro glycerine hill

Thames Estuary

2. 1.

SIMILAR EXPLOSIVE SITES IN THAMES ESTUARY

Famous not only for military forts and harbours, the Thames estuary has been the hub for explosives production, packaging and storage since the 18th century. The size of the industries varied a lot, with Oare and Faversham explosives being the largest producer of the explosives. Their bussiness success has been influenced by changing trends and inventions in the chemical industry, the management skills by their associates and unevitable importance of international war realities. All 4 explosive factories have closed around early 30s, leaving the explosive factory sites in Cliffe marshes and Kynoch abandoned, whereas Pitsea have turned the site into a park, and Faversham offers the large scale walking trails in the area that concern the findings of former explosive industries. These developments propose an idea for regenerationg and possibility to link in touristic networks.

1. Curtisâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and Harvey LTD explosives factory, Cliffe marshes

Cliffe Marshes 1906 (img 1)

Map of the West end of Canvey showing Hole Haven Creek and part of Brickhouse Farm and The Coast Guard Station which was in the moored Hulk the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Emulousâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; before the Coastguard Cottages were built near the Lobster Smack Inn. The Map also shows Kynochtown on the left. (img 2)

img 1 img 2

http://www.cliffehistory.co.uk/lower_hope_battery.html http://www.canveyisland.org/page_id__257.aspx

2. Canvey explosives, Kynoch town in Essex In 1875, since explosives were wisely no longer allowed to be shipped up the Thames beyond Mucking Point, the Thames Conservators licensed storage hulks to moor in Hole Haven Creek, where the explosives were transferred to barges. Currently abandoned. 200m

Map showing all the Faversham explosives factories, both gunpowder and high explosives (img 1)

200m

3. Oare and Faversham explosives Faversham, in Kent, England, claims to be the cradle of the UK’s explosives industry: it was also to become one of its main centres. The first gunpowder plant in the UK was established in the 16th century, possibly at the instigation of Faversham Abbey. With their estates and endowments, monasteries were keen to invest in promising technology. The 1916 explosion at Faversham was the worst in the history of the British explosives industry. In 1924 a new venture, the Mining Explosives Company, opened a factory on the east side of Faversham Creek, not far from the site of Faversham Abbey — hence its ‘Abbey Works’ name.1 Currently there are Gunpowder Trails installed to serve as attraction for tourists.

1 img 1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faversham_explosives_industry http://www.faversham.org/history/explosives.aspx

Map of Pitsea 1771

4. Pitsea explosives factory produced dynamite, gelignite and other explosives based on nitro-glycerine for blasting rocks and mining. It also made nitro-glycerine as an ingredient to be mixed with guncotton for producing cordite - a smokeless propellant used in ammunition.1 Currently the area is turned into Wat Tyler Country Park.

200m 1

http://www.wattylercountrypark.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=4995

SWOT ANALYSIS

strengths

- relation to water, dominant marine character - unique landforms shaped by the former explosive factory industry - very long coastline, included in the River Thames path routes - great ecological value as the climate is good for variety of animals and plants. Lack of access could be also seen as strength as it provides a haven for wildlife

- attractive military heritage in proximity Cliffe Forts - relevant visual points of reference on the other coast of the river Thames - opportunity to create new access by water and link it with other harbours - interesting 5m height difference between the site and Cliffe vilagge - the reuse of remaining unique built structures - adapting the flood defence walls for an innovative approach to tide control - opportunity for acces by the road from Cliffe village

opportunities

weaknesses

- remoteness of the place as it is hard to reach by public transport - open, windy character of the place - abandoned, sed only for animal grazing for around 80 years - no remaining trees that create greater shade zones - almost all of the site is in 5m flood risk contour area

- insecurity of not completely predictable amounts of flood and fluvial waters - raising seawater level - restrictive land regulations - possible land pollution - the choice of programme for the area considering other parklands near - not enough security for visitors (light, existing dangerous structures, hollows) - ability to maintain the place - the vision of the Thames Hub Airport development in proximity

threats

CONCEPT

CLIFFE EXPLOSIVES NATURE RESERVE The main idea of arriving to the project concept is identifying the unique character of Cliffe marshes, that is at the same time an ambiguous marginal area in Hoo peninsula that offers a great measure of emptiness and neglect, as it is an area with very particular estuarine ecology, stimulating field of view accupunctured by artificial landforms and vertical man-built structures. A site with a variety of potentials for becoming a new type of recreational and production space. The dramatic historical function of the site, explosives factory, has turned the flat marshes into a landscape of mounds and craters. The activity has always had a direct impact on the frequency of visitors and habitants, namely the urban development of the Cliffe village in proximity. The high and low flood tides would naturally influence the changes in the landscape, but it started to be controlled already in Roman times. Yet still, the massive flooding in 1953 has drastically changed the landscape as various types of plantations (including trees) and animal habitats were washed of the ground. Following this disaster the flood defence walls were offset and rebuild more inland. The duality of the wide open marches and the military heritage shape a certain atmosphere, likely to be called the landscape of depression, currently visited only by farmers, lonesome artists and inhabited by wildlife and grazing animals. The challenge of the project is to respect the natural circumstances, envision flood control models and create a consistant programme. 79

EARLY INSPIRATIONS

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The other and equally importqnt aim is to connect urban dwellers back to nature and expand through education and demonstration a firmer foundation for the culture of the countryside.â&#x20AC;? Sir Terry Farrell

G(R)AZING MARSHES = memorial + theurapeutic park + harbour + walking trails + flood park + aqua- and agri- cultures A remote water character park that is designed concerning the flood schedule, orientation, attractive heritage, links in circulation, has a meaning, merges into the landscape, appreciates the existing natural circumstances in general (marshes, mudflats)

TYPES OF ACCESS TO THE WATER - Physical (property / built zones) - Psychological (security / interests) -Chronical (depending on events)

I - Should the place stay remote or become well accessible? II - How does the water influence the land? III - Why would one come there? 83

1. HUMAN RELATION TO MARSHES by a list of activities - fishing, sailing, hiking, meditation, agriculture, industry

human

nature

BIOPHILIA

Michael Andrews (1928â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1995), Mouth of Thames 1

Mudflat hiking in Ameland, Netherlands 2

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/art/artists/michael-andrewsthe-elusive-figure-post-war-british-art/ 2 http://www.traveladventures.org/continents/europe/wadlopen-ameland. html 1

2. THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS wind, sun, marine environment, hydrotherapy taken in account

75% of human body consists of water Hydrotherapy 1

Using the human field of view to link the visual points of reference 2

https://www.flickr.com/photos/asinglesparkk/4938833965 http://www.extron.com/company/article.aspx?id=environconhumanfact&tab=technology

1 2

3. FLOOD MANAGEMENT rethinking flood control tools and benefits, inventing new type of spaces

Making room for the river in order to reduce the flood impact inlands 1

Objects/places accessible only in flood time. Matthew Butcherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s floating weather station on Essexâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Thames Estuary 2

Improving flood defense walls

https://www.ruimtevoorderivier.nl/english/ https://www.dezeen.com/2016/05/06/matthew-butcher-flood-housefloating-weather-station-thames-estuary-essex-england/

1 2

4. ATTITUDE TOWARDS HERITAGE analysing and deciding which elements are worth keeping and could serve certain function, creating links with other relevant heritage sites

Reusing existing site elements and structures

Proximity to Cliffe Fort 1

http://www.webbaviation.co.uk/gallery/v/kent/cliffefort/CliffeFort_ db87104.jpg.html

PROJECT STRATEGY

Project ambitions

The key criteria the project is addressing are regional flood risk managment (offering the strategy of “giving the room back to the river”), wetland restoration (protecting the nature life, increasing local valuable plant and animal species, recreating fragile habitats), heritage protection (based on the study of English Heritage), enhancing waterways (creation of new harbour, water infrastructure inland), creation of economically sustainable urban settings (bringing back ‘soft’ industries on site to add extra land value locally, as production areas of integrated fish farming and agriculture, keeping certain amount of grazing fields).

REGIONAL & LOCAL STRATEGIES

1. INTENTIONAL SITE STUDY Indicate the sites of regional importance Evaluate environmental character (designations/ Ramsar, SSSI, SPA, RSPB), tendencies, risks etc.

Salt Fleet Flats Reserve

RSPB

RSPB Northward Hill

CLIFFE

COOLING

High Halstow National Nature Reserve

2. SHAPING THE IDENTITY Acknowledge the site of posi-industriam military heritage Create physical, economical and social relations through Cliffe village (community engagement)

Salt Fleet Flats Reserve

RSPB

RSPB Northward Hill

CLIFFE

High Halstow National Nature Reserve

COOLING

2. SHAPING THE IDENTITY Acknowledge the site of posi-industriam military heritage Create physical, economical and social relations through Cliffe village (community engagement)

Salt Fleet Flats Reserve

2.6 km

CLIFFE

3. DEVELOPING HERITAGE SITE WETLAND RESTORATION Rebuild the sea defence dykes in order to recreate salt marsh as an extension for wildlife habitats (as, for example, RSPB Cliffe Pools) and reducing coastal squeeze (giving room for the river) Mark the edge of the former explosive site with a new dyke structure (separating in order to reconnect) Introducing new programme and regional links (by land and water)

harbour

Salt Fleet Flats Reserve

Parklands Path

Salt Fleet Flats Reserve

2.6 km

CLIFFE

Salt Fleet Flats Reserve

harbour

Parklands Path

RSPB CLIFFE

picni zone

CLIFFE EXPLOSIVES INDUSTRY RESERVE

memorial

reconnect with the cultural history of Thames Estuary

meditative

functional

creating accessible intriguing space reconnect the comunity to the river

providing local foods and materials flood risk management habitats for wading birds and fish increase biodiversity reconnect the comunity to the river enhance green tourism

as an extension for wildlife habitats (as, for example, RSPB Cliffe Pools) and reducing coastal squeeze (giving room for the river) Mark the edge of the former explosive site with a new dyke structure (separating in order to reconnect) Introducing new programme and regional links (by land and water)

Site programme Salt Fleet Flats Reserve

harbour

Parklands Path

RSPB CLIFFE

CLIFFE EXPLOSIVES INDUSTRY RESERVE

memorial

meditative

functional

creating accessible intriguing space reconnect the comunity to the river

providing local foods and materials flood risk management habitats for wading birds and fish increase biodiversity reconnect the comunity to the river enhance green tourism

developing Thames estuary vision

GREEN TOURISM creating recreational park AGR

ICUL TUR

FISH

FAR M

ING

local

environmental

economical

social

e protection heritag

WETLAND RESTORATION

regional

REDUCING FLOOD RISKS

e site losiv Exp

reconnect with the cultural history of Thames Estuary

political

Project principle concepts represented in regards to their scale of influence (local - regional)

CLIFFE EXPLOSIVES INDUSTRY RESERVE

memorial

reconnect with the cultural history of Thames Estuary

meditative

functional

creating accessible intriguing space reconnect the comunity to the river

providing local foods and materials flood risk management habitats for wading birds and fish increase biodiversity reconnect the comunity to the river enhance green tourism

developing Thames estuary vision

GREEN TOURISM

AGR

ICUL TUR

FISH

FAR M

ING

local

environmental

economical

social

e protection heritag

creating recreational park

e site losiv Exp

WETLAND RESTORATION

regional

REDUCING FLOOD RISKS

political

Project principle concepts represented in regards to their scale of influence (local - regional) Project principle concepts represented in regards to their scale of- political). influence (local - regional) and fields and fields of action (environmental - economical - social of action (envirnmental - economical - social - political).

100

CURATING THE CLIFFE EXPLOSIVES NATURE RESERVE

101

102

ffe

Cli

each

1.2

Lak

Fishermens’ hut 1.250

A’

B’ PROJECT SITE PLAN 1.2000 100m

Project masterplan

Lower Hope Point harbour

River Thames

wet meadows

flower meadows

wet meadows - land art installation “the Maze”

grazing marshes

wetlands

managed grasslands

wetlands

wet meadows

rip rap dyke

salt marshes

section A-A’ 1.1500

103 rip rap dyke

River Thames

wet meadows

managed grasslands

cordite processing buildings

wet meadows

visitor infromation rip wet centre / rap meadows dyke boat rental

salt marshes

rip rap dyke

grazing marshes

section B-B’ 1.1500 0

100m

Sigita Simona Paplauskaite K1645177, PgDip Landscape Architecture LD7001/2 Kingston University London 2017

Functional layers of the site

The project aims to sensitively narrate the experience of variety of human visitors - pedestrians, cyclists, people travelling by boat, as it also refers to the animals that graze in the fields and local species living and breeding on the site. Their trails intesect, cross, or allow to observ each others presence in safe distance. It is essential to develop the project site in respect to existing nature life and embrace the best of it. The following schemes present walking routes, vehicle access, grazing paths, internal water trails and the complexity of underlaying nature characters.

104

s ro eas ut on e a

ro u

w th alk e in du ne s

landm side ark / ove rview path

aqua c disco ulture v route ery

s ro eas ut on e a

landm side ark / ove rview path

105

agriculture fields

fishery ponds

ve hi

cle

ac ce

harbour

wa lk

s ro eas ut on e a

ro u

w th alk e in du ne s

landm side ark / ove rview path

aqua c disco ulture v route ery

ro u

s ro eas ut on e a

landm side ark / ove rview path

harbour

gr az

in g

th s

agriculture fields

ve h

icl

fishery ponds

106 beach stop

ils

harbour

s ro eas ut on e al

ro ut e m ai n

fishery ponds

agriculture fields

ve hi cl

ea cc

harbour

beach stop

te rt wa

fish farming

bird viewing area

ils

harbour

picnic zone remarkable nitro glycerine hills

cordite drying stoves / bird watchingtower

information point / boat rental

107

pa th s g az in gr beach stop

rt te wa

fish farming

bird viewing area

ils

harbour

picnic zone remarkable nitro glycerine hills

cordite drying stoves / bird watchingtower

ch a

ct er

information point / boat rental

lake fishery ponds sand dunes wetlands grazing marshes flower meadow

108

managed grasslands wet meadows agriculture phytoremediation area high grasslands

beach stop

rt wa te

fish farming

bird viewing area

ra ils

harbour

picnic zone remarkable nitro glycerine hills

cordite drying stoves / bird watchingtower

information point / boat rental

lake fishery ponds sand dunes wetlands grazing marshes flower meadow managed grasslands wet meadows agriculture phytoremediation area high grasslands

Sigita Simona Paplauskaite K1645177, PgDip Landscape Architecture LD7001/2 Kingston University London 2017

109

Characteristic sections through the site

100m

Lower Hope Point harbour

River Thames

100m

rip rap dyke

wet meadows

flower meadows

managed grasslands

wet meadows

wet meadows - land art installation “the Maze”

cordite processing buildings

100m

Lower Hope Point harbour

River Thames

rip rap dyke

River Thames

100m

110

wet meadows

flower meadows

managed grasslands

wet meadows - land art installation “the Maze”

cordite processing buildings

B’ PROJECT SITE PLAN 1.2000

grazing marshes

wetlands

managed grasslands

wetlands

wet meadows

rip rap dyke

salt marshes

section A-A’ 1.1500

Section A-A’

B’ visitor infromation rip wet centre / rap meadows dyke boat rental

wet meadows

rip rap dyke

salt marshes

PROJECT SITE PLAN 1.2000 grazing marshes

section B-B’ 1.1500

Sigita Simona Paplauskaite K1645177, PgDip Landscape Architecture LD7001/2 Kingston University London 2017

grazing marshes

wetlands

managed grasslands

wetlands

wet meadows

rip rap dyke

salt marshes

section A-A’ 1.1500

wet meadows

visitor infromation rip wet centre / rap meadows dyke boat rental

salt marshes

rip rap dyke

grazing marshes

section B-B’ 1.1500

Section B-B’ Sigita Simona Paplauskaite K1645177, PgDip Landscape Architecture LD7001/2 Kingston University London 2017

111

112

A NARRATIVE OF EXPERIENCES THROUGH THE SITE

113

114

CURATING A NARRATIVE THROUGH THE SITE

the tidal walk

beach

swimming kiting

AGRICULTURE

fish farming

valuable habitats

ruins

wetlands

labyrinth

the site panorama tower

ruins N G itro H lyc ills er in

entrance by water

Lower Hope battery

N G itro H lyc ills er in

1300 m

the harbour

wetlands

the infinite loop

valuable habitats

ruins (GRAZING)

bird viewpoint

entrance by land

1500 m

115

116

lifted overview

with one edge/wall

flat panorama

above the water

â&#x20AC;&#x153;tunnelâ&#x20AC;?

by/on the water

hollow

towards the river

to gaze -

to look at something or someone for a long time, especially in surprise or admiration, or because you are thinking about something else: He gazed out over the emptiness of the moors. She spends hours gazing towards the horizon of the river Thames.

117

118

“THE DITCH” TRAIL

“ENTER TO THE RIVER” TRAIL 21 min 7 min

Sigita Simona Paplauskaite K1645177, PgDip Landscape Architecture LD7001/2 Kingston University London 2017

119

ruins (GRAZING)

bird viewpoint 1500 m

120

entrance by land

to gaze -

â&#x20AC;&#x153;THE DITCHâ&#x20AC;? TRAIL

121

122

section D-D’ 1.250 Sigita Simona Paplauskaite K1645177, PgDip Landscape Architecture LD7001/2 Kingston University London 2017

“WILD NATURE” TRAIL 45 min 15min

123

124

“WILD NATURE” TRAIL 45 min 15min

“FISH FARMING AND AGRICULTURE VISIT” TRAIL 39 min 13 min

125

126

“FISH FARMING AND AGRICULTURE VISIT” TRAIL 39 min 13 min

“THE WALKER” TRAIL 54 min 18 min

Sigita Simona Paplauskaite K1645177, PgDip Landscape Architecture LD7001/2 Kingston University London 2017

127

128

INTEGRATED FISH FARMING

129

130

INTEGRATED FISH FARMING

1.2

Fishermensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; hut 1.250

INTEGRATED FISH FARMING

_ sustainable managment of the industry (ecological balances between fish farming, aquaculture and agriculture) _ new impulse for wildlife birds and their habitats (high grass edges, waterplants to feed on etc) - possibility to enhance ecological tourism (renting fishermen huts, having visitor tours around the industry)

_ new work places for the community (Cliffe village)

activities during the year

ake

ff Cli

ch bea

131

agricul

W IN TE

tio

rva

G IN R

d bir

ture

trout fishing

m ls te ro s nt s, tc. co eed r e w re bo ish rf fo

eco tour

w fe ast lit ed e m ter in an as ur e ER M M

TU N

industry)

activities during the year

and agriculture)

ism

Activities during the year

plant aquaculture

agriculture 840 m2

fish pond

fish food

wetlands

132 WATER HYACINTH

MEADOW GRASS

BLACKTHORN

ROSE HIP

BUTTERFLY BUSH

ALDER

activities dur

- possibility to enhance ecological tourism (renting fishermen huts, having visitor tours around the industry)

290 m2

365 m2

400 m2

295 m2

230 m2

290 m2

195 m2

180 m2

270 m2

340 m2

300 m2

275 m2

agriculture 840 m2 255 m2

220 m2

240 m2

180 m2

270 m2

340 m2

375 m2

275 m2

295 m2

365 m2

395 m2

300 m2

295 m2

365 m2

395 m2

300 m2

wetlands

TOTAL / 8295 m2 fishery ponds / 5920 m2 water hyacinth / 2375 m2

water hyacinth

PLANKTON BACTERIA DETRITUS

top soil

A variety of aquatic plants can be used as supplemental feeds in fish production, among these is the water hyacinth. An area approximately one-half the size of the fishpond is needed to produce enough water hyacinth for supplemental feeding. Water hyacinth can produce up to 300 t/ha/year (fresh weight). Net fish yields can also reach 6 t/ha/year without supplemental feeding or use of additional manures. Fish input costs using water hyacinth comprise less than 15 percent when compared to cereal grain (barley)-fed fish. 133

w fe ast ed e in

h is

activities during the yea

f or

N M TU AU

SU M M ER

lit m ter

Integrated fish farming production cycles and principles

agricultu

m ls te ro s nt s, tc. co eed r e w re bo ish rf fo

ea ar

eco tou

c in ontr se o ct ls s al et ga c e ar ea fo rf is h

G IN R SP

trout fishing

rism

plant aquaculture

FISH te

w fe ast lit e t d e in m er an as ur e

ure

gs ed in re fe pp anu in o dr s m a

fish pond

fish food

agricult

ure

Fish are fed food and produce Ammonia rich waste. Too much waste substance is toxic dor the fish, but they can withstand high levels of Nitrates.

plant aquaculture R SP IN m ls te ro s nt s, tc. co eed r e w ore h b is rf fo

ea ar

co tour

ism

MEADOW GRASS

BLACKTHORN

asphalt-floored porch area

Water in the system is filtered through the grow medium in the grow beds. The water also contains all the nutrients for the fish. front wall

projecting wing wall

M SU

Oxygen enters the system through an air gable end pump and during dry periods. This oxygen is essential for the plant growth and fish survival.

fish pond

fish food

ROSE HIP The bacteria, which is cultured BUTTERFLY in the grow BUSH beds as well as the fish tank, breaks down this Ammonia into Nitrites and then Nitrates. Plants take in the converted Nitrates as nutrients. The nutrients are a fertilizer, feeding the plants. Also, the plant roots help filter the water for fish. tram rails

s ed ng e pi ur op an dr s m a

te as

w fe ast lit ed e m ter in an as ur e

FISH w

nth. An emental without nt aquaculture percent

WATER HYACINTH

c in ontr se o ct ls s al et ga c e ar ea fo rf is h

hing

back wall front wall

reinforced concrete walls

134 Fish are fed food and produce Ammonia rich

Aerial photo of the remaining structure waste. Toounit much waste substance is toxic dor the fish, but they can withstand high levels of Nitrates.

entrance

squint

10m

w fe ast lit ed e m ter i an as ur e

te as

s ed ng e fe pi ur op an dr s m a

AU N

Installing the fishermen huts

MEADOW GRASS

WATER HYACINTH

BLACKTHORN

Fish are fed food and produce Ammonia rich waste. Too much waste substance is toxic dor the fish, but they can withstand high levels of Nitrates.

plant aquaculture

asphalt-floored The bacteria, which is cultured in the grow beds as well as the fish tank, breaks down this porch area Ammonia into Nitrites and then Nitrates.

agricul

G IN R

trout fishing

Plants take in the converted Nitrates as nutrients. The nutrients are a fertilizer, feeding

m ls te ro s nt s, tc. co eed r e w re bo ish rf fo

eco tour

ism

activities during the year

the plants. Also, the plant roots help filter the projecting water for fish. wing wall

c in ontr se o ct ls s al et ga c e ar ea fo rf is h

W IN TE

tio

o ird

ture

Water in the system is filtered through the grow medium in the grow beds. The water also contains all the nutrients for the fish. Oxygen enters the system through an air pump and during dry periods. This oxygen is essential for the plant growth and fish survival.

FISH

reinforced concrete walls

TU N

s ed ng e fe pi ur op an dr s m a

WATER HYACINTH

fish food

te as w

w fe ast lit ed e m ter in an as ur e

fish pond

MEADOW GRASS

Existing reinforced concrete structures BLACKTHORN Aerial photo of the remaining structure unit BUTTERFLY BUSH ROSE HIP

asphalt-floored porch area plant aquaculture

ALDER

WHITE WILLOW

squint

back terrace Fish are fed food and bedroom produce Ammonia rich waste. Too much waste substance is toxic dor the fish, but they can withstand high levels of Nitrates.

tram rails

projecting wing wall

entrance

front wall The bacteria, which is cultured in the grow beds as well as the fishbathroom tank, breaks down this Ammonia into Nitrites and then Nitrates. storage

gable end

Aerial photo of the remaining structure unit

Plants take in the converted Nitrates as nutrients. The nutrients are a fertilizer, feeding the plants. Also, the plant roots kitchen / help filter the water for fish. living room

back wall front wall

reinforced concrete walls

entrance

squint

front terrace Water in the system is filtered through the grow medium in the grow beds. The water also contains all the nutrients for the fish.

10m

Potential fishermensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; hut scheme - 2 units x 80m2 Oxygen enters the system through an air pump and during dry periods. This oxygen is essential for the plant growth and fish survival.

fish pond

fish food

WATER HYACINTH

MEADOW GRASS

BLACKTHORN

ROSE HIP

BUTTERFLY BUSH

ALDER

WHITE WILLOW

Plants in the fish farming area asphalt-floored porch area projecting wing wall

135 tram rails

front wall

back terrace

bedroom

Câ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

136

Aerial photo of the remainin

ng structure unit

concrete walls

kitchen / living room front terrace entrance

squint

10m

Potential fishermens’ hut scheme - 2 units x 80m2

C’

section C-C’ 1.250 SectionC-C’ Sigita Simona Paplauskaite K1645177, PgDip Landscape Architecture LD7001/2 Kingston University London 2017

137

138

THE CLIFFE LAKE

139

140

CLIFFE LAKE

THE CLIFFE LAKE

ake

ff Cli

.25

c bea

Fishermensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; hut 1.250

_ creating new access to the water for Cliffe inhabitants river Thames

_ new location for water sport activities (swimming, kite surfing, rowing the boats etc.) EXISTING SITUATION

_ new habitats and plant species _ 950 metres long sand beach with plant barriers to create shelter spaces _ proximity to the Lower Hope Point harbour

new river Thames flood defence wall river Thames

PROJECTED SITUATION

141 Cliffe lake

Cliffe inhabitants

river Thames flood defence wall 1980-1990

river Thames

s (swimming, kite EXISTING SITUATION

plant barriers to

river Thames

Cliffe lake

sand beach

PROJECTED SITUATION

Aquatic plants are used to enhance the beauty of lakes and ponds as well as provide habitat for other forms of aquatic life. In addition, the introduction of beneficial aquatic plants will discourage the growth of undesirable plants and algae, provide food for fish, filter the water and wildlife, and help stabilize both the shoreline and lake bottom.

142

Prairie Cordgrass

Cutleaf Conflower

Angelica

Soft Stem Bullrush

New England Aster

Wool Grass

Swamp Milkweed

Cardinal Flower

Brown Fox Sedge

Southern Blue Flag Iris

Great Blue Lobelia

Ditch Stonecrop

nds/ 600 mÂ˛

Soft Rush

THE CLIFFE LAKE

_ creating new access to the water for Cliffe inhabitants river Thames

_ new location for water sport activities (swimming, kite surfing, rowing the boats etc.)

memorial for the victims of war industry

new river Thames flood defence wall

arbour

ELIJAH TALBOT

Circular land art in the areas that has memorial for the h victims in Cliffe.

the view towards the Cliffe lake beach river Thames flood defence wall 1980-1990

143

surfing, rowing the boats etc.) EXISTING SITUATION

_ new habitats and plant species _ 950 metres long sand beach with plant barriers to The Infinite Loop. A memorial for the victims of the war industry create shelter spaces

new rive flood de

_ proximity to the Lower Hope Point harbour

river Thames

PROJECTED SITUATION

water for Cliffe inhabitants

river Thames flood defence wall 1980-1990 Aquatic plants are used to enhan

river Thames

beauty of lakes and ponds as w provide habitat for other forms of a river Thames flood life. Inwalladdition, the introduct defence beneficial aquatic plants will disc 1980-1990 the growth of undesirable plan algae, provide food for fish, fil water and wildlife, and help s both the shoreline and lake bottom

activities (swimming, kite

e water for Cliffe inhabitants

)

river Thames

ort activities (swimming, kite cies c.)

EXISTING SITUATION

ach ecieswith plant barriers to new river Thames flood defence wall

pe Point harbour

river Thames

Cliffe lake

sand beach

river Thames 2 lakenew size/ 2260 flood defence wall m floating phytofiltration plants islands/ 600 m² Cliffe lake

sand beach

PROJECTED SITUATION PROJECTED SITUATION

Aquatic plants are used to enhance the beauty of lakes and ponds as well as provide habitat for other forms of aquatic life. Inplants addition, theto introduction Aquatic are used enhance the of beneficial aquatic beauty of lakes andplants pondswill asdiscourage well as the growth provide habitatofforundesirable other forms ofplants aquaticand algae, fish, filterofthe life. In provide addition, food the for introduction beneficial aquatic plants will help discourage water and wildlife, and stabilize the of undesirable and bothgrowth the shoreline and lakeplants bottom.

144

Prairie Cordgrass

Cutleaf Conflower

Prairie Cordgrass

Cutleaf ConflowerAngelica

Angelica Soft Stem Bullrush

New England Aster

Soft Stem Bullrush

Wool Grass

New England Aster

Swamp Milkweed

Wool Grass

Cardinal Flower

Swamp Milkweed

Brown Fox Sedge

Cardinal Flower

Brown Fox Sedge

Southern Blue Flag Iris

Great Blue Lobelia

Southern Blue Flag Iris

Soft Rush

Great Blue Lobelia

Ditch Stonecrop

n plants islands/ 600 m²

Ditch Stonecrop

plants islands/ 600 m²

Soft Rush

algae, provide food for fish, filter the water and wildlife, and help stabilize both the shoreline and lake bottom.

Soft Rush

e Point harbour

Ditch Stonecrop

each with plant barriers to

The Infinite Loop. A memorial for the victims of the war industry

memorial for the victims of war industry

rainwater pond reflecting the sky

rainwater garden

memorial path in concrete

120 m

ELIJAH TALBOT

WILLIAM HENRY KNO W

JOHN MUR

RAY

DANIEL Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

DONNA LL

Circular land art installation, creating a meditative place in the flower meadow near the beach, in one of the areas that has never been occupied by any explosive factory structures. It gently inscribes itself as a memorial for the human resistance in times of conflict, and includes the names of war and warsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; industry victims in Cliffe. 145

146 Angelica

Soft Stem Bullrush

New England Aster

Wool Grass

Swamp Milkweed

Cardinal Flower

Brown Fox Sedge

Southern Blue Flag Iris

Great Blue Lobelia

Soft Rush

Ditch Stonecrop

lake size/ 2260 m floating phytofiltration plants islands/ 600 mÂ˛

memor

Prairie Cordgrass

Cutleaf Conflower

D’

section D-D’ D-D’ 1.250 Section Sigita Simona Paplauskaite K1645177, PgDip Landscape Architecture LD7001/2 Kingston University London 2017

147

148

DITCH MANAGEMENT / BRIDGE DESIGN

149

150

One side steep and the other sloped to Both sides sloped about 45° about 45° - gentlyofsloping banks allow greatest light - allows frowth emergents intoon ditch for plants - wadingpenetration birds can feed shallow edge - wading birds can feedfalling on shallow edge - cattle can drink water without in cattle can drink water- without falling in (best for -conservation/farming h ditc (best for conservation - maximum 8.5 land-take) m minimal land-take) row nar a 1 ver type tion o c E e G n n ID t co BR pac com 23.25 m

cce

a 2 pe type % slo Both sides sloped about 45° 5 E d G n D I a BR steps with - gently sloping banks allow greatest light penetration into ditch for plants - wading birds can feed on shallow edge - cattle can drink water without falling in (best for conservation - maximum land-take)

38 m

h cle ditc 3 bicy 8.5 m ir / row type a r h a lc an E hee 1 ver IDG type tion o BR free / w c E e step IDG t conn BR pac m o c

5% le (

slop

ess

acc

ess

acc

38 m

skylark

8.5 m

1 ver type tion o c E e IDG t conn BR pac com

row

ar an

ditc

3 black-tailed type lchair E ee Ggodwit

h ID BR free / w p ste

ess

acc

cle bicy

SUMMER

)

lope

(5 ible

hen harrier

WINTER

23.25 m

twite

corncrake

ess

acc 2 pequail type % slo 5 E IDG and BR steps h wit

merlin

38 m

linnet

3 / type lchair E e e G h D I BR free / w step black-tailed

cle bicy

skylark %

le (

sib ces

e) slop

grey partridge

tree sparrow

hen harrier

151

godwit

SUMMER

WINTER

Drainage channel aquatic and bankside plants

2 pe type % slo GE and 5 D I BR steps with

atic and bankside plants

Wet grassland birds of high conservation concern

23.25 m

Original ditch - steep sides, depth around 1m - allows growth of sumberged plants - maintains water flow (greatest water flow, minimal coservation value)

One side steep and the other sloped to about 45Â° - allows frowth of emergents - wading birds can feed on shallow edge - cattle can drink water without falling in (best for conservation/farming minimal land-take)

Both sides sloped about 45Â° - gently sloping banks allow greatest light penetration into ditch for plants - wading birds can feed on shallow edge - cattle can drink water without falling in (best for conservation - maximum land-take)

152

8.5 m

1 type tion o E ec IDG t conn R B pac m co

a ver

row

nar

ditc

BRIDGE

type1

BRIDGE

type2

BRIDGE

type3

153

BRIDGE

type3

38 m

Bridge detail 1.50

WHITE WATER LILY

TRIFID BUR-MARIGOLD

hen harrier

WINTER

LESSER DUCKWEED

154

WATER MINT

WATER-PLANTAIN twite

merlin

el aquatic and bankside plants

Bridge detail

COMMON REED

WHITE WATER LILY

BULLRUSH

LESSER DUCKWEED

Drainage channel aquatic and bankside plants

Bridge detail 1.50

WHITE WATER LILY

SPIKED WATER-MILFOIL

submerged plants

TRIFID BUR-MARIGOLD

COMMON REED

LESSER DUCKWEED

WATER-PLANTAIN

WATER MINT

BULLRUSH

FROGBIT

BOGBEAN

SEA LAVENDER

BUR-REED

floating plants

emergent plants

Drainage channel aquatic and bankside plants Sigita Simona Paplauskaite K1645177, PgDip Landscape Architecture LD7001/2 Kingston University London 2017

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BRIDGE DESIGN / DRAINAGE CHANNEL MANAGEMENT

Original ditch - steep sides, depth around 1m - allows growth of sumberged plants - maintains water flow (greatest water flow, minimal coservation value)

The site impression from the entrance birdview point

BRIDGE

type1

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BRIDGE

type2

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ANNEX 1

Site Masterplan

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ANNEX 2

Photos of the Model

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